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Fig. 1. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of claws II, III, IV.
Fig. 2. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of empodium, indicating the long tenent hairs on the lateral true claws.
Fig. 3. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - detail of empodium (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)).
Fig. 4. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - dorsal habitus.
Fig. 5. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - dorsal habitus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)).
Fig. 6. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - lateral habitus, with detail of setae f1, f2, h1.
Fig. 7. Panonychus ulmi adult female and male (non-type) - lateral habitus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)).
Fig. 8. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - posterior dorsum with detail of setae f1, f2, h1.
Fig. 9. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of posterior dorsal setae.
Fig. 10. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of peritreme (arrows indicate tips).
Fig. 11. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of peritremes (arrows indicate tips).
Fig. 12. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of cuticle on prodorsum, focussed on lobes.
Fig. 13. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of cuticle on prodorsum, focussed on striae.
Fig. 14. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - dorsal cuticle between c1 and d1, indicating minute lobes (left) and underlying fine striae (right).
Fig. 15. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of tarsus I, arrows indicating solenida, ft″ much longer than ft′.
Fig. 16. Panonychus ulmi adult male (non-type) - dorsal habitus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)).
Fig. 17. Panonychus ulmi adult male (non-type) - detail of aedeagus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)).
Material examined
non-types (from Hungary)
Taxonomy
Subfamily Tetranychinae
Tribe Tetranychini
Common Name
European red mite
Distribution
+Australia, Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Brazil, Bulgaria, CIS, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, *Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Madeira Island, Morocco, New Zealand, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, The Netherlands, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
Taxonomy Changes
Tetranychus ulmi Koch 1836
Oligonychus ulmi (Koch) Hirst 1920
Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) Oudemans 1931
Paratetranychus ulmi (Koch) Andre 1937
Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Ehara 1956
Tetranychus pilosus Canestrini & Fanzago 1876
Paratetranychus pilosus (Canestrini & Fanzago) Zacher 1913
Metatetranychus pilosus (Canestrini & Fanzago) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Paratetranychus pilosus alboguttatus Zacher 1913, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Tetranychus alboguttatus Zacher 1913
Metatetranychus alboguttatus (Zacher) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Paratetranychus pilosus occidentalis McGregor & Newcomer 1928, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Oligonychus alni Oudemans 1929
Metatetranychus alni (Oudemans) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Oligonychus muscorum Oudemans 1929
Metatetranychus muscorum (Oudemans) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Oligonychus potentillae Oudemans 1929
Metatetranychus potentillae (Oudemans) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Metatetranychus mali Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Metatetranychus canestrinii Oudemans 1939, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955
Diagnosis
Female
- empodia I-IV = short, strongly curved claw with three pairs of proximoventral hairs (Fig. 1)
- empodia I-IV with tenent hairs on lateral true claws much longer than empodial claw (Figs 2, 3)
- dorsal setae set on strong tubercles (Figs 4-8)
- dorsal seta f1 is obviously longer than both setae h1 (2 X) and f2 (1.5 X) (Figs 5, 8, 9)
- peritreme ending in a slightly exanded bulb (Figs 10, 11)
- dorsal cuticle with minute lobes on fine striae, cuticle appears spiculate (Figs 12-14)
- tarsus I with the sockets of three tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to, and two tactile setae overlapping, the socket of the proximal duplex seta
- tarsus II with the sockets of two tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to, and two tactile setae overlapping, the socket of the duplex seta
- tarsus I with solenidion ft″ much longer than solenidion ft′ (Fig. 15)
- genu IV with three setae
- brick red with white setae inserted on white tubercles
- eggs are red, slightly flattened, raidally striated with dorsal stipe (without silk support strands)
Male as per female plus (Fig. 16):
- aedeagus dorsally directed without distinct knob; shaft weakly sigmoid, tapering to blunt tip (not finely tapered); dorsal margin with right-angled bend leading to dorsally directed portion; ventral margin straight (Fig. 17)
Hosts
> 70 recorded species of host plant, including: Acacia longifolia (Mimosaceae), Alnus glutinosa, A. incana (Betulaceae), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae), Avena sativa (Poaceae), Betula pubescens, B. verrucosa (Betulaceae), Citrus aurantiifolia, C. aurantium, C. grandis (Rutaceae), Cotoneaster tomentosus, Crataegus monogyna, Cr. succulenta (Rosaceae), Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo (Cucurbitaceae), Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae), Desmodium canescens (Fabaceae), Ficus carica (Moraceae), Fragaria vesca, Malus domesticus, Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Rosa spp., Rubus sp., Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae), Sorghum halepense, Triticum aestivum (Poaceae), *Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae), Vicia sativa (Fabaceae), Vitis labrusca, V. vinifera (Vitaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae)
Similar Taxa
Biology
This species is a well-known pest of deciduous fruit trees in most parts of the world, and is common in Europe on apple, pear and plum (Geijskes 1939). Individuals are found on both surfaces of the leaves. It is a serious pest of apples in the cooler parts of Australia.
Overwintering eggs are deposited on rough bark at the bases of buds and spurs, on small branches and twigs and in crevices. Eggs deposited in summer are found along the leaf veins on the underside of leaves.
References
Andre, M. (1937) Utilite et appplications de etudes acarologiques. Paris: 380pp.
+Bengston, M. (1960) How to control major pests of apples and pears in the Granite Belt. Queensland Agricultural Journal 85: 102-107
+Bengston, M. (1965) European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) and its adaptation to the Stanthorpe district, Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences 22: 177-185
Canestrini, G. and Fanzago, F. (1876) Nuovi Acari Italiana (sec. ser.) Atti Acad. Sci. Ven. Tent. Istr. 5: 130-142
Ehara, S. (1956) Notes on some tetraychid mites of Japan. Jpn J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 21: 139-147
Geijskes, D.C. (1939) Beiträge zur kenntnis der Europäischen spinnmilben (Acari, Tetranychidae), mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Niederländischen arten. Mededeelingen van de Landbouwhoogeschool te Wageningen (Nederland) 42(4): 1-68
Hirst, S. (1920) Revision of the English species of red spider (Genera, Tetranychus and Oligonychus). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 4: 49-60
*Koch, C.L. (1836) Deutsche Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Fasc. I.
Migeon, A. and Dorkeld, F. (2006-2017) Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae. http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmwebOudemans, A.C. (1929) Acarologische Aanteekeningen XCIX. Entomol. Ber., Amst. 8: 11-20
Oudemans, A.C. (1931) Acarologische Aanteekeningen CVI. Entomol Ber., Amst. 8: 157-172
Oudemans, A.C. (1939) Neue Funde auf dem Bebiete der Systematik under der Nomenklatur der Acari. VI. Zool Anz. 127: 75-80
Pritchard, A.E. and Baker, E.W. (1955) A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Pacific Coast Entomology Society Memoirs 2: 1-472
+Womersley, H. (1940) Studies in Australian Acarina, Tetranychidae and Trichadenidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 64: 233-265
Zacher, F. (1913) Untersuchungen uber Spinnmilbern. Mitt. Kais. Biol. Anst. Land-Forst. 14: 37-41
Notes
Separated from P. citri by having dorsal setae h1 one third the length of f1 and f2 is two thirds the length of f1 (Meyer 1974), and eggs of P. ulmi lack the support silk strands running from the dorsal stipe to the leaf surface.
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