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List of Freshwater Fishes reported from United States (contiguous states)
n = 993
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Table 1: 964 species currently present in the country/island (endemic, native, introduced, reintroduced);
Table 2: 5 species possibly present in the country/island (stray, questionable);
Table 3: 24 species demonstrated to be absent in the country/island (extirpated, not established, misidentification, error).
Table 4: 993 species reported from the country/island altogether.
Table : 993 .
     
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Family Species Author Info Occurrence Common names Abundance Max length Maturity Remark Photo
Centrarchidae Acantharchus pomotis (Baird, 1855) Fr endemic  Mud sunfish (English) occasional (usually not seen) 21.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Gobiidae Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) Fr, Br, M introduced  Yellowfin goby (English)  30.00 cm TL male/unsexed 27 TL Also Ref. 092840. 
Acipenseridae Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur, 1818 Fr, Br, M, Pr, Thr native  Shortnose sturgeon (English), Pinkster (English) occasional (usually not seen) 143 cm TL male/unsexed 49 Found possibly before Delaware and Potomac rivers, also recorded from Virginia (Ref. 4639). Dredging of rivers (e.g. Hudson) greatly increases siltation thus reducing food availability during the onset of exogenous feeding of the larvae. Dams block access to spawning sites of many rivers. Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act; the Hudson R. stock has increased in number and now considered stable but as the stock recovers, poaching may become a problem. However, the Connecticut R. stock has not increased markedly and the southern populations continue to be threatened with extinction (Ref. 38308). Also Ref. 11975 ,93252, 27549. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Acipenseridae Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817 Fr, Br, Ex, Thr native  Lake sturgeon (English)  274 cm TL male/unsexed 112 Known from the Upper Missouri, Middle Missouri, and Central Prairie ecoregions (Ref. 81264). Recorded from the upper Coosa River system, southern bend of the Tennessee River in Alabama, Ohio and Kentucky rivers. Southern populations are considered as endangered (Ref. 10294). Reported in St. Clair River near Algonac, Michigan (Ref. 82328). Reported in Detroit River in 22 April 2021, when an individual believed to be a female was caught (and tagged) and released; its length was 208.28 cm TL and weight 108,862 grams and estimated to have been hatched around 1920 (Ref. 124048). Status of threat: vulnerable; status improved since 1989 listing. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). Also Ref. 117245. 
Acipenseridae Acipenser medirostris Ayres, 1854 Fr, Br, M, Sp, Thr native  Green sturgeon (English), Stutch’-un (Chinook)  270 cm TL male/unsexed 152 FL Not common in Puget Sound, Washington in 1895 (Ref. 28609). Rarely found in freshwater. Sport fishery for fish exceeding 100 cm in Delta Area of San Francisco Bay (Ref. 4563). Also Ref. 4925, 6885, 28553. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Acipenseridae Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill, 1815 Fr, Br, M, Thr native  Atlantic sturgeon (English), Gulf sturgeon (English)  403 cm TL male/unsexed ;430 cm TL female 165 TL Found in the tributaries of Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia, also Delaware River (Ref. 4639). Also Ref. 93252. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Acipenseridae Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836 Fr, Br, M, Fi, Thr native  White sturgeon (English), Stutch'-un (Chinook)  610 cm TL male/unsexed 112 Common in Puget Sound, Washington in 1895 (Ref. 28609). Also Ref. 4925, 6885. Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Acrocheilus alutaceus Agassiz & Pickering, 1855 Fr native  Chiselmouth (English)  30.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Fraser and Columbia River drainages in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada; and Harney River basin in Oregon (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 5723. 
Leuciscidae Agosia chrysogaster Girard, 1856 Fr, Thr native  Longfin dace (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lower Colorado River drainage (primarily Gila and Bill William River systems) in New Mexico and Arizona and south through southern Arizona (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Alosidae Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill, 1814) Fr, Br, M native  Blueback herring (English), Herring (English), River herring (English) common (usually seen) 40.00 cm SL male/unsexed 25 It is known from Atlantic coast from Maine to St. Johns River, Florisa (Ref. 86798). It is found in Chesapeake Bay and virtually all streams tributary to the Bay, Delaware River, and offshore waters of New Jersey (Ref. 4639). It has been Introduced into Virginia and New Carolina reservoirs and upper Tennesssee River system in Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Its range and abundance have been reduced due to dams (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 188, 27549, 37512, 93252. 
Alosidae Alosa alabamae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Fr, Br, M, Thr native  Alabama shad (English), Gulf shad (English), Ohio shad (English), Shad (English)  51.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Recorded from the eastern Gulf Coastal drainages from Suwannee River, Florida to Mississippi River (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 188. Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Alosidae Alosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Br, M native  Skipjack herring (English), Blue herring (English), Golden shad (English), Green herring (English), River herring (English), Skipjack (English)  50.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Recorded from Gulf Coastal drainages, including the Mississippi River basin, from Apalachicola River west to Colorado River, Texas and sometimes in coastal areas slightly to the east and west of these rivers (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 188. 
Alosidae Alosa mediocris (Mitchill, 1814) Fr, Br, M native  Hickory shad (English), Bonejack (English), Fall herring (English), Freshwater taylor (English), Hickory Jack (English), Shad (English), Shad herring (English)  60.00 cm SL male/unsexed 28.7 TL Occurs in Atlantic coast from Kenduskeag River in Maine to the St. John's River, in Florida and ascends coastal rivers during spring and fall (Ref. 86798). Found throughout Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 4639). Southern New England (Ref. 37512). Also Ref. 188, 27549, 93252. 
Alosidae Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811) Fr, Br, M, Fi native  Alewife (English), Bigeye herring (English), Branch herring (English), Freshwater herring (English), Gray herring (English), Grayback (English), Kyak (English), Sawbelly (English), White herring (English), Clipped roefish (English), Corned alewives (English), River herring (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 40.00 cm SL male/unsexed 13.1 TL Known from the Atlantic coast from Maine to South Carolina (Ref. 86798). Present in the continental shelf waters off the northeastern United States (Ref. 37512, 10294). Introduced elsewhere, including New River in West Virginia and Virginia, and upper Tennessee River system in Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Virtually all streams tributary to Chesapeake Bay; also found in Virginia, Delaware, and New Jersey (Ref. 4639). Usually abundant, although dams obstruct migrations (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 188, 27549, 93252, 10294. 
Alosidae Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Sp native  American shad (English), Atlantic shad (English), Common shad (English), Shad (English), White shad (English) common (usually seen) 76.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;61.70 cm SL female 37.6 FL Occurs in the Atlantic Coast from Maine to St. Johns River, Florida and ascends coastal rivers during spring spawning migrations. Introduced into Sacramento River, California in 1870s and has spread along Pacific Coast from Washington to California. Landlocked in Millerton Lake, California (Ref. 86798). Game fish in the east coast. Also caught in the Middle Atlantic, Southern New England, Gulf of Maine, and inshore north of Cape Hatteras (Ref. 37512). Distributed virtually in all streams tributary to Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 38947). Also Ref. 6793. Also Refs. 188, 27547, 28609. 
Cichlidae Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) Fr introduced  Convict cichlid (English), White convict cichlid (English), Zebra chanchito (English), Zebra cichlid (English)  10.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Has potential to cause serious damage on native fishes of southwestern United States through competition and possibly predation (Ref. 6466). Also Ref. 1739, 6466, 13364. 
Centrarchidae Ambloplites ariommus Viosca, 1936 Fr endemic  Shadow bass (English) common (usually seen) 30.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded above and below the Fall Line in Gulf Coastal drainages from the Apalachicola River west to Lake Pontchartrain, eastern tributaries to the Mississippi River in southern Mississippi, and west of the Mississippi River in the St. Francis, White, and Ouachita river systems (Ref. 10294). 
Centrarchidae Ambloplites cavifrons Cope, 1868 Fr, Thr endemic  Roanoke bass (English), Bass (English)  36.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Chowan, Roanoke, Tar and Neuse River drainages in Virginia and North Carolina. Localized; populations decreased at least in part due to competition with introduced Ambloplites rupestris (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Ambloplites constellatus Cashner & Suttkus, 1977 Fr, Sp endemic  Ozark bass (English), Bass (English)  27.90 cm TL male/unsexed   
Centrarchidae Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque, 1817) Fr, Lf, Sp native  Rock bass (English) common (usually seen) 43.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Mississippi River, Great Lakes, and southern Hudson Bay basins (Ref. 10294). Transplanted in Atlantic drainages as far south as Roanoke River in Virginia, in Missouri and Arkansas River drainage in Missouri, Arkansas, southeastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma and in some western states. A popular fish sold in live fish markets (Ref. 53249). 
Amblyopsidae Amblyopsis hoosieri Niemiller, Prejean & Chakrabarty, 2014 Fr, Thr native  Hoosier cavefish (English)  8.24 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in caves developed in carbonate rock of the Crawford-Mammoth Cave Uplands and Mitchell Plain in the South-Central karst region of Indiana. Its distribution is bounded to the north by the the East Fork White River and the south by the Ohio River. Recorded from the Lower White, Lower East Fork White, Patoka and Blue-Sinking watersheds. Known from at least 74 localities in Crawford, Harrison, Lawrence, Orange and Washington counties, including 68 cave systems and six springs. Most of these localities appear to represent sink rather source populations. Endangered in Indiana due to presumed vulnerability to groundwater pollution and other perturbations of aquatic subterranean habitats (Ref. 96073). Status of threat: Endangered in Indiana by NatureServe (2013) due to few occurrences, small population sizes and being restricted to subterranean habitats that are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities (Ref. 96073).  No picture yet.
Amblyopsidae Amblyopsis rosae (Eigenmann, 1898) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Ozark cavefish (English) scarce (very unlikely) 6.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Springfield Plateau in southwestern Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas (Arkansas and upper White River drainages). Also Ref. 3881, 51651. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Amblyopsidae Amblyopsis spelaea DeKay, 1842 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Northern cavefish (English) scarce (very unlikely) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Distribution may be limited by competition with Typhlichthys subterraneus (Ref. 27795). State endangered species (Indiana Department of Natural Resources), species of special concern (Kentucky Nature Preserves Comission) (Ref. 27795). Also Ref 27299, 51651. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Ameiurus brunneus Jordan, 1877 Fr, Thr endemic  Snail bullhead (English) common (usually seen) 29.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Possibly introduced in Dan River system (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Ameiurus catus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, Sp native  White catfish (English), Catfish (English)  95.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Chesapeake Bay: common to abundant in all tributaries (Ref. 27549). Observed to be very common in the brackish waters of Lower Hudson River (Michael Mcguigan, pers.comm. 09/15). Also Ref. 10294. 
Ictaluridae Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Lf, Sp native  Black bullhead (English), Bullhead (English), Catfish (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 66.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the central North America east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachians (Ref. 10294). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 3 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 276, 1998. 
Ictaluridae Ameiurus natalis (Lesueur, 1819) Fr, Sp native  Yellow bullhead (English), Bullhead (English)  60.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Great Plains and Rio Grande drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Ictaluridae Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur, 1819) Fr, Aq native  Brown bullhead (English)  55.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Atlantic and Gulf Slope drainages from Maine to Mobile Bay in Alabama; St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins south to Louisiana (Ref. 86798). Found in all tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, including ponds, streams and lakes (Ref. 27549). Has been introduced into Idaho and into California where it is cultured in ponds (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 276, 5723, 10294, 52299. 
Ictaluridae Ameiurus platycephalus (Girard, 1859) Fr, Thr endemic  Flat bullhead (English), Bullhead (English) occasional (usually not seen) 29.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Ameiurus serracanthus (Yerger & Relyea, 1968) Fr, Thr endemic  Spotted bullhead (English) occasional (usually not seen) 28.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Amiidae Amia calva Linnaeus, 1766 Fr, Fi, Lf, Sp native  Bowfin (English), Choupique (Creole, French), Bonnetmouth (English), Cypress trout (English), Marshfish (English)  109 cm TL male/unsexed 53 TL Known from St. Lawrence River - Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins north to northern Minnesota and south to Gulf, and on Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from Susquehanna River drainage in southeastern Pennsylvania, to Colorado River in Texas (Ref. 86798). Found in tidal tributaries of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia (Ref. 4639). Introduced sparingly elsewhere, including on Atlantic Slope north to Massachusetts (Ref. 86798). Introduced into Gunpowder and Sassafras rivers in Maryland (Ref. 4639). Type locality: Charleston, South Carolina (Ref. 79012). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 3 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 1998, 27549, 10294, 93252. 
Percidae Ammocrypta beanii Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Naked sand darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded below the Fall Line in eastern tributaries to the Mississippi River from the Big Black River, Mississippi, south, and in Gulf Coastal drainages eastward through Mobile Basin (Ref. 10294). Known from Strong River (Pearl River-Gulf of Mexico), Simpson County, Mississippi (Ref. 41482). 
Percidae Ammocrypta bifascia Williams, 1975 Fr endemic  Florida sand darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.70 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Ammocrypta clara Jordan & Meek, 1885 Fr, Thr endemic  Western sand darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mississippi River basin from Wisconsin and Minnesota south to Mississippi and Texas in the USA, in the Lake Michigan drainage in Wisconsin, and in the Sabine and Neches River drainages in Texas. Generally sporadic and uncommon; common in a few rivers in northern and western parts of range; extremely rare in Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi (Ref. 5723). Type locality: Des Moines River, Ottumwa, Iowa (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Ammocrypta meridiana Williams, 1975 Fr endemic  Southern sand darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 41482.  No picture yet.
Percidae Ammocrypta pellucida (Putnam, 1863) Fr, Thr native  Eastern sand darter (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in St. Lawrence River drainage in Vermont and New York; in Great Lakes; and Ohio River basins from western New York to eastern Illinois and south to Kentucky. Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: vulnerable; status improved since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Ammocrypta vivax Hay, 1882 Fr endemic  Scaly sand darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Cichlidae Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864) Fr introduced  Midas cichlid (English), Red devil cichlid (English)  24.40 cm SL male/unsexed  Established in canals near Homestead, Dade County in Florida (Ref. 5723).  
Cichlidae Amphilophus trimaculatus (Günther, 1867) Fr not established  Threespot cichlid (English), Red eyed cichlid (English)  36.50 cm SL male/unsexed ;25.00 cm TL female  Formerly established in Florida. Eradicated in 1975 (Ref. 3814). 
Anabantidae Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Fr not established  Climbing perch (English)  25.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Formerly established in Florida, but has since disappeared (Ref. 3814). 
Rivulidae Anablepsoides hartii (Boulenger, 1890) Fr introduced  Giant rivulus (English)  10.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, M not established  European eel (English), Common eel (English), Silver eel (English), Yellow eel (English)  122 cm TL male/unsexed ;133 cm TL female  Introduction also attributed to ballast-water transport (including attributions to transport in bilge water or other seawater systems) from Western Europe (Ref. 37896). 
Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Lf, Sp native  American eel (English), Freshwater eel (English)  152 cm TL male/unsexed ;122 cm TL female 33 TL Known from Atlantic, Great lakes, Mississippi, and Gulf basins to South Dakota and south to Florida (Ref. 86798).Type locality: Cayuga Lake, NY (Ref. 79012). Recorded from the Wicomico and Choptank Rivers, MD (Nov. 3, 1999) (Ref. 48776) and Penobscot Bay, Maine (Ref. 39299). Found in 2 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Reported from St. Lawrence (Ref. 93252). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Also Ref. 10294. 
Gasterosteidae Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill, 1815) Fr, Br, M native  Fourspine stickleback (English) common (usually seen) 6.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported from Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549). Also Ref. 5723, 93252. 
Aphredoderidae Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams, 1824) Fr endemic  Pirate perch (English) common (usually seen) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Atlantic and Gulf Slopes from Long Island in New York, USA to Colorado River drainage in Texas, USA; Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins from Michigan, Wisconsin and southern Minnesota to Gulf of Mexico in the USA. Isolated population in Lakes Ontario and Erie drainages in New York (Ref. 5723). Primarily restricted to Coastal Plain and other lowland regions (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 51650. 
Sciaenidae Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, 1819 Fr, Fi, Sp native  Freshwater drum (English) common (usually seen) 95.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Archoplites interruptus (Girard, 1854) Fr, Thr endemic  Sacramento perch (English) occasional (usually not seen) 73.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Sacramento-San Joaquin, Pajaro and Salinas River drainages in California. Declining in native range; seemingly unable to compete with other sunfishes introduced into its range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cichlidae Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) Fr introduced  Oscar (English), Marble cichlid (English), Oscar (English), Red oscar (English), Velvet cichlid (English)  45.70 cm TL male/unsexed   
Characidae Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard, 1854 Fr native  Texan tetra (English)  11.43 cm SL male/unsexed  Type locality of Astyanax argentatus , ‘upper tributaries to the Río Nueces’, Texas (Ref. 118583).  No picture yet.
Characidae Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853) Fr questionable  Mexican tetra (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported from Rio Grande (Ref. 78807). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 5723. 
Lepisosteidae Atractosteus spatula (Lacepède, 1803) Fr, Br, Sp, Thr native  Alligator gar (English), Gemfish (English)  305 cm OT male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Gobiidae Awaous banana (Valenciennes, 1837) Fr native  River goby (English), River goby (English)  30.00 cm SL male/unsexed ;24.38 cm SL female   
Gobiidae Awaous tajasica (Lichtenstein, 1822) Fr questionable  River goby (English)  16.30 cm SL male/unsexed  Reported from Florida (Ref. 7251). 
Sciaenidae Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacepède, 1802) Fr, Br, M native  Silver perch (English)  30.00 cm TL male/unsexed 9.3 SL Present inshore south of Cape Hatteras (Ref. 37512). 
Cyprinidae Barbonymus schwanefeldii (Bleeker, 1854) Fr introduced  Tinfoil barb (English), Goldfoil barb (English)  35.00 cm SL male/unsexed   
Poeciliidae Belonesox belizanus Kner, 1860 Fr, Br introduced  Pike killifish (English), Pike livebearer (English) common (usually seen) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;15.00 cm TL female   
Leuciscidae Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr native  Central stoneroller (English)  22.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Widespread across most of eastern and central U.S. in Atlantic, Great Lakes, Mississippi River, Hudson Bay (Red River) basins from New York to North Dakota and Wyoming, and south to Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas (but absent from most of lower Ohio River basin}; Gulf Slope drainages of Texas (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Licking River, Kentucky (Ref. 79012). Common to abundant throughout much of range but generally absent in Piedmont and Coastal Plain, uncommon on Great Plains (Ref. 86798). Abundant in most upland waters of the eastern United States but mostly restricted to the Blue Ridge in Atlantic Coastal drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Campostoma oligolepis Hubbs & Greene, 1935 Fr endemic  Largescale stoneroller (English) common (usually seen) 22.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Mississippi River and Lake Michigan drainages in Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, eastern Iowa, and northern Illinois; Ozarkian streams in Missouri, northern Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma; Green, Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages from Kentucky to Alabama and east to Virginia and North Carolina; and Mobile Bay drainage in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Introduced into Escambia River in Alabama. Extirpated from central Illinois (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Campostoma ornatum Girard, 1856 Fr, Thr native  Mexican stoneroller (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Rio Grande system of Big Bend region in southern Texas and Rucker Canyon and Leslie Creek in extreme southeastern Arizona (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Campostoma pauciradii Burr & Cashner, 1983 Fr endemic  Bluefin stoneroller (English) scarce (very unlikely) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Apalachicola and Oconee river drainages (mostly above Fall Line) in Georgia and Alabama; extreme upper Tallapoosa and Etowah river drainages in Georgia; and Toccoa River system (Tennessee River drainage) in Georgia (Ref. 86798). Fairly common only in the upper and middle Chattahoochee River drainage (Ref. 86798); rare elsewhere (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Campostoma pullum (Agassiz, 1854) Fr native  Central stoneroller (English)   Type locality: Burlington, Des Moines County, Iowa (Ref. 33021). 
Leuciscidae Campostoma spadiceum (Girard, 1856) Fr endemic  Highland stoneroller (English) common (usually seen) 17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Red, Ouachita and lower Arkansas drainages in central Arkansas to eastern Oklahama (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Cyprinidae Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, Aq, Or, B introduced  Goldfish (English) common (usually seen) 48.00 cm TL male/unsexed  First introduced in the late 1600s; now established in much of the country based on 2011 report (Ref. 86798). Found in fresh and brackish waters of Chesapeake Bay tributaries in Maryland (Ref. 39170). Occurs in shallow, muddy pools and backwaters of sluggish rivers, ponds and lakes. Usually found in warm turbid or vegetated water (Ref. 86798). Bred in Arkansas for bait (Ref. 26870). A popular aquarium fish, found in 100% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 1739, 6029, 27549, 93252. 
Cyprinidae Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr not established  Crucian carp (English), English carp (English), Gibele (English), Golden carp (English)  64.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Established in Chicago in the 1900s but later died out Ref. 1739). Also Ref. 13364. 
Cyprinidae Carassius langsdorfii Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 Fr introduced   39.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Four specimens collected from Lake Tahoe, California (Ref. 120697). 
Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) Fr, Br, M native  Bull shark (English), Cub shark (English), Ground shark (English), Shark (English)  360 cm TL male/unsexed ;400 cm TL female 215 TL Found in up to 2800 up the Mississippi River (Ref. 46919) and Atchafalaya River (Ref. 244, 124548). Two individuals caught near the mouth of Potomac River in September 2010 (Ref. 93252). Further confirmed catches occurred in Alton, illinois in 1937, St. Louis, Missouri near Rush I. Power Station in 1995 (Ref. 124548). Also Ref. 96339, 27549, 93252. 
Catostomidae Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Fi, Sp native  River carpsucker (English) common (usually seen) 64.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mississippi River basin from Pennsylvania to Montana, south to Louisiana; Gulf Slope drainages from Mississippi River to Rio Grande in Texas and New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Introduced into western Lake Erie drainage in Ohio (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294, 78789. 
Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Sp native  Quillback (English) common (usually seen) 66.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Atlantic Slope drainages from Delaware River in New York to Altamaha River in South Carolina; Gulf Slope drainages from Apalachicola River in Florida and Georgia to Pearl River in Louisiana (Ref. 5723). Also common in the Mississippi Basin and Great Lakes (except Lake Superior) (Ref. 10294). Chesapeake Bay: residents in large tributaries except for the Rappahannock and York River drainages (Ref. 93252). 
Catostomidae Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Sp endemic  Highfin carpsucker (English) occasional (usually not seen) 50.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Gulf Slope drainages: from Choctawhatchee River in Alabama and Florida to Pearl River in Mississippi and Louisiana (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Catostomidae Catostomus ardens Jordan & Gilbert, 1881 Fr native  Utah sucker (English) common (usually seen) 65.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Catostomidae Catostomus bernardini Girard, 1856 Fr extirpated  Yaqui sucker (English)  40.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Catostomus bondi Smith, Stewart & Carpenter, 2013 Fr native   12.90 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in Oregon from the Fraser River and tributaries to the Columbia River and Snake River below Shoshone Falls: Willamette, Boise, John Day, Yakima, Okanagan, Palouse, Owyhee, Salmon Falls, and (possibly) Salmon rivers (Ref. 93746).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Catostomus catostomus (Forster, 1773) Fr native  Longnose sucker (English), Kw'ekw'mús (Okanagan)  64.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Ranges south to New England (Ref. 27547). Also Ref. 1998, 43202, 48861. 
Catostomidae Catostomus clarkii Baird & Girard, 1854 Fr, Thr native  Desert sucker (English), White River sucker (English) common (usually seen) 33.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat of Catostomus clarkii: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,4; Catostomus clarkii intermedius: endangered; status sames as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5; Catostomus clarkii utahensis: threatened. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus columbianus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1893) Fr native  Bridgelip sucker (English), Pept'égpuskn (Okanagan), Qwék (Okanagan), Yéyk (Sahaptin) common (usually seen) 30.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 1998.  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803) Fr, Br, Aq, Sp, B native  White sucker (English), Black mullet (English), Black sucker (English), Brook sucker (English), Common sucker (English), June sucker (English), Mud sucker (English), Mullet (English) common (usually seen) 65.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded throughout the Plains region, and into northern Canada (Ref. 10294). Reared for as bait and as food for hatchery rearing of game fishes (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 1998. Chesapeake Bay: found in all tributaries throughout the year; occurs in nearly every kind of habitat from shallow creeks to large lakes (Ref. 27549). 
Catostomidae Catostomus discobolus Cope, 1871 Fr endemic  Bluehead sucker (English), Zuni bluehead sucker (English) common (usually seen) 41.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Snake River system (Columbia River drainage) in Wyoming, and Idaho; Lake Bonneville basin in Idaho, Wyoming and Utah; south through upper Colorado river drainage (Grand Canyon and above) in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat of subspecies Catostomus discobolus jarrovii: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus fumeiventris Miller, 1973 Fr endemic  Owens sucker (English) common (usually seen) 50.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Catostomidae Catostomus insignis Baird & Girard, 1854 Fr, Thr native  Sonora sucker (English) common (usually seen) 80.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus latipinnis Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr endemic  Flannelmouth sucker (English) common (usually seen) 56.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Catostomus macrocheilus Girard, 1856 Fr native  Largescale sucker (English), Kixwix (Okanagan), Xún (Sahaptin), Xúun (Sahaptin) common (usually seen) 61.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 1998. 
Catostomidae Catostomus microps Rutter, 1908 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Modoc sucker (English)  34.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Ash, Turner and Willow creeks (Pit River system) in north California. Common in small area (Ref. 5723). Distribution extends to Gosse Lake tributaries in s. Oregon (Ref. 86798) and in has been reported to be now uncommon in a small area. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus occidentalis Ayres, 1854 Fr native  Goose Lake sucker (English), Sacramento sucker (English), Goose Lake sucker (English) common (usually seen) 60.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Pacific Slope from Mad River in north California to Salinas River in central California; throughout Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage from Goose Lake in Oregon to Kern River in California (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat of Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus platyrhynchus (Cope, 1874) Fr, B native  Mountain sucker (English)  25.00 cm TL male/unsexed 7.6 TL Also Ref. 1998. 
Catostomidae Catostomus plebeius Baird & Girard, 1854 Fr, Thr native  Rio Grande sucker (English) common (usually seen) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus rimiculus Gilbert & Snyder, 1898 Fr endemic  Klamath smallscale sucker (English), Jenny Creek sucker (English) common (usually seen) 50.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Catostomidae Catostomus santaanae (Snyder, 1908) Fr, Thr endemic  Santa Ana sucker (English) common (usually seen) 25.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Catostomus snyderi Gilbert, 1898 Fr, Thr endemic  Klamath largescale sucker (English) common (usually seen) 55.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Klamath River drainage in Oregon and California (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus tahoensis Gill & Jordan, 1878 Fr native  Tahoe sucker (English) common (usually seen) 61.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Catostomus tsiltcoosensis Evermann & Meek, 1898 Fr, Br native  Tyee sucker (English)  4.42 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in coastal Oregon streams and lakes from the Siuslaw River south to the Sixes rivers (Ref. 87374). Type locality, outlet of Tsiltcoos Lake, Florence, Lane County, Oregon (Ref. 86697). 
Catostomidae Catostomus utawana Mather, 1886 Fr, Thr endemic  Summer sucker (English)  10.00 cm SL male/unsexed ;11.00 cm SL female  Type locality, New York, Hamilton County, Blue Mountain Lake, or Herkimer County, Big Moose Lake, USNM 392731 (ex USNM 33919) (lectotype of Catostomus utawana,, 10.1 cm SL). Known only from the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA in the Saint Lawrence and Hudson River drainages (Ref. 83995). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Catostomus warnerensis Snyder, 1908 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Warner sucker (English) scarce (very unlikely) 35.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Restricted to endorheic Warner Lake basin in southern Oregon (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Centrarchus macropterus (Lacepède, 1801) Fr, Sp endemic  Flier (English), Flier bream (English)  29.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Centropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Poey, 1860 Fr, Br, M native  Swordspine snook (English), Sworspine snook (English)  36.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 26340. 
Centropomidae Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 Fr, Br, M native  Fat snook (English), Smallscale fat snook (English), Little snook (English)  72.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 26340. 
Centropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Poey, 1860 Fr, Br, M native  Tarpon snook (English)  56.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 26340. 
Centropomidae Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Ex, Pr, Sp native  Common snook (English), Sergeant fish (English), Snook (English), Thin snook (English)  140 cm TL male/unsexed  Florida Administrative Code, Chapter 14-21.0002 -0003 regards all snooks as game fish and cannot be legally bought or sold. Common snook is a protected species and conservation is promoted (Ref. 7251). 
Channidae Channa argus (Cantor, 1842) Fr, Lf introduced  Snakehead (English)  100.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Channidae Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822) Fr introduced   183 cm TL male/unsexed   
Channidae Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) Fr introduced  Chevron snakehead (English), Striped snakehead (English)  100.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Established in Oahu since the late 1800s. It has not been introduced to other Hawaiian waters, it is just confined to reservoirs on Oahu. The species is now being cultured as a food fish in Oahu (Ref. 45309). 
Catostomidae Chasmistes brevirostris Cope, 1879 Fr, Thr endemic  Shortnose sucker (English) scarce (very unlikely) 64.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Klamath Lake and its tributaries in Oregon and California (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Chasmistes cujus Cope, 1883 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Cui-ui (English)  67.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes in Nevada. Declining in Pyramid Lake. Winnemucca Lake is dry (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Chasmistes fecundus (Cope & Yarrow, 1875) Fr native    Type locality, Utah Lake, Wasatch Co., Utah (Ref. 50838).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Chasmistes liorus Jordan, 1878 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  June sucker (English), June sucker (English) occasional (usually not seen) 60.00 cm TL male/unsexed 46.5 TL It is estimated that fewer than one thousand adults remain in Utah Lake. Others are reproduced artificially and released in reservoirs etc. Introduced species and environmental changes pose major threats (Ref. 35393). Considered extirpated in the wild in 1996 (Ref. 3881). Considered threatened in 2000 (Ref. 35393). Status of threat: its original form is considered endangered, probably extinct (Ref. 86798); extinct based on Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Chasmistes muriei Miller & Smith, 1981 Fr, Thr native  Snake river sucker (English)   Known only from one specimen collected in Snake River below Jackson Dam in Wyoming (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Amblyopsidae Chologaster cornuta Agassiz, 1853 Fr endemic  Swampfish (English) common (usually seen) 6.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Atlantic Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 51651. 
Leuciscidae Chrosomus cumberlandensis (Starnes & Starnes, 1978) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Blackside dace (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Cumberland River drainage (Big South Fork and above) in Kentucky and Tennessee (Ref. 86798). An endangered species in Tennessee; has been listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: threatened; status improved since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Chrosomus eos Cope, 1861 Fr native  Northern redbelly dace (English), Northern redbelly minnow (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from northern Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Nebraska. Isolated population in South Platte River system in Colorado (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1998, 5723. 
Leuciscidae Chrosomus erythrogaster (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Thr native  Southern redbelly dace (English)  9.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the basins of Lakes Erie and Michigan and Mississippi River from New York to Minnesota, south to Tennessee River drainage in Albama, and White and Arkansas River drainages in Arizona and Oklahoma. Isolated populations are on Former Mississippi Embayment in Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas; Kansas River system in Kansas; and upper Arkansas River drainage in Colorado and New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the Mississippi River basin and tributaries to Lake Michigan and Lake Erie (Ref. 10294). Common in upland and spring-fed streams; absent in lowland areas (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat of the upper Arkansas River populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Chrosomus neogaeus (Cope, 1867) Fr native  Finescale dace (English), Scaly minnow (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Great lakes, upper Mississippi and Missouri River drainages south to to New York, Wisconsin and Wyoming (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1998, 5723, 78811. 
Leuciscidae Chrosomus oreas Cope, 1868 Fr native  Mountain redbelly dace (English)  7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mountain and Piedmont regions of Atlantic Slope from Shenandoah River (Potomac River drainage) in Virginia to Neuse River drainage in North Carolina; upper New River drainage in West Virginia, Virginia and North Carolina. Introduced into the upper Holston River system in Virginia, and Big Sandy River system in Kentucky (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Chrosomus saylori (Skelton, 2001) Fr, Thr native  Laurel dace (English) common (usually seen) 7.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Tennessee River system in Tennessee. Found only in the Walden Ridge of Cumberland Plateau (Ref. 86798). Type locality, Bumbee Creek, 10.0 air km west-southwest of Spring City, Rhea Co., Tennessee, U.S.A., 35°39'46"N, 84°58'09"W. Also Ref. 52299. Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Chrosomus tennesseensis (Starnes & Jenkins, 1988) Fr, Thr native  Tennessee dace (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Tennessee River drainage (from lower Clinch River system in Tennessee, and Holston River system in Virginia to near Georgia border) in Virginia and Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Rare and localized in distribution (Ref. 86798). Listed as species of special concern by the Tennessee Heritage Program and deemed in need of management by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cichlidae Cichla monoculus Agassiz, 1831 Fr introduced   70.00 cm SL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Fr, Sp introduced  Butterfly peacock bass (English), Peacock cichlid (English)  74.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 Fr introduced  Speckled pavon (English), Painted pavon (English), Royal pavon (English), Striped tucunare (English), Tucunare pinema (English)  99.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr introduced  Black acara (English), Brown acara (English), Port acara (English), Port cichlid (English), Twospot cichlid (English)  12.30 cm SL male/unsexed ;30.00 cm TL female  The only recorded introduction - the accidental release from aquaria in the USA (Ref. 1739). 
Clariidae Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr introduced  Clarias catfish (English), Walking catfish (English)  47.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 9987. 
Leuciscidae Clinostomus elongatus (Kirtland, 1840) Fr, Thr native  Redside dace (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Hudson and upper Susquehanna River drainages in New York and Pennsylvania; Great Lakes (except Lake Superior) and Mississippi River basins from New York and south to Minnesota and south to West Virginia and Kentucky. Locally common in the eastern part of range but declining in many areas; localized in the west (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Clinostomus funduloides Girard, 1856 Fr native  Rosyside dace (English) common (usually seen) 11.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lower Delaware River drainage in Pennsylvania to Savannah River drainage in Georgia; Ohio River basin in West Virginia and Ohio to northeast Mississippi. Common to abundant on Atlantic Slope and parts of Ohio basin; absent in Ohio River basin between central Ohio and Cumberland River (including most of Kentucky); rare in Cumberland River drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Cichlidae Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) Fr, Br introduced  Redbelly tilapia (English), Zill's tilapia (English)   40.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 52307. 
Salmonidae Coregonus alpenae (Koelz, 1924) Fr native  Chub (English), Cisco (English)  45.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Great Lakes basin, occurring only in lakes Huron and Michigan (Ref. 1998).  No picture yet.
Salmonidae Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 Fr, Br native  Cisco (English), Lake herring (English), Tullibee (English) common (usually seen) 57.00 cm TL male/unsexed 12.5 SL Known from the Atlantic basin from St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and upper Mississippi River basins in northern Ohio, Illinois, and Minnesota. Also Ref. 3881, 43202, 5723. 
Salmonidae Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill, 1818) Fr, Br, Fi native  Lake whitefish (English)  100.00 cm TL male/unsexed 23 Also Ref. 276, 27547, 43202. 
Salmonidae Coregonus hoyi (Milner, 1874) Fr native  Bloater (English)  37.00 cm TL male/unsexed 17 TL Known only from the Great Lakes, except Lake Erie (Ref. 86798). Its population is probably extirpated from Lake Ontario; rare in Lake Michigan, and declining in Lake Superior and Lake Huron (Ref. 86798). 
Salmonidae Coregonus johannae (Wagner, 1910) Fr, Thr extirpated  Deepwater cisco (English)  26.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Occurred in the deeper portions of lakes Huron and Michigan (Ref. 1998). Status of threat: extinct; status same as 1989. Criteria: 2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Coregonus kiyi (Koelz, 1921) Fr, Thr native  Kiyi (English)  35.00 cm TL male/unsexed 18 Status of threat of Coregonus kiyi orientalis: possibly extinct. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Coregonus nigripinnis (Milner, 1874) Fr, Thr native  Blackfin cisco (English)  39.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat : Coregonus nigripinnis nigripinnis: possibly extinct; status same as 1989. Criteria: 2,4; Coregonus nigripinnis regalis: threatened. Criteria: 2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Coregonus nipigon (Koelz, 1925) Fr native    Found in Minnesota (Ref. 87054).  No picture yet.
Salmonidae Coregonus reighardi (Koelz, 1924) Fr, Thr native  Shortnose cisco (English), Chub (English), Cisco (English)  36.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat of Coregonus reighardi reighardi: possibly extinct; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Coregonus zenithicus (Jordan & Evermann, 1909) Fr, Thr native  Shortjaw cisco (English), Longjaw cisco (English) scarce (very unlikely) 40.00 cm TL male/unsexed  In Great Lakes basin, formerly caught in lakes Huron, Michigan (probably extirpated) and Superior (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: threatened; status improved since 1989 listing. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cottidae Cottus aleuticus Gilbert, 1896 Fr, Br native  Coastrange sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Ranges south to Piedras Blancas Point, California (Ref. 27547). Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 1998. 
Cottidae Cottus asper Richardson, 1836 Fr, Br native  Prickly sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 30.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). 
Cottidae Cottus asperrimus Rutter, 1908 Fr, Thr endemic  Rough sculpin (English)  9.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Ocurs only in Pit River system in Shasta and Lassen counties in California. Abundant in small range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus baileyi Robins, 1961 Fr endemic  Black sculpin (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Common within small range (Ref. 5723). 
Cottidae Cottus bairdii Girard, 1850 Fr native  Mottled sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Great Lakes area, Ozarks, Mississippi Basin, Atlantic Slope drainages and Mobile Bay drainage of the Gulf Slope (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 1998, 10294. 
Cottidae Cottus beldingii Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1891 Fr endemic  Paiute sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed 4.76 TL Abundant in Lake Tahoe (Ref. 5723). 
Cottidae Cottus bendirei (Bean, 1881) Fr, Thr native  Malheur sculpin (English)   Known from the Columbia unglaciated and Oregon Lakes ecoregions (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Rattlesnake Creek near Camp Harney, Oregon (Ref. 46206). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus caeruleomentum Kinziger, Raesly & Neely, 2000 Fr endemic  Blue Ridge sculpin (English), Blue Ridge sculpin (English) occasional (usually not seen) 6.30 cm SL male/unsexed  In the Elk, Bush and Nanticoke drainages the species occurs on the coastal plain in cold, spring-fed streams. Collected from Hodgson's Run and Big Elk Creek in the Elk drainage. Rare in the Bush drainage. In the Marshyhope system and Butler Mill Branch of the Nanticoke drainage. In the middle and lower reaches of the Susquehanna drainage (Ref. 37399). 
Cottidae Cottus carolinae (Gill, 1861) Fr endemic  Banded sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Ozark region, Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages (Ref. 10294). Upland and lowland streams in Mobile Bay drainage (Ref. 5723). 
Cottidae Cottus chattahoochee Neely, Williams & Mayden, 2007 Fr endemic   8.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Found disjunctly within the Chattahoochee River drainage above the Fall Line in Georgia. Appears to be highly sensitive to thermal regimes. Populations in the southern part of the Chattahoochee River drainage are restricted to small streams draining forested watersheds and that lack small impoundments, including beaver ponds. Population in headwater areas near the Blue Ridge physiographic province can be relatively abundant (Ref. 72414).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus cognatus Richardson, 1836 Fr native  Slimy sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 12.10 cm TL male/unsexed  On the east coast it ranges as far south as Virginia (Ref. 27547). 
Cottidae Cottus confusus Bailey & Bond, 1963 Fr native  Shorthead sculpin (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cottidae Cottus echinatus Bailey & Bond, 1963 Fr, Thr native  Utah Lake sculpin (English)  9.20 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Bonneville ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Found in the Utah Lake (Ref. 3881). Status of threat: extinct; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus extensus Bailey & Bond, 1963 Fr, Thr endemic  Bear Lake sculpin (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Bonneville ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Known only from Bear Lake in Idaho and Utah (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus girardi Robins, 1961 Fr endemic  Potomac sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cottidae Cottus greenei (Gilbert & Culver, 1898) Fr, Thr endemic  Shoshone sculpin (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Upper Snake ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Found only in Hagerman Valley (Snake River system) in Idaho, Uncommon in extremely small area (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus gulosus (Girard, 1854) Fr native  Riffle sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus hubbsi Bailey & Dimick, 1949 Fr native  Columbia sculpin (English)   11.20 cm SL male/unsexed  Type locality, Entiat R., Chelan Co., Washington (Ref. 46206).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus hypselurus Robins & Robison, 1985 Fr endemic  Ozark sculpin (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Type locality of Cottus hypselurus, Spenser Creek, a tributary of the Niangua River at Bennett's Springs, 11 miles NW of Lebanon, Laclede Co., Missouri. It is abundant throughout its range and not in need of protective measures (Ref. 121014). Endemic to cool and cold streams of teh Ozark Highlands in Missouri and Arkansas and it belongs to the Osage-Black clade which is known from the Osage, Gasconade and Black river drainages (Ref. 83416). 
Cottidae Cottus immaculatus Kinziger & Wood, 2010 Fr endemic  Knobfin sculpin (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 9.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Current, Eleven Point, Spring and White river systems of the White River drainage in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri and Arkansas. In the Current River, this is the only Cottus species found upstream of Akers Ferry. However, downstream of Akers Ferry, it is reported to be sympatric with Cottus carolinae. Has not been recorded from the lower reaches of the Black River between the confluences of the Current, Eleven Point, Spring and White river systems presumably because unsuitable habitat exists in this lowland faunal region (Ref. 83416).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus kanawhae Robins, 2005 Fr native   11.00 cm SL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus klamathensis Gilbert, 1898 Fr endemic  Marbled sculpin (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Abundant in Klamath River drainage; locally common in Pit River system (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus leiopomus Gilbert & Evermann, 1894 Fr, Thr endemic  Wood River sculpin (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Upper Snake ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Found only in the Little and Big Wood River systems (Snake River system) in Idaho. Fairly common in small area (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus marginatus (Bean, 1881) Fr, Thr endemic  Margined sculpin (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Columbia River drainage from the Walla Walla River system in Washington to the Umatilla River system in Oregon. Fairly common in small range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus paulus Williams, 2000 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Pygmy sculpin (English)  4.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Found only Coldwater Spring (Coosa River system), Calhoun County in Alabama. Common within extremely small range. Protected as a threatened species (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cottidae Cottus perplexus Gilbert & Evermann, 1894 Fr endemic  Reticulate sculpin (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cottidae Cottus pitensis Bailey & Bond, 1963 Fr endemic  Pit sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus princeps Gilbert, 1898 Fr endemic  Klamath Lake sculpin (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus rhotheus (Smith, 1882) Fr native  Torrent sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 15.50 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus ricei (Nelson, 1876) Fr native  Spoonhead sculpin (English) common (usually seen) 13.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Also in lakes on Isle Royale (Ref. 1998). 
Cottidae Cottus schitsuumsh Lemoine, Young, Mckelvey, Eby, Pilgrim & Schwartz, 2014 Fr native  Cedar sculpin (English)  9.90 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Columbia River basin, Idaho-Montana. Found in all streams sampled in the upper Coeur d’Alene and St. Joe River drainages of the Spokane River basin above Post Falls near Post Falls, Idaho, and sporadically in the middle Clark Fork River basin between Fish Creek and Prospect Creek, approximately between Tarkio and Thompson Falls, Montana (Ref. 94998).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus specus Adams & Burr, 2013 Fr native  Grotto sculpin (English)  10.30 cm SL male/unsexed  Occurs in in tributaries of the Bois Brule River drainage including Cinque Hommes Creek and Blue Spring (which is the resurgence stream for the Moore Cave system) and has never been collected in the Bois Brule mainstem. These caves and the surface streams are direct tributaries of the Mississippi River through the Bois Brule River (Ref. 92978).  No picture yet.
Cottidae Cottus tallapoosae Neely, Williams & Mayden, 2007 Fr endemic   7.73 cm SL male/unsexed  Known only from the Tallapoosa River drainage above the Fall Line in the east-central Alabama and west-central Georgia. This is widely distributed in streams of the upper Tallapoosa River drainage but it is more localized in streams immediately above the Fall Line (Ref. 72414). 
Cottidae Cottus tenuis (Evermann & Meek, 1898) Fr, Thr endemic  Slender sculpin (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Pacific Mid-coastal ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Occurs only in upper Klamath River drainage (upper Klamath Lake and upstream) in Oregon (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz, 1850) Fr native  Lake chub (English) common (usually seen) 23.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found throughout most of extreme northern USA; south to Delaware River in New York, Lake Chigan in Illinois, and Platte River system in Wyoming. Relict populations in the upper Missouri River drainage in South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming, and Twin Spings Creek (Mississippi River tributary) in Iowa (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1998, 5723. 
Goodeidae Crenichthys baileyi (Gilbert, 1893) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Hiko White River springfish (English), Moapa White River springfish (English), Mormon White River springfish (English), Preston White River springfish (English), White River springfish (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the White River system in Nevada (Ref. 86798). Common but threatened due to human encroachment and introductions of non-native fishes (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 27139. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Goodeidae Crenichthys nevadae Hubbs, 1932 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Railroad Valley springfish (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in extremely small areas (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Crystallaria asprella (Jordan, 1878) Fr, Thr endemic  Crystal darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Mississippi River basin from Ohio to Minnesota and south to southern Mississippi, northern Louisiana and southeastern Oklahoma; and on Gulf Slope in Escambia, Mobile Bay and Pearl River drainages. Now extirpated from Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois (Ref. 5723). Known from Cahaba River (Alabama-Mobile Bay), Bibb County, Alabama (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Crystallaria cincotta Welsh & Wood, 2008 Fr, Thr native  Diamond darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.73 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in Cumberland, Elk, Green and Muskingum river drainages of the Ohio River basin. Its population has been extirpated from most of its former range within the Ohio River drainage and this species is known only to be extant in the Elk River, West Virginia. A federal protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act was suggested for the population in Elk River, West Virginia due to the scarcity of individuals, genetic uniqueness and sister group relationship with Crystallaria asprella and cumulative landuse threats within the Elk River drainage. Extensive sampling efforts were carried out from 1980 to 2005 which yielded only a total of 12 specimens. Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Gobiidae Ctenogobius pseudofasciatus (Gilbert & Randall, 1971) Fr, Br, M native  Slashcheek goby (English)  5.30 cm SL male/unsexed   
Gobiidae Ctenogobius shufeldti (Jordan & Eigenmann, 1887) Fr, Br native  Freshwater goby (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 26938. 
Xenocyprididae Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) Fr, Fi, Lf, Sp introduced  Grass carp (English), White amur (English) occasional (usually not seen) 150 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced to Arkansas and made numerous interstate stockings that quickly spread into 35-40 states (Ref. 10294). Has been reported to occur in 45 states where it competes for food with invertebrates (e.g. crayfish) and other species, causes significant changes in macrophyte, phytoplankton and invertebrate communities, interferes with the reproduction of other fishes, decreases available refugia for other fishes, and so on (Ref. 45864). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 3 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Uncommon but its population is increasing in the lower Mississippi River. Found in lakes, ponds, pools, and backwaters of large rivers. Introduced to control aquatic weed problems in lakes and ponds. Its introduction has been proven to be more costly than beneficial as many fishes, waterfowl and other native species depend on aquatic vegetation (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1739. 
Anabantidae Ctenopoma nigropannosum Reichenow, 1875 Fr not established  Twospot ctenopoma (English), Twospot climbing perch (English)  15.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Introduced and formerly established in Florida (Ref. 3814). Also Ref. 1739. 
Gasterosteidae Culaea inconstans (Kirtland, 1840) Fr native  Brook stickleback (English)  8.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Maine, through New York, Pennsylvania and west through Iowa, to Montana; not known from Kansas (Ref. 1998). Isolated population in the Canadian River system in New Mexico (Ref 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Catostomidae Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Sp, Thr native  Blue sucker (English)  93.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the larger rivers of the Mississippi Basin and Gulf Coastal drainages from the Mobile Basin to the Rio Grande. Common now only in the Missouri, Neosho, and middle Rio Grande rivers (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Cycleptus meridionalis Burr & Mayden, 1999 Fr, Thr native  Southeastern blue sucker (English), Southeastern blue sucker (English)  59.30 cm TL male/unsexed ;70.20 cm TL female  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Embiotocidae Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons, 1854 Fr, Br, M, Fi, B native  Shiner perch (English), Shiner surfperch (English)   20.30 cm TL male/unsexed  In California, some are marketed mainly for the oriental trade (Ref. 27547) and occasionally used as bait (Ref. 6885). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella analostana Girard, 1859 Fr endemic  Satinfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Atlantic Slope from Hudson River drainage in New York to Peedee River drainage in South Carolina; isolated records in Lake Ontario drainage in New York (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella caerulea (Jordan, 1877) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Blue shiner (English)  10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Coosa and Cahaba Rivers in southeast Tennessee, northwest Georgia and Alabama (Ref. 86798). Extirpated from Cahaba River system (Ref. 86798). Local and uncommon (Ref. 86798). Considered a threatened species under the U. S. Endangered Species Act (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella callisema (Jordan, 1877) Fr endemic  Ocmulgee shiner (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Altamaha and Ogeechee River drainages in Georgia (Ref. 86798). Locally common in Altamaha, uncommon in Ogeechee River drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella callistia (Jordan, 1877) Fr native  Alabama shiner (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mobile Bay drainage in southeastern Tennessee, northwestern Georgia, Alabama and northeastern Mississippi; mostly above Fall Line (Ref. 86798). Recorded in all physiographic provinces above the Fall Line in the Mobile Basin (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella callitaenia (Bailey & Gibbs, 1956) Fr, Thr endemic  Bluestripe shiner (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Apalachicola River drainage in Georgia, Alabama and Florida (Ref. 86798). Localized and uncommon (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable; status improved since 1989 listing. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella camura (Jordan & Meek, 1884) Fr native  Bluntface shiner (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the tributaries of Mississippi and Tennessee rivers on Former Mississippi Embayment from Kentucky to Louisiana; and Arkansas River drainage in southwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma (Ref. 86798). Generally common (Ref. 86798); abundant in western Tennessee and in Neosho River system in Missouri and Oklahoma (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella chloristia (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr endemic  Greenfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Santee River drainage in North Carolina and South Carolina; and Peedee River drainage in South Carolina. Mostly found above Fall Line (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella eurystoma (Jordan, 1877) Fr native    Type locality, Nancys Creek, tributary of Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, U.S.A. (Ref. 81932).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella formosa (Girard, 1856) Fr, Thr native  Beautiful shiner (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from San Bernardina Creek in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona (Ref. 86798). Possibly extirpated (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723. Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella galactura (Cope, 1868) Fr endemic  Whitetail shiner (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Disjunct range east and west of Former Mississippi Embayment. Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; upper Savannah and Santee drainages (Atlantic Slope) in North Carolina, South Caroline, and Georgia; and upper New River drainage in West Virginia and Virginia; St. Francis and White River drainages in Missouri and Arkansas (Ref. 86798). Common; locally abundant (Ref. 86798). Introduced in Big Sandy and upper New systems of the Ohio River drainage (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella gibbsi (Howell & Williams, 1971) Fr endemic  Tallapoosa shiner (English)  9.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Tallapoosa River system (Alabama River drainage) in Alabama and Georgia; a single record in Chattahoochee River in Alabama (Ref. 86798). Most common minnow in Tallapoosa River tributaries (Ref. 5723, 86798). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella labrosa (Cope, 1870) Fr endemic  Thicklip chub (English) common (usually seen) 6.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from upper Peedee and Santee River drainages in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina (Ref. 86798). Locally common, especially in montane and upper Piedmont streams (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella leedsi (Fowler, 1942) Fr endemic  Bannerfin shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Atlantic Slope from Edisto River drainage in South Carolina to Altamaha River drainage in Georgia; Gulf Slope in Suwannee and Ochlockonee drainages in Georgia and Florida (Ref. 86798). Restricted to Coastal Plain (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella lepida Girard, 1856 Fr, Thr endemic  Plateau shiner (English), Edwards Plateau shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Nueces River drainage, Edwards Plateau in Texas (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Rio Frio (tributary Rio Nueces), either Real or Uvalde Co., Texas (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 3814, 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella lutrensis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr, B, Thr native  Red shiner (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 9.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Mississippi River basin from soutwestern Wisconsin and eastern Indiana to Wyoming and south to Louisiana; Gulf drainages west of Mississippi River to Rio Grande in Texas, New Mexico and Colorado. Absent in Ozark and Ouachita uplands. Widely introduced elsewhere in USA (Ref. 5723, 86798). Type locality: Otter Creek, tributary of the North Fork of the Red River, Kiowa or Tillman County, Oklahoma (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat of Cyprinella lutrensis blairi: extinct. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella monacha (Cope, 1868) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Spotfin chub (English), Turquoise shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed 6 SL Historically found in several tributaries of Tennessee River in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia to Alabama; now present only in Little Tennessee River in North Carolina, Buffalo and Emory river in Tennessee, and Holston River in Virginia and Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723, 10294. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989 listing. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella nivea (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Whitefin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Atlantic Slope from Neuse River drainage in North Carolina to Savannah River drainage in Georgia (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella proserpina (Girard, 1856) Fr, Thr native  Proserpine shiner (English), Prosperine shiner (English)  7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Devils River, lower Pecos River and nearby tributaries of Rio Grande in Texas (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Devils River, Texas (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 3881, 5723. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,3,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella pyrrhomelas (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Fieryblack shiner (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Peedee and Santee River drainages in North Carolina and South Carolina. Introduced to Chattooga River (Savannah River drainage) in Georgia (Ref. 86798). Common, especially in mountain streams (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella spiloptera (Cope, 1867) Fr native  Spotfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Atlantic coastal drainages from Hudson through Potomac River drainage in Virginia, USA; Great Lakes (except Lake Superior), Hudson Bay (Red River) and Mississippi River basins from New York to North Dakota and south to Alabama and eastern Oklahoma; isolated populations in Ozarks (Ref. 86798). Chesapeake Bay: found in large tributaries, occasionally collected in waters with salinities greater than 5% but is typically found in lakes and in large creeks and rivers (Ref. 27549). 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella stigmatura (Jordan, 1877) Fr native    Type locality, Trib. of Etowah R. (probably Silver Creek), near Rome, Floyd Co., Georgia, U.S.A. (Ref. 50838).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella trichroistia (Jordan & Gilbert, 1878) Fr endemic  Tricolor shiner (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Alabama River drainage (mostly Coosa and Cahaba River systems) in southeastern Tennessee, northwestern Georgia and Alabama; localized in Black Warrior River system, Alabama (Ref. 86798). Reported from Jones Gap State Park in Marietta South Carolina (David, pers.comm. 25Apr/2022). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella venusta Girard, 1856 Fr endemic  Blacktail shiner (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 19.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Gulf drainages from Suwannee River in Georgia and Florida to Rio Grande in Texas; and Mississippi River basin (mostly on Former Mississippi Embayment) from southern Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana and west in Red River drainage to western Oklahoma. Introduced into Sac River (Missouri River drainage) in Missouri (Ref. 86798). Abundant over much of its range (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Rio Sabinal at Sabinal, Uvalde Co., Texas (Ref. 79012). Recorded from the Gulf Coastal Plain from Suwannee drainage of Florida to the Rio Grande; upper Mobile Basin; lower Mississippi River and its tributaries north to southern Illinois, and in the western Gulf of Mexico drainages. Introduced into Colorado River drainage (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella whipplei Girard, 1856 Fr endemic  Steelcolor shiner (English) common (usually seen) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mississippi River basin from Ohio and West Virginia to Missouri and eastern Oklahoma, and south to northern Alabama and northern Louisiana; Black Warrior River system (Mobile Bay drainage) in Alabama (Ref. 86798). Mostly absent on Coastal Plain (Ref. 86798). Recorded above the Fall Line in the Mississippi River drainage from Illinois River system, Illinois, southward, and also occurs in the Black Warrior portion of the Mobile drainage (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Cyprinella xaenura (Jordan, 1877) Fr, Thr endemic  Altamaha shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Altamaha River drainage in northern central Georgia (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Cyprinella zanema (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr endemic  Santee chub (English) common (usually seen) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Cape Fear, Peede and upper upper Santee river drainages in North Carolina and South Carolina (Ref. 86798). Locally common, especially in the upper Piedmont streams of Santee drainage (Ref. 87698). Also Ref. 5723.  No picture yet.
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon arcuatus Minckley & Miller, 2002 Fr, Thr endemic  Santa Cruz pupfish (English)  4.60 cm SL male/unsexed  Restricted to the upper Santa Cruz basin in southern Arizona and Northern Sonora (Ref. 43452). Extirpated in the wild and unless an unknown remnant is cultured by a hobbyist, which is conceivable, this species is extinct (Ref. 43452). Status of threat: possibly extinct. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon bovinus Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Leon Springs pupfish (English)  5.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from Leon Creek (in Pecos River system), Pecos County in Texas (Ref. 5723). Common in extremely small area (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, 1930 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Devils Hole pupfish (English) scarce (very unlikely) 3.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Devils Hole, Ash Meadows in Nye County, Nevada (Ref. 5723); restricted to the upper 30 m, a 3.5 x 22 m water-filled cavern (Ref. 127857). Population endangered due to lowering of water table (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Comanche Springs pupfish (English)  6.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Toyah Creek and the effluents (including irrigation canals) of San Solomon, Phantom Cave and Griffin springs in Reeves County in Texas; formerly found in Comanche Springs in Pecos County, Texas. Common in small areas but threatened due to removal of water for irrigation for agriculture. Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon eremus Miller & Fuiman, 1987 Fr, Thr native  Sonoyta pupfish (English), Quitobaquito pupfish (English)  4.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from Quitobaquito Springs and Río Sonoyta (Ref. 36520). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon eximius Girard, 1859 Fr, Br, Thr native  Conchos pupfish (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Rio Grande drainage in Texas, from Devils River to mouth of Rio Conchos. Localized and uncommon (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon hubbsi Carr, 1936 Fr, Thr native  Lake Eustis minnow (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Lake Eustis and other headwater lakes of Oklawaha River in central Florida (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon macularius Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr, Thr native  Desert pupfish (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lower Colorado River drainage, including Gila River system and south through southern Arizona and California, USA (including Salton Sea) (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon nevadensis Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 Fr, Thr endemic  Amargosa pupfish (English), Amargosa River pupfish (English), Ash Meadows pupfish (English), Shoshone pupfish (English), Tecopa pupfish (English), Warm Springs pupfish (English)  7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Amargosa River basin in Nevada and California, USA. Six subspecies were recognized: Cyprinodon nevadensis nevadensis, restricted to Saratoga Springs and adjoining lakes, Death Valley National Monument in California; Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae, restricted to Amargosa River in California; Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae, now extinct, in outlets of North and South Tecopa Hot Springs in California; Cyprinodon nevadensis shoshone , in outlet of Shoshone Springs in California; Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes, in large springs in lower Ash Meadows in Nevada; Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis, in small springs in hills around Devils Hole, upper Ash Meadows in Nevada (Ref. 86798). Introduced and established in ZZYZX Spring in California (Ref. 39686). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon pecosensis Echelle & Echelle, 1978 Fr, Thr endemic  Pecos pupfish (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Pecos River system in Texas and New Mexico. Common but hybridizing with, and possibly being replaced by, introduced population of Cyprinodon variegatus (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon pisteri Miller & Minckley, 2002 Fr not established   4.90 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.93 cm female  Once occurred in artificial ponds near Colombus, Luna County, New Mexico (MSB 949:38 specimens collected in 1951), apparently introduced from Mexican sources for mosquito suppression, and now extant. It was also reported that the springs supporting the species in Mexico, immediately south of Pancho Villa State Park, Mexico dried in the 1940s (Ref. 43452).  No picture yet.
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon radiosus Miller, 1948 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Owens pupfish (English)  4.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Owens Valley in southern California. Formerly common within small range, but now restricted to small area near Bishop in California. Protected as an endangered species (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon riverendi (Poey, 1860) Fr native   7.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis Fowler, 1916 Fr endemic  Red River pupfish (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced into Canadian River (Ref. 5723). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon salinus Miller, 1943 Fr, Br, Thr endemic  Cottonball Marsh pupfish (English), Salt Creek pupfish (English), Cottonball pupfish (English), Cottonball marsh pupfish (English)  7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Salt Creek, Death Valley in California. There are extreme population fluctuations in harsh environment, but typically abundant in small natural range (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139, 81264. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon tularosa Miller & Echelle, 1975 Fr, Br, Thr endemic  White sands pupfish (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Tularosa Valley in New Mexico. Abundant in small area (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27139. Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepède, 1803 Fr, Br, M native  Sheepshead minnow (English), Bahama sheepshead minnow (English), Sheephead minnow (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality, South Carolina (Ref. 79012). Common; locally abundant. Introduced population in Pecos River, Texas is displacing native Pecos pupfish, Cyprinodon pecosensis (Ref. 5723, 86798). Florida, Georgia, Gulf Coast for the subspecies C. v. variegatus only. Also Ref. 27549, 93252. 
Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, Fi, Rstr, Lf, Sp introduced  Common carp (English), European carp (English), German carp (English), Koi (English), Leather carp (English), Mirror carp (English), Carp (English)  120 cm TL male/unsexed  Have escaped fish-breeding ponds in the South more than 20 years ago and have steadily moved up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Chicago City council has passed an ordinance that prohibits selling of live species of Asian carp to the general public (Ref. 46969). Found in 2 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Chesapeake Bay: intoduced to the Chesapeake Bay region in 1877, common carp resident in all major tributaries of the bay, ranging donw into brackish water with salinities as high as 17.6% (Ref. 93252). Also Ref. 1739, 27549, 93252, 120328. 
Mugilidae Dajaus monticola (Bancroft, 1834) Fr, Br native  Mountain mullet (English)  36.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs sporadically in streams of Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Rare in fresh water (Ref. 86798). 
Danionidae Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) Fr, Or introduced  Leopard danio (English), Zebra danio (English), Rerio (English), Striped danio (English), Zebra (English), Zebrafish (English)  3.80 cm SL male/unsexed  A popular aquarium fish, found in 50% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). 
Catostomidae Deltistes luxatus (Cope, 1879) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Lost river sucker (English) scarce (very unlikely) 86.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Lost River system (upper Klamath River basin) in Oregon and California (Ref. 5723). Abundant remaining populations are found in Clear Lake Reservoir (Modoc County), California (DHewitt, pers.comm.). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Dionda argentosa Girard, 1856 Fr endemic  Manantial roundnose minnow (English) common (usually seen) 7.60 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from Devils River and San Felipe Creek in Texas (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 52299. 
Leuciscidae Dionda diaboli Hubbs & Brown, 1957 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Devils River minnow (English)  6.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Devils River and nearby San Felipe, Sycamore and Las Moras Creeks, Val Verde and Kinney counties in Texas (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Baker’s Crossing on the Devils River, Val Verde County, Texas (Ref. 79012). Common in extremely small range. Protected as threatened species (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 81264. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,3,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Dionda episcopa Girard, 1856 Fr native  Roundnose minnow (English)  7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Rio Grande drainage above Devils River in Texas and New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Headwaters of the Pecos River and Camanche Spring (tributary to Rio Grande), Texas (Ref. 79012). Locally common in Texas, declining elsewhere, extirpated from Rio Grande (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Dionda nigrotaeniata (Cope, 1880) Fr endemic  Guadalupe roundnose minnow (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Colorado and San Antonio River drainages in Texas (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 52299. 
Leuciscidae Dionda serena Girard, 1856 Fr endemic  Nueces roundnose minnow (English) common (usually seen) 7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Nueces River drainage in Texas (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 79012. 
Eleotridae Dormitator latifrons (Richardson, 1844) Fr, Br, M native  Pacific fat sleeper (English) scarce (very unlikely) 41.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;39.00 cm TL female   
Eleotridae Dormitator maculatus (Bloch, 1792) Fr, Br native  Fat sleeper (English)  70.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type localities, mouth of Rio Grande del Norte (Rio Bravo), Texas, MCZ 35971 [ex USNM 641] (5), USNM 641 (33) (syntypes of Eleotris somnulentus); Savannah, Georgia, USNM (holotype of Eleotris somnulentus apparently lost) (Ref. 50190). 
Dorosomatidae Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur, 1818) Fr, Br, M, Fi native  Gizzard shad (English), Eastern gizzard shad (English), Hickory shad (English), Mud shad (English), Nanny shad (English), Skipjack (English), Winter shad (English) common (usually seen) 57.00 cm FL male/unsexed 22.85 Known from Great lakes, Mississippi, Atlantic, and Gulf drainages from Vermont to central North Dakota, and south to southern Florida (Ref. 86798). Found in Chesapeake Bay, Delaware River estuary, Virginia, and New Jersey (Ref. 4639). Also Ref. 188, 10294, 27549, 93252. 
Dorosomatidae Dorosoma petenense (Günther, 1867) Fr, Br, M native  Threadfin shad (English)  33.00 cm TL male/unsexed 5.2 Reported from the Gulf Coast from Florida to Texas and extends up the Mississippi River lowlands to Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, southern Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, and south to Central America (Ref. 10294); also from Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (Ref. 4639). On the West coast, movements of fishes from the California introductions have resulted in reports as far north as Oregon (Ref. 39047) to San Diego Bay, southern California (Ref. 96339). Introduced into James and Rappahannock rivers of Virginia (Ref. 39048). Also Ref. 188. 
Elassomatidae Elassoma alabamae Mayden, 1993 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Spring pygmy sunfish (English) common (usually seen)  Found only in Moss Spring and (historically) adjacent springs in the middle Tennessee River drainage in Alabama (Ref. 51664). The population from which this species was first collected in 1937 from Cave Spring near Smithsonia, Lauderdale County is now extirpated. The same is true for another population that was discovered in the Pryor Springs system in 1914 (Ref. 58011). Known to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1973 along margins of a spring-fed lake within Beaverdam Swamp, Limestone County, and in several areas of the drainage including Moss Spring, Beaverdam Creek, and Lowes' Ditch (Ref. 58014). Type locality: Moss Spring run into Beaverdam creek, 1.4 mi. north of Greenbriar, Tennessee R. drainage, Limestone Co., Alabama (Ref. 51664). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Elassomatidae Elassoma boehlkei Rohde & Arndt, 1987 Fr, Pr, Or, Thr endemic  Carolina pygmy sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 3.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Waccamaw and Santee River drainages in North Carolina and South Carolina (Ref. 5723). Internationally recognized as nearly threatened (Ref. 58006). Status of threat: 1). Santee River population: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Waccamaw River population: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Elassomatidae Elassoma evergladei Jordan, 1884 Fr endemic  Everglades pygmy sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 3.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Cape Fear River drainage, North Carolina south throughout most of peninsular Florida, and west to lower Mobile Bay basin, Alabama (Ref. 51664). 
Elassomatidae Elassoma gilberti Snelson, Krabbenhoft & Quattro, 2009 Fr native   2.52 cm SL male/unsexed   
Elassomatidae Elassoma okatie Rohde & Arndt, 1987 Fr, Thr endemic  Bluebarred pygmy sunfish (English)  3.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Edisto and Savannah River drainages in South Carolina (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: 1). Edisto River population: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 2). New and Savannah rivers populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Elassomatidae Elassoma okefenokee Böhlke, 1956 Fr endemic  Okefenokee pygmy sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 3.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Altamaha River drainage in Georgia to Choctawhatchee River drainage in Florida in the USA; south in Florida to Hillsborough River drainage, central Florida (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 51664. 
Elassomatidae Elassoma zonatum Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Banded pygmy sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 4.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Roanoke River , North Carolina to northern Florida and west to Brazos River, Texas; north in Former Mississippi Embayment to southern Illinois (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 51664. 
Eleotridae Eleotris amblyopsis (Cope, 1871) Fr native  Largescaled spinycheek sleeper (English)  8.30 cm SL male/unsexed   
Eleotridae Eleotris picta Kner, 1863 Fr, Br native  Spotted sleeper (English) scarce (very unlikely) 44.00 cm SL male/unsexed   
Eleotridae Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin, 1789) Fr, Br native  Spinycheek sleeper (English)  25.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 26938. 
Eleotridae Eleotris sandwicensis Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875 Fr, Br native   33.00 cm SL male/unsexed   
Elopidae Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766 Fr, Br, M, Sp native  Ladyfish (English), John (English), Skipjack (English), Tenpounder (English)  100.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Abundant in Florida, where it is often caught in mangrove areas and other inshore waterways, estuaries and bays, over both sandy and muddy bottoms (Ref. 9987). Also found in "large rivers" in Chesapeake Bay region; also Cape Charles and Lynnhaven Roads, Virginia (Ref. 4639). Also Ref. 27549, 93252. 
Goodeidae Empetrichthys latos Miller, 1948 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Pahrump killifish (English), Pahrump poolfish (English), Pahrump Ranch poolfish (English), Raycraft Ranch poolfish (English), Pahrump ranch poolfish (English), Raycraft ranch poolfish (English), Pahrump poolfish (English)  6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in three springs in Pahrump Valley in Nye County, Nevada where it was the only native fish. Now exists only outside Pahrump Valley, where it was transplanted to prevent its extinction (Ref. 86798) Once common but extraction of water for irrigation eliminated species from native habitats. Protected as an endangered species (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 27139. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Goodeidae Empetrichthys merriami Gilbert, 1893 Fr, Thr extirpated  Ash meadows killifish (English), Ash meadows poolfish (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Formerly found in Ash Meadows, Nevada (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 27139. Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Centrarchidae Enneacanthus chaetodon (Baird, 1855) Fr, Thr endemic  Blackbanded sunfish (English)  10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Atlantic and Gulf Slope drainages from New Jersey to central Florida, west to Flint River in Georgia. Locally common but absent from some drainages within its range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook, 1855) Fr endemic  Bluespotted sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 9.50 cm TL male/unsexed   
Centrarchidae Enneacanthus obesus (Girard, 1854) Fr endemic  Banded sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 9.50 cm TL male/unsexed   
Petromyzontidae Entosphenus folletti Vladykov & Kott, 1976 Fr native  Northern California brook lamprey (English), Modoc brook lamprey (English) scarce (very unlikely) 30.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Klamath River Basin (Willow and Boles creeks, Fall Creek, and Lost River, California) (Ref. 89241). 
Petromyzontidae Entosphenus lethophagus (Hubbs, 1971) Fr, Thr native  Pit-Klamath brook lamprey (English) common (usually seen) 22.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Pacific mid-coastal, Pacific Central Valley, and Oregon Lakes ecoregions (Ref. 81264). Klamath River Basin in Oregon (Sprague River and Crooked Creek at the Klamath Fish Hatchery) and Pit River Basin in California (Fall and Pit rivers and Crystal Lake Hatchery) (Ref. 89241). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Petromyzontidae Entosphenus minimus (Bond & Kan, 1973) Fr, Thr endemic  Miller Lake lamprey (English)  14.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Endemic to the upper Klamath River Basin (Miller, Evening, Jack, and Long creeks, and upper reaches of the Williamson and Sycan rivers), Oregon (Ref. 89241). Formerly endemic to the Miller Lake, Klamath County in Oregon. Purposely exterminated from Miller Lake because of its predation on introduced trout (Ref. 5723). Thought to have been extinct; surveys conducted in 1997-1999 reconfirmed the species extinction in Miller Lake but led to the discovery of several subpopulations within and outside the Miller Lake sub-basin (Ref. 81231). Its status has improved since 1989 listing of endangered species (Ref. 81264). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Petromyzontidae Entosphenus similis Vladykov & Kott, 1979 Fr, Thr native  Klamath lamprey (English) scarce (very unlikely) 27.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Pacific Mid-Coastal and Oregon Lakes ecoregions (Ref. 81264). Klamath River Basin in Oregon (Upper Klamath Lake) and California (Klamath River) (Ref.89241). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Petromyzontidae Entosphenus tridentatus (Richardson, 1836) Fr, Br, M, Thr native  Pacific lamprey (English), Asum (Sahaptin), Ksuyas (Sahaptin) common (usually seen) 76.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Pacific Ocean Basin: Norton Sound, Alaska; Puget Sound and Snake River, Washington; Snake River, Idaho; Columbia, John Day, Sprague, Umatilla, Umpqua, Rogue, and Willamette rivers, and Clear, Cow, Milk, and Trout creeks, Oregon; Goose Lake, Oregon/California; San Francisco Bay, Merced, Trinity, and Tuolumne rivers, Carr, Cottonwood, Coyote, Deer, Mill, Salt, Sespe, and Tracy creeks, California. The population in Clear Lake, California no longer exist. (Ref.89241). Common in Puget Sound, Washington, in 1895 (Ref. 28609). Dwarf, nonanadromous and nonparasitic populations landlocked in Oregon and northern California need further taxonomic study (Ref. 5723). The Goose Lake population is considered threatened and has declined since 1989 (Ref. 81264). Also Ref. 4925, 27547. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Eremichthys acros Hubbs & Miller, 1948 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Desert dace (English)  7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in warm springs of Soldier Meadows, Lahontan basin, Humboldt County in Nevada (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989 listing. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Ericymba amplamala (Pera & Armbruster, 2006) Fr native  Longjaw minnow (English), Longjaw minnow (English)  7.19 cm SL male/unsexed  This new species is described for the former southern populations of Notropis buccatus. It is known from Pearl River Drainage in Mississippi, east to the Apalachicola River Drainage in Florida and Georgia. On the Atlantic slope, found only in the Altamaha River Drainage. Type locality, Wacoochee Creek, County Road 379, 5 km NE Bleecker, Lee County, Alabama, AUM 39911 (holotype of Notropis amplamala, 6.42 cm SL) (Ref. 57709).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Erimystax cahni (Hubbs & Crowe, 1956) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Slender chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Tennessee River drainage (Holston, Clinch and Powell Rivers) in Tennessee and Virginia (Ref. 86798). Found extremely rare in small range (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Erimystax dissimilis (Kirtland, 1840) Fr endemic  Streamline chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Ohio River basin from western New York to northern Indiana and south to northern Alabama, and Lake Erie in Ohio based on a single record (Ref. 86798). Uncommon and localized (Ref. 86798). Report in Ozark streams (Ref. 5723) may represent different species. Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Erimystax harryi (Hubbs & Crowe, 1956) Fr, Thr endemic  Ozark chub (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from St. Francis and White river drainages in Missouri and Arkansas (Ref. 86798). Found in Ozark Highlands (Ref. 81264). Also Ref. 52299. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Erimystax insignis (Hubbs & Crowe, 1956) Fr endemic  Blotched chub (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Erimystax x-punctatus (Hubbs & Crowe, 1956) Fr native  Gravel chub (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Ohio River basin from New York and Pennsylvania to Wabash River in Illinois (absent south of Ohio River except 1 record in upper Green River, Kentuky); Mississippi River basin from southern Wisconsin and southern Minnesota south to northern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma; and Ouachita River drainage in Arkansas. Locally common but declining throughout most of the range (Ref. 86798). 
Catostomidae Erimyzon claviformis (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Western creek chubsucker (English), Western creek chubsucker (English) common (usually seen) 23.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Lower Greak Lakes and Mississippi River basins from southern Michigan and southeastern Wisconsin (extirpated) south to Gulf; Gulf Slope drainages from Apalachicola River drainage in Georgia to San Jacinto River in Texas (Ref. 86798). 
Catostomidae Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill, 1814) Fr endemic  Creek chubsucker (English), Eastern creek chubsucker (English) common (usually seen) 37.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: New York (Ref. 79012). Occurrence in Chattahoochee River in Alabama was based on one record (Ref. 5723). 
Catostomidae Erimyzon sucetta (Lacepède, 1803) Fr native  Lake chubsucker (English)  41.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: South Carolina (Ref. 79012). Common on lower Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). 
Catostomidae Erimyzon tenuis (Agassiz, 1855) Fr endemic  Sharpfin chubsucker (English) common (usually seen) 33.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Esocidae Esox americanus Gmelin, 1789 Fr, Br, Sp native  Grass pickerel (English), Redfin pickerel (English), Grass (English), Grass pickerel (English), Pickerel (English) common (usually seen) 39.40 cm FL male/unsexed  Known from the Atlantic Slope drainages from St. Lawrence River drainage to southern Florida; Gulf Slope drainages east to Brazos River, Texas; Mississippi River and Great Lakes basins north to Nebraska, Wisconsin, Mississippi (Ref. 86798). Found in tidal tributaries in Chesapeake and Delaware Bay region, also in New Jersey (Ref. 4639). Transplanted elsewhere including into Washington, California and Colorado (Ref. 86798). Absent in uplands (Ref. 86798). An occasional gamefish (Ref. 52559). Also Ref. 5723, 10294, 93252, 27549. 
Esocidae Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, Fi native  Northern pike (English), American pike (English), Common pike (English), Great Lakes pike (English), Great northern pickerel (English), Jack (English), Jackfish (English), Pickerel (English), Snake (English), Wolf (English), Pike (English) common (usually seen) 137 cm FL male/unsexed ;150 cm TL female 43.18 TL Known from Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from Maine to Montana and south to Pennsylvania and Nebraska (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 1998, 5723, 10294, 43202. 
Esocidae Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824 Fr, Pr, Sp native  Muskellunge (English), Allegheny River pike (English), Barred muskie (English), Great pike (English), Lunge (English), Mascalonge (English), Muskie (English), Ohio muskie (English), Tiger (English), White pickerel (English), White pike (English), Wisconsin muskie (English) occasional (usually not seen) 183 cm TL male/unsexed 67 Recorded from Ohio River drainage (including Cumberland and Tennessee rivers), upper Mississippi River drainage, the Great Lakes, southern Hudson Bay tributaries, and some northern Atlantic Coastal drainages (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 276, 3814. Status of Threat: Treated as endangered species by both the Wildlife Resources Agency and the Heritage Program (Ref. 10294). 
Esocidae Esox niger Lesueur, 1818 Fr, Sp native  Chain pickerel (English), Pickerel (English)  99.00 cm TL male/unsexed 15.6 Found throughout the tidal tributaries of Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 38947, 39095, 93252, 27549), and Delaware River (Ref. 39097, 38548), also present in New Jersey (Ref. 39102). Introduced as far west as Washington State (Ref. 39104) and in the Appalachian Mountains (Ref. 39105). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma acuticeps Bailey, 1959 Fr, Thr endemic  Sharphead darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Holston and Nolichucky River systems (Tennessee River drainage) in western Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma akatulo Layman & Mayden, 2009 Fr native  Bluemask darter (English)  4.76 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.50 cm SL female  Type locality, 1.6 air km SE Irving College, Collins River between mouths of Scott and Hillis creeks, Caney Fork River system, Warren Co., UAIC 10382.02 (holotype of Etheostoma akatulo, 4.55 cm SL, breeding male). Known from 5 small rivers and large creeks of the upper Caney Fork River system, Tennessee, including Collins River, Rocky River, Calfkiller River, Cane Creek, and upper Caney Fork River; all five streams originate on the Cumberland Plateau physiographic province and flow through the eastern Highland Rim physiographic province into Great Falls Reservoir, which was filled in 1916. Reported to be most abundant and widely distributed in Collins River, occurs in a 37-km reach between Shellsford, Warren Co., and Tennessee Highway 56, 1.2 km east of Mt. Olive, Grundy Co. (Ref. 80494). Status of threat: Federally endangered. Existing and potential threats identified include habitat destruction from gravel dredging, which has already eliminated habitat once occupied by the species in Collins River; pesticides in runoff or groundwater from plant nurseries; siltation from gravel mining, agricultural runoff, or land-disturbing activities; and, acid mine drainage from headwater streams (e.g. in Calfkiller River, water quality degradation, siltation, and low-head mainchannel impoundments may have contributed to decline of the population. At Collins River, Tennessee Highway 56, 1.6 km south of Tarlton, Grundy Co., gravel dredging has extensively altered presence of sand and gravel substrates that once existed there (Ref. 80494).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma artesiae (Hay, 1881) Fr native  Redspot darter (English), Redspot darter (English)  8.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Type locality, Small branch of Catawba R. at Artesia, Lowndes Co., Mississippi (Ref. 52026). 
Percidae Etheostoma asprigene (Forbes, 1878) Fr endemic  Mud darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 7.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma atripinne (Jordan, 1877) Fr endemic  Cumberland snubnose darter (English)  6.00 cm SL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma autumnale Mayden, 2010 Fr native    Known only from the White River system in Missouri and Arkansas (Ref. 86267).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma baileyi Page & Burr, 1982 Fr endemic  Emerald darter (English)  5.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded below Cumberland Falls in Rockcastle and Big South Fork systems (Ref. 10294). Locally common (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma barbouri Kuehne & Small, 1971 Fr endemic  Teardrop darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma barrenense Burr & Page, 1982 Fr endemic  Splendid darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma basilare Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 Fr native  Corrugated darter (English), Corrugated darter (English)  5.46 cm SL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma bellator Suttkus & Bailey, 1993 Fr, Thr native  Warrior darter (English)   Known from the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Murphy Creek along U.S. hwy 31, 2.0 mi. southwest of Blount Springs, Blount Co., Alabama (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma bellum Zorach, 1968 Fr endemic  Orangefin darter (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma bison Ceas & Page, 1997 Fr native  Buffalo darter (English), Buffalo darter (English)   Occurs in tributaries of the lower Duck and lower Tennessee Rivers (Ref. 27671). 
Percidae Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque, 1819 Fr native  Greenside darter (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common to abundant; along Atlantic, common only in Potomac River (Ref. 5723). Collected from West Fork Pond River (Green River-Ohio River), Christian County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma blennius Gilbert & Swain, 1887 Fr endemic  Blenny darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma boschungi Wall & Williams, 1974 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Slackwater darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the middle Tennessee River drainage in southern central Tennessee and northern Alabama. Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma brevirostrum Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 Fr, Thr native  Holiday darter (English), Holiday darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Uncommon throughout upper Coosa River system; sporadic occurrence in the Conasauga to the mouth of the Jacks River. Apparently more abundant in high elevated streams in the Ellijay River system in north Georgia. Currently not protected in Tennessee, but listed as vulnerable in Georgia and Alabama. A likely candidate for future consideration for Federal protected status because of its restricted range in small areas of the 3 states (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: 1). Amicalola Creek, Conasauga River, Coosawattee River, and Etowah River mainstream population: endangered. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Shoal Creek population: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma brevispinum (Coker, 1926) Fr native  Carolina fantail darter (English)  6.28 cm SL male/unsexed ;6.06 cm SL female  Known from Santee and Savannah River drainages and Yadkin River system (downstream to and including the South Yadkin River and Bear Creek) of the Pee Dee River drainage in North Carolina, northern South Carolina and southern Virgina (Ref. 87049).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma burri Ceas & Page, 1997 Fr endemic  Brook darter (English), Brook darter (English)    
Percidae Etheostoma caeruleum Storer, 1845 Fr native  Rainbow darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma camurum (Cope, 1870) Fr endemic  Bluebreast darter (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common, but absent from several rivers within range (Ref. 5723). Collected from Middle Fork of the Vermilion River (Wabash River-Ohio River), Vermilion County, Illinois (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma cervus Powers & Mayden, 2003 Fr, Thr native  Chickasaw darter (English)  5.24 cm SL male/unsexed  Known only from the Forked Deer River system in western Tennessee (Ref. 52025). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma chermocki Boschung, Mayden & Tomelleri, 1992 Fr, Thr native  Vermilion darter (English)   Type locality, Turkey Creek, trib. To Locus Fork of Black Warrior R. drainage, Jefferson Co., Alabama, elev. 600 ft (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma chienense Page & Ceas, 1992 Fr, Thr native  Relict darter (English), Relict darter (English)  7.14 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in the Mississippi embayment ecoregions (Ref. 81264). Museum: Jackson Creek, 2.6 km NE Water Valley on Roy Lawrence Drive, Graves County, Kentucky (holotype of Etheostoma chienense, 5.78 cm SL, breeding male) (Ref. 33021). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma chlorobranchium Zorach, 1972 Fr endemic  Greenfin darter (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma chlorosomum (Hay, 1881) Fr endemic  Bluntnose darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Gulf Coastal Plain (Ref. 10294). Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma chuckwachatte Mayden & Wood, 1993 Fr, Thr native  Lipstick darter (English)   Known from the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Hillabee Creek at Alabama hwy 22, 11.7 km northeast of Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Alabama (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma cinereum Storer, 1845 Fr, Thr endemic  Ashy darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Rare over most of its range, but fairly common locally in a few streams (Ref. 5723). Collected from Rockcastle River (Cumberland River), Rockcastle County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: 1). Duck River population: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Lower Tennessee River populations: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 3). Upper Cumberland River populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5; 4). Upper Tennessee River populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma clinton Mayden & Layman, 2012 Fr native  Beaded darter (English)  3.46 cm SL male/unsexed ;3.41 cm SL female  Type locality, Arkansas, Clark County, Caddo River at AR Hwy 182, 3.2 km N Amity, UAIC 10302.09 (holotype of Etheostoma clinton, breeding male, 3.37 cm SL). Known only from the upper Caddo (upstream of DeGray Reservoir) and upper Ouachita rivers upstream of the Fall Line in the Ouachita Mountains province of Arkansas. In the Ouachita River it occurs upstream of Lake Ouachita in the upper Ouachita and South Fork Ouachita rivers. It may also occur in tributaries of lakes Hamilton and Catherine, which are situated above the Fall Line (Ref. 92294).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma collettei Birdsong & Knapp, 1969 Fr endemic  Creole darter (English)  7.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Abundant in Ouachita; less common elsewhere (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma collis (Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) Fr, Thr endemic  Carolina darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the Atlantic Piedmont from Roanoke River drainage of Virginia to Santee River drainage of South Carolina (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma colorosum Suttkus & Bailey, 1993 Fr native  Coastal darter (English)   Type locality, Pine Barren Creek, trib. to Escambia R. at Still Road, Escambia Co., Florida (Ref. 50838). 
Percidae Etheostoma coosae (Fowler, 1945) Fr endemic  Coosa darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma corona Page & Ceas, 1992 Fr, Thr native  Crown darter (English), Crown darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Tennessee ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Found only in the Cypress Creek system of northern Alabama and Wayne County, Tennessee (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma cragini Gilbert, 1885 Fr, Thr endemic  Arkansas darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Arkansas River drainage in southwestern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Colorado (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma crossopterum Braasch & Mayden, 1985 Fr endemic  Fringed darter (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma cyanoprosopum Near & Kozal, 2017 Fr native  Blueface darter (English)  4.87 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the upland streams on the Cumberland Plateau, restricted to small streams in the upper Bear Creek system (Tennessee River drainage) and the Hubbard Creek system (Mobile Basin) above Kinlock Falls in Franklin, Lawrence, and Winston counties, Alabama. Inundation of the Upper Bear Creek Reservoir, which was constructed in 1978, seems to have extirpated this species in the downstream portion of the upper Bear Creek system based on historical data. (Ref. 116751).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma davisoni Hay, 1885 Fr endemic  Choctawhatchee darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.10 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma denoncourti Stauffer & van Snik, 1997 Fr, Thr native  Golden darter (English)  2.86 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Tennessee River (Ref. 36590). Type locality: Copper Creek, 180-460 m above mouth on coute 627, 2 air km south of Clinchport, Virginia (Ref. 36590). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma derivativum Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 Fr native  Stone darter (English)  5.70 cm SL male/unsexed  Occurs in Cumberland River drainage in southern Kentucky and north-central Tennessee from the Red River system in Todd and Logan counties, Kentucky to West Fork Stones River in Tennessee (Ref. 52023). 
Percidae Etheostoma ditrema Ramsey & Suttkus, 1965 Fr, Thr endemic  Coldwater darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 5.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Coosa River system in Georgia, Alabama and southeastern Tennessee. Highly localized (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1. Middle Coosa River population: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma douglasi Wood & Mayden, 1993 Fr native  Tuskaloossa darter (English)   Type locality, Sipsey R. at Lawrence Co. Road 6, West Fork, Sipsey R. Recreational Site, Winston Co., Alabama (Ref. 50838).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma duryi Henshall, 1889 Fr endemic  Black darter (English), Blackside snubnose darter (English), Snubnose darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma edwini (Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) Fr endemic  Brown darter (English)  5.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in western half of range; uncommon and localized in eastern half (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma erythrozonum Switzer & Wood, 2009 Fr native  Meramec Saddled Darter (English)  7.10 cm SL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma etnieri Bouchard, 1977 Fr endemic  Cherry darter (English)  7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma etowahae Wood & Mayden, 1993 Fr, Thr native  Etowah darter (English), Etowah darter (English)   Known from the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Etowah R. at Georgia hwy 52, 13.7 km north-northeast of Dawsonville, Lumpkin Co., Georgia (Ref. 50838). Also Ref. 52306. Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma euzonum (Hubbs & Black, 1940) Fr endemic  Arkansas saddled darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma exile (Girard, 1859) Fr native  Iowa darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque, 1819 Fr native  Fantail darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Blackwater River (Roanoke River-Atlantic Ocean), Franklin County, Virginia (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma flavum Etnier & Bailey, 1989 Fr endemic  Saffron darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma fonticola (Jordan & Gilbert, 1886) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Fountain darter (English)  4.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in San Marcos and Comal springs and their effluent rivers (Guadalupe River system) in southern central Texas. Common in San Marcos Spring but protected as an endangered species because of its restricted distribution; extirpated but reintroduced in Comal Spring and may be repopulating (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status sames as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma forbesi Page & Ceas, 1992 Fr, Thr endemic  Barrens darter (English), Barrens darter (English)  7.44 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Cumberland ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Found in tributaries of Barren Fork Collins River (Caney Fork system), Cannon County, Tennessee; also possibly in the adjacent upper Duck River system. Museum: Duke Creek, 3.2 km SE Hollow Springs, Cannon County, Tennessee, INHS 58632 (holotype of Etheostoma forbesi, 7.39 cm SL, male); paratypes, UMMZ 217892, USNM 313756 (Ref. 33867). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma fragi Distler, 1968 Fr native  Strawberry darter (English)   Type locality, Spring Creek, trib. of Big Creek, Sharp Co., Arkansas (Ref. 50838).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma fricksium Hildebrand, 1923 Fr endemic  Savannah darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.40 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma fusiforme (Girard, 1854) Fr endemic  Swamp darter (English)  5.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Tranplanted into French Broad system in North Carolina. Common to abundant in coastal streams; uncommon on Embayment (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma gore Layman & Mayden, 2012 Fr native  Cumberland darter (English)  4.28 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.12 cm SL female  Type locality, Tennessee, Cheatham County, Turnbull Creek, 0.8 km W Kingston Springs on co. rd. UAIC 10707.02 (holotype of Etheostoma gore, 4.03 cm SL, male). Known from the Cumberland River drainage below Cumberland Falls from Rockcastle River in Kentucky downstream to Red River in Kentucky and Tennessee. Apparently absent from Caney Fork River, a major southern tributary in Middle Tennessee, but specimens of E. stigmaeum reported (by Kirsch, 1893) from lower Caney Fork River (disposition unknown) probably represented this species rather than E. akatulo, which is endemic to the system above Great Falls (Ref. 92294).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma gracile (Girard, 1859) Fr endemic  Slough darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Dismal Creek (Wabash River-Ohio River) , Fayette County, Illinois (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma grahami (Girard, 1859) Fr, Thr native  Rio Grande darter (English)  6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lower Rio Grande drainage in Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma gutselli (Hildebrand, 1932) Fr, Thr native  Tuckasegee darter (English)   Known from the Tennessee ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Tuckaseegee R. at Ela, Swain Co., North Carolina (Ref. 54621). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma histrio Jordan & Gilbert, 1887 Fr endemic  Harlequin darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Widespread but generally uncommon. Isolated in Wabash River drainage of Illinois and Indiana, and Green River system in Kentucky (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma hopkinsi (Fowler, 1945) Fr endemic  Christmas darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.60 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma inscriptum (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr endemic  Turquoise darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma jessiae (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr endemic  Blueside darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.80 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma jimmycarter Layman & Mayden, 2012 Fr endemic  Bluegrass darter (English)  4.90 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.65 cm SL female  Type locality, Kentucky, Allen County, Trammel Fork at Old State Rd., 1.6 km NNE Red Hill, UAIC 10708.01 (holotype of Etheostoma jimmycarter, breeding male, 4.71 cm SL). This species is endemic to the Green River drainage of Kentucky and Tennessee, occurring mainly in the Highland Rim physiographic province, and reported to be widely distributed in the upper Barren and upper Green rivers, and is also found in the upper Rough River, a tributary of lower Green River (Ref. 92294).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma jordani Gilbert, 1891 Fr endemic  Greenbreast darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma juliae Meek, 1891 Fr endemic  Yoke darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed 3.2 SL Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma kanawhae (Raney, 1941) Fr endemic  Kanawha darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.60 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma kantuckeense Ceas & Page, 1997 Fr endemic  Highland Rim Darter (English), Highland Rim Darter (English)  5.60 cm SL male/unsexed  Paratypes: SIUC 25127, TU 177764, UAIC 11347.01, UMMZ231177, USNM 339904, and UT 91.4753 (Ref. 27671). 
Percidae Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam, 1863) Fr endemic  Stripetail darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Fairly common but localized (Ref. 5723). Collected from Poor Fork Creek (Cumberland River), Letcher County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma lachneri Suttkus & Bailey, 1994 Fr native  Tombigbee darter (English)   Type locality, Wolf Creek, trib. to Little Souwilpa Creek at Alabama hwy 17, Choctaw Co., Alabama (Ref. 50838).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma lawrencei Ceas & Burr, 2002 Fr native  Headwater darter (English), Headwater darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.16 cm SL male/unsexed ;5.70 cm SL female 3.75 SL Known from three disjunct river systems in Kentucky and Tennessee: headwaters of Salt River system; upper Green River system including the Nolin and Mud River systems; and Cumberland River system from Wilburn Creek on the north and Dillard Creek on the south side of the Cumberland River, Smith County, Tennessee, upstream to near Cumberland Falls. Disjunct populations occur in Round Lick Creek, Wilson and Smith counties, Tennessee (southern tributary of the Cumberland River downstream of Caney Fork River); and Rock Springs Branch and Mine Lick Creek, two tributaries of the lower Caney Fork River, Putnam County, Tennessee (Ref. 47261).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma lemniscatum Blanton, 2008 Fr native   5.38 cm SL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma lepidum (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr, Thr endemic  Greenthroat darter (English)  6.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Colorado, Guadalupe and Nueces River drainages in Texas; and in Pecos River system in New Mexico (Ref. 5723). Type locality: Rio Leona at Uvalde, Uvalde Co., Texas (Ref. 79012). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma longimanum Jordan, 1888 Fr endemic  Longfin darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.90 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma luteovinctum Gilbert & Swain, 1887 Fr endemic  Redband darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 6.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Fairly common in Duck River (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma lynceum Hay, 1885 Fr endemic  Brighteye darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma maculatum Kirtland, 1840 Fr, Thr endemic  Spotted darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the Ohio River basin from western New York and Pennsylvania to northern Indiana, and south to West Virginia and Kentucky. Extremely localized (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma mariae (Fowler, 1947) Fr, Thr endemic  Pinewoods darter (English)  7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the Little Peedee River system in North Carolina and South Carolina. Common within small range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma marmorpinnum Blanton & Jenkins, 2008 Fr native   4.06 cm SL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma maydeni Powers & Kuhajda, 2012 Fr native  Redlips Darter (English)  7.97 cm SL male/unsexed  Found only in the large tributaries of the Cumberland River below Cumberland Falls. The mainstem and large tributaries of the Big South Fork and Rockcastle rivers are home to the largest populations. The Buck Creek population was considered extirpated by Shepard & Burr (1984), but several specimens have been collected in recent years, suggesting the species has made a comeback in the stream. The Red and Stones river populations of the E. cinereum complex were considered extirpated by Shepard and Burr (1984) and despite sampling in these drainages for this and other projects by the authors and many other researchers, we have no evidence to contradict this assertion. The status of populations in the Obey and Roaring rivers was considered unknown by Shepard & Burr (1984) due to absence of the species from collections in these drainages since the early 1970s. Sampling in these rivers for this and other studies by the authors and other researchers has not yielded specimens, suggesting these populations are extirpated. However, given the recent rediscovery of E. cinereum in the Elk River after a 30-year absence, it is possible that these populations may persist in low numbers in what appears to be suitable habitat for the species (Ref. 89958).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma microperca Jordan & Gilbert, 1888 Fr native  Least darter (English) common (usually seen) 4.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Sometimes abundant in spring-fed streams (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma mihileze Mayden, 2010 Fr native    Known only from the Arkansas River system in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas (Ref. 86267).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma moorei Raney & Suttkus, 1964 Fr, Thr endemic  Yellowcheek darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Little Red River system in northern central Arkansas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/). Turkey Fork population: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma nebra Near & Thomas, 2015 Fr native   6.10 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Buck Creek system of the Cumberland River drainage in Kentucky (Ref. 113918).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma neopterum Howell & Dingerkus, 1978 Fr, Thr endemic  Lollipop darter (English), Lollypop darter (English), Lollypop darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Tennessee River drainage: tributaries of Tennessee River in western Kentucky and western Tennessee upstream to near Duck River; lower Duck River system in Tennessee; Shoal Creek in southwestern Tennessee and northwestern Alabama; also from the Bayou du Chien (Mississippi River tributary), western Kentucky (Ref. 5723). Type locality, Little Butler Creek, Shoal Creek system, Wayne County, Tennessee. Relatively uncommon within its small range (Shoal Creek system of NW Alabama and south-central Tennessee) (Ref. 33867). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma nianguae Gilbert & Meek, 1887 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Niangua darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Osage River drainage (Missouri River basin) in southern central Missouri (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma nigripinne Braasch & Mayden, 1985 Fr endemic  Blackfin darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, 1820 Fr native  Johnny darter (English)  7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Common to abundant. On Atlantic Slope in James, Roanoke, Tar and Neuse River drainages in Virginia and North Carolina; Gulf Slope in Mobile Bay drainage in Alabama and Mississippi. Introduced into Colorado River drainage, Colorado (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma nuchale Howell & Caldwell, 1965 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Watercress darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 5.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the springs on Halls and Village creeks (Black Warrior River system) in Jefferson County in Alabama (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: 1). Glen and Thomas springs populations: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5. 2). Roebuck Spring and Halls Creek populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma obama Mayden & Layman, 2012 Fr endemic  Spangled darter (English)  4.83 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.29 cm SL female  Type locality, Tennessee, Bedford County. Duck River below dam at TN Hwy 64/US Hwy 231 in Shelbyville, UAIC 10337.29 (holotype of Etheostoma obama, 4.27 cm SL, breeding male). Endemic to the Duck River (below Normandy Dam in the Nashville Basin and western Highland Rim downstream past the confluence of Buffalo River to the backwaters of Kentucky Lake) and Buffalo River (located wholly on the western Highland Rim, from upper reaches downstream to its mouth). It is distributed parapatrically with E. jessiae, which occurs in Tennessee River tributaries upstream, and in at least one tributary downstream (Whiteoak Creek) of Duck River (Ref. 92294). 
Percidae Etheostoma obeyense Kirsch, 1892 Fr endemic  Barcheek darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma occidentale Powers & Mayden, 2007 Fr native      No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma okaloosae (Fowler, 1941) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Okaloosa darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs only in Choctawhatchee Bay drainage in Florida panhandle (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma olivaceum Braasch & Page, 1979 Fr, Thr endemic  Sooty darter (English), Dirty darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the lower Caney Fork system and nearby tributaries of Cumberland River in central Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma olmstedi Storer, 1842 Fr native  Tessellated darter (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma oophylax Ceas & Page, 1992 Fr native  Guardian darter (English), Guardian darter (English)  7.38 cm SL male/unsexed  Museum: Little Bacon Creek (tributary of Big Sandy River), 3.2 km NE of Clarksburg, Carroll Co., Tennessee, INHS 59110 (holotype of Etheostoma oophylax, 4.95 cm SL, breeding male); paratypes, INHS 61820, SIUC 18065, UMMZ 217891, USNM 313755, UT 91.3847 (Ref.33867). 
Percidae Etheostoma orientale Powers & Mayden, 2007 Fr native      No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma osburni (Hubbs & Trautman, 1932) Fr, Thr endemic  Candy darter (English), Finescale saddled darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Kanawha River drainage above Kanawha Falls in West Virginia and Virginia (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma pallididorsum Distler & Metcalf, 1962 Fr, Thr endemic  Paleback darter (English)  6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the Caddo River and Hallmans Creek (upper Ouachita River drainage) in southwestern Arkansas. Fairly common in small range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma parvipinne Gilbert & Swain, 1887 Fr endemic  Goldstripe darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma percnurum Jenkins, 1994 Fr, Thr native  Duskytail darter (English)   Found in Cumberland and Tennessee ecoregions (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Copper Creek just below mouth of Obeys Creek, Scott Co., Virginia (Ref. 33021). Status of threat: 1). Copper Creek population: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Big South Fork, Citico Creek, and Little River populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma perlongum (Hubbs & Raney, 1946) Fr, Thr endemic  Waccamaw darter (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County in North Carolina. Moderately common (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma phytophilum Bart & Taylor, 1999 Fr, Thr native  Rush darter (English)   Known from the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Spring run trib. to trib. to Turkey Creek along Alabama Hwy 79, Pinson, Jefferson Co., Alabama (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: 1). Cove Spring and Sipsey Fork populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Turkey Creek population: endangered. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma planasaxatile Powers & Mayden, 2007 Fr native      No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma podostemone Jordan & Jenkins, 1889 Fr endemic  Riverweed darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.60 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma proeliare (Hay, 1881) Fr endemic  Cypress darter (English) common (usually seen) 4.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Primarily restricted to Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma pseudovulatum Page & Ceas, 1992 Fr, Thr native  Egg-mimic darter (English), Egg-mimic darter (English)  6.12 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Tennessee ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Museum: Mill Creek, 1.6 km south of Wrigley at Hwy 100 bridge, Hickman Co., Tennessee, INHS 58630; paratypes, INHS 62825, UT 91.2580, SIUC 18064, UAIC 9997.01, USNM 313757 (Ref. 33867). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma punctulatum (Agassiz, 1854) Fr endemic  Stippled darter (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma pyrrhogaster Bailey & Etnier, 1988 Fr, Thr endemic  Firebelly darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Obion and Forked Deer River drainages (Mississippi River basin) in western Kentucky and western Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma radiosum (Hubbs & Black, 1941) Fr endemic  Orangebelly darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.50 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma rafinesquei Burr & Page, 1982 Fr endemic  Kentucky darter (English), Kentucky snubnose darter (English)  6.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma ramseyi Suttkus & Bailey, 1994 Fr native  Alabama darter (English)   Type locality, Beaver Creek, trib. to Alabama R. at Wilcox Co., Alabama (Ref. 50838). 
Percidae Etheostoma raneyi Suttkus & Bart, 1994 Fr, Thr native  Yazoo darter (English)   Type locality, Hurricane Creek, trib. to Tallahatchie R., Yazoo R. system, at Mississippi hwy 7, Lafayette Co., Mississippi (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: vulnerable; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5. Tallahatchie population: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma rubrum Raney & Suttkus, 1966 Fr, Pr endemic  Bayou darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.50 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma rufilineatum (Cope, 1870) Fr, Thr endemic  Redline darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from Cumberland (below Big South Fork) and Tennessee River drainages in Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat of Clarks Rver, Hiwassee River, and Toccoa River populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma rupestre Gilbert & Swain, 1887 Fr endemic  Rock darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma sagitta (Jordan & Swain, 1883) Fr, Thr endemic  Arrow darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the upper Cumberland River drainages in Kentucky and Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Collected from Poor Fork Creek (Cumberland River), Letcher County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Generally uncommon and declining; many populations have been eliminated due to coal-mine pollution (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma saludae (Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) Fr endemic  Saluda darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 4.30 cm SL male/unsexed  Retsricted to Saluda and Broad rivers, tibutaries of Congaree River, Santee drainage in South Carolina, on or above Fall Line. Found in small woodland streams of Piedmont with slow to moderate current and substrate of sand, gravel, and bedrock (Ref. 6466).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma scotti Bauer, Etnier & Burkhead, 1995 Fr, Thr native  Cherokee darter (English), Cherokee darter (English)   Found in the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, McCannless Creek, trib. To Shoal Creek, Waleska, Cherokee Co., Georgia (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: 1). Lower and middle Etowah River populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Upper Etowah River popuation: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma sellare (Radcliffe & Welsh, 1913) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Maryland darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the tributaries of lower Susquehanna River, Harford County in Maryland. Known with certainty to exist in only one riffle (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: possibly extinct. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma sequatchiense Burr, 1979 Fr, Thr native  Sequatchie darter (English)   Known from the Tennessee ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality, Sequatchie R., 1.6 km southeast of Ninemile, Bledsoe Co., Tennessee, U.S.A., 35°39'N, 85°07'W (Ref. 50838). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma serrifer (Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) Fr endemic  Sawcheek darter (English)  6.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in northern half of range; uncommon in southern half (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma simoterum (Cope, 1868) Fr endemic  Snubnose darter (English), Tennessee snubnose darter (English)  7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common in middle Cumberland drainage, absent in upper and lower drainage; common to abundant in most of Tennessee drainage, but rare in North Carolina and absent in western tributaries of Tennessee River in Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma sitikuense Blanton, 2008 Fr native   5.02 cm SL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma smithi Page & Braasch, 1976 Fr endemic  Slabrock darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma spectabile (Agassiz, 1854) Fr endemic  Orangethroat darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Osage River, Missouri (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma spilotum Gilbert, 1887 Fr native  Cumberland plateau darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Kentucky River drainage in Kentucky (Ref. 86798). Population is declining due to coal-mine pollution (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma squamiceps Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Spottail darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma stigmaeum (Jordan, 1877) Fr endemic  Speckled darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Common; locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma striatulum Page & Braasch, 1977 Fr, Thr endemic  Striated darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 5.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Duck River system in central Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma susanae (Jordan & Swain, 1883) Fr, Thr native  Cumberland darter (English)   Type locality, Cumberland R. near Pleasant View, trib. of Clear Fork, Whitley Co., Kentucky (Ref. 54621). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma swaini (Jordan, 1884) Fr endemic  Gulf darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma swannanoa Jordan & Evermann, 1889 Fr endemic  Swannanoa darter (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common locally, especially in French Broad and Little Pigeon River systems (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Etheostoma tallapoosae Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 Fr native  Tallapoosa darter (English)   Known from the Tallapoosa River system of Georgia and Alabama (Ref. 10294). 
Percidae Etheostoma tecumsehi Ceas & Page, 1997 Fr, Thr endemic  Shawnee darter (English), Shawnee darter (English) common (usually seen) 5.40 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.60 cm female  Known only from the Pond River system. Although common, it has one of the smallest ranges (approx. 450 sq. km.) known for darters. There has been a decline in population due to a tractor fuel spill and a construction of a series of small impoundments in the extreme headwater in the type locality. Since the degradation of the upper Pond River system is expected to continue, leading to the eventual endangerment of this species, it was recommended that this species be considered for federal listing as a threatened species (Ref. 27671). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma teddyroosevelt Layman & Mayden, 2012 Fr native  Highland darter (English)  4.34 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.15 cm SL female  Type locality, Kansas, Cherokee County, Spring River at KS Hwy 96, UAIC 10460.21 (holotype of Etheostoma teddyroosevelt, breeding male, 4.07 cm SL). Known from Arkansas and upper White river drainages (upstream of Bull Shoals Dam) on the Ozark Plateau of Missouri, Arkansas, extreme southeastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma. In the Arkansas River it is found mainly in northern tributary systems from the Neosho River system downstream to Illinois Bayou; also found in the Petit Jean and Fourche La Fave river systems, southern tributaries along the northern edge of the Ouachita Mountains (Ref. 92294).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma tennesseense Powers & Mayden, 2007 Fr native      No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma tetrazonum (Hubbs & Black, 1940) Fr endemic  Missouri saddled darter (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma thalassinum (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr endemic  Seagreen darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma thompsoni Suttkus, Bart & Etnier, 2012 Fr native  Gumbo darter (English)  5.37 cm SL male/unsexed ;6.10 cm SL female  Widespread in the lower middle sections of the Neches, Sabine, and Calcasieu rivers in southeastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana (Ref. 93431).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma tippecanoe Jordan & Evermann, 1890 Fr, Thr endemic  Tippecanoe darter (English)  4.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Ohio River basin from western Pennsylvania to Indiana, and south to Tennessee River drainage in Virginia and Tennessee. Extremely localized; locally common (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma trisella Bailey & Richards, 1963 Fr, Thr endemic  Trispot darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 5.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Coosa River system in Georgia, Alabama and southeastern Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma tuscumbia Gilbert & Swain, 1887 Fr, Thr endemic  Tuscumbia darter (English)  6.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs only in springs along Tennessee River in Alabama. Formerly found in southern central Tennessee; common in a few springs (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma uniporum Distler, 1968 Fr native  Current darter (English)   Type locality, Pigeon Creek, headwater trib. of Current R., Dent Co., Missouri (Ref. 50838).  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma variatum Kirtland, 1840 Fr endemic  Variegate darter (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Sometimes abundant in clear streams (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma virgatum (Jordan, 1880) Fr endemic  Striped darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Etheostoma vitreum (Cope, 1870) Fr endemic  Glassy darter (English) common (usually seen) 6.60 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma vulneratum (Cope, 1870) Fr, Thr endemic  Wounded darter (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the upper Tennessee River drainages in Virginia, North Carolina and eastern Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma wapiti Etnier & Williams, 1989 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Boulder darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 8.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Elk River and Shoal Creek systems (in Tennessee River drainage) in southern Tennessee and northern Alabama. Rare in Elk River and possibly extirpated in Shoal Creek (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Etheostoma whipplei (Girard, 1859) Fr endemic  Redfin darter (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Etheostoma zonale (Cope, 1868) Fr endemic  Banded darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded above the Fall Line throughout the Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, and much of the Mississippi River drainages (Ref. 10294). Transplanted into Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania and headwaters of Savannah River in South Carolina. Locally abundant (Ref. 5723, 10294). 
Percidae Etheostoma zonifer (Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) Fr endemic  Backwater darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 4.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Localized and uncommon (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Etheostoma zonistium Bailey & Etnier, 1988 Fr endemic  Bandfin darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Gerreidae Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Girard, 1855 Fr, Br, M native  Spotfin mojarra (English)  21.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 7251, 13442. 
Gerreidae Eugerres plumieri (Cuvier, 1830) Fr, Br, M native  Striped mojarra (English), Patao (French), Mojarra (English)  40.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Museum: Charleston, South Carolina, SU 2735 (holotype of Gerres embryx) (Ref. 33568). Also Ref. 26340. 
Leuciscidae Exoglossum laurae (Hubbs, 1931) Fr endemic  Tonguetied minnow (English), Eastern tonguetied minnow (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in 3 areas of the upper Ohio River basin: upper Allegheny River drainage in New York and Pennsylvania, and upper Genesee River (Lake Ontario drainage) in New York and Pennsylvania; upper New River drainage in West Virginia, Virginia and North Carolina; and Great Miami and Little Miami River systems in Ohio. Fairly common, but less widespread and abundant than historically (Ref. 5723, 86798). 
Leuciscidae Exoglossum maxillingua (Lesueur, 1817) Fr native  Cutlip minnow (English), Cutlips minnow (English) common (usually seen) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Atlantic Slope from St. Lawrence River drainage New York to upper Roanoke River in North Carolina (absent in most of New England; present in Connecticut River, Vermont based on single record); Lake Ontario drainage in New York. Also found in the upper New River drainage in West Virginia and Virginia where may be based on introduction (Ref. 86798). Common in clear streams (Ref. 5723). 
Amblyopsidae Forbesichthys agassizii (Putnam, 1872) Fr, Thr endemic  Spring cavefish (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in central and western Kentucky (west to Tennessee River) to southern central Tennessee; west across southern Illinois to southeastern Missouri. Common in a few localities; uncommon to rare elsewhere (Ref 5723). Also Ref. 10294, 51651. Status of threat: vulnerable; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Fundulidae Fundulus albolineatus Gilbert, 1891 Fr, Thr extirpated  Whiteline topminnow (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Formerly found in Big Spring, Madison County in Alabama (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3814, 3881, 5723. Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Fundulidae Fundulus bifax Cashner & Rogers, 1988 Fr, Thr endemic  Stippled studfish (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common. Museum: UMMZ 213930 (holotype of F. bifax, 8.87 cm SL) (Ref. 26858). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Fundulidae Fundulus blairae Wiley & Hall, 1975 Fr native  Western starhead topminnow (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Fundulidae Fundulus catenatus (Storer, 1846) Fr endemic  Northern studfish (English) common (usually seen) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Upper Green, Cumberland, and Tennessee River drainages in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama; west of Mississippi River in Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas. Transplanted into Licking River drainages in Kentucky (Ref 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Fundulidae Fundulus chrysotus (Günther, 1866) Fr endemic  Golden topminnow (English)  8.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Charleston, Charleston Co., South Carolina (Ref. 79012). Common in Florida; localized and uncommon elsewhere (Ref 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Fundulidae Fundulus cingulatus Valenciennes, 1846 Fr endemic  Banded topminnow (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed   
Fundulidae Fundulus confluentus Goode & Bean, 1879 Fr, Br, M native  Marsh killifish (English), Killifish (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported from Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549, 93252). 
Fundulidae Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Br native  Banded killifish (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref 5723); Reported from Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549, 93252). 
Fundulidae Fundulus dispar (Agassiz, 1854) Fr endemic  Starhead topminnow (English), Northern starhead topminnow (English)  6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Lake Michigan and Mississippi River basins from southern Michigan and Wisconsin south to Ouachita River drainage Arkansas and Louisiana; locally common but decreasing due to draining of wetlands (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Fundulidae Fundulus escambiae (Bollman, 1887) Fr endemic  Russetfin topminnow (English), Eastern starhead topminnow (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Fundulidae Fundulus euryzonus Suttkus & Cashner, 1981 Fr, Thr endemic  Broadstripe topminnow (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Fundulidae Fundulus grandis Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr, Br native  Gulf killifish (English)  18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Indianola, Texas (Ref. 79012). USA (South-East) (Ref. 27139). 
Fundulidae Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766) Fr, Br, M native  Mummichog (English), Killifish (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Virginia and Florida only for the subspecies F. h. heteroclitus (Ref. 27139); from the vicinity of Stamford, Connecticut to Mt. Desert Island, Maine, and in upper Chesapeake and Delaware bays for F. h. heteroclitus (Ref. 35624). Also Ref. 27549, 93252. 
Fundulidae Fundulus julisia Williams & Etnier, 1982 Fr, Thr endemic  Barrens topminnow (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Caney Fork (Cumberland River drainage) and upper Duck River (Tennessee River drainage) systems in central Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Fundulidae Fundulus kansae Garman, 1895 Fr native  Northern plains killifish (English)  10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality, Kansas (Ref. 50838). 
Fundulidae Fundulus lineolatus (Agassiz, 1854) Fr endemic  Lined topminnow (English) common (usually seen) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed   
Fundulidae Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr native  Blackstripe topminnow (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Cumberland and Little Rivers, Kentucky (Ref. 79012). Recorded from southern Great Lakes tributaries, Mississippi River basin, and other Gulf Coastal drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Fundulidae Fundulus nottii (Agassiz, 1854) Fr endemic  Bayou topminnow (English), Southern starhead topminnow (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Gulf Coastal Plain from Mobile Bay drainage in Alabama to Lake Pontchartrain drainage in Louisiana (Ref. 3814). 
Fundulidae Fundulus olivaceus (Storer, 1845) Fr endemic  Blackspotted topminnow (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common, except in Appalachian uplands (Ref 5723). 
Fundulidae Fundulus rathbuni Jordan & Meek, 1889 Fr endemic  Speckled killifish (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Chiefly on Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain. Common but somewhat localized (Ref. 5723). 
Fundulidae Fundulus rubrifrons (Jordan, 1880) Fr native  Redface topminnow (English)  7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Altamaha River drianage based on 1 record and Okefenokee Swamp in southeast Georgia to south Florida. An isolated population is found in Fenholloway River system in west Florida (Ref. 86798). Easily maintained and breeds freely in captivity (pers.comm. Paul V. Loiselle, 28/10/2014). 
Fundulidae Fundulus saguanus Rivas, 1948 Fr native   10.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Fundulidae Fundulus sciadicus Cope, 1865 Fr endemic  Plains topminnow (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common but somewhat localized.  
Fundulidae Fundulus seminolis Girard, 1859 Fr endemic  Seminole killifish (English) common (usually seen) 12.50 cm TL male/unsexed   
Fundulidae Fundulus stellifer (Jordan, 1877) Fr endemic  Southern studfish (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Fundulidae Fundulus waccamensis Hubbs & Raney, 1946 Fr, B, Thr endemic  Waccamaw killifish (English) common (usually seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Fundulidae Fundulus xenicus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 Fr, Br, Or native  Diamond killifish (English)  6.00 cm TL male/unsexed 2 SL  
Fundulidae Fundulus zebrinus Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 Fr, Br native  Plains killifish (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Rio Grande in New Mexico (Ref. 79012). Also present, and thought to be introduced, in upper Missouri River basin in South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming. Transplanted into upper Rio Grande in New Mexico, Colorado River drainage in Utah and Arizona. Also Ref. 27139. 
Ariidae Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes, 1840 Fr, Br, M questionable   55.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported from the country in Ref. 4690 (Cape Cod). Outside distributional range, needs further confirmation (Ref. 85159). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr, Br native  Western mosquitofish (English), Mosquito Fish (English), Mosquitofish (English) common (usually seen) 5.10 cm TL male/unsexed ;7.00 cm TL female  Common; locally abundant. Known from Upper Banana river, Cape Canaveral, Florida (Ref. 38975). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia amistadensis Peden, 1973 Fr, Thr extirpated  Amistad gambusia (English)  3.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Formerly found in Goodenough Spring (Rio Grande drainage) in Texas (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia clarkhubbsi Garrett & Edwards, 2003 Fr, Thr native  San Felipe gambusia (English)  5.80 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the San Felipe Creek in Texas (Ref. 52090). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia gaigei Hubbs, 1929 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Big Bend gambusia (English)  5.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Formerly found in Boquillas and Graham Ranch springs, Brewster County in Texas; now restricted to an artificial spring-fed pond in Big Bend National Park in Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia geiseri Hubbs & Hubbs, 1957 Fr endemic  Largespring gambusia (English) occasional (usually not seen) 4.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Highly localized and uncommon (Ref. 5723). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia georgei Hubbs & Peden, 1969 Fr, Thr endemic  San Marcos gambusia (English)  4.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Formerly found in San Marcos Spring and River in Texas (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 3814. Status of threat: possibly extinct; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Poeciliidae Gambusia heterochir Hubbs, 1957 Fr, Thr endemic  Clear Creek gambusia (English) scarce (very unlikely) 5.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the headwater springs of Clear Creek of San Saba River system in Menard County, Texas. These headwater springs are now impounded (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859 Fr, Br native  Eastern mosquitofish (English)  4.70 cm TL male/unsexed ;8.00 cm TL female  Reported from Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549, 93252). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia nobilis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Pecos gambusia (English) occasional (usually not seen) 4.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Pecos River system in New Mexico and Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia rhizophorae Rivas, 1969 Fr, Br native  Mangrove gambusia (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Poeciliidae Gambusia senilis Girard, 1859 Fr, Thr native  Blotched gambusia (English)  5.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Devils River, Rio Grande drainage in Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Poeciliidae Gambusia speciosa Girard, 1859 Fr, Thr native  Tex-Mex gambusia (English)  3.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;5.00 cm TL female  Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, M native  Threespine stickleback (English), Santa Ana stickleback (English), Unarmored threespine stickleback (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported from as far north as Kent Island (Ref. 27549). 
Cichlidae Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Fr introduced  Pearl eartheater (English)  28.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) Fr, Br introduced  Redstriped eartheater (English), Mother-of-pearl eartheater (English), Opalescent eartheater (English)  14.80 cm SL male/unsexed  Introduced into the United States through the aquarium fish trade industry, and reproducing successfully (Ref. 3814). 
Leuciscidae Gila atraria (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Utah chub (English)  56.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Snake River system above Shoshone Falls in Wyoming and Idaho; Lake Bonneville basin (including Great Salt Lake drainage and Sevier River system) in southeastern Idaho and Utah. Introduced into east Nevada, upper Missouri River basin in Montana, and Colorado River drainage in Wyoming and Utah. Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Gila coerulea (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Blue chub (English) common (usually seen) 41.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Klamath and Lost River systems in Oregon and California (Ref. 86798). Abundant in impoundments (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Gila coriacea (Hubbs & Miller, 1948) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Moapa dace (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from warm springs of Muddy (Moapa) River in Clark County, southeastern Nevada. Common within an extremely restricted range (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Gila crassicauda (Baird & Girard, 1854) Fr extirpated  Thicktail chub (English)  25.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Formerly found in Sacramento-San Joaquin River, Clear Lake (Lake Co.), Pajaro River, Salinas River and San Franciso Bay drainages in Califormia (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: extinct; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila cypha Miller, 1946 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Humpback chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 38.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Colorado River drainage in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Arizona (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3814, 5723. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila ditaenia Miller, 1945 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Sonora chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 25.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Sycamore (Bear) Canyon in Arizona. Uncommon in extremely small area (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila elegans Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr, Ex, Pr, Thr native  Bonytail (English) scarce (very unlikely) 62.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Extremely rare (Ref. 86798). Extant only in Green River, Utah and perhaps in some large impoundments of the Colorado River (Ref. 5723). Several factors contributed to the decline of bonytail populations in the Colorado River. These include habitat alteration produced by reservoir construction and predation by introduced species (Ref. 41720). Little recruitment has been observed for over 30 years (Ref. 41720). Also Ref. 3814. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3, 4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila intermedia (Girard, 1856) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Gila chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 38.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gila River system (Colorado River drainage) in New Mexico and Arizona (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989 listing. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila nigra Cope, 1875 Fr, Thr native  Headwater chub (English) common (usually seen) 38.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gila River system (Colorado River drainage) in New Mexico and Arizona (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila nigrescens (Girard, 1856) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Chihuahua chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 24.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mimbres River in New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3814, 5723. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila orcuttii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890) Fr, Thr native  Arroyo chub (English)  40.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Malibu and San Juan creeks, and Los Angeles, San Gabriel, San Luis Rey, Santa Ana, and Santa Margarita River drainages in California. Introduced north to Santa Ynez River and Mojave (Death Valley basin) River drainage in California. Extirpated from much of its native range, but commonly found in a few streams (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Gila pandora (Cope, 1872) Fr, Thr native  Rio Grande chub (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Rio Grande and Pecos River systems in Colorado and New Mexico; isolated populations in Davis Mountains (Pecos River system) in Texas. Introduced into headwaters of Canadian River (Red River drainage) in New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Sangre de Cristo Pass, Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila purpurea (Girard, 1856) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Yaqui chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Rio Yaqui basin in southeast Arizona. Introduced to Leslie Creek (Whitewater Draw drainage), extreme southeast Arizona. Extremely rare and possibly extirpated (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila robusta Baird & Girard, 1853 Fr, Thr native  Roundtail chub (English), White river chub (English) common (usually seen) 43.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Colorado River drainage in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona (Ref. 86798). Four subspecies were previously recognized: G. r. jordani in Pluvial White River, Nevada; G. r. seminuda in Virgin River in Utah, Nevada and Arizona; G r. grahami in Gila River in New Mexico and Arizona; G. r. robusta in rest of of USA range (Ref. 5723). The population in White River , Nevada is protected as Gila robusta jordani, an endangered subspecies (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,3 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/). Gila robusta jordani: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Gila seminuda Cope & Yarrow, 1875 Fr, Thr native  Virgin chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 38.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Virgin River system (Colorado River drainage) in southwest Utah, south Nevada and northwest Arizona; Muddy River system (Moapa) in Nevada (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 52299. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Eleotridae Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepède, 1800 Fr, Br, M native  Bigmouth sleeper (English)  90.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from southern Florida and southern Texas. Occurs in fresh waters in southern Florida and occasionally in lower Rio Grande, Texas (Ref. 86798). 
Gobiidae Gobionellus oceanicus (Pallas, 1770) Fr, Br, M native  Highfin goby (English)  27.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Ranges from North Carolina to Florida (Ref. 7251). 
Percidae Gymnocephalus cernua (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br introduced  Ruffe (English)  25.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 1739. 
Leuciscidae Hemitremia flammea (Jordan & Gilbert, 1878) Fr, Thr native  Flame chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the middle Cumberland (mostly Caney Fork) and Tennessee River drainages in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama; Kelley Creek (Coosa River system) in Alabama (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the upper Coosa River system of the Mobile Basin (Ref. 10294). Uncommon; extirpated from many areas due to alterations of springs (Ref. 5723, 86798). Considered endangered in Tennessee because of its fragile habitat (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cichlidae Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854 Fr native  Rio Grande cichlid (English), Rio Grande perch (English), Texas cichlid (English) common (usually seen) 30.00 cm TL male/unsexed  The only native cichlid in the country. Originally found only in the lower Rio Grande drainage, Texas (Ref. 36377). Also Ref. 7335. 
Cichlidae Heros severus Heckel, 1840 Fr not established  Banded cichlid (English), Convict fish (English), Deacon (English), Sedate cichlid (English), Severum (English), Striped cichlid (English)  20.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Introduced into Nevada, USA (Ref. 4537), but now eradicated (Ref. 3814). 
Leuciscidae Hesperoleucus symmetricus (Baird & Girard, 1854) Fr, Thr native  California roach (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Sacramento-San Joaquin, Russian, Pajaro-Salinas and smaller coastal drainages in California (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat of Lavinia symmetricus mitrulus: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Poeciliidae Heterandria formosa (Girard, 1859) Fr, Br endemic  Least killifish (English), Midget Livebearer (English), Mosqu (English) common (usually seen) 3.60 cm TL male/unsexed 1.1 SL  
Hiodontidae Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque, 1819) Fr native  Goldeye (English)  52.00 cm FL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi River basin and portions of Hudson Bay drainage (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 276, 1998. 
Hiodontidae Hiodon tergisus Lesueur, 1818 Fr native  Mooneye (English)  47.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi Basin, Mobile Basin, Great Lakes and Hudson Bay tributaries (Ref. 10294). 
Erythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) Fr not established  Trahira (English), Haimara (English), Tararura (English), Tiger characin (English), Tigerfish (English)  65.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced into the United States and present until 1977 when a cold spell have eliminated the species (Ref. 1739). Populations in the USA have now been extirpated (Ref. 3814). 
Callichthyidae Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) Fr, Fi introduced  Brown hoplo (English)  26.30 cm TL male/unsexed  A population was discovered in ditches of the Indian River lagoon system of Florida in late 1995 (Ref. 74657). Populations have been found in the St. Johns and Kissimmee River drainages (Ref. 95869). Collected from Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area (c. 28°29'56"N, 80°55'1"W), a protected area of the middle St. Johns River Basin spanning 12,424.25 hectares. Small-scale commercial fishery exists in peninsular Florida (Ref. 104645). 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus amarus (Girard, 1856) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Rio Grande silvery minnow (English), Rio Grande minnow (English) scarce (very unlikely) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Rio Grande drainage (including Pecos River) in Texas and New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Rare and extant only in Rio Grande, New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 6376. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus argyritis Girard, 1856 Fr, Br, Thr native  Western silvery minnow (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Missouri River basin from Montana to Missouri and Mississippi River from mouth of Missouri River to mouth of Ohio River (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs, 1929 Fr, B native  Brassy minnow (English) common (usually seen) 9.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from St. Lawrence River and Lake Champlain drainages in Vermont; across Great Lakes, Hudson Bay and Missouri-upper Mississippi River basins of northern USA south to Missouri and Colorado (Ref. 86798). Usually seen in some areas (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus hayi Jordan, 1885 Fr endemic  Cypress minnow (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Ohio and Mississippi River basins from southwestern Indiana and southern Illinois to Louisiana; and Gulf Slope drainages from Escambia River in Florida and Alabama, to Sabine River in Texas (Ref. 86798). Occurs mostly in Former Mississippi Embayment; rarely above Fall Line (e.g. Tennessee River in Alabama); and locally common but disappearing from northern part of range (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz, 1855 Fr endemic  Mississippi silvery minnow (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lowland areas of Mississippi River basin from Ohio to Minnesota and south to Louisiana, USA; Gulf drainages from Mobile Bay in Alabama to Brazos River in Texas (Ref. 86798). Generally common but less along periphery of range; absent in Minnesota and eastern Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus placitus Girard, 1856 Fr, Br, Thr native  Plains minnow (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Missouri, Arkansas, Red, Brazos, and Colorado River drainages from Montana and North Dakota south to New Mexico and Texas; Mississippi River from mouth of Missouri River to Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the western tributaries to the Mississippi River from the upper Missouri River south, and in the western Gulf of Mexico through the Colorado River drainage of Texas (Ref. 10294). Common but sometimes abundant in Great Plains. Introduced in Pecos River in New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Hybognathus regius Girard, 1856 Fr native  Eastern silvery minnow (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed 8.7 TL Known from St. Lawrence River drainage to Altamaha River drainage in Georgia, and Lake Ontario drainage in New York (Ref. 86798). Abundant in all tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549). 
Leuciscidae Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr native  Bigeye chub (English)  10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from southern Great Lakes basin and Mississippi basin from Illinois River through entire Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee river drainages, but widely extirpated in Midwest (Ref. 10294). Also found west of Mississippi River from Central Arkansas River northeast to Meramec River, a tributary to the lower Missouri River (Ref. 10294). Common to abundant in southern part of range, but disappearing from much of north, especially in the agricultural areas. Ozarks of southern Missouri, northern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Hybopsis amnis (Hubbs & Greene, 1951) Fr, Br, Thr native  Pallid shiner (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Mississippi River and its large tributaries from Minnesota southward and west through the Guadalupe River drainage, Texas (Ref. 10294). Fairly common in southern half of range; rare in north. Often found in small rivers in eastern Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Hybopsis hypsinotus (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Highback chub (English) common (usually seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Hybopsis lineapunctata Clemmer & Suttkus, 1971 Fr, Thr native  Lined chub (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Coosa and Tallapoosa portions of the upper Alabama River system in the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley (Ref. 10294). Considered an endangered species and treated as a species of secial concern in Tennessee (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Hybopsis rubrifrons (Jordan, 1877) Fr endemic  Rosyface chub (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Saluda, Savannah and Altamaha River drainages in South Carolina and Georgia (Ref. 5723). Type locality, South Fork of Ocmulgee R. at Flat Rock, DeKalb Co., Georgia, U.S.A. (Ref. 50838). 
Leuciscidae Hybopsis winchelli Girard, 1856 Fr native  Clear chub (English) common (usually seen) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Dasyatidae Hypanus sabinus (Lesueur, 1824) Fr, Br, M native  Atlantic stingray (English)  61.00 cm WD male/unsexed 20 WD Has been caught in Mississippi River (320 km - 200 miles upstream) and in St. Johns River in Florida, USA (Ref. 12951). Also Ref. 93252, 27549. 
Catostomidae Hypentelium etowanum (Jordan, 1877) Fr endemic  Alabama hog sucker (English) common (usually seen) 23.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Catostomidae Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Sp native  Northern hog sucker (English) common (usually seen) 61.00 cm TL male/unsexed  From Mohawk-Hudson River in New York to Altamaha River in northern Georgia; from Pascagoula River in Mississippi to Comite River in Louisiana. Reported from Mobile Bay drainage, Alabama and Chattahoochee River drainage, Georgia (Ref. 5723); in Ballard Creek outside of Sallisaw, Oklahoma (Charles Perez, pers. comm.). 
Catostomidae Hypentelium roanokense Raney & Lachner, 1947 Fr endemic  Roanoke hog sucker (English) common (usually seen) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Osmeridae Hypomesus nipponensis McAllister, 1963 Fr, Br introduced  Wakasagi (English), Kunashir smelt (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Osmeridae Hypomesus transpacificus McAllister, 1963 Fr, Br, Thr native  Delta smelt (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed 5.5 FL Known from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region in central California (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also Ref. 3814, 96339. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Xenocyprididae Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) Fr, Fi, Sp introduced  Silver carp (English), Carp (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 120 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced in 1973 to improve water quality in aquaculture (Ref. 86798). Escaped into open waters in Arkansas in the 1990s where it may compete with Ictiobus bubalus. Has not established in the USA based on 1984 report (Ref. 6029). Occurs now in at least 16 states and has established in the middle and lower Mississippi River basin from Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky to Louisiana (Ref. 86798). In 2002, a $7 million electric barrier to prevent their passing from the Illinois River to Lake Michigan was constructed. Recorded from the Mississippi River and other major rivers in Arkansas and Missouri and the lower Ohio River (Ref. 10294). The species has rendered sections of the Missouri river nearly impassable (Ref. 48005). Feeds on phytoplankton. Jumps into boats with outboard motors, sometimes causing serious injuries to humans (Ref. 86798). 
Xenocyprididae Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) Fr, Fi, Aq, Lf, Sp introduced  Bighead carp (English) common (usually seen) 146 cm SL male/unsexed  Introduced into Arkansas in 1972 to improve water quality in aquaculture facilities. Has established in Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio river basins from central Kentucky to South Dakota and south to Louisiana (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the Arkansas rivers, and Mississippi River in Missouri (Ref. 10294). Has established in aquaculture through assisted/artificial reproduction. Has not established in the wild (Ref. 1739). Found in open water of large rivers, backwaters, floodplain lakes, reservoirs and ponds. Young sometimes occurs in small creeks (Ref. 86798). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 4 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 12589. 
Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus meeki Banford & Collette, 1993 Fr, Br, M native  False silverstripe halfbeak (English), American halfbeak (English)  20.90 cm SL male/unsexed  Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida and throughout the Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 27549). Seasonally in the lower Chesapeake Bay during summer and autumn, extending as far north as the Patuxent River (Ref. 27549). Also Ref. 27549, 93252. Type locality, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA (Ref. 26282). Occurrence in Chesapeake Bay: common summer and autumn visitor extending as far north as the Chester River (Ref. 93252). 
Loricariidae Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr introduced  Suckermouth catfish (English), Spotted pleco (English)  24.98 cm SL male/unsexed   
Embiotocidae Hysterocarpus traskii Gibbons, 1854 Fr, Br endemic  Russian River tule perch (English), Tule perch (English), Russian river tule perch (English), Sacramento tuleperch (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Clear Lake; Russian, Sacramento-San Joaquin, and Pajaro-Salinas River drainages in California (Ref. 86798). Usually seen in the north; severely decimated in Pajaro-Salinas and San Joaquin River drainages (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon bdellium (Jordan, 1885) Fr, Br native  Ohio lamprey (English) occasional (usually not seen) 30.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;30.50 cm TL female  Recorded from Ohio River basin, including the Cumberland and Tennessee drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard, 1858 Fr, Br native  Chestnut lamprey (English) common (usually seen) 38.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Great Lakes, Mississippi River basins (from Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota to Louisiana; from Tennessee to Kansas and Oklahoma); Red River (South Dakota, Minnesota); coast drainages from Mobile Bay, Georgia and Alabama to Sabine Lake (Ref. 1998); Hudson Bay (Ref. 10294). Type locality: Galena, Minnesota (Ref. 1998). 
Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon fossor Reighard & Cummins, 1916 Fr native  Northern brook lamprey (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Lake Superior Basin, Michigan and Wisconsin; Lake Michigan Basin, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin; Lake Huron Basin, Michigan (Devils and Pine rivers); Lake Erie Basin, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; Mississippi River Basin, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin (Ref.89241). 
Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon gagei Hubbs & Trautman, 1937 Fr, Br, Thr native  Southern brook lamprey (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Mississippi River basins of southern Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, Arizona and Louisiana; Tennessee River drainage from Kentucky and Alabama (Ref. 276). Also Ref. 10294. Specifically, Missouri River Basin, Missouri; Lower Mississippi River Basin, Mississippi; Arkansas-Red-White River Basin, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri; Tennessee-Cumberland River Basin, Alabama, Kentucky [presumed extirpated according to the Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission (2004)], and Tennessee; Eastern Gulf of Mexico drainage, Alabama (Choctafaula Creek), Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi; Western Gulf of Mexico drainage, Louisiana and Texas (Ref. 89241). Status of threat: Endangered, and is treated as a Species of Special Concern in Tennessee (Ref. 10294). 
Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Hubbs & Trautman, 1937 Fr native  Mountain brook lamprey (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the upper Ohio River drainage of Pennsylvania, and southern tributaries to the Ohio River south through the Tennessee River (Ref. 10294). Also, Ohio River Basin, Kentucky, French and Little Neshannock creeks (Pennsylvania), New York, and West Virginia; Tennessee-Cumberland River Basin, Alabama, Georgia (Nottely River), Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia (Ref. 89241). ) 
Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs & Trautman, 1937 Fr, Thr native  Silver lamprey (English) common (usually seen) 39.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported from the upper half of the Mississippi River basin, the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay basins, and a probable reproducing population from an Ohio River tributary in Kentucky (Ref. 10294). Specifically, Hudson Bay Basin, Minnesota; Lake Superior Basin, Michigan, and Wisconsin; Lake Michigan Basin, Illinois, Michigan (Carp Lake River), and Wisconsin; Lake Huron Basin, Michigan (Devils, East Au Gres, Pine, and Rifle rivers); Detroit and St. Clair rivers, Michigan; Lake Erie Basin, Michigan, New York, and Ohio (Swan Creek); Lake Ontario Basin, New York; St. Lawrence River Basin, New York, and Vermont; Ohio River Basin, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia; Missouri River Basin, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota; Upper Mississippi River Basin, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin; Tennessee-Cumberland River Basin, Tennessee; Lower Mississippi River Basin, Mississippi (Ref. 89241). Also Ref. 86798. Status of threat: Endangered, and is treated as a Species of Special Concern in Tennessee (Ref. 10294). 
Ictaluridae Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes, 1840) Fr, Fi, Sp native  Blue catfish (English), Catfish (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 165 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mississippi River basin from western Pennsylvania to southern South Dakota and Platte River in southwestern Nebraska, south to Gulf; Gulf Slope from Escambia River drainage (where introduced), Alabama and Florida, to Rio Grande drainage in Texas and New Mexico. Introduced in Atlantic Slope drainages, western states, and Minnesota (Ref. 86798). Found in Chesapeake Bay where it is occasionally encountered in tributaries but is principally an inhabitant of the main channels and backwaters of medium-sized to large rivers (Ref. 27549). Also Ref. 10294, 87780, 93252, 117513. 
Ictaluridae Ictalurus lupus (Girard, 1858) Fr, Thr native  Headwater catfish (English) common (usually seen) 48.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;32.80 cm TL female  Type locality: Rio Pecos, Texas (Ref. 79012). Locally common (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Ictalurus pricei (Rutter, 1896) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Yaqui catfish (English), Catfish (English) scarce (very unlikely) 57.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) Fr, Fi, Aq, Lf, Sp native  Channel catfish (English), Graceful catfish (English), Catfish (English)  132 cm TL male/unsexed 30.48 Known from St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, Hudson Bay (Red River drainage), and Missouri-Mississippi river basins from New Hampshire south to Gulf. Possibly native on Atlantic and Gulf slopes from Susquehanna River to Neuse River, and from Savannah River to Lake Okeechobee, Florida, and west to eastern New Mexico. Introduced throughout most of US (Ref. 86798). Recorded from some Atlantic slope drainages of northern and southern United States; widely introduced (Ref. 10294). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 3 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also reported from Gulf of Mexico drainages (Ref. 93252). Also Ref. 6447. 
Catostomidae Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818) Fr, Sp native  Smallmouth buffalo (English), Buffalofish (English) common (usually seen) 112 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced in Arizona impoundments (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Catostomidae Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes, 1844) Fr, Fi, Sp native  Bigmouth buffalo (English), Buffalofish (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 123 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced in lakes and impoundments in Arizona and California (Ref. 5723). 
Catostomidae Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque, 1819) Fr, Sp native  Black buffalo (English), Buffalofish (English) occasional (usually not seen) 123 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Iotichthys phlegethontis (Cope, 1874) Fr, Thr native  Least chub (English) common (usually seen) 6.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Bonneville basin in northern Utah (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cyprinodontidae Jordanella floridae Goode & Bean, 1879 Fr, Br, Or endemic  Flagfish (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Mugilidae Joturus pichardi Poey, 1860 Fr, Br questionable  Bobo mullet (English), Hog mullet (English), Bobo mullet (English)  61.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Outside distributional range, occurrence needs further confirmation. 
Rivulidae Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880) Fr, Br, Thr native  Mangrove rivulus (English), Matanzas rivulus (English), Rivulus (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed 17 TL Also Ref. 7251, 52299. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Atherinopsidae Labidesthes sicculus (Cope, 1865) Fr native  Brook silverside (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from St. Lawrence drainage and southern Great Lakes tributaries, Mississippi River basin, and Atlantic and Gulf drainages (Ref. 10294). Locally abundant (Ref 5723). 
Atherinopsidae Labidesthes vanhyningi Bean & Reid, 1930 Fr native  Golden silverside (English)  6.42 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the drainages of the Gulf of Mexico (from the Neches River, including the Lower Mississippi River) and east around the southern tip of peninsular Florida and north to the Pee Dee River drainage (Ref. 104856). 
Sparidae Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766) Fr, Br, M native  Pinfish (English), Bream (English), Red porgy (English), Sailor's choice (English), Chopa espina (Spanish), Sargo (Spanish), Porgy (English)  40.00 cm TL male/unsexed 13.2 SL Present inshore south of Cape Hatteras (Ref. 37512). Also Ref. 3815, 26340. 
Petromyzontidae Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott, 1860) Fr native  Least brook lamprey (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the uplands of the Ohio River basin, Ozark systems, some middle Atlantic Coast drainages and both above and below fall line in Mobile Basin (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 276. Delaware (Cheasapeake Bay Basin), Maryland (Chesapeake Bay Basin, North, Patuxent, and Potomac river basins, Lake Chambers), Virginia (Rappahannock River Basin), North Carolina (Neuse River Basin), Kentucky, Ohio (Ohio River Basin), Tennessee (Tennessee River Basin), Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi (Tombigbee and Pascagoula river basins) (Ref.89241). 
Petromyzontidae Lampetra ayresii (Günther, 1870) Fr, Br, M, Thr native  River lamprey (English), Western river lamprey (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 28.10 cm TL male/unsexed ;31.10 cm TL female  Ranges south to the Sacramento River (Ref. 1998) and San Fransisco Bay, central California (Ref. 27436, 96339, 43939). Not rare in Puget Sound, Washington, in 1895 (Ref. 28609). ): Pacific Ocean Basin: Duwamish River estuary, Puyallup River, Lake Washington, and Lake Sammamish (Washington); Yaquina Bay and Columbia River (Oregon); Mill Creek, Sacramento, Middle, and San Joaquin rivers, and San Pablo and San Francisco bays (California) (Ref.89241). Also Ref. 276, 4925, 6885, 10016. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Petromyzontidae Lampetra hubbsi (Vladykov & Kott, 1976) Fr, Thr native  Kern brook lamprey (English) occasional (usually not seen) 14.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the east side of San Joaquin Valley in lower Merced, Kaweah, Kings, and San Joaquin rivers in California (Ref. 86798). Collected from San Joaquin River Basin in Merced River and Friant-Kern Canal, the latter connects Kern River to the San Joaquin River, California (Ref. 89241). Known from the Pacific Central Valley (Ref. 81264). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,2,45 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Petromyzontidae Lampetra pacifica Vladykov, 1973 Fr endemic  Pacific brook lamprey (English)  17.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Restricted to Columbia River Basin: Clackamas and Willamette rivers and Crystal Springs Creek, Oregon and Sacramento River Basin: Friant-Kern Canal (artificially linked to the Sacramento River Basin), San Joaquin River, and Mill, Big Chico, and Putah creeks, California. 
Petromyzontidae Lampetra richardsoni Vladykov & Follett, 1965 Fr, B native  Western brook lamprey (English), Pacific brook lamprey (English) occasional (usually not seen) 17.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Washington Creek, North Creek, Evans Creek, Matthews Creek, Clover Creek, Yakima River, Chehalis River, Steel Lake and Ames Lake, Washington and creek tributary to Umpqua River, Oregon (Ref. 89241). Large ammocoetes and newly transformed lampreys were once used as bait for bass and trout in Washington (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 10022, 276, 3814, 27547, 43939. 
Leuciscidae Lavinia exilicauda Baird & Girard, 1854 Fr, Thr native  Hitch (English) common (usually seen) 36.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Sacramento-San Joaquin, Clear Lake, Russian River, and Pajaro-Salinas river drainages in California (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 276, 5723, 3814. Status of threat of Lavinia exilicauda chi: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Lepidomeda albivallis Miller & Hubbs, 1960 Fr, Pr, Thr native  White River spinedace (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper White River system in Nevada (Ref. 86798). Highly localized in small area (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Lepidomeda aliciae (Jouy, 1881) Fr native  Southern leatherside chub (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Utah Lake and Sevier river systems in Utah; historically in Beaver River system, where it now appears to be extinct (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Lepidomeda altivelis Miller & Hubbs, 1960 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Pahranagat spinedace (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the White River, Pahranagat Valley in Nevada (Ref. 86798). Classified as extinct based on IUCN assessment in 2012 (Ref. 120392). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Lepidomeda copei (Jordan & Gilbert, 1881) Fr, Thr endemic  Leatherside chub (English), Northern leatherside chub (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Bear and Upper Snake River systems in Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 52299. Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). Lepidomeda aliciae: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Lepidomeda mollispinis Miller & Hubbs, 1960 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Virgin spinedace (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Virgin River system in Utah, Nevada and Arizona. Generally common but reduced in streams subjected to impoundment and channelization. Two subspecies were recognized: as Lepidomeda mollispinis mollispinis and Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis (protected as a threatened subspecies) (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat as Lepidomeda mollispinis mollispinis: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/). Also as Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Lepidomeda vittata Cope, 1874 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Little Colorado spinedace (English) occasional (usually not seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Little Colorado River system in eastern Arizona (Ref. 86798). Uncommon and highly localized. Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus oculatus Winchell, 1864 Fr, Br native  Spotted gar (English)  150 cm TL male/unsexed 28.5 SL Recorded from the Mississippi River basin and southern Great Lakes, and Gulf Coastal drainages from Apalachicola drainage to Guadalupe River of Texas (Ref. 10294). 
Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, Sp native  Longnose gar (English), Gar (English) common (usually seen) 200 cm TL male/unsexed 60 TL Type locality: Virginia (Ref. 79012). Found on fresh and brackish tributaries of Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia; also in Delaware, and New Jersey (Ref. 4639). Also Ref. 276, 10294. 
Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 Fr, Sp native  Shortnose gar (English)  88.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi River basin and western tributaries to Lake Michigan (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 276. 
Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus platyrhincus DeKay, 1842 Fr native  Florida gar (English)  132 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 276. 
Centrarchidae Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr native  Redbreast sunfish (English), Redbreast (English)  30.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Atlantic Coast drainages from central New Brunswick south, and eastward in Gulf through Apalachicola drainage (Ref. 10294); also from Oglethorpe, Georgia (Ref. 276). 
Centrarchidae Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, 1819 Fr, Sp native  Green sunfish (English)  31.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common to abundant; one of the most common North American fishes (Ref. 5723). 
Centrarchidae Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr native  Pumpkinseed (English) common (usually seen) 40.00 cm TL male/unsexed 5 Naturally occuring in the east (Ref. 1998). Introduced into California, Wyoming, Montana, Washington, and Oregon (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier, 1829) Fr, Sp native  Warmouth (English)  31.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Mississippi River and Great Lakes basins, and in Atlantic and Gulf coastal drainages, above and below the Fall Line, from Chesapeake Bay through the Rio Grande (Ref. 10294). Introduced elsewhere, including lower Colorado River drainage, where common. Common in lowlands areas; uncommon in uplands. Considered an excellent small sport fish in the country (Ref. 52559). 
Centrarchidae Lepomis humilis (Girard, 1858) Fr, Sp endemic  Orangespotted sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 17.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Sporadically transplanted elsewhere. Sometimes utilized as a gamefish (Ref. 52559). Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819 Fr, Sp native  Bluegill (English)  41.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Lepomis marginatus (Holbrook, 1855) Fr endemic  Dollar sunfish (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: St. Johns River, Florida (Ref. 79012). Recorded from Atlantic and Gulf coastal drainages, mostly below Fall Line (Ref. 10294). Common in southeastern USA, especially Florida; generally uncommon in western part of range (Ref. 5723). 
Centrarchidae Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Sp native  Longear sunfish (English), Creek perch (English), Great lakes longear (English), Northern longear (English), Pumpkinseed (English)  24.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the southern portion of Hudson Bay drainage (rare), Mississippi Basin, tributaries to lakes Huron, Michigan, and Erie, and Gulf Coastal drainages from Apalachicola River west through Rio Grande drainage in Mexico (Ref. 10294). 
Centrarchidae Lepomis microlophus (Günther, 1859) Fr, Sp endemic  Redear sunfish (English) common (usually seen) 43.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: St. Johns River, Florida (Ref. 79012). Known from Savannah River in South Carolina to Nueces River in Texas, north in Mississippi River basin to southern Indiana and Illinois. Now widely transplanted in eastern USA as far north as Pennsylvania and northern Illinois (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Lepomis miniatus (Jordan, 1877) Fr native  Redspotted sunfish (English)  16.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Type locality, Tangipahoa R., Mississippi [not Louisiana] (Ref. 46206). 
Centrarchidae Lepomis peltastes Cope, 1870 Fr native  Northern sunfish (English)  14.80 cm TL male/unsexed   
Centrarchidae Lepomis punctatus (Valenciennes, 1831) Fr endemic  Spotted sunfish (English), Stumpknocker (English) common (usually seen) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Transplanted into Devils River (in Rio Grande drainage) in Texas (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Lepomis symmetricus Forbes, 1883 Fr endemic  Bantam sunfish (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Illinois River at Pekin, Tazewell Coutny, Illinois (Ref. 79012). Former Mississippi Embayment from southern Illinois to Gulf of Mexico; from Bay St. Louis, Mississippi to Colorado River, Texas. Isolated populations occurred historically in Illinois River and Wabash River drainages in Illinois (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Fundulidae Leptolucania ommata (Jordan, 1884) Fr endemic  Pygmy killifish (English) common (usually seen) 3.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common; locally abundant (Ref. 5723). 
Petromyzontidae Lethenteron appendix (DeKay, 1842) Fr native  American brook lamprey (English) occasional (usually not seen) 35.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins west to Minnesota, and south to Chowan River system in Virginia, Tennessee River system in Alabama, and St. Francis and White river systems in Missouri and Arkanzas (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the uplands of Mississippi River basin, Great Lakes tributaries, and Atlantic Coast drainages from New England to Roanoke River drainage of Virginia (Ref. 10294). Found in Lake Superior Basin, Michigan; Lake Michigan Basin, Michigan (Carp Lake, Betsie, Pine, and Pentwater rivers) and Indiana; Lake Huron Basin, Michigan; Lake Erie Basin, Michigan; Lake Ontario Basin, New York; Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama; St. Lawrence River Basin, New York; Atlantic Slope basins, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Ref. 89241). Also Ref. 276, 5723. 
Leuciscidae Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br introduced  Ide (English), Golden orfe (English), Orfe (English), Silver orfe (English)  85.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Occurs in schools in clear pools of medium to large rivers, ponds and lakes (Ref. 5723). 
Pleuronectidae Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776) Fr, Br, M native  Arctic flounder (English)  44.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Lotidae Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr native  Burbot (English), Ellpout (English) common (usually seen) 152 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the northern USA (south to Pennysylvannia, Kentucky, Missouri, Wyoming and Washington (Ref. 86798). Recorded from south of the Great Lakes area (Ref. 10294). Also found in Green Bay and Lake Michigan (Ref. 43215). Illegally introduced in the upper Colorado river basin (Ref. 87934). Also Ref. 1371, 5723. 
Fundulidae Lucania goodei Jordan, 1880 Fr endemic  Bluefin killifish (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Fundulidae Lucania parva (Baird & Girard, 1855) Fr, Br, M native  Rainwater killifish (English)  6.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Beesley's point, New Jersey (Ref. 79012). Fish introduction attributed to ballast-water transport (including attributions to transport in bilge water or other seawater systems) in Oregon and Sna Francisco Bay, California (Ref. 37896); Reported from Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549, 93252). 
Leuciscidae Luxilus albeolus (Jordan, 1889) Fr endemic  White shiner (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Atlantic Slope from Chowan River system in Virginia to Cape Fear River drainage in North Carolina; upper New River drainage (Ohio River basin) in West Virginia, Virginia and North Carolina (Ref. 86798). Common; abundant in upper Roanoke River drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus cardinalis (Mayden, 1988) Fr native  Cardinal shiner (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Arkansas River drainage in southwestern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma; and Red River drainage in southeastern Oklahoma, where probably introduced (Ref. 86798). Common in Arkanas River drainage; rare in Red River drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus cerasinus (Cope, 1868) Fr native  Crescent shiner (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from James, Roanoke, Chowan, New, and extreme upper Cape Fear River drainages in Virginia and North Carolina (Ref. 86798). Common to abundant in Roanoke drainage; may be introduced in other drainages (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus chrysocephalus Rafinesque, 1820 Fr native  Striped shiner (English) common (usually seen) 24.00 cm TL male/unsexed 6.7 SL Known from the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins from western New York and Wisconsin, south to Alabama, Louisiana and eastern Texas, USA; Gulf Coast drainages from Mobile Bay in Georgia and Alabama, to Sabine River in Louisiana, USA. Introduced to Escambia River system in Florida and Alabama (Ref. 86798). Common to abundant (Ref. 86798); abundant in northern part of the range, common in the southern part (Ref. 5723). Recorded from the southern Great Lakes drainage and in eastern Mississippi River tributaries from northern Illinois south through the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee drainages, and in the upper Mobile Basin; also found in western Mississippi River tributaries from northeastern Missouri south through the White and middle Arkansas river systems of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Luxilus coccogenis (Cope, 1868) Fr native  Warpaint shiner (English) common (usually seen) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Tennessee River drainage in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, northern Georgia and northern Alabama, and adjacent tributaries of Savannah River in North Carolina and South Carolina, Santee River in North Carolina and New River in North Carolina (Ref. 86798). May be introduced in New and Santee River drainages (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817) Fr native  Common shiner (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Atlantic, Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and Mississippi River basins from Maine south to James River drainage in Virginia, northern Ohio, central Missouri and Colorado (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus pilsbryi (Fowler, 1904) Fr native  Duskystripe shiner (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from White (excluding Black River system) and Little Red River systems in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas (Ref. 86798). Common to abundant (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus zonatus (Putnam, 1863) Fr endemic  Bleeding shiner (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Ozark-draining tributaries of Missouri (west to Sac River), Mississippi (including Meramec River), Little, St. Francis and Black rivers in southern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas (Ref. 86798). Common to abundant (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Luxilus zonistius Jordan, 1880 Fr native  Bandfin shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Apalachicola River drainage in Georgia, Alabama and Florida; adjacent tributaries of Savannah, Altamaha, and Coosa rivers in Georgia, and Tallapoosa River in Georgia and Alabama. Possibly introduced into Hiwassee River system in Georgia (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus alegnotus (Snelson, 1972) Fr native  Warrior shiner (English)   Occurs above Fall Line in Black Warrior River system, Alabama (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 52299.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Lythrurus ardens (Cope, 1868) Fr endemic  Rosefin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Atlantic Slope from York River drainage (where introduced) in Virginia to Roanoke River drainage in North Carolina; upper New River system (Kanawha-Ohio drainage) above Kanawha Falls in West Virginia and Virginia (Ref. 86798). Reported from Ohio River basin: from Scioto River drainage in Ohio southwest to extreme southeastern Illinois (now extirpated) (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus atrapiculus (Snelson, 1972) Fr endemic  Blacktip shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Apalachicola (including upper Flint River), Choctawhatchee, Yellow and Escambia river drainages in western Georgia, southeastern Alabama and Florida. Introduced into Old Town Creek (Tallapoosa River system), Bullock County in Alabama. Found above Fall Line only in Apalachicola drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus bellus (Hay, 1881) Fr endemic  Pretty shiner (English)  7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mobile Bay drainage, Bear and Yellow Creek systems (in Tennessee River drainage) in Alabama and Mississippi (Ref. 86798). Usually seen below Fall Line although avoids lower Coastal Plain (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus fasciolaris (Gilbert, 1891) Fr endemic  Scarlet shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Ohio River basin from Muskingum River drainage in Ohio to southeast Illinois (extirpated in Illinois) and south to Tennessee River drainage in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; upper Black Warrior River system (Gulf basin) in Alabama (Ref. 86798). Common to abundant (Ref. 86798). Type locality, Spring and Pin-hook creeks, Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama (Ref. 54621). 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus fumeus (Evermann, 1892) Fr endemic  Ribbon shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mississippi River basin in central Illinois, to northwestern Alabama, Louisiana and eastern Oklahoma; Gulf drainages from Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana to Navidad River in Texas (Ref. 86798). Mostly found below Fall Line, but also present in lowlands of southern Illinois (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Hunter Creek, near Houston, Texas (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus lirus (Jordan, 1877) Fr native  Mountain shiner (English)  7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Tennessee and Alabama River drainages in Virginia, Tennessee, northwestern Georgia and Alabama. Nearly restricted to Coosa River system above Fall Line in Alabama River drainage (Ref. 86798). Common in Alabama River drainage; uncommon in Tennessee River drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Lythrurus matutinus (Cope, 1870) Fr endemic  Pinewoods shiner (English), Pinewoods shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Tar and Neuse river drainages, North Carolina (Ref. 5723, 86798).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Lythrurus roseipinnis (Hay, 1885) Fr endemic  Cherryfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gulf drainages from extreme lower Mobile Bay basin in Alabama to Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana; Yazoo River, Big Black River and Bayou Pierre drainages (Mississippi River basin) in Mississippi (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Lythrurus snelsoni (Robison, 1985) Fr, Thr endemic  Ouachita shiner (English), Ouachita mountain shiner (English) common (usually seen) 5.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs above Fall Line in the Little River system in Arizona and Oklahoma ( Ouachita Mountains) (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Lythrurus umbratilis (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Redfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.80 cm TL male/unsexed 3 SL Known from Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins in western New York to southeastern Minnesota and south to Louisiana; Gulf drainages west of Mississippi River to Trinity and San Jacinto rivers in Texas (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Sugar Loaf Creek, Sebastian County, Arkansas (Ref. 79012). Common; locally abundant (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis aestivalis (Girard, 1856) Fr, Thr native  Speckled chub (English)  12.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Rio Grande drainage in Texas and New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Usually found in central Rio Grande; absent in the upper; rare in the lower drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,3 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis australis (Hubbs & Ortenburger, 1929) Fr, Thr endemic  Prairie chub (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Red River drainage in Oklahoma and Texas (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis boschungi Gilbert & Mayden, 2017 Fr native  Mobile chub (English)  4.72 cm SL male/unsexed ;5.70 cm SL female  Known only from larger rivers of Mobile Bay basin in Alabama and Mississippi (Alabama, Cahaba, Coosa and Tallapoosa), where confined below Fall Line. The construction of the Tenn-Tom waterway, which has altered the original free-flowing Tombigbee River into a series of standing pools has posed threat by eliminating this species from a major porton of its original geograpic range. A close monitoring of this species throughout the remaining parts of its range is suggested (Ref. 116539).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis etnieri Gilbert & Mayden, 2017 Fr native  Coosa chub (English)  4.50 cm SL male/unsexed ;5.22 cm SL female  Found only in the upper sections of the Mobile Bay basin, above the Fall Line, including the Cahaba, Coosa and Tallapoosa river systems, in Alabama, northwestern Georgia, and extreme southeastern Tennessee (Ref. 116539).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard, 1856) Fr, Thr endemic  Sturgeon chub (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Missouri River basin in Montana and Wyoming to Illinois; and Mississippi River from mouth of Missouri River to Louisiana (Ref. 86798). Fairly common in middle Missouri River; rare elsewhere (Ref. 86798). This species is considered endangered and treated as a Species of Special Concern in Tennessee (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Gilbert, 1884) Fr native  Shoal chub (English) common (usually seen) 7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mississippi River basin from eastern Ohio to southern Minnesota and Nebraska south to Louisiana; Wolf River (Lake Michigan drainage) in Wisconsin; Gulf drainages from Mississippi River in Louisiana to Lavaca River in Texas. Usually found over much of distributional range but declining (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis marconis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1886) Fr native  Burrhead chub (English)  7.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Colorado, Guadalupe, and San Antonio river drainages in Texas (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 52299. 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & Evermann, 1896) Fr, Thr endemic  Sicklefin chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Missouri River from North Dakota to mouth; Mississippi River from the mouth of Missouri River to southern Mississippi; and lower Kansas River in eastern Kansas. Fairly common in middle Missouri River; rare elsewhere (Ref. 86798). This species is considered endangered and treated as a Species of Special Concern in Tennessee (Ref. 10294). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable; status improved since 1989 listing. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis pallida Gilbert & Mayden, 2017 Fr native  Pallid chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 3.75 cm SL male/unsexed ;5.15 cm SL female  Known only from Escambia, Blackwater, and Choctawhatchee river drainages of southeastern Alabama and western panhandle Florida (Ref. 116539).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis storeriana (Kirtland, 1845) Fr native  Silver chub (English) common (usually seen) 23.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Lake Erie drainage; Red River drainage south to Minnesota; Mississippi River basin in Pennsylvania and West Virginia west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, and south to Gulf Coast; Gulf drainages from Mobile Bay drainage in Alabama to Lake Pontchartrain drainages in Louisiana; isolated population in Brazos River in Texas (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis tetranema (Gilbert, 1886) Fr, Thr endemic  Peppered chub (English)  7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Arkansas River drainage in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and formerly Colorado (Ref. 86798). Localized and declining throughout most of the range (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 52299. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Macrhybopsis tomellerii Gilbert & Mayden, 2017 Fr native  Gulf chub (English)  4.75 cm SL male/unsexed ;5.07 cm SL female  Known from Pearl and Pascagoula river drainages in Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana, and presumably from the adjacent Lake Pontchartrain drainage of these two states (Ref. 116539).  No picture yet.
Osphronemidae Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr not established  Paradisefish (English), Forktail fightingfish (English), Paradise fish (English)  6.70 cm SL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Margariscus margarita (Cope, 1867) Fr native  Allegheny pearl dace (English), Pearl dace (English) common (usually seen) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Atlantic Slope from Hudson River drainage in Vermont and New York, south to Potomac River drainage in Virginia; upper Ohio River drainages in south New York to West Virginia (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1998, 5723. 
Leuciscidae Margariscus nachtriebi (Cox, 1896) Fr native  Northern pearl dace (English)  16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins; south to New York, Wisconsin and Iowa. Isolated populations are found in the upper Missouri River basin in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Cichlidae Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862) Fr, Br introduced  Mayan cichlid (English), Orange tiger (English)  39.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Established in Everglades National Park and just outside its boundaries in southern Florida (Ref. 5723).  
Leuciscidae Meda fulgida Girard, 1856 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Spikedace (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gila River system in Arizona and New Mexico. Rare or extirpated over most of its range (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Megalopidae Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, 1847 Fr, Br, M native  Tarpon (English), Silverfish (English), Silverking (English), Sábalo (Spanish)  250 cm TL male/unsexed 117.5 FL Found in Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 4639); also from Choptank River (Ref. 93252). 
Atherinopsidae Menidia audens Hay, 1882 Fr native  Mississippi silverside (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Massachusetts to Rio Grande drainage in Texas and southeast New Mexico; north in Mississippi River and major tributaries (mainly Arkansas and Red rivers) to south Indiana and east Oklahoma (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Atherinopsidae Menidia beryllina (Cope, 1867) Fr, Br, M native  Inland silverside (English), Mississippi silverside (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Potomac River, Washington D.C. (Ref. 79012). From Massachusetts to Rio Grande drainage in Texas and southeastern New Mexico; north in Mississippi River and major tributaries (mainly Arkansas and Red rivers) to southern Illinois and eastern Oklahoma (Ref 5723). Also Ref. 27549, 93252. 
Atherinopsidae Menidia clarkhubbsi Echelle & Mosier, 1982 Fr native  Texas silverside (English)   Type locality, 6 km north of Rockport, Aransas Co., Texas, USA (Ref. 26282).  No picture yet.
Atherinopsidae Menidia extensa Hubbs & Raney, 1946 Fr, Fi, Pr, B, Thr endemic  Waccamaw silverside (English), Skipjack (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed 3.3 TL Common but protected as a threatened species due to extremely small range. Very fragile when handled, almost always went into immediate and fatal shock when collected (Ref. 35360). So far, efforts to culture have been unsuccessful (Ref. 35360). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Gadidae Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M native  Atlantic tomcod (English), Frostfish (English)  38.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in marine environment and frequently enters Atlantic drainages from Maine to Virginia (Ref. 86798). More common in the northern part of its distribution where some populations have become permanent residents of freshwater lakes (Ref. 86798) Also Ref. 1371, 39299. 
Gobiidae Microgobius gulosus (Girard, 1858) Fr, Br, M native  Clown goby (English)  7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Chesapeake Bay to Florida; Gulf of Mexico to Corpus Christi, Texas (Ref, 91780). Also Ref. 11344. 
Syngnathidae Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856) Fr, Br, M, Thr native  Opossum pipefish (English)  19.40 cm SL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 5521. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Micropterus cahabae Baker, Johnston & Blanton, 2013 Fr endemic  Cahaba bass (English)  36.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Restricted to the Cahaba River system in the Piedmont region of central Alabama (Ref. 93229).  No picture yet.
Centrarchidae Micropterus cataractae Williams & Burgess, 1999 Fr, Thr native  Shoal bass (English), Shoal bass (English)  61.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Apalachicola ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Type locality: Chipola R., ca. 1.5 mi. downstream of bridge on State rte 278, 0.7 mi. west of intersection with State rte 71, Jackson Co., Florida, U.S.A (Ref. 36656). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Micropterus chattahoochae Baker, Johnston & Blanton, 2013 Fr endemic  Chattahoochee bass (English)  3.67 cm SL male/unsexed  Restricted to the Chattahoochee River system on the Piedmont of west Georgia. Population has rapidly declined due to habitat degradation and may be afftected by the introduction of nonindigenous bass species into the Chattahoochee River system (Ref. 93229).  No picture yet.
Centrarchidae Micropterus coosae Hubbs & Bailey, 1940 Fr endemic  Redeye bass (English) common (usually seen) 47.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Savannah, Chattahoochee and Mobile Bay basins in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. Transplanted elsewhere, including Altamaha River in Georgia, Sisquoc River in California, and upper Cumberland River drainage (Martins Fork) in Kentucky (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294, 93229. 
Centrarchidae Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802 Fr, Sp native  Smallmouth bass (English), Black bass (English), Bronzeback (English), Brown trout (English), Brownie (English), Gold bass (English), Green bass (English), Jumper (English), Redeye (English), Smallie (English), Streaked-cheek river bass (English), Swago bass (English), Trout bass (English), White trout (English), Bass (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 69.00 cm TL male/unsexed 20 TL Widely introduced on the nothern Atlantic Slope and in western U.S. (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1998, 5723. 
Centrarchidae Micropterus floridanus (Lesueur, 1822) Fr native    Type locality, E. Florida (Ref. 54621). 
Centrarchidae Micropterus henshalli Hubbs & Bailey, 1940 Fr native  Alabama bass (English)  61.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mobile Bay drainage in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Centrarchidae Micropterus notius Bailey & Hubbs, 1949 Fr endemic  Suwannee bass (English), Bass (English)  40.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Fairly common in Suwannee River drainage, Florida; uncommon in Ochlockonee River drainage, Florida and Georgia (Ref. 5723).  
Centrarchidae Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque, 1819) Fr endemic  Spotted bass (English), Bass (English)  63.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Transplanted onto Atlantic Slope in Virginia and North Carolina, in lower Pecos River in New Mexico, and Consumnes and Feather rivers in California. Possibly introduced to Chattahoochee in Georgia (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) Fr, Lf, Sp native  Largemouth bass (English), Green trout (English), Bass (English) common (usually seen) 97.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin from Minnesota and south to Gulf; Atlantic and Gulf drainages from North Carolina (probably Tar River) to Florida and to Texas. Widely introduced in the country (Ref. 86798). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 2 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 276, 1998, 10294, 38738. 
Centrarchidae Micropterus tallapoosae Baker, Johnston & Blanton, 2013 Fr endemic  Tallapoosa bass (English)  40.60 cm SL male/unsexed  Restricted to streams in the Tallapoosa River system above the Fall Line (Ref. 93229).  No picture yet.
Centrarchidae Micropterus treculii (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1874) Fr, Thr endemic  Guadalupe bass (English), Bass (English)  46.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only on Edwards Plateau in Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio and upper Nueces (where introduced) River drainages in Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Micropterus warriorensis Baker, Johnston & Blanton, 2013 Fr endemic  Warrior bass (English)  36.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Restricted to the endemic to the Black Warrior River system in the Piedmont region of east Alabama . Scarce or absent from the tributaries in the central and northern portions of this drainage which is likely due to the flat shallow nature of the streambed and absence of deep pools that would serve as sanctuaries during low water or drought conditions (Ref. 93229).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Sp native  Spotted sucker (English)  50.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Ohio River, Louisville, Kentucky (Ref. 79012). Recorded from the Coastal Plain (Ref. 10294). Frequently found but rarely in large numbers (Ref. 5723). 
Cobitidae Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842) Fr introduced  Oriental weatherfish (English), Japanese weatherfish (English) common (usually seen) 28.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Established in headwaters of Shiawassee River, Oakland County in Michigan; Harton Davis Canal, Ada County in Idaho; and flood control canals in Huntington Beach and Westminster, Orange County in California (Ref. 5723). 
Synbranchidae Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) Fr introduced  Asian swamp eel (English), Swamp eel (English), Rice eel (English)  100.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in canals, ditches, streams or ponds. May have escaped from a tropical fish farm or have been a pet released from an aquarium (Ref. 26913). 
Moronidae Morone americana (Gmelin, 1789) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Lf, Sp native  White perch (English) common (usually seen) 58.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Atlantic Slope drainages from St. Lawrence drainage south to Savannah River in Georgia. Introduced to Great Lakes and Ohio-Missouri-Mississippi river systems of mid-western USA; elsewere as far west as Colorado (Ref. 86798). Introduced populations in Lake Ontario drainage have become established following construction of the Erie Canal. A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 1 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 7251. 
Moronidae Morone chrysops (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Sp native  White bass (English), Bass (English) common (usually seen) 45.00 cm TL male/unsexed 21 TL Known from New York to South Dakota and south to Louisiana; Mississippi River in Louisiana to Rio Grande in Texas and New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky (Ref. 79012). Recorded from southern Great Lakes, Mississippi River basin, and Gulf Coastal drainages from Mississippi River west through Rio Grande (Ref. 10294). Widely transplanted to several drainages (Ref. 5723, 86798). 
Moronidae Morone mississippiensis Jordan & Eigenmann, 1887 Fr, Sp endemic  Yellow bass (English), Bass (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 46.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Transplanted elsewhere. Mainly restricted to lowland areas (Ref. 5723). 
Moronidae Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Lf, Sp, Thr native  Striped bass (English), Linesider (English), Roccus (English), Rock (English), Rockfish (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 200 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality, New York (Ref. 79012). Introduced into Pacific coast drainages and freshwater impoundments far inland (Ref. 5723). Uncommon south of Monterey Bay (Ref. 11545) and north of Coos, Bay, Oregon (Ref. 6885). Most stocks on the east coast are reserved for recreational fishing; little interest for consumption on the west coast (Ref. 9988). Present inshore north of Cape Hatteras (East Coast) (Ref. 37512). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 2 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Fairly common, but less so than before due to pollution of major spawning grounds (Ref. 86798). Hybridized with Morone chrysops. The hybrids known as "wipers" are common where Morone saxatilis have been introduced (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 1998, 6885, 10294, 37512. Status of threat: 1). Gulf of Mexico populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,4; 2). Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence population: threatened. Criteria: 1; 3). St. Lawrence Estuary population: possibly extinct. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Sp native  Silver redhorse (English) occasional (usually not seen) 74.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the upland portions of Mississippi Basin, tributaries to the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay, and southeastern Atlantic Coastal drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma ariommum Robins & Raney, 1956 Fr native  Bigeye jumprock (English) occasional (usually not seen) 22.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Moxostoma austrinum Bean, 1880 Fr, Thr native  Mexican redhorse (English), West Mexican redhorse (English) scarce (very unlikely) 49.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Possibly extirpated (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma breviceps (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Smallmouth redhorse (English)   Type locality, Youghiogheny R., Maryland/Pennsylvania (Ref. 46206).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Moxostoma carinatum (Cope, 1870) Fr, Sp native  River redhorse (English)  77.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Mississippi Basin above the Fall Line, Great Lakes tributaries, and eastern Gulf Coast drainages east to the Escambia River (Ref. 10294). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma cervinum (Cope, 1868) Fr endemic  Black jumprock (English), Blacktip jumprock (English) common (usually seen) 19.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Moxostoma collapsum (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Notchlip redhorse (English)   Type locality, Neuse R., North Carolina (Ref. 46206).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Moxostoma congestum (Baird & Girard, 1854) Fr, Thr native  Gray redhorse (English)  65.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Rio Salado, Texas (Ref. 79012). Locally common (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma duquesnei (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Sp native  Black redhorse (English) common (usually seen) 51.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mobile Basin above Fall Line (Ref. 10294). Absent in Tombigbee River system of the upper and middle Mobile Bay drainage (Ref. 5723). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesque, 1818) Fr native  Golden redhorse (English) common (usually seen) 78.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Atlantic Slope: from Potomac River in Maryland to Roanoke River in North Carolina (absent in Rappahannock and York River drainages); Mobile Bay drainage in Georgia, Alabama and southeastern Tennessee (Ref. 5723). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma lacerum (Jordan & Brayton, 1877) Fr, Thr extirpated  Harelip sucker (English)  31.30 cm SL male/unsexed  Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma lachneri Robins & Raney, 1956 Fr endemic  Greater jumprock (English) occasional (usually not seen) 44.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur, 1817) Fr, Br, Sp native  Shorthead redhorse (English) common (usually seen) 75.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Mississippi Basin mostly above the Fall Line, and in Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and middle Atlantic Coastal drainages (Ref. 10294). Locally common (Ref. 5723). Chesapeake Bay: inhabits moderately large, swift-flowing rivers with silt-free bottoms (Ref. 27549); common on the Piedmont and Coastal Plain and occur in tidal rivers, occasionally entering brackish water (Ref. 93252). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma pappillosum (Cope, 1870) Fr native  V-lip redhorse (English), Suckermouth redhorse (English) occasional (usually not seen) 45.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Uncommon; rare in Peedee and Santee River drainages (Ref. 5723). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma pisolabrum Trautman & Martin, 1951 Fr native  Pealip redhorse (English)     No picture yet.
Catostomidae Moxostoma poecilurum Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Blacktail redhorse (English) common (usually seen) 51.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Tangipahoa River, Louisiana (Ref. 79012). Locally common; rare in Kentucky and Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Catostomidae Moxostoma robustum (Cope, 1870) Fr, Thr endemic  Robust redhorse (English), Smallfin redhorse (English)  42.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Uncommon in mountain and Piedmont streams; absent on Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: 1). Pee Dee River population: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 2) . Altamaha River and Savannah River populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Catostomidae Moxostoma rupiscartes Jordan & Jenkins, 1889 Fr endemic  Striped jumprock (English)  28.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in mountain and Piedmont streams; absent on Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 52299. 
Catostomidae Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan, 1885 Fr, Thr native  Greater redhorse (English)  80.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Uncommon to rare (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, M, Fi native  Striped mullet (English), Black mullet (English), Callifaver mullet (English), Common mullet (English), Grey mullet (English)  100.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Most important commercial mullet in the eastern coast (Ref. 7251). Known from Upper Banana river, Cape Canaveral, Florida (Ref. 38975). Also Ref. 9761. 
Mugilidae Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 Fr, Br, M native  White mullet (English), Silver mullet (English), Mullet (English)  91.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from San Diego, California, USA (Ref. 3814). Also Ref. 13442, 26340. 
Mugilidae Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 Fr, Br, M native  Liza (English), Mullet (English)  80.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;69.00 cm TL female   
Leuciscidae Mylocheilus caurinus (Richardson, 1836) Fr native  Peamouth (English) common (usually seen) 36.00 cm TL male/unsexed 24.9 TL Known from the Columbia River drainage in Oregon and Idaho (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 5723. 
Leuciscidae Mylopharodon conocephalus (Baird & Girard, 1854) Fr native  Hardhead (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 100.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Becoming increasingly localized (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 276, 3814. 
Xenocyprididae Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson, 1846) Fr introduced  Black carp (English), Black Chinese roach (English), Chinese black carp (English) scarce (very unlikely) 180 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced in the 1970s to control snails and other mollusks in lakes and ponds. Has escaped into river basins which is likely to exacerbate the existing serious decline in North American mussels and snails. Rarely found but thought to be reproducing and increasing in the lower Mississippi River basin. Occurs in floodplain lakes, backwaters, and channels of large rivers (Ref. 86798). A triploid carp (likely sterile) was caught in Horseshoe Lake, Alexander County, Illinois 26 March 2003. Capture of the specimen is evidence that the species is escaping or being released from aquaculture and/or research facilities. With the introduction history of Asian carp, it appears inevitable that black carp will become established in the Mississippi river and elsewhere unless stricter regulations on the use and transportation of this species are developed and enforced (Ref. 47937). Under experimentation for aquaculture in the USA (Ref. 4537). 
Cottidae Myoxocephalus thompsonii (Girard, 1851) Fr native  Deepwater sculpin (English)  23.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Extremely localized; common in some lakes (e.g., Lake Michigan) (Ref. 5723). 
Gobiidae Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) Fr, Rstr, B introduced  Round goby (English)  35.00 cm TL male/unsexed 4.3 SL Introduced with ballast water into Great Lakes, Ontario (Ref. 4537). Also known from Lake St. Claire (Ref. 12390). Probably responsible for the decline and possible elimination of many Great Lakes species and are implicated in many ecological problems occuring in the Basin (Renea Ruffing, pers. Comm. 08/2001). It is illegal in Illinois and Indiana and most other Great Lake states to possess live gobies. Gobies (caught or leftover bait) are disposed in trash or on land far away from the water body (Ref. 40933). Also Ref. 092840. 
Leuciscidae Nocomis asper Lachner & Jenkins, 1971 Fr endemic  Redspot chub (English) common (usually seen) 22.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Arkansas River drainage in southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas; isolated populations in Blue River (Red River drainage) in Oklahoma and upper Ouachita River drainage in Arkansas (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland, 1840) Fr native  Hornyhead chub (English), Horneyhead chub (English) common (usually seen) 26.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Mohawk River system in New York,west through Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin to Red River drainage (Hudson Bay basin) in North Dakota, and south to Ohio River drainage; Ozark drainages in Missouri and Arkansas. Isolated populations in lower Kentucky River system in Kentucky, Platte and Cheyenne River systems in Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado, and Kansas River in Kansas (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Nocomis effusus Lachner & Jenkins, 1967 Fr endemic  Redtail chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 23.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Green, upper Barren, Cumberland (in Little South Fork and downstream), Duck and lower Tennessee (between Cumberland and Duck Rivers) river drainages in Kentucky and Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Uncommon over much of range; locally common (Ref. 5723, 86798 ). Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Nocomis leptocephalus (Girard, 1856) Fr endemic  Bluehead chub (English) common (usually seen) 26.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in Atlantic and Gulf Slope drainages from Shenandoah River in Virginia to Mississippi River in Mississippi; tributaries of Mississippi River north to Yazoo River system in Mississippi; upper New River drainage in West Virginia, Virginia and North Carolina; Bear Creek (Tennessee River drainage) in Alabama and Mississippi. Introduced into Little Tennessee River and French Broad systems in North Carolina and Tennessee. Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Nocomis micropogon (Cope, 1865) Fr, Sp native  River chub (English) common (usually seen) 33.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Susquehanna River, New York to James River, Virginia; Great Lakes basin, New York to Michigan; Ohio River basin in New York to eastern Illinois and south to northern Georgia and Alabama except absent in southwestern Indiana, western 2/3 of Kentucky, and most of western Tennessee. Also present and possibly introduced in upper Santee River in North Carolina, Savannah River in South Carolina and Georgia, and Coosa River in Georgia (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Nocomis platyrhynchus Lachner & Jenkins, 1971 Fr endemic  Bigmouth chub (English) occasional (usually not seen) 24.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from New River drainage in West Virginia,Virginia and North Carolina (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 276.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Nocomis raneyi Lachner & Jenkins, 1971 Fr endemic  Bull chub (English) common (usually seen) 32.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from James River in Virginia to Neuse River (1 record in the upper Cape Fear River) in North Carolina (Ref. 86798). Generally common above Fall Line (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814) Fr, Br, Fi, Aq, B native  Golden shiner (English) common (usually seen) 32.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Atlantic and Gulf slope drainages from Maine to south Texas, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins west to Montana, and west Oklahoma and Texas (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the Coastal Plain (Ref. 10294). Type locality: New York (Ref. 79012). Introduced elsewhere in the country via bait buckets (Ref. 86798). Bred in Arkansas for bait (Ref. 26870). Common, except in uplands (Ref. 86798). Chesapeake Bay: common to abundant in all tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. Occasionally enters brackish areas with salinities as high as 17% (Ref. 93252). 
Percidae Nothonotus aquali (Williams & Etnier, 1978) Fr, Thr endemic  Coppercheek darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the Duck River system (Tennessee River drainage) in western central Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Reported from Buffalo River (Tennessee River), Lewis County, Tennessee (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable; status improved since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Nothonotus microlepidus (Raney & Zorach, 1967) Fr, Thr endemic  Smallscale darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lower Cumberland River drainage in western Kentucky and northern central Tennessee. Localized (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Nothonotus sanguifluus (Cope, 1870) Fr endemic  Bloodfin darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294.  No picture yet.
Percidae Nothonotus starnesi Keck & Near, 2013 Fr endemic  Caney fork darter (English)  7.60 cm SL male/unsexed 5.25 SL Known only from Caney Fork River drainage, Tennessee (including the counties Grundy, Van Buren, Warren and White). However, it does not occur in the portion of the Caney Fork in the Cumberland Plateau physiographic region, including (approximately) the main river upstream of Gastens Branch in White County and Cane Creek upstream of Tennessee Highway 30 in Van Buren County. Habitat degradation from intensive silviculture, livestock production, invasive species, and urbanization in the area could further reduce the range and abundance of these endemic species (Ref. 93269).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis albizonatus Warren & Burr, 1994 Fr, Thr native  Palezone shiner (English), Paleband shiner (English), Palezone shiner (English)  5.64 cm SL male/unsexed 3.75 SL The species is federally listed as endangered and considered vulnerable in these areas (Ref. 31523). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis alborus Hubbs & Raney, 1947 Fr native  Whitemouth shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Mostly restricted to Piedmont, where fairly common (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis altipinnis (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Highfin shiner (English)  6.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Common on Piedmont; uncommon (in north) to rare (in south) on Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis amabilis (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Texas shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Rio Leona (tributary to Rio Nueces) in Uvalde, Texas (Ref. 79012). 
Leuciscidae Notropis ammophilus Suttkus & Boschung, 1990 Fr, Sp native  Orangefin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded below the Fall Line in the Mobile Basin, Yellow Creek (Tennessee drainage) of northeastern Mississippi, and the upper Yazoo River system of Calhoun and Ponotoc counties, Mississippi (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis amoenus (Abbott, 1874) Fr native  Comely shiner (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Notropis anogenus Forbes, 1885 Fr, Thr native  Pugnose shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 5.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis ariommus (Cope, 1867) Fr, Thr native  Popeye shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Ohio River, and Maumee River, a Lake Erie tributary, in Ohio (Ref. 10294). Highly localized (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis asperifrons Suttkus & Raney, 1955 Fr native  Burrhead shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Ridge and Valley and Cumberland Plateau portions of the Mobile Basin (Ref. 10294). Fairly common but localized (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque, 1818 Fr native  Emerald shiner (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi River basin, and extending north to the MacKenzie River drainage of Canada and east and west of the mouth of the Mississippi to Mobile Basin and Galveston Bay drainages (Ref. 10294). Probably the most abundant fish in Mississippi and other large rivers (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 1998. 
Leuciscidae Notropis atrocaudalis Evermann, 1892 Fr native  Blackspot shiner (English)  7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Fairly common in the southern part of range; uncommon in the north (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis baileyi Suttkus & Raney, 1955 Fr native  Rough shiner (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Notropis bairdi Hubbs & Ortenburger, 1929 Fr native  Red River shiner (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Red River, 10-14.5 km southwest of Hollis, Harman, Co., Oklahoma (Ref. 79012). Abundant in the western part of range, especially southwestern Oklahoma; less common elsewhere (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis bifrenatus (Cope, 1867) Fr, Thr native  Bridle shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 6.50 cm TL male/unsexed 3.5 SL Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). Chesapeake Bay: once common in most tributaries but have become rare or extripated. Persists in James and Chickahominy Rivers (Ref. 93252). 
Leuciscidae Notropis blennius (Girard, 1856) Fr native  River shiner (English), Poor minnow (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Arkansas River near Fort Smith, Arkansas (Ref. 79012). Common in central part of range, especially upper Mississippi and lower Ohio rivers (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Notropis boops Gilbert, 1884 Fr native  Bigeye shiner (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Mostly confined to upland areas. Abundant in Ozark-Ouachita drainages; absent from most of Former Mississippi Embayment. Disappearing from large areas, including most of Ohio and Illinois due to increased siltation (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Notropis braytoni Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Fr, Thr native  Tamaulipas shiner (English)  6.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in Rio Grande mainstream (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,3 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis buccata (Cope, 1865) Fr, Thr native  Silverjaw minnow (English) common (usually seen) 9.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the tributaries of the Mississippi River of SW Illinois and E Missouri, in the Wabash and Ohio River drainages of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia; and the Atlantic drainages of Maryland and Virginia (Ref. 57709). Status of Threat: Threatened species in Tennessee due to surface-mining activities (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis buccula Cross, 1953 Fr, Thr native  Smalleye shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Rare and sporadically distributed (Ref. 3881). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis buchanani Meek, 1896 Fr native  Ghost shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the west of the Mississippi to the Rio Grande (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis cahabae Mayden & Kuhajda, 1989 Fr, Thr endemic  Cahaba shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis candidus Suttkus, 1980 Fr endemic  Silverside shiner (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis chalybaeus (Cope, 1867) Fr, Thr endemic  Ironcolor shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis chihuahua Woolman, 1892 Fr, Thr native  Chihuahua shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1,3,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis chiliticus (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Redlip shiner (English)  7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Recently transplanted and possibly established in New River drainage in North Carolina and Virginia. Abundant in mountain streams; common on Piedmont (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis chlorocephalus (Cope, 1870) Fr endemic  Greenhead shiner (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis chrosomus (Jordan, 1877) Fr, Br native  Rainbow shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Alabama River system of Mobile Basin, with some Black Warrior populations in Alabama. Also found in Tennessee River drainage in Town Creek near Fort Payne, Alabama (Ref. 10294). Fairly common, especially in spring-fed streams in Coosa River system (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis cummingsae Myers, 1925 Fr native  Dusky shiner (English)  7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Generally common on Coastal Plain; uncommon on Piedmont (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz, 1854) Fr native  Bigmouth shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the upper Mississippi Basin, southern tributaries to the Great Lakes, and in the southern portion of the Hudson Bay drainage (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis edwardraneyi Suttkus & Clemmer, 1968 Fr endemic  Fluvial shiner (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis girardi Hubbs & Ortenburger, 1929 Fr, Thr native  Arkansas River shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Arkansas River drainages from western Arkansas to western Kansas, western Oklahoma, Texas and northeastern New Mexico. Transplanted into Pecos River in New Mexico (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis greenei Hubbs & Ortenburger, 1929 Fr native  Wedgespot shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Notropis harperi Fowler, 1941 Fr native  Redeye chub (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common but absent from some drainages within range; abundant in prime habitat (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis heterodon (Cope, 1865) Fr native  Blackchin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.10 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1893 Fr native  Blacknose shiner (English)  9.80 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Notropis hudsonius (Clinton, 1824) Fr, Br native  Spottail shiner (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Chesapeake Bay: Abundant in all tributaries (Ref. 27549); occur on a regular basis in brackish waters (Ref. 93252). 
Leuciscidae Notropis hypsilepis Suttkus & Raney, 1955 Fr, Thr native  Highscale shiner (English)  5.10 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Apalachicola River drainage in Georgia and eastern Alabama; one locality in upper Savannah River drainage in northeastern Georgia. Most common in Piedmont; rare in large populations (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis jemezanus (Cope, 1875) Fr, Thr native  Rio Grande shiner (English)  7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in lower Rio Grande; less common elsewhere (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,3 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis leuciodus (Cope, 1868) Fr native  Tennessee shiner (English)  8.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Abundant in upper Tennessee River drainage in North Carolina and eastern Tennessee; less common elsewhere. In Green River drainage restricted to extreme upper Green and Upper Barren systems (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Notropis longirostris (Hay, 1881) Fr native  Longnose shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis lutipinnis (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr native  Yellowfin shiner (English)  7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Common to abundant in mountain and upper Piedmont streams; less common on lower Piedmont (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis maculatus (Hay, 1881) Fr native  Taillight shiner (English)  7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Atlantic Coastal drainages from Cape Fear River south through Florida peninsula, and west in Gulf Coast drainages through Mississippi River; extends north in Mississippi River basin to southern Illinois (Ref. 10294). Locally common in southeastern USA; uncommon in Mississippi basin (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis mekistocholas Snelson, 1971 Fr, Thr native  Cape Fear shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Cape Fear drainage near Fall Line, Chatham and Harnett counties, North Carolina (Ref. 5723). Smallest range of any species of Notropis (Ref. 3881). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis melanostomus Bortone, 1989 Fr, Thr endemic  Blackmouth shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 3.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis micropteryx (Cope, 1868) Fr native  Highland shiner (English)    
Leuciscidae Notropis nubilus (Forbes, 1878) Fr native  Ozark minnow (English)  9.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in southern part of range (except perhaps extinct in Boggy Creek system); uncommon in north (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis orca Woolman, 1894 Fr, Thr endemic  Phantom shiner (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in Rio Grande from mouth to northern central New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas (Ref. 79012). Classified as extinct based on IUCN assessment in 2012 (Ref. 120393). Also Ref. 3814. Status of threat: possibly extinct. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264); near extinction (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Notropis ortenburgeri Hubbs, 1927 Fr, Thr native  Kiamichi shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis oxyrhynchus Hubbs & Bonham, 1951 Fr native  Sharpnose shiner (English) common (usually seen) 9.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from the Brazos River and lower portions of large tributaries in Texas (Ref. 5723). Type locality: Brazos River, at Wellborn Crossing, Brazos Co., Texas (Ref. 79012). Transplanted into middle Colorado River in Texas (Ref. 3881). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis ozarcanus Meek, 1891 Fr, Thr native  Ozark shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common, especially in the upper Current River (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis percobromus (Cope, 1871) Fr native  Carmine shiner (English)    
Leuciscidae Notropis perpallidus Hubbs & Black, 1940 Fr, Thr native  Peppered shiner (English), Colorless shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 5.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Ouachita and Red River drainages, south Arkansas and southeast Oklahoma. Restricted to the Little and Kiamichi River systems in the Red River drainage (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis petersoni Fowler, 1942 Fr, Fi, B native  Coastal shiner (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Restricted to Coastal Plain on Gulf Slope; more widespread on Atlantic Slope (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis photogenis (Cope, 1865) Fr native  Silver shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Lake Erie tributaries south through Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee river drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis potteri Hubbs & Bonham, 1951 Fr native  Chub shiner (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Fairly common in the mainstream of Red River; localized elsewhere (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis procne (Cope, 1865) Fr native  Swallowtail shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Generally common but localized in northern and southern parts of range. 
Leuciscidae Notropis rafinesquei Suttkus, 1991 Fr native  Yazoo shiner (English)   Type Locality: Teoc Creek, trib. To Yalobusha R. at Mississippi hwy 35, Carroll Co., Mississippi, U.S.A (Ref. 40966).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis rubellus (Agassiz, 1850) Fr, Thr native  Rosyface shiner (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from Great Lakes and upper Mississippi drainages and in Red River system of Hudson Bay drainage north to southern Manitoba and Ontario. Also on Atlantic slope south through James River drainage, throughout Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee river drainages, and in Ozark region from lower Missouri drainage south through Red River system of southern Oklahoma (Ref. 10294). Absent in Delaware River drainage and in lowland streams, including those on former Mississippi Embayment in southern Illinois and in northern Missouri (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: Endangered, included on Tennessee's list of Species of Special Concern (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis rubricroceus (Cope, 1868) Fr, M native  Saffron shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Clinch and Powell river systems of Virginia, upper Savannah and Santee drainages (Ref. 10294). Transplanted into New River drainage in Virginia and North Carolina (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis rupestris Page, 1987 Fr, Thr endemic  Bedrock shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.96 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the lower Caney Fork system and nearby tributaries of central Cumberland River drainage in Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Included in the Tennessee's list of Species of Special Concern because of its very restricted range (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis sabinae Jordan & Gilbert, 1886 Fr native  Sabine shiner (English) common (usually seen) 5.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis scabriceps (Cope, 1868) Fr native  New River shiner (English)  8.40 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Notropis scepticus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) Fr native  Sandbar shiner (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common on Piedmont, less common in mountain streams, uncommon on Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis semperasper Gilbert, 1961 Fr, Thr native  Roughhead shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis shumardi (Girard, 1856) Fr, Br native  Silverband shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi westward into the Lavaca Bay drainage of Texas (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis simus (Cope, 1875) Fr, Thr native  Bluntnose shiner (English), Rio Grande bluntnose shiner (English) scarce (very unlikely) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Rio Grande (above El Paso, Texas) in Taxas and New Mexico, and Pecos River in New Mexico. Has disappered over much of its former range due to reduced water levels in the Rio Grande system (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: Notropis simus pecosensis: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4,5; Notropis simus simus: possibly extinct. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis spectrunculus (Cope, 1868) Fr native  Mirror shiner (English)  7.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Blue Ridge habitats of upper Tennessee River drainage from Clinch and Powell river systems of Virginia south through Hiwassee River system (Ref. 10294). Common to abundant in North Carolina; more localized elsewhere (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis stilbius Jordan, 1877 Fr native  Silverstripe shiner (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mobile Bay drainage, mostly above the Fall Line, but common below Fall Line in Tombigbee River (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis stramineus (Cope, 1865) Fr native  Sand shiner (English) common (usually seen) 8.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Red Sea system of Hudson Bay drainage, Great Lakes drainage, and much of Mississippi River basin (Ref. 10294). Recorded from Cottonwood River, 8 miles northwest of Durham, Marion County, Kansas (Ref. 27116). Type locality: Detroit River, Grosse Isle, Michigan (Ref. 79012). 
Leuciscidae Notropis suttkusi Humphries & Cashner, 1994 Fr, Thr endemic  Rocky shiner (English), Rocky shiner (English)  4.44 cm SL male/unsexed  Type locality: Little R. at Cow Crossing, 25 km east of Idabel, McCurtain Co., Oklahoma, U.S.A (Ref. 34018). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis telescopus (Cope, 1868) Fr native  Telescope shiner (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 11.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the upland physiographic provinces of the Tennessee and Cumberland drainages except the Nashville Basin; Ozark uplands in Little, St. Francis, and White river systems of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas (Ref. 10294). Transplanted into the upper New River drainage in West Virginia and Virginia (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Notropis texanus (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Weed shiner (English)  8.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Salado Creek, Texas (Ref. 79012). Recorded from the Suwannee River drainage of Florida west through the Neuces River drainage of central Texas, mostly below the Fall Line, and extends northward through Arkansas and Missouri into the lower Wabash River system, the Illinois River system, the upper Mississippi River drainage, the central Great Lakes drainage, and the southern portion of the Hudson Bay drainage in northwestern Minnesota (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis topeka (Gilbert, 1884) Fr, Thr native  Topeka shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Notropis uranoscopus Suttkus, 1959 Fr native  Skygazer shiner (English)  7.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Fairly common in Cahaba River; uncommon elsewhere (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Notropis volucellus (Cope, 1865) Fr native  Mimic shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the southern Hudson Bay drainage, Great Lakes drainage, and throughout much of Mississippi River basin except for northern Great Plains (Ref. 10294). Transplanted into Connecticut and Housatonic rivers in Massachusetts and Connecticut from Neuse River in North Carolina (Ref. 5723, 10294). 
Leuciscidae Notropis wickliffi Trautman, 1931 Fr native  Channel shiner (English)  7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality, Mouth of Miami R. at confluence with Ohio R., extreme southwest Miami Township, Hamilton Co., Ohio (Ref. 54621). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Notropis xaenocephalus (Jordan, 1877) Fr native  Coosa shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the upper Alabama River portion of the Mobile Basin (Ref. 10294). One (apparently introduced) population in Chestatee River (upper Chattahoochee River drainage) in Georgia (Ref. 5723). 
Ictaluridae Noturus albater Taylor, 1969 Fr endemic  Ozark madtom (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper White and Little Red river system in Missouri and Arkansas (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Ictaluridae Noturus baileyi Taylor, 1969 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Smoky madtom (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in Citico Creek (Little Tennessee River system) in Monroe County, Tennessee. Formerly known but now extirpated from Abrams Creek (Little Tennessee River system) in Blount County, Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus crypticus Burr, Eisenhour & Grady, 2005 Fr, Thr native  Chucky madtom (English), Chucky madtom (English)  6.47 cm SL male/unsexed  The Chucky Madtom is known from only two streams, both of the French Broad River system of eastern Tennessee; known from a single specimen from Dunn Creek, Sevier County, and from about three stream kilometer of Little Chucky Creek from the mouth of Jackson Branch downstream to Bible Bridge road crossing, Greene County. The Dunn Creek specimen was collected in 1940 and additional surveys have not yielded additional specimens, and the species may be extirpated from this stream. Surveys of streams with potentially suitable habitat in eastern Tennessee found the species only in a 3-km reach of Little Chucky Creek. Although the area has been intensively sampled for madtoms, by seining and snorkeling, since 1991, success has been sporadic; only 14 specimens have been collected. In May 1991, two (UT 48.724) were collected by TVA personnel at Bible Bridge road crossing; in September 1994, four specimens (3 in SIUC 52380, 1 retained by JMG for genetic analysis) at Bible Bridge Road crossing, and five specimens (1 each in SIUC 52377 and SIUC 52379, 3 for genetic analysis), at the mouth of Jackson Branch. Subsequent surveys targeting madtoms were unsuccessful, but a collection in March 2001 yielded one specimen (UAIC 12430.01). Recently, Conservation Fisheries Inc. personnel collected two specimens in May 2004 that were brought live to their aquaculture facility in Knoxville, Tennessee, with the intent of initiating a captive breeding program. The range of Noturus crypticus, like other madtoms of eastern Tennessee (e.g., N. baileyi and N. flavipinnis) likely has declined. Currently it occupies a tiny range and exists at a very low density (probably less than 100 individuals). The occupied reach of Little Chucky Creek is not pristine, but existing habitat and the fish and mussel faunas suggest the stream has not been substantially altered by anthropogenic influences. Upstream of the occupied reach was observed with greater agricultural impacts, including application of herbicides to remove riparian vegetation and bank erosion and siltation from cattle access to streams. The capacity of the system to absorb sediment without damage to the biotic community may have been reached. If the samples are indicative of population size, the species is vulnerable to a variety of anthropogenic and stochastic events (e.g., drought, disease, floods) (Ref. 56218). Status of threat: This species should be protected as a federally endangered species. Promoting agricultural practices that minimize siltation and restoring and protecting riparian zones throughout the Little Chucky Creek watershed would preserve its habitat (Ref. 56218). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus elegans Taylor, 1969 Fr endemic  Elegant madtom (English) common (usually seen) 7.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Green River drainage in Kentucky and Tennessee; single record from Roaring River (Cumberland River drainage) in Tennessee (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 10294). 
Ictaluridae Noturus eleutherus Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Mountain madtom (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Ouachita River drainage in Arkansas; Red River drainage in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Locally common. Rare in the main channels of Mississippi and Ohio rivers (Ref. 5723). 
Ictaluridae Noturus exilis Nelson, 1876 Fr endemic  Slender madtom (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the central portion of the Mississippi River basin, but most abundant in Ozarkian streams (Ref. 10294). 
Ictaluridae Noturus fasciatus Burr, Eisenhour & Grady, 2005 Fr, Thr native  Saddled madtom (English), Saddled madtom (English)  8.50 cm TL male/unsexed 4.4 SL Restricted to the Duck River system and two minor tributaries of the lower arm of the Tennessee River, in Hardin and Wayne counties,Tennessee. From observed number of individuals being sampled over the past 15 years, species has disappeared from some sites over the past 10-20 years; severe drought in the late 1980s could have contributed to local extirpation. Low flows during the spawning period (with peak probably in June and July) might have disrupted nesting and reduced recruitment, especially in smaller tributaries lacking permanent spring input. Currently, the largest populations are in the Buffalo River subsystem where streams supplied by perennial springs are common. The population in the mainstem Duck River would likely be extirpated by impounded water that would be created by completion of the Columbia Dam project, as has been proposed; while populations in tributaries of the lower Duck River system would not be dramatically affected. Potential threats such as channelization, removal of riparian vegetation, and agricultural runoff, all common occurrences in eastern North American streams, would result in an overall decrease in water quality. These disturbances have the greatest impact on small, high quality streams, which are critical habitat of Noturus fasciatus. Additionally, the wide variety of complex organic chemicals added to the streams may interfere with the highly developed olfactory sense of this species, disrupting behavioral patterns important for its survival. Other anthropogenic factors include bridge construction, which alters stream hydrology, modifies substrates, and contributes to removal of nesting habitat. During recent status surveys, bridge construction was observed at several historical localities in the Buffalo River subsystem; neither suitable habitat for nor specimens of N. fasciatus were recorded at these sites. Although bridge construction impacts a relatively small area, it could contribute to extirpation of small, disjunct populations and further fragmentation of the range of the species (Ref. 56218). Status of threat: Noturus fasciatus should be included among the rare animals for the State of Tennessee where management should include educating landowners of the importance of maintaining riparian vegetation and controlling erosion and agricultural waste along streams (Ref. 56218). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus flavater Taylor, 1969 Fr, Thr endemic  Checkered madtom (English) occasional (usually not seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus flavipinnis Taylor, 1969 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Yellowfin madtom (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed 10 Uncommon to rare. Listed as threatened species by the U.S. Dept. of Interior (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus flavus Rafinesque, 1818 Fr native  Stonecat (English) common (usually seen) 31.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Ictaluridae Noturus funebris Gilbert & Swain, 1891 Fr endemic  Black madtom (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). 
Ictaluridae Noturus furiosus Jordan & Meek, 1889 Fr, Thr endemic  Carolina madtom (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common but populations from upstream localities are disappearing (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus gilberti Jordan & Evermann, 1889 Fr, Thr endemic  Orangefin madtom (English) scarce (very unlikely) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Roanoke River (including Dan River) drainage in Virginia and North Carolina; and upper James River in Virginia, where possibly introduced (Ref. 86798). Rare to uncommon (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus gladiator Thomas & Burr, 2004 Fr, Thr native  Piebald madtom (English)  10.65 cm SL male/unsexed  No specimens have been found from the Loosahatchie River since 1954; may have once occurred in the Forked Deer drainage, but is now extirpated due to extensive channelization in that system. In Tennessee, with conservation status rank of S3 (vulnerable); sporadic and perhaps seasonal in abundance, but not rare in Mississippi (Ref. 55397). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill, 1817) Fr, B native  Tadpole madtom (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Wallkill River, New York (Ref. 79012). Recorded above Fall Line in Mississippi Basin and Great Lakes and southern Hudson Bay drainages (Ref. 10294). Absent from Appalachian and Ozark Highlands. Transplanted to Snake River in Idaho and Oregon; presumably introduced into Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Considered excellent bait in the country (Ref. 52559). 
Ictaluridae Noturus hildebrandi (Bailey & Taylor, 1950) Fr endemic  Least madtom (English) common (usually seen) 6.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the tributaries of Mississippi River from North Fork Obion River in southwestern Kentucky to Homochitto River in southern Mississippi (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also Ref. 10294. 
Ictaluridae Noturus insignis (Richardson, 1836) Fr, Pr, B native  Margined madtom (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Upper Tennessee River drainage in Virginia and Tennessee. Transplanted into Merrimack River in New Hampshire, upper Tennessee River drainage in Virginia and Tennessee. Used as bait for smallmouth bass (Ref. 52559). Chesapeake Bay: common in Coastal Plain streams and rivers and occasionally brackish water (Ref. 93252). Also Ref. 10294. 
Ictaluridae Noturus lachneri Taylor, 1969 Fr, Thr endemic  Ouachita madtom (English)  10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Rare to common in abundance (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus leptacanthus Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Speckled madtom (English) common (usually seen) 9.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 10294. 
Ictaluridae Noturus maydeni Egge, 2006 Fr endemic  Black River madtom (English), Black River madtom (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 8.06 cm SL male/unsexed  Known only from the Black and St. Francis river drainages of northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri (Ref. 57745). Locally common (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus miurus Jordan, 1877 Fr native  Brindled madtom (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi Basin in Coastal Plain, extending into upland areas in Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee river drainages. Also in uplands west of Mississippi River in White, Arkansas, and Ouachita river systems; and in southern Great Lakes tributaries (Ref. 10294). 
Ictaluridae Noturus munitus Suttkus & Taylor, 1965 Fr, Thr endemic  Frecklebelly madtom (English)  9.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common but declining in Mobile Bay drainage, Alabama (Ref. 5723). Considered to be a threatened species by the U.S. Department of Interior Office of Endangered Species (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: 1). Cahaba River population: vulnerable; status improved since 1989 listing. Criteria: 1,5; 2). Coosa River population: endangered. Criteria: 1,5; 3). Pearl River population: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5; and 4). Tombigbee River population: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus nocturnus Jordan & Gilbert, 1886 Fr endemic  Freckled madtom (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded above and below Fall Line in central and lower Mississippi drainage, and in Gulf Coastal drainages from Mobile Basin to the San Jacinto River, Texas (Ref. 10294). Locally common (Ref. 5723). 
Ictaluridae Noturus phaeus Taylor, 1969 Fr endemic  Brown madtom (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Ictaluridae Noturus placidus Taylor, 1969 Fr, Thr endemic  Neosho madtom (English)  8.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common; probably extirpated from lower Illinois River (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus stanauli Etnier & Jenkins, 1980 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Pygmy madtom (English)  4.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Tennessee River drainage in Tennessee; known only from Clinch River at Frost Ford and Brooks Island in Hancock County and Duck River just above mouth of Hurricane Creek in Humphreys County (Ref. 86798). Uncommon in Clinch River; rare in Duck River (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Ictaluridae Noturus stigmosus Taylor, 1969 Fr, Thr endemic  Northern madtom (English) occasional (usually not seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Disappearing on edges of range; rare in the main channels of Mississippi and Ohio rivers (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus taylori Douglas, 1972 Fr, Thr endemic  Caddo madtom (English)  7.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Ictaluridae Noturus trautmani Taylor, 1969 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Scioto madtom (English) scarce (very unlikely) 6.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from Big Darby Creek (Scioto River system) in southern Ohio (Ref. 86798). Last seen in 1957 (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723. Status of threat: extinct; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Umbridae Novumbra hubbsi Schultz, 1929 Fr, Thr native  Olympic mudminnow (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Blenniidae Omobranchus ferox (Herre, 1927) Fr introduced   6.00 cm SL male/unsexed   
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus aguabonita (Jordan, 1892) Fr native  Golden trout (English) common (usually seen) 71.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Transplanted to more than 300 mountain lakes and streams in the Sierra Nevada in California, and other Rocky Mountain states amd provinces. Most transplanted populations hybridize with O. mykiss and O. clarki. 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus apache (Miller, 1972) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Apache trout (English)  58.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Salt River and Little Colorado River systems (Colorado River drainage) in Arizona (Ref. 5723). Found only at the extreme headwaters of drainage system where highly variable conditions of flooding and drought, anchor ice and wildfire occur (Ref. 32713). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836) Fr, Br, M, Aq, Pr, Thr native  Colorado River cutthroat trout (English), Cutthroat trout (English), Colorado River Cutthroat (English)  99.00 cm TL male/unsexed 13.5 TL Ranges from Washington to California (Ref. 12204). Found in the River drainages (Ref. 81264). Commercially raised in southwestern USA, mainly for introduction into private ponds (Ref. 27547). Protected as threatened subspecies: O. c. stomias in Colorado; O. c. henshawi in Nevada and California; and O. c. seleniris in California. Also Ref. 27436, 27547. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,3,4. Washington population in Crescent Lake: threatened. Criteria: 3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). Also Ref. 96339. 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus gilae (Miller, 1950) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Gila trout (English) scarce (very unlikely) 32.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gila River system in New Mexico and Arizona. Transplanted into other streams in western New Mexico and mountain streams in central Arizona. Protected as an endangered species (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi native  Pink salmon (English), Humpback salmon (English)  76.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Pacific drainages from Washington to Sacramento River drainage in California; occasionally as far as La Jolla, southern California (Ref. 86798). The largest producer in most years (Ref. 9988). Translocation from Maine to Maryland failed (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 2850, 5723, 96339. 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Pr, Thr native  Chum salmon (English), Keta salmon (English), Red caviar (English)  100.00 cm FL male/unsexed  Ranges from Washington south to Sacramento River drainage in California (ref. 86798). Common in the past (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 2850, 27436, 9988, 11366, 96339. Status of threat of Columbia River population; Hood Canal summer population; Olympic Peninsula rivers to Dungess Bay: threatened. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Aq, Pr, Sp, Thr native  Coho salmon (English), Hooknose (English), Silver salmon (English), Slivers (English) occasional (usually not seen) 108 cm TL male/unsexed ;65.50 cm female  Known from Washington to San Lorenzo River in California (Ref. 86798). Planted in lakes of Washington, Oregon, and California for game fishing (Ref. 27547). Rare in central California (Ref. 86798). Some populations are protected (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 95483, 96339. Status of threat: 1). Central California coastal population, Humboldt to Santa Cruz counties: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; 2). Lower Columbia River population: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; 3). Oregon coastal population: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; 4). Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; and 5). Southern Oregon/northern California coastal population: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Aq, Sp, Thr native  Rainbow trout (English), Coast range trout (English), Hardhead (English), Kamloops (English), Redband (English), Salmon trout (English), Steelhead (English) common (usually seen) 122 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Pacific Slope from Washington to Otay River drainage in California (Ref. 86798). Type locality: Columbia River at Fort Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington (Ref. 79012). In range Ref. 1998, 2850. Also Ref. 10294, 34358. Status of threat of the following populations: 1). northern California coastal, central California coastal, California Central Valley, south-central California coastal, lower and middle Columbia River, Snake River basin, upper Willamette River, and Puget Sound populations: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5; 2). southern California and upper Columbia River populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5; and 3). Oregon coastal populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Pr, Thr native  Sockeye salmon (English), Blueback salmon (English), Red caviar (English), Red salmon (English)  84.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;71.00 cm female  Landlocked populations are found in Washington, Oregon, and California (Ref. 86798).Kokanee occurs naturally in Washington and Oregon (Ref. 5723); transplanted into Maine, California, Montana, Colorado, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, North Dakota, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming (Ref. 1998). Common in the north but rare south of Columbia River drainage (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 2850, 9988, 95146. Status of threat: 1). Cultus Lake and Snake River, Idaho populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5; 2). Ozette Lake and tributaries population: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Fi, Aq, Sp, Thr native  Chinook salmon (English), Blackmouth (English), King salmon (English), Quinnat salmon (English), Spring (English), Tyee (English), Kippered salmon (English), Locks (English), Lox (English), Spring salmon (English) occasional (usually not seen) 150 cm TL male/unsexed  Transplanted into the Great Lakes (Ref. 9988). In the past, it was an important part of the native fishery in Washington, Oregon and northern California (Ref. 27547). Not very abundant in Puget Sound, Washington, in 1895 (Ref. 28609). Also Ref. 1998, 2850, 5723, 27436, 46188, 95146, 95155, 95480. Status of threat of the following populations: 1). California Central Valley spring run populations, California coastal populations, lower Columbia River populations, and upper Willamette River spring run populations: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5; 2). Puget Sound, Snake River spring run, and Snake River fall run populations: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; 3). California Central Valley fall and late fall run populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5; 4). Upper Columbia River spring run populations and Sacramento River winter run population: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay, 1881 Fr native  Pugnose minnow (English) common (usually seen) 6.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Edisto River drainage in South Carolina to southern Florida and across Gulf Slope to Nueces River drainage in Texas; north in Mississippi River and Great Lakes basins to southeastern Kansas and southeastern Minnesota (Ref. 86798). Generally confined to lowlands and common but declining in parts of range (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Oregonichthys crameri (Snyder, 1908) Fr, Thr native  Oregon chub (English)  7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Willamette River drainage in Oregon (Ref. 86798). Localized and rare due to habitat alteration (Ref. 86798). Previously reported in 1991 to occur commonly in Umpqua River drainage in Oregon (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Oregonichthys kalawatseti Markle, Pearsons & Bills, 1991 Fr, Thr native  Umpquachub (English)  5.90 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Umpqua River drainage in Oregon (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 39605. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Cichlidae Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) Fr, Br, Sp introduced  Blue tilapia (English)  45.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Established in the lower Colorado River drainage (Arizona and California), in a cooling impoundment in Buncombe County (North Carolina), in the North Canadian River drainage (Ref. 5723) and the Arkansas River (Oklahoma)(Ref. 54350), and in Texas (Ref. 3, 5723). Also know from peninsular Florida (Ref. 5723), where it is the most abundant fish in the nearshore area of Lake Apopka (Ref. 42273). Reared in geothermal water in Colorado (Ref. 3). Also Ref. 2, 3, 86, 38693. 
Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) Fr, Br, Sp introduced  Mozambique mouthbrooder (English), Mozambique tilapia (English), Java tilapia (English), Largemouth kurper (English)  39.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from southern parts of the USA (Ref. 52307), including California, Texas (Ref. 2), Florida and Idaho (Ref. 3). Also Ref. 36683, 57426. 
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br introduced  Nile tilapia (English), Mozambique tilapia (English)  60.00 cm SL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Oreochromis urolepis (Norman, 1922) Fr introduced  Wami tilapia (English), Wami tilapia (English)   44.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Occurs in warm weedy ditches and canals (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 6029. 
Leuciscidae Orthodon microlepidotus (Ayres, 1854) Fr native  Sacramento blackfish (English) common (usually seen) 55.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Sacramento-San Joaquin, Pajaro and Salinas River drainages, and Clear Lake in California; and Russian River, where possibly introduced. Introduced to Santa Ana River in California and Humboldt River system in Nevada. Abundant in Clear Lake (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 5723.  No picture yet.
Adrianichthyidae Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Fr not established  Japanese medaka (English), Rice fish (English), Ricefish (English)  4.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Accidentally released from aquaria. Populations were recorded from California and New York but eventually disappeared from California and was eradicated by the cold spell in New York in 1978 (Ref. 6029). 
Osmeridae Osmerus dentex Steindachner & Kner, 1870 Fr, Br, M, Sp native  Arctic smelt (English), Pacific rainbow smelt (English), Rainbow smelt (English)  34.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Ranges south to New Jersey (Ref. 27547). Sport catches in the U.S. are estimated to equal or exceed the commercial landings (Ref. 27547). 
Osmeridae Osmerus mordax (Mitchill, 1814) Fr, Br, M, Fi native  Atlantic rainbow smelt (English), Rainbow smelt (English) common (usually seen) 35.60 cm TL male/unsexed 15 TL Known from the Atlantic drainages from Maine to Delaware River in Pennsylvania, USA and west through Great lakes (Ref. 86798). Introduced to Lake Superior in the early 1930s. Reached commercially harvestable levels by 1952 and eventually replaced lake herring as the dominant planktivore. In 1970, its decline led to the increase in lake herring population (Ref. 9041). Also Ref. 6793, 10294, 96339. 
Osmeridae Osmerus spectrum Cope, 1870 Fr native  Pygmy smelt (English), Pigmy smelt (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867) Fr introduced  Jaguar guapote (English), Aztec cichlid (English), Jaguar cichlid (English), Tiger guapote (English)  55.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Established in a warm spring pool and nearby pond near St. George, Washington County in Utah (Ref. 5723). 
Leuciscidae Pararhinichthys bowersi (Goldsborough & Clark, 1908) Fr native  Cheat minnow (English) scarce (very unlikely) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Pelmatolapia mariae (Boulenger, 1899) Fr, Br introduced  Spotted tilapia (English)  32.30 cm SL male/unsexed   
Percidae Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) Fr, Fi, Lf, Sp native  Yellow perch (English), Lake perch (English), Perch (English) common (usually seen) 50.00 cm TL male/unsexed 18.8 TL Widely transplanted elsewhere. Collected from Lake Andrusia (Mississippi River), Beltrami County, Minnesota (Ref. 41482). A popular fish sold in live fish markets. Found in 1 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 9988, 1998, 10294. 
Percidae Percina antesella Williams & Etnier, 1977 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Amber darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Conasauga and Etowah rivers (in Coosa River system) in southeastern Tennessee and northern Georgia (Ref. 5723). May be extirpated in Etowah River; extremely localized in Conasauga River (Coosa-Mobile Drainage, Bradley County, Tennessee, Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina apina Near & Simmons, 2017 Fr native   13.70 cm SL male/unsexed ;13.43 cm SL female  It is known from Duck River system and Whiteoak Creek, Western Highland Rim in Tennessee. It is mostly widespread in the Buffalo River basin and occupies two other Duck River tributaries, Hurricane Creek and Big Swan Creek. There are two collection records of this species in the Eastern Highland Rim, but no individuals have been recorded since 1977. It is likely extirpated from the upper Duck River system (Ref. 116752).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina apristis (Hubbs & Hubbs, 1954) Fr native  Guadalupe darter (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Guadalupe River system in Texas (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina aurantiaca (Cope, 1868) Fr endemic  Tangerine darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Emory River (Tennessee River), Morgan County, Tennessee (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina aurolineata Suttkus & Ramsey, 1967 Fr, Thr endemic  Goldline darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Coosa and Cahaba River systems (in Mobile Bay drainage) in Georgia and Alabama (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Percina aurora Suttkus & Thompson, 1994 Fr, Thr native  Pearl darter (English)   Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina austroperca Thompson, 1995 Fr, Thr native  Southern logperch (English)   Known from Big Escambia Creek (Escambia River-Gulf of Mexico), Escambia County, Alabama (Ref. 41482). Type locality, Holmes Creek, trib. to Choctawhatchee R., near New Hope chruch, Washington Co., Florida. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina bimaculata Haldeman, 1844 Fr, Thr native  Chesapeake logperch (English)   Known from the Chesapeake Bay drainages (Ref. 81264). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina brevicauda Suttkus & Bart, 1994 Fr, Thr native  Coal darter (English)   Known from the Mobile Bay ecoregion (Ref. 81264). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina brucethompsoni Robison, Cashner, Raley & Near, 2014 Fr native  Ouachita darter (English)  9.02 cm SL male/unsexed ;8.23 cm SL female  Known only from the Ouachita River system in the Ouachita Highlands of Arkansas. Presently found in the Ouachita River and two of its major western tributaries, the Caddo and Little Missouri Rivers, with the densest populations being found in a 40 km stretch of the Ouachita River above the headwaters of the Lake Ouachita impoundment. Never abundant at any single locality. Confined only to the relatively small area of the upper Ouachita River drainage. Due to its small small population sizes and low densities at individual sites, effective conservation of this species may require a protection status and management plan from appropriate state and federal governmental agencies (Ref. 102809).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina burtoni Fowler, 1945 Fr, Thr endemic  Blotchside darter (English), Blotchside logperch (English) scarce (very unlikely) 16.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee. Extremely rare in Tennessee River drainage; probably extirpated in Cumberland River drainage (Ref. 5723). Collected from Buffalo River (Tennessee River), Wayne County (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Percina caprodes (Rafinesque, 1818) Fr native  Logperch (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Atlantic Slope drainages from Hudson River in New York to Potomac River in Maryland; Gulf Slope drainages from Choctawhatchee River in Alabama and Florida to Mississippi River in Louisiana. Common, but rare in Atlantic drainages (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina carbonaria (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr endemic  Texas logperch (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Rio Salado (6km W San Antonio), Texas (Ref. 79012). Occurs in Brazos River, San Antonio Bay (including minor coastal drainages west of mouth of Colorado River to mouth of Nueces River); also reported from the Bosque River and Leon River watersheds within the Middle Brazos River Basin (Ref. 79012). 
Percidae Percina copelandi (Jordan, 1877) Fr native  Channel darter (English)  7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Most common west of Mississippi River in Red, Ouachita and Arkansas River drainages (Ref. 5723). Collected from Green River (Ohio River), Green County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina crassa (Jordan & Brayton, 1878) Fr endemic  Piedmont darter (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in Cape Fear River and on Piedmont; uncommon on Coastal Plain (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Percina crypta Freeman, Freeman & Burkhead, 2008 Fr endemic   7.30 cm SL male/unsexed   
Percidae Percina cymatotaenia (Gilbert & Meek, 1887) Fr, Thr endemic  Bluestripe darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Gasconade and Osage River drainages in southern central Missouri (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina evides (Jordan & Copeland, 1877) Fr endemic  Gilt darter (English)  9.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common but extirpated from much of former range, including all of Ohio, Iowa and Illinois (Ref. 5723). Collected from Green River (Ohio River), Green County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina fulvitaenia Morris & Page, 1981 Fr native  Ozark logperch (English)   Type locality, Big Piney R., 5 km west of Houston, Texas Co., Missouri (Ref. 54621). 
Percidae Percina gymnocephala Beckham, 1980 Fr endemic  Appalachia darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 9.60 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Percina jenkinsi Thompson, 1985 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Conasauga logperch (English)  14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Conasauga River (in Alabama River system) in Tennessee and Georgia. Uncommon in extremely small range (Ref. 5723). Collected from Conasauga River (Coosa-Mobile Bay), Whitfield County, Georgia (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina kathae Thompson, 1997 Fr native  Mobile logperch (English)    
Percidae Percina kusha Williams & Burkhead, 2007 Fr, Thr native  Bridled darter (English), Bridled Darter (English)  6.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Found only in the headwaters of the Coosa River in Georgia and Tennessee. It occurs in the main channel of the upper reaches of the Conasauga River in Murray and Whitfield counties, Georgia, and Bradley and Polk counties, Tennessee. It is also known from short reaches of three tributaries to the Conasauga River: Holly Creek, Murray County, Georgia; and Ball Play and Minnewauga creeks, Polk County, Tennessee. In the Etowah River it occurs in the main channel in Dawson and Lumpkin counties, Georgia, and in several tributaries: Amicalola, Little Amicalola, Cochran and Shoal creeks, Dawson County, Georgia (Ref. 58738). Status of threat: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Percina lenticula Richards & Knapp, 1964 Fr, Thr endemic  Freckled darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs only in Mobile Bay, Pascagoula River and Pearl River drainages of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina macrocephala (Cope, 1867) Fr, Thr endemic  Longhead darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Ohio River basin from New York and North Carolina, and west to western central Kentucky and Tennessee (Ref. 5723). Known from Little River (Tennessee River), Blount County, Tennessee (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable; status improved since 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Percina macrolepida Stevenson, 1971 Fr native  Bigscale logperch (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common; localized and uncommon in Rio Grande drainage (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Percina maculata (Girard, 1859) Fr native  Blackside darter (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  One of the most common and widespread darters (Ref. 5723, 10294). Known from Dismal Creek (Kaskaskia River-Mississippi River), Fayette County, Illinois (Ref. 41482). 
Percidae Percina nasuta (Bailey, 1941) Fr, Thr endemic  Longnose darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Ozark and Ouachita Uplands (St. Francis, White, Arkansas and Ouachita River drainages) in Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina nevisense (Cope, 1870) Fr native  Chainback darter (English)    
Percidae Percina nigrofasciata (Agassiz, 1854) Fr endemic  Blackbanded darter (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Most common darter throughout most of its range, but absent in St. Marys and Satilla rivers in southeastern Georgia, and rare in Altamaha River in Georgia (Ref. 5723). Collected from Burnt Corn Creek (Escambia River-Gulf of Mexico), Escambia County, Alabama (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina notogramma (Raney & Hubbs, 1948) Fr endemic  Stripeback darter (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 8.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from South Anna River (York River-Atlantic Ocean) (Ref. 41482). 
Percidae Percina oxyrhynchus (Hubbs & Raney, 1939) Fr endemic  Sharpnose darter (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Licking River (Ohio River) (Ref. 41482). 
Percidae Percina palmaris (Bailey, 1940) Fr endemic  Bronze darter (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Hillabee Creek (Tallapoosa River-Mobile Bay), Tallapoosa County, Alabama (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina pantherina (Moore & Reeves, 1955) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Leopard darter (English) scarce (very unlikely) 9.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in Little River system (in Red River drainage) of southwestern Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma (Ref. 5723). Recorded from Big Eagle Creek (Red River) (Ref. 41482). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Percina peltata (Stauffer, 1864) Fr endemic  Shield darter (English)  9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Most widespread and common black-striped darter of Atlantic drainages (Ref. 5723). 
Percidae Percina phoxocephala (Nelson, 1876) Fr endemic  Slenderhead darter (English)  9.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in some parts of its range (Ref. 5723). Collected from Embarrass River (Wabash River-Ohio River) (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina rex (Jordan & Evermann, 1889) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Roanoke logperch (English) occasional (usually not seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found only in the upper Roanoke, upper Dan and upper Chowan River systems (in Roanoke River drainage) in Virginia (Ref. 5723). Known from Roanoke River (Atlantic Ocean) (Ref. 41482). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Percidae Percina roanoka (Jordan & Jenkins, 1889) Fr endemic  Roanoke darter (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed   
Percidae Percina sciera (Swain, 1883) Fr endemic  Dusky darter (English) common (usually seen) 13.00 cm TL male/unsexed 5.5 SL Recorded from the Gulf Coastal drainages, from the Tombigbee River portion of Mobile Basin west through the Guadalupe River, Texas, and extending up the Mississippi River basin to northern Indiana and central Ohio (Ref. 10294). Known from Strong River (Pearl River-Gulf of Mexico), Simpson County, Mississippi (Ref. 41482). 
Percidae Percina shumardi (Girard, 1859) Fr native  River darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common; most common darter in very large rivers, including the Mississippi (Ref. 5723). Collected from Mississippi River (Gulf of Mexico), Jo Daviess County, Illinois; also in Big Muddy River, Jackson County (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina sipsi Williams & Neely, 2007 Fr, Thr native  Bankhead darter (English), Bankhead Darter (English)  5.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Found only in Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River in the Bankhead National Forest in northwestern Alabama. It occurs in Borden Creek in Lawrence County, and Brushy Creek, Caney Creek, and Sipsey Fork (recorded as West Fork Sipsey River on some maps) in Winston County. While the current known range of P. sipsi is very limited and confined downstream by Lewis Smith Reservoir, historically it is possible that the species ranged farther downstream in the Sipsey Fork and conceivably in the Locust and Mulberry forks of the Black Warrior River, which are all located in the Cumberland Plateau physiographic province. Riverine habitat in the lower reaches of the Sipsey Fork was destroyed in 1960 by the Alabama Power Company impoundment behind Lewis Smith Dam. The current distribution of P. sipsi represents the most restricted range of any known species of Percina (Ref. 58738). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina smithvanizi Williams & Walsh, 2007 Fr, Thr native  Muscadine Darter (English)  6.30 cm SL male/unsexed  Occurs only in streams draining the region above the Fall Line in the Tallapoosa River system. It is widely distributed above the Fall Line except it is absent in upper reaches of the Little Tallapoosa River in Georgia (Ref. 58738). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina squamata (Gilbert & Swain, 1887) Fr, Thr endemic  Olive darter (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the middle Cumberland River drainage (Big South Fork and Rockcastle River) in Kentucky and Tennessee, and in the upper Tennessee River drainage in North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia (Ref. 5723 ). Recorded from the upland rivers primarily in the Blue Ridge and Cumberland Plateau portions of the upper Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages (Ref. 10294). Collected from Daddys Creek (Tennessee River) (Ref. 41482). Localized but relatively common in a few streams (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina stictogaster Burr & Page, 1993 Fr native  Frecklebelly darter (English)   Type locality, Kentucky (Ref. 33021). 
Percidae Percina suttkusi Thompson, 1997 Fr, Br native  Gulf logperch (English)   Known from Bogue Chitto River (Pearl River-Gulf of Mexico) (Ref. 41482). 
Percidae Percina tanasi Etnier, 1976 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Snail darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs only in upper Tennessee River drainage of eastern Tennessee and northern Georgia. Localized distribution (Ref. 5723). Collected from French Broad River (Tennessee River), Knox County, Tennessee (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina uranidea (Jordan & Gilbert, 1887) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Stargazing darter (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in St. Francis, White and Ouachita River drainages in Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, USA. Formerly in lower Wabash River in Indiana and Illinois. Localized distribution (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percidae Percina vigil (Hay, 1882) Fr endemic  Saddleback darter (English) common (usually seen) 7.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Common but somewhat localized (Ref. 5723). Collected from Bayou de Chien (Mississippi River), Hickman County, Kentucky (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 10294. 
Percidae Percina williamsi Page & Near, 2007 Fr, Thr endemic  Sickle darter (English)  9.05 cm SL female  Occurs only in the upper Tennessee River drainage of Tennessee, Virginia and North Carolina. Recorded from the French Broad system of Tennessee and North Carolina, the Emory River system in Tennessee, and the Holston and Clinch River systems in Tennessee and Virginia. Considered extirpated in North Carolina, rare in Virginia and threatened in Tennessee (Ref. 75766). Status of threat: threatened. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Percopsidae Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum, 1792) Fr native  Trout-perch (English) occasional (usually not seen) 20.00 cm TL male/unsexed 11.45 TL Locally common in lakes; uncommon throughout most of range (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 27547. 
Percopsidae Percopsis transmontana (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1892) Fr, Br endemic  Sand roller (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.60 cm TL male/unsexed    No picture yet.
Cyprinidae Pethia gelius (Hamilton, 1822) Fr introduced  Dwarf barb (English), Golden barb (English), Golden dwarf barb (English)  5.10 cm TL male/unsexed  A few specimens were taken from Lake Worth Drainage District canal L-15, adjacent to a fish farm in Palm Beach County, Florida, in 1969 and 1970 (Ref. 10757 and 10768). Also Ref. 74657. 
Petromyzontidae Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, M native  Sea lamprey (English), Eel sucker (English), Green lamprey (English), Lamper (English), Lamprey eel (English), Nine eyes (English), Shad lamprey (English), Spotted lamprey (English), Sucker (English)  120 cm TL male/unsexed  East and West North Atlantic Ocean: Lake Superior Basin, Michigan; Lake Michigan Basin, Wisconsin, Michigan (Carp Lake, Betsie, Muskegon, Pentwater, Pine, and Platte rivers), Illinois, and Indiana; Lake Huron Basin, Michigan (Devils, East Au Gres, and Rifle rivers); Lake Erie Basin, New York, Ohio, Michigan; Lake Ontario Basin, New York; St. Lawrence River Basin (New York and Vermont) and along the eastern coast of the USA (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, South Carolina, Florida) from Newfoundland down to Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 89241). Individuals with access to ocean are anadromous. Spawning adults occur in gravel riffles and runs of streams. Feeding adults are found in ocean and lakes (Ref. 86798). A serious pest in landlocked areas (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 7251, 27549. 
Leuciscidae Phenacobius catostomus Jordan, 1877 Fr endemic  Riffle minnow (English), Rifle minnow (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mobile Bay drainage in southeastern Tennessee, northwestern Georgia and Alabama (Ref. 86798). Local and uncommon in Tallapoosa and Black Warrior River systems, fairly common in Coosa and Cahaba River systems (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Phenacobius crassilabrum Minckley & Craddock, 1962 Fr endemic  Fatlips minnow (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 11.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Tennessee River drainage from South Fork Holston River in Virginia to Little Tennessee River in Georgia; extreme upper Savannah River drainage in North Carolina, South Caroline and Georgia (Ref. 86798). Museum: Elk River (tributary of Watauga River), Carter County, Tennessee, Michigan Museum of Zoology No. 179151 (holotype, 8.8 cm SL, female); UMMZ 157418 (paratypes). Roan Creek, Johnson County, UMMZ 157434. North Carolina, Great Smokey Mountains Park, Ocanoluftee R., UMMZ 129549; I mile S Ravensford, UMMZ 163300 (Ref. 12962). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard, 1856) Fr endemic  Suckermouth minnow (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mississippi River basin from Ohio and West Virginia to Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico, and from southeast Minnesota to northern Alabama and northern Texas; western Lake Erie drainage in Ohio and Michigan; isolated populations in Gulf drainages (Sabine River in Louisiana and Texas; Trinity and Colorado River in Texas; Pecos River in New Mexico) (Ref. 86798). Common throughout most of its range; rare in Gulf drainages (Ref. 5723, 86798). Type locality: Arkansas River, Fort Smith, Arkansas (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Phenacobius teretulus Cope, 1867 Fr endemic  Kanawha minnow (English) occasional (usually not seen) 10.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from New (upper Kanawha) River drainage in West Virginia, Virginia and North Carolina (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Phenacobius uranops Cope, 1867 Fr endemic  Stargazing minnow (English)  12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Green, middle Cumberland, and Tennessee River drainages in Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. Common only in upper Tennessee and Green River drainages (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723,10294.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr native  Bluntnose minnow (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the Mississippi Basin and adjacent drainages of the Great Lakes and middle Atlantic regions (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820 Fr, B native  Fathead minnow (English), Black-head minnow (English), Rosey reds (English) common (usually seen) 10.10 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced through bait-bucket releases in Mobile Bay drainage in Alabama, Colorado River drainage in Arizona and New Mexico, and elsewhere. Bred in Arkansas for bait (Ref. 26870). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Pimephales tenellus (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Slim minnow (English)  7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common in northwestern part of its range (Ref. 5723).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pimephales vigilax (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr native  Bullhead minnow (English) common (usually seen) 9.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Otter Creek, Oklahoma (Ref. 79012). Recorded throughout the Mississippi River and Mobile basins west to the Rio Grande (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Plagopterus argentissimus Cope, 1874 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Woundfin (English) scarce (very unlikely) 10.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in Virgin and Gila River systems (both lower Colorado River drainage). Now existing only in the Gila River system where it is extremely rare (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 26186. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Pleuronectidae Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, M not established  European flounder (English), Flounder (English), Fluke (English)  60.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Through ballast water. Not known to be established (Ref. 1739). 
Leuciscidae Platygobio gracilis (Richardson, 1836) Fr, Br native  Flathead chub (English)  32.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Missouri-Mississippi River basin from Montana to Louisiana; Arkansas River drainage in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico; and Upper Rio Grande (including Pecos) drainage in New Mexico (Ref. 86798). Common around norhern part of its range; restricted to Mississippi River proper in Missouri, Illinois, and south (Ref. 86798). Preferred bait fish for blue catfish in Iowa (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Poeciliidae Poecilia formosa (Girard, 1859) Fr, Br native  Amazon molly (English)  9.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Common in the lower Rio Grande Valley (Ref. 5723). 
Poeciliidae Poecilia kykesis Poeser, 2002 Fr not established   13.00 cm SL male/unsexed ;10.00 cm SL female  It has been reported from Florida and has been suggested that introduced populations may have survived for brief periods and possibly reproduced but did not succeed as no established populations are known. A probable aquaculture escape or aquarium release could have been the means of introduction but no impacts of its introduction are currently known (Ref. 10757). 
Poeciliidae Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) Fr, Br, M, Or native  Sailfin molly (English)  15.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;10.00 cm TL female  Type locality: Lake Ponchartrain, New Orleans, Louisiana (Ref. 79012). Transplanted elsewhere in western USA. A popular aquarium fish, found in 80% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Observed in hundreds in the Mangroves of Florida (Sailfin Molly, pers.comm. 09/2015; http://fishbase.us/fbforum/admin/view_topic.php?id=6341​). Also Ref. 7251. 
Poeciliidae Poecilia latipunctata Meek, 1904 Fr introduced  Broadspotted molly (English), Tamesi molly (English)  5.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;6.00 cm TL female   
Poeciliidae Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 Fr introduced  Shortfin molly (English), Atlantic molly (English), Orangefin molly (English)  11.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Established in a drainage canal south of Mecca, Riverside County, California; Bureau Hot Springs, Owyhee County, Idaho; and in springs and the Moapa River, Clark and Lincoln counties, Nevada (Ref. 5723). 
Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 Fr, Or introduced  Guppy (English)  5.00 cm SL male/unsexed ;6.00 cm SL female  A popular aquarium fish, found in 95% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 1739. 
Poeciliidae Poeciliopsis gracilis (Heckel, 1848) Fr introduced  Porthole livebearer (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Established south of Mecca, Riverside County in California (Ref. 5723).  
Poeciliidae Poeciliopsis occidentalis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Fr, Thr native  Gila topminnow (English) scarce (very unlikely) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gila River system in New Mexico and Arizona (Ref. 5723). Once considered the most abundant `low desert' fish in USA; reported extirpated in New Mexico, rare in Arizona (Ref. 5723). Status of threat of the Gila River population: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Pogonichthys ciscoides Hopkirk, 1974 Fr, Thr extirpated  Clear Lake splittail (English)  36.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Previously found in Clear Lake and tributaries in Lake County in California (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: extinct (Ref. 86798).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (Ayres, 1854) Fr, Br, Thr native  Splittail (English), Sacramento splittail (English)  44.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Formerly found throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin River drainage in California; now mostly in San Francisco Bay Delta and lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Polyodontidae Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Fi, Sp, Thr native  Paddlefish (English), Mississippi paddlefish (English)  221 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Mississippi River basin from southwestern New York to Montana and south to Louisiana; Gulf Slope drainagaes from Mobile Bay in Alabama, to Galveston Bay in Texas. Formerly in Great Lakes basin, probably extirpated (Ref. 86798). Also 276, 5723, 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Centrarchidae Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818 Fr, Sp native  White crappie (English), Speckled perch (English), Crappie (English) common (usually seen) 53.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Widely transplanted elsewhere (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Centrarchidae Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) Fr, Lf, Sp native  Black crappie (English), Crappie (English)  49.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Widely introduced all over the country. Presumably naturally occurring in the Atlantic Slope from Virginia to Florida, Gulf Slope west to Texas, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins south to the Gulf. Usually seen in lowlands; rarely encountered in uplands (Ref. 86798). Found in 1 out of 6 live fish markets near the Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 1998, 10294. 
Pristidae Pristis microdon Latham, 1794 Fr, Br, M native  Largetooth sawfish (English)  700 cm TL male/unsexed   
Salmonidae Prosopium abyssicola (Snyder, 1919) Fr, Thr endemic  Bear Lake whitefish (English)  28.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Lake Bear, southeast Idaho and northern Utah (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Salmonidae Prosopium coulterii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1892) Fr native  Pygmy whitefish (English)  28.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 27547. 
Salmonidae Prosopium cylindraceum (Pennant, 1784) Fr, Br native  Round whitefish (English), Menominee (English) common (usually seen) 59.00 cm TL male/unsexed 25.5 TL Also Ref. 276, 1998, 5723, 27547. 
Salmonidae Prosopium gemmifer (Snyder, 1919) Fr, Thr endemic  Bonneville cisco (English)  22.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Bear Lake in southeastern Idaho and northern Utah (Ref. 81264). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Salmonidae Prosopium spilonotus (Snyder, 1919) Fr, Thr endemic  Bonneville whitefish (English)  56.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Bear Lake, southeast Idaho and northern Utah (Ref. 81264). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). =AFS and WWF's ecoregion:  No picture yet.
Salmonidae Prosopium williamsoni (Girard, 1856) Fr native  Mountain whitefish (English), Rocky Mountain whitefish (English)  70.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs in the Lahotan Basin, Nevada and other northwestern states (Ref. 1998). 
Gobiidae Proterorhinus marmoratus (Pallas, 1814) Fr introduced  Tubenose goby (English)  11.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Introduced with ballast water into Great Lakes, Michigan, and Ontario (Ref. 4537). 
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis euryzonus (Suttkus, 1955) Fr endemic  Broadstripe shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the middle Chattahoochee River drainage in Georgia and Alabama (Lee County, Alabama and Talbot County, Georgia, south to Houston County, Alabama) (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 40813.  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis grandipinnis (Jordan, 1877) Fr native  Apalachee shiner (English) common (usually seen) 5.30 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.90 cm SL female  Known from Apalachicola River drainage in Georgia, Alabama and Florida, USA (but absent in Chattahoochee River system north of Cedar Creek in Houston County, Alabama) (Ref. 86798). Restricted to the Apalachicola River drainage; tributaries to the east and west side of the river and is present in many Chipola River tributaries in Florida and extreme SE Alabama. Also occurs in the tributaries of the Flint R. from its mouth upstream to the Fall Line Hills in Taylor County, Georgia; and, few tributaries of Chattahoochee River in SE Alabama (Ref. 40813).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis hubbsi (Bailey & Robison, 1978) Fr, Thr endemic  Bluehead shiner (English) occasional (usually not seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Ouachita and Red River drainage lowlands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana and northeastern Texas, USA; and Wolf Lake, southwest Illinois (Ref. 86798). Local and uncommon (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723, 52299. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis hypselopterus (Günther, 1868) Fr endemic  Sailfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Below Fall Line in Gulf drainages from St. Andrews Bay in Florida to Mobile Bay in Alabama; absent in Choctawhatchee River system above mouth of Pea River, Alabama (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723, 40813. 
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis merlini (Suttkus & Mettee, 2001) Fr, Thr endemic  Orangetail shiner (English), Orangetail shiner (English) common (usually seen) 5.40 cm SL male/unsexed ;4.50 cm SL female  Known from Choctawhatchee River system above confluence with Pea River in Alabama (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 40813. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis metallicus (Jordan & Meek, 1884) Fr native  Metallic shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the Atlantic and Gulf drainages from St. Marys River in Georgia and Florida to New River in Florida panhandle, South in Florida to Alafia River system (Tampa Bay drainage) (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 40813. 
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis signipinnis (Bailey & Suttkus, 1952) Fr endemic  Flagfin shiner (English) common (usually seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Coastal Plain from Apalachicola River drainage in Florida to to Lake Pontchartrain drainage in Louisiana (Ref. 86798). Locally abundant (Ref. 5723, 86798). 
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis stonei (Fowler, 1921) Fr, Thr endemic  Lowland shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.60 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Below Fall Line from Little Lynches River system (Peedee River drainage) in South Carolina to Satilla River drainage in Georgia (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 40813, 81264. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Pteronotropis welaka (Evermann & Kendall, 1898) Fr, Thr endemic  Bluenose shiner (English) common (usually seen) 6.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the middle St. Johns River drainage in Florida; Gulf drainages (mostly below Fall Line) from Apalachicola River in Georgia and Florida to Pearl River in Mississippi and Louisiana (Ref. 86798). Locally common (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723, 52299. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893) Fr introduced  Parana sailfin catfish (English), Snow pleco (English), Southern sailfin catfish (English), Royal plec (English)  54.90 cm TL male/unsexed ;55.00 cm TL female   
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991) Fr introduced  Vermiculated sailfin catfish (English) common (usually seen) 70.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Relatively abundant in several natural streams - Hillsborough River drainage, Florida; Pearl River, Mississippi; Julian reservior, North Carolina; Long Lake, Washington, etc. May have a significant impact on the aquatic food base negatively affecting native invertebrate and vertebrate species (Nico, personal observations Ref. 56962). Reported to attach to endangered native manatees (Trachechus manatus latirostris) and graze on the epibiota of their skin, adverse impact on manatees uncertain (Ref. 82066). 
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock, 1828) Fr introduced  Orinoco sailfin catfish (English), Sailfin catfish (English), Radiated ptero (English), Sailfish catfish (English) common (usually seen) 50.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Leuciscidae Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres, 1854) Fr native  Sacramento pikeminnow (English), Sacramento pikeminnow (English), Sacramento squawfish (English)  140 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Sacramento-San Joaquin, Pajaro-Salinas, Russian and Clear Lake drainages in California. Introduced elsewhere in California, including Eel River and tributaries to Morro Bay (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Leuciscidae Ptychocheilus lucius Girard, 1856 Fr, Pr, Thr native  Colorado pikeminnow (English), Colorado pikeminnow (English), Colorado squawfish (English)  180 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Colorado River drainage in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California. Now mostly restricted to Utah and Colorado; and extirpated from the southern portion of the range by the construction of large dams (Ref. 86798). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson, 1836) Fr native  Northern pikeminnow (English), Northern pikeminnow (English), Northern squawfish (English) common (usually seen) 63.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 86798. 
Leuciscidae Ptychocheilus umpquae Snyder, 1908 Fr native  Umpqua pikeminnow (English), Umpqua pikeminnow (English), Umpqua squawfish (English) common (usually seen) 44.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Nown from the Umpqua and Siuslaw River drainages in Oregon (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also Ref. 276, 3814. 
Gasterosteidae Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, M native  Ninespine stickleback (English) common (usually seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 7251, 27547. 
Ictaluridae Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque, 1818) Fr, Br, Fi, Sp native  Flathead catfish (English), Catfish (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 155 cm TL male/unsexed 43.2 Known from the Lower Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins from western Pennsylvania to White-Little Missouri River system in North Dakota, and south to Louisiana; and Gulf Slope from Mobile Bay drainage in Georgia and Alabama (Ref. 86798). Occurs in Big Blue, Neosho rivers, Kansas (Ref. 3987) and occasionally in Chesapeake watershed (tidal portion of the James River) (Ref. 27549). A recreational fishery exists in the country (Ref. 52559). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Leuciscidae Relictus solitarius Hubbs & Miller, 1972 Fr, Thr native  Relict dace (English)  13.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Lakes Franklin, Gale, Waring, Steptoe, and Spring basins in eastern Nevada. Common in limited range (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann, 1804) Fr native  Blacknose dace (English), Eastern blacknose dace (English), Eastern blacknose dace (English) common (usually seen) 12.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Atlantic, Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, Mississippi River, and upper Mobile Bay drainages (Ref. 86798). Recorded from uplands of the Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, and upper Mississippi drainages (Ref. 10294). 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes, 1842) Fr, Aq, B native  Longnose dace (English), Great Lakes longnose dace (English) common (usually seen) 22.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from coast to coast in Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and in Rocky Mountains south into Rio Grande drainage of Texas (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the Blue Ridge region (Ref. 10294). Used as bait for bass and catfish in Iowa (Ref. 1998). Artificially propagated in Minnesota in long narrow ponds having weak water flow (Ref. 1998). Also Ref. 3881. 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys cobitis (Girard, 1856) Fr, Pr, Thr native  Loach minnow (English), Loach nimmow (English) common (usually seen) 6.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Gila River system in New Mexico and Arizona, and San Pedro River in Arizona. Locally common in New Mexico, uncommon in Arizona (Ref. 86798). Protected as a threatened species (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys deaconi Miller, 1984 Fr, Thr extirpated  Las Vegas dace (English), Las Vegas dace (English)  7.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Formerly found in springs and outflows along Las Vegas Creek in Nevada (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: extinct. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys evermanni Snyder, 1908 Fr, Thr endemic  Umpqua dace (English) common (usually seen) 11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Umpqua River drainage in Oregon (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys falcatus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1893) Fr native  Leopard dace (English) occasional (usually not seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Columbia River drainage in Washington, Oregon and Idaho (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys obtusus Agassiz, 1854 Fr native  Western blacknose dace (English), Western blacknose dace (English), Naseux noir de l'ouest (English)  8.00 cm NG male/unsexed  Found in Spring Branch, Tennessee R., near Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama (Ref. 54621). 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys osculus (Girard, 1856) Fr, B, Thr native  Speckled dace (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Most ubiquitous fish in western USA. Occurs in many isolated western drainages and has diversified tremendously. Treated as a complex of subspecies, but its morphological variations and distribution are poorly known. The following are protected as endangered subspecies: Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis in Ash Meadows, Nevada; Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus in Clover Valley, Nevada; Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus in Independence Valley, Nevada; and Rhinichthys osculus thermalis in Kendall Warm Springs, Wyoming. The Foskett speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus subspecies, in Foskett Spring, Warner Basin, Oregon is also protected as threatened subspecies (Ref. 86798). Of some importance as forage species and widely used as bait fish. Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat of the following subspecies: 1). Rhinichthys osculus lariversi: endangered. Criteria: 1,4,5; 2). Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus, Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis, and Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5; 3). Rhinichthys osculus moapae: threatened; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,3,4; 4). Rhinichthys osculus reliquus: extinct. Criteria: 1,4,5; 5). Rhinichthys osculus thermalis: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 3,5 ; 6). Rhinichthys osculus velifer: endangered. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Rhinichthys umatilla (Gilbert & Evermann, 1894) Fr, Thr native  Umatilla dace (English), Umatilla dace (English) common (usually seen) 12.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Columbia River drainage in Idaho, Washington and Oregon (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Gobiidae Rhinogobius brunneus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) Fr introduced   5.80 cm TL male/unsexed  Recorded from the East Fork Lewis River in western Washington state in 2004 - may be reproducing. Also collected from the Columbia River (River Mile 54) at Crims Island (C. Haskell, pers.comm.) and from Ramsey Wetland in Portland, Oregon in April 2007 (P. Heimowitz, pers. Comm.). This wetland is connected to Columbia Slough and the Willamette River (Ref. 58910). Also Ref. 92840. 
Acheilognathidae Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas, 1776) Fr introduced  Bitterling (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  To check which species actually. 
Leuciscidae Richardsonius balteatus (Richardson, 1836) Fr native  Redside shiner (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Rogue, Klamath and Columbia River drainages in Oregon, Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming; and Bonneville basin in south Idaho, west Wyoming and Utah. Transplanted into upper Missouri River basin in Montana and upper Colorado River drainage in Wyoming, Utah and Arizona (Ref. 5723, 86798). Also Ref. 276, 1998, 3814. 
Leuciscidae Richardsonius egregius (Girard, 1858) Fr native  Lahontan redside (English) common (usually seen) 17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Lahontan and other interior basins in northern Nevada and northern California, USA including Humboldt, Walker, Carson, Truckee, Susan, Quinn and Reese River systems; Walker, Tahoe and Pyramid Lakes. Introduced elsewhere, including upper Sacramento River systems in California. Locally abundant (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 5723. 
Cichlidae Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903) Fr introduced  Jack Dempsey (English), Jack Dempsey (English)  25.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Rubricatochromis bimaculatus (Gill, 1862) Fr introduced  African jewelfish (English), Jewel cichlid (English), Jewelfish (English)  13.60 cm SL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 13364. 
Salmonidae Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, M, Fi, Aq, Pr, Thr native  Atlantic salmon (English), Sebago salmon (English)  150 cm TL male/unsexed ;120 cm TL female  Status of threat of the following populations: 1). Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine populations: endangered. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; 2). Great Lakes populations: extinct. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). Also reported from near Chesapeake Bay mouth (Ref. 27549). Also Ref. 96339. 
Salmonidae Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 Fr, Br, M, Sp introduced  Brown trout (English)  140 cm SL male/unsexed 25.6 TL Also Ref. 1739. 
Salmonidae Salvelinus agassizii (Garman, 1885) Fr native  Silver trout (English)     No picture yet.
Salmonidae Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br, M native  Arctic char (English), Char (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 107 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally abundant (Ref. 5723, 86798). 
Salmonidae Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley, 1859) Fr, Thr native  Bull trout (English)  103 cm TL male/unsexed  Extinct in California and considered a species of special concern throughout most of their remaining distribution (Ref. 10367). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat of the following populations: 1). Coastal populations: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,3,4; 2). Snake River and upper Columbia River populations: threatened. Criteria: 1,2,3,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) Fr, Br, M native  Brook trout (English), Brookie (English), Char (English), Eastern brook trout (English), Native trout (English), Speckled trout (English), Specks (English), Squaretail (English), Whitefin (English) common (usually seen) 86.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins to Minnesota and northern Georgia (Applachian Mountains); and headwaters of Chattahoochee River (Gulf basin) (Ref. 86798). Native from Iowa to Long Island; indigenous to higher elevations of the Appalachian Mountains as far south as Georgia (Ref. 27549). Also Ref. 5723, 7251, 10294, 75154. 
Salmonidae Salvelinus malma (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M, Sp, Thr native  Dolly varden (English)  127 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from Puget Sound and Quinault River in Washington (Ref. 86798). Reports from Oregon, California (non-anadromous populations only), Nevada, Montana, and Idaho (Ref. 1998) need confirmation. Used purely as game fish (Ref. 9988). Also Ref. 2850, 5723, 12218, 27436, 96339. Status of threat of the Cook Inlet to Puget Sound populations: vulnerable. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792) Fr native  Lake trout (English), Great Lake trout (English), Siscowet (English)  150 cm TL male/unsexed 59.4 TL Common in the northern part of its range; uncommon in Great Lakes where maintained by artifical propagation (Ref. 86798). Prefers water temperature between 4 and 13 °C (40-55 °F) Also Ref. 1998, 5723, 27547. 
Percidae Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith, 1834) Fr, Sp native  Sauger (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 76.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin from Vermont and New York south to northern Alabama and Louisiana. Introduced into Atlantic, Gulf and southern Mississippi River drainages (Ref. 86798). Recorded from Mississippi River (Gulf of Mexico), Jo Daviess County, Illinois (Ref. 41482). Also Ref. 5723, 10294. 
Percidae Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr introduced  Zander (English)  100.00 cm SL male/unsexed  The habitats occupied by S. lucioperca are likely to vary during different seasons, as shown by radio-tracking study done in the United States. In autumn, the adults prefer a substrate of large pebbles in 1.20-1.80 m depth. In winter, when the temperature approaches 5°C, S. lucioperca are found in pits and trenches where they overwinter. When the temperature rises above 2.8°C in spring, they commence upstream migration. Spawning takes place at a temperature of around 11°C on substrate composed of large pebbles in a current of 1.40-1.50 m/sec. After spawning, the parents drift downstream and stay in pools, 1.20-1.80 m deep, for two weeks. Mortalities affect the females after spawning. In summer, Z. lucioperca prefer a substrate of pebbles and are found at variable depths, often on the upstream edge of pits and trenches where there is a rupture of current. When the temperature reaches 30°C, they seek deep pools. 
Percidae Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818) Fr, Sp, Thr native  Walleye (English), Blue pike (English), Dory (English), Glass eye (English), Gray pike (English), Marble Eye (English), Pike-perch (English), Yellow pike-perch (English) fairly common (chances are about 50%) 107 cm FL male/unsexed 37.7 TL Known from St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from Vermont and New Hampshire south to Alabama and Arkansas; possibly native to Mobile Bay basin (Ref. 86798). Widely introduced elsewhere, including Atlantic and Pacific drainages (Ref. 86798). Recorded from the entire Mississippi and Missouri basins (Ref. 10294). Collected from Mississippi River (Gulf of Mexico), Rock Island County, Illinois (Ref. 41482). Used almost exclusively for recreational fishing (Ref. 9988). Also Ref. 1998, 5723. Status of threat as Sander vitreus glaucus: extinct; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Cichlidae Sarotherodon melanotheron Rüppell, 1852 Fr, Br introduced  Blackchin tilapia (English), Blackchin mouthbrooder (English), African sunfish (English)  28.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Reported from the Hillsborough Bay area in 1955. Presumed to have been brought to the United States before then by tropical fish dealers (Ref. 13090). Depletion of aquatic vegetation reported in areas where it is common due to overgrazing. Constitute 90% of fish biomass in Lithia Springs, co-occuring with largemouth bass and bluegill which appeared diseased and malnourished (Ref. 10757). Also Ref. 12732, 13090. 
Ictaluridae Satan eurystomus Hubbs & Bailey, 1947 Fr, Thr endemic  Widemouth blindcat (English), Texas blind catfish (English) occasional (usually not seen) 13.70 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: An artesian well, near San Antonio, Bexar Co., Texas (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Acipenseridae Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson, 1905) Fr, Thr endemic  Pallid sturgeon (English) occasional (usually not seen) 200 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Mississippi River drainage (Ref. 33977). Most abundant in the prairie region portion of the Missouri River (Ref. 10294). Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Acipenseridae Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque, 1820) Fr, Fi, Sp native  Shovelnose sturgeon (English)  108 cm TL male/unsexed 57.9 FL Common in Mississippi basin, rare in Mobile Bay drainage (Alabama and Mississippi) and extirpated in Rio Grande, New Mexico (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 276, 10294. 
Acipenseridae Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Williams & Clemmer, 1991 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Alabama sturgeon (English) scarce (very unlikely)  Endemic to Mobile Basin of Alabama and Mississippi. Also Ref. 33979. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br introduced  Rudd (English), Pearl roach (English)  61.70 cm TL female   
Leuciscidae Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818) Fr native  Creek chub (English), Horned dace (English), Chub (English) common (usually seen) 30.30 cm TL male/unsexed  Occurs mostly in east USA in Atlantic, Great Lakes, Mississippi, and Gulf basins as far west as Wyoming, and Brazos River in Texas, but absent from Florida and south Georgia; isolated population in the upper Pecos, New Mexico. Introduced elsewhere (Ref. 86798). Transplanted in Colorado River drainage in Texas (Ref. 5723). Type locality: Wallkill River, New York (Ref. 79012). Also Ref. 10294. 
Leuciscidae Semotilus corporalis (Mitchill, 1817) Fr native  Fallfish (English) common (usually seen) 51.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in Atlantic Slope drainages from Maine to James River drainage in Virginia; Lake Ontario. Introduced in Tonawanda River (Lake Erie drainage) in New York (Ref. 86798). 
Leuciscidae Semotilus lumbee Snelson & Suttkus, 1978 Fr, Thr endemic  Sandhills chub (English) scarce (very unlikely) 24.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the 'Carolina Sandhills' of south-central North Carolina and northeast South Carolina; encompassing portions of Cape Fear, Peedee, and Santee river drainages (Ref. 86798). Also Ref. 3881, 5723. Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Semotilus thoreauianus Jordan, 1877 Fr native  Dixie chub (English) common (usually seen) 15.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Gulf Slope from Ochlockonee River system in Georgia and Florida to Tombigbee River system in Alabama (Ref. 86798). 
Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus humeralis Valenciennes, 1850 Fr not established  Pirambeba (English)  20.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Of the few piranhas which have escaped from aquaria in the USA, only this species was able to establish a breeding population in Dade County, Florida which was eradicated in 1981 (Ref. 3814). 
Leuciscidae Siphateles alvordensis (Hubbs & Miller, 1972) Fr, Thr native  Alvord chub (English)  14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Alvord basin in southeastern Oregon and northwestern, Nevada. Common in small area (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Leuciscidae Siphateles bicolor (Girard, 1856) Fr, Thr native  Tui chub (English), Cowhead Lake tui chub (English) common (usually seen) 45.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Columbia River drainage in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, south in Klamath and upper Pit River (Sacramento River drainage) and interior drainages of Nevada and California to Mohave River in south California. Locally abundant but declining in some areas because of habitat degradation and introduced species (Ref. 5723, 86798). Status of threat of the following subspecies: 1). Gila bicolor euchila: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5; 2). Gila bicolor eurysoma: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 3). Gila bicolor isolata: endangered; status improved since 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5; 4). Gila bicolor mohavensis: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5; 5). Gila bicolor newarkensis: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5; 6). Gila bicolor oregonensis: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 5; 7). Gila bicolor snyderi: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,4,5; 8). Gila bicolor thalassina: threatened. Criteria: 1,4, 5; 9). Gila bicolor vaccaceps: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Leuciscidae Siphateles boraxobius (Williams & Bond, 1980) Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Borax Lake chub (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the Borax Lake and outflows (Alvord basin) in Harney County, Oregon. Common in extremely small range (Ref. 86798). The thermal waters feeding Borax Lake face a long-term threat from geothermal energy deelopment. The protection afforded by the U.S. Endangered Species Act has greatly curtailed exploratory drilling for geothermal energy development by creation of a zone of no surface disturbance around the most sensitive habitats. The recovery plan for this species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1987) provided the following recommendations: (1) permanent protection by acquisition of private lands in the 260 ha habitat area, (2) closure of the critical habitat to vehicle, livestock,mining and energy development activities, (3) restoration of Lower Borax Lake and adjacent marshes, and (4) monitoring of fish, ivertebrate, and habitat characteristics (Ref. 26179). Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Amblyopsidae Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Cooper & Kuehne, 1974 Fr, Pr, Thr endemic  Alabama cavefish (English) scarce (very unlikely) 7.20 cm TL male/unsexed  Known only from the Key Cave of the Tennessee River drainage in Alabama (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 51651. Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Osmeridae Spirinchus thaleichthys (Ayres, 1860) Fr, Br, M native  Longfin smelt (English)  20.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Ranges south to Moneterey Bay, California (Ref. 2850). Locally and seasonally abundant (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 276, 3814, 27436, 96339. 
Belonidae Strongylura forsythia Breder, 1932 Fr, Br, M native   40.50 cm SL male/unsexed  Known from southern Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico west to Mobile Bay, Alabama (Ref. 50279). 
Belonidae Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792) Fr, Br, M native  Atlantic needlefish (English)  111 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Long Island, New York (Ref. 79012). Caught in Gulf of Maine, Scotian Shelf (Ref. 37512). Also Ref. 26340, 27549, 93252. Occurrence in Chesapeake Bay: common from spring to autumn throughout the bay, reaching as far north as the Susquehanna River (Ref. 93252). 
Belonidae Strongylura notata (Poey, 1860) Fr, Br, M questionable  Redfin needlefish (English)  61.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Information might be referring to its subspecies (S. n. forsythia). Also Ref. 7251, 26340. 
Syngnathidae Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839 Fr, Br, M native  Northern pipefish (English)  33.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Present in the continental shelf waters off the northeastern United States (Ref. 37512); Chesapeake Bay (Ref. 27549, 93252). 
Syngnathidae Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann & Kendall, 1896) Fr, Br, M native  Gulf pipefish (English)  18.30 cm SL male/unsexed  Found in freshwater habitats in the United States (Ref. 30499). 
Osmeridae Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson, 1836) Fr, Br, M, Fi native  Eulachon (English), Candlefish (English), Columbia River smelt (English), Euclachon smelt (English), Hooligan (English), Smelt (English)  34.00 cm TL male/unsexed 15.5 FL Known from the Pacific coast from Washington to Monterey Bay, California (Ref. 86798). Seasonally abundant in spawning streams (Ref. 27547). Also Ref. 276, 1998, 6793, 6885, 27436, 95155. 
Catostomidae Thoburnia atripinnis (Bailey, 1959) Fr, Thr endemic  Blackfin sucker (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Known from the upper Barren River system (in Green River drainage) in Kentucky and Tennessee. Locally common in small range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Thoburnia hamiltoni Raney & Lachner, 1946 Fr, Thr endemic  Rustyside sucker (English)  18.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Locally common in small range (Ref. 5723). Status of threat: vulnerable; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264).  No picture yet.
Catostomidae Thoburnia rhothoeca (Thoburn, 1896) Fr endemic  Torrent sucker (English) common (usually seen) 18.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918 Fr introduced  Firemouth cichlid (English), Firemouth cichlid (English), Redbreasted cichlid (English)  17.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Salmonidae Thymallus arcticus (Pallas, 1776) Fr, Thr native  Arctic grayling (English)  76.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Found in the upper Missouri River drainage in Montana; formerly in Great Lakes basin in Michigan (Ref. 5723). Intoduced into mountainous areas of Colorado, Utah and Vermont (Ref. 27547). Introduced to a rehabilitated gravel extraction site in the Kuparuk river oilfield, Alaska. Although survival was ensured, reproduction may be limited (Ref. 46301). Also Ref. 276, 1998. Status of threat: 1). Montana stream populations: threatened; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,2,3,4,5; 2). Great Lakes populations: extinct. Criteria: 1,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Tincidae Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) Fr, Br introduced  Tench (English), Green tench (English)  70.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Also Ref. 1998. 
Osphronemidae Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Fr introduced  Banded gourami (English), Giant gourami (English), Rainbow gourami (English), Striped gourami (English)  12.50 cm TL male/unsexed  Reported as having been collected in the wild in Pennsylvania but is not known to be reproducing (Ref. 13364). 
Osphronemidae Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822) Fr, Or introduced  Dwarf gourami (English), Red lalia (English), Sunset gourami (English)  9.50 cm TL male/unsexed  A popular aquarium fish, found in 70% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). 
Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) Fr not established  Threespot gourami (English), Blue gourami (English), Cosby gourami (English), Gold gourami (English), Golden gourami (English), Opaline gourami (English)  15.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Accidentally released from aquaria and was found occasionally in Florida but it is not known if self-breeding populations exist. Species failed to become established in Florida (Ref. 6029). A popular aquarium fish, found in 75% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). Also Ref. 13364. 
Osphronemidae Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831) Fr introduced  Croaking gourami (English)  8.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Cichlidae Trichromis salvini (Günther, 1862) Fr not established  Yellowbelly cichlid (English), Salvin's Cichlid (English), Tricolor cichlid (English)  22.00 cm SL male/unsexed  Introduced and formerly established in Florida; eradicated in 1981 (Ref. 4537). Also Ref. 3814. 
Gobiidae Tridentiger trigonocephalus (Gill, 1859) Fr, Br introduced  Chameleon goby (English)  11.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Achiridae Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Fr, Br, M native  Hogchoker (English)  20.00 cm TL male/unsexed 10 TL Rare north of Cape Cod (Ref. 7135). 
Ictaluridae Trogloglanis pattersoni Eigenmann, 1919 Fr, Thr endemic  Toothless blindcat (English) abundant (always seen in some numbers) 10.40 cm TL male/unsexed  Type locality: Artesian well in San Antonio, Texas (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 3881. Status of threat: endangered; status declined since 1989. Criteria: 1,5 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Amblyopsidae Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard, 1859 Fr, Thr endemic  Southern cavefish (English) occasional (usually not seen) 9.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Discontinous distribution: west of Mississippi River in Ozark Plateau of southern Missouri and northeast Arkansas; east of Mississippi in Cumberland and Interior Low plateaus from southern Indiana to northwestern Georgia and northern Alabama (Ref 5723). Also Ref. 10294. Status of threat: vulnerable. Criteria: 1 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
Umbridae Umbra limi (Kirtland, 1840) Fr native  Central mudminnow (English) common (usually seen) 14.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Mississippi River basins of Central Ohio, western Tennessee and northeastern Arkansas. Missouri River drainage of eastern central South Dakota and western Iowa (Ref. 5723). Also Ref. 10294. 
Umbridae Umbra pygmaea (DeKay, 1842) Fr, Br native  Eastern mudminnow (English) common (usually seen) 13.70 cm TL male/unsexed ;15.00 cm TL female 3.48 TL Limited to the eastern coastal plain of the United States from southern New York to Florida, including Gulf coast of Florida (Ref. 27549). Occurrence in Chesapeake Bay: common in low-luing streams and swamps; occasionally in tidal waters with salinities as high as 17% (Ref. 93252). Also Ref. 276, 3814. 
Poeciliidae Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 Fr, Br, Or introduced  Green swordtail (English), Red swordtail (English), Swordtail (English)  14.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;16.00 cm TL female  Established in canals near Tampa, Hillsborough County in Florida; Warm Springs Creek, Clark County in Idaho; Trudeau and Beaverhead Rock ponds, Madison County in Montana; and Kelly Warm Spring, Teton County in Wyoming (Ref. 5723). A popular aquarium fish, found in 85% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). 
Poeciliidae Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866) Fr, Or introduced  Southern platyfish (English), Platy (English)  4.00 cm TL male/unsexed ;6.00 cm TL female 2.75 SL A popular aquarium fish, found in 85% of pet shops near Lakes Erie and Ontario (Ref. 53249). 
Poeciliidae Xiphophorus variatus (Meek, 1904) Fr introduced  Variable platyfish (English), Sunset platy (English), Variegated (English) occasional (usually not seen) 7.00 cm TL male/unsexed   
Catostomidae Xyrauchen texanus (Abbott, 1860) Fr, Thr native  Razorback sucker (English) scarce (very unlikely) 91.00 cm TL male/unsexed  Status of threat: endangered; status same as 1989. Criteria: 1,2,4 (http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/afs/) (Ref. 81264). 
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