Abstract
Bujurquina is the most widely distributed and species-rich genus of cichlids in the western Amazon of South America, yet beyond a few taxonomic studies remains almost completely unknown. We use a newly obtained collection of Bujurquina specimens which for the first time provides a representative sampling throughout its whole distribution area. Based on morphological and molecular data, we provide the first phylogenetic analyses of the genus, review the diversity of species in the genus and interpret its evolution with focus on the Bujurquina fauna of Ecuador. The Bujurquina fauna of Ecuador presently includes only two supposedly endemic species (B. zamorensis and B. pardus) plus based on some studies two to three Peruvian species, which we find to be erroneous. Our results identify in Ecuador at least 12 species, 11 of which are also identified in the molecular phylogeny. The large-scale phylogeny and biogeography of Bujurquina in the western Amazon are found to be in very good agreement with geological evolution of the western Amazon. Over the smaller scale of the Ecuadorian Amazon, our results for the first time reveal a complex paleogeography with a reconstructed river network reconfiguration.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Ecuadorian army (Ejército del Ecuador) and especially colonel Alex Villalba (Shell) for logistic and aviation support, which enabled us to explore parts of the lowland Ecuadorian Amazon. We thank our native guides, who helped us in exploring the lowland Amazon of Ecuador, namely Elías Manya and his son Renato (the Curaray basin), Holmer and his family and the whole village of Llanchama (the Napo, Tiputini and Yasuni), and the villages and many guides of Montalvo and Conambo (the Bobonaza, Corrientes and Tigre basins). We also thank Hernán Ortega (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú) and Javier Maldonado Ocampo (Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia) for enabling our collections in their countries and for depositing specimens in their collections. This study was partially supported by a DCG grant (Deutsche Cichliden-Gesellschaft) to OŘ.
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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 5004 kb)—Fig. S1. Photos of live specimens of described species of Bujurquina. The only species missing are B. pardus and B. cordemadi. This is the first time photos of virtually all described species are presented, since for most species the live appearance is not known, and for those where it is, it is not from type localities or close to them as presented here. Fig. S2. Preliminary exploring phylogenetic analysis based on NJ topology with MP bootstrap supports (for the outgroups which are omitted from the figures in the main text followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95). This analysis served to get first look at the phylogenetic data before collapsing them into haplotypes and to identify the placement of likely hybrid specimens on the topology prior to rigorous phylogenetic analyses. The hybrid specimens where confirmed by conflict between morphological identification and phylogenetic placement in mtDNA are identified by arrows, as are other conflicts between morphological identification and phylogenetic position, where however the specimens fully agree with the diagnosis of their species but are in the phylogeny found within other species. Such instances of conflict are identified as mtDNA sweep events. The two main phylogenetic groups of Bujurquina are identified, as are calibration nodes for the dating analysis (in yellow; in green are the results of the dating analysis for these nodes). Fig. S3. Overview of the phylogenetic relationships of Bujurquina (based on the mtDNA cytb marker from BEAST analysis) together with presentation of the most important diagnostic coloration pattern characters in Bujurquina. The most important diagnostic coloration pattern characters for Bujurquina species are found on the head (the suborbital stripe), dorsal fin (its ornamentation, or lack of it in the Southern group species) and body (course of the midlateral stripe) and are summarized in the pictographs and identified by the accompanying photos and arrows. Red arrow identifies the course, shape and development of the suborbital stripe (and or blotch or blotches formed by reduction of the stripe) in adult specimens, orange arrow in juvenile specimens. Green arrow identifies the ornamentation (or lack of it) in the spinous portion of the dorsal fin. Blue arrow identifies the course of the midlateral stripe (either to the caudal peduncle, coded as C, or to the posterior portion of the dorsal fin, coded as D). Note that based on these few coloration pattern characters, all species in the Northern group can be diagnosed from each other, as shown by the pictograms to the right of the figure. Fig. S4. Geological map of the western Amazon of Ecuador showing correspondence between distribution, phylogeography, age of species and geographic divides (see Fig. 5) compared to distribution, age and composition of geological formations. White interrupted arrows identify the inferred paleodrainage (based on the composition of the respective geologic formations) flowing towards the north based on geologic information which finds support in the biogeographic reconstruction in Fig. 5. Circles identify major volcanos in the western Amazon, yellow is Sangay, red and green are Sumaco and Reventador volcanoes. Map modified from Longo, R., Baldock, J. 1982. National Geological Map of the Republic of Ecuador, 1:1 000 000.
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Říčan, O., Říčanová, Š., Rodriguez Haro, L.R. et al. Unrecognized species diversity and endemism in the cichlid genus Bujurquina (Teleostei: Cichlidae) together with a molecular phylogeny document large-scale transformation of the western Amazonian river network and reveal complex paleogeography of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Hydrobiologia 850, 2199–2229 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-05019-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-05019-z