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How on Earth did that get there? Natural and human vectors of aquatic macrophyte global distribution

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Abstract

No previous study has examined the large-scale distributional drivers of the entire global pool of 3,499 macrophyte species, despite the obvious importance of this for understanding the macroecology of these plants. To assess the hypothesis that natural rather than human-related transfer vectors act as the primary long-distance drivers of global movement of aquatic macrophytes, we analysed current macrophyte species distributions in relation to a set of human-related and natural transfer vectors. Most macrophytes (2,492 species: 71.2% of the global total) are endemic to a single ecozone, and generally lack the various functional adaptations needed for successful long-distance propagule transport. Such traits are, however, common in the 1,007 (28.8%) species native in > 1 ecozone. In total, 779 species (22.3%) are introduced, naturalised or invasive (I species) in one or more ecozones outwith their native range. The proportion of I species varies between ecozones and is best predicted by annual temperature and longitude. A migratory bird transfer vector and climatic variables strongly predict global native macrophyte species occurrence. Some native species of Miocene origin (or older) may have had their world distribution influenced by ancient vicariance events, while inter-ecozone hydrochory and Late Quaternary climate change are also relevant factors influencing a few species.

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Acknowledgements

KM and JTG thank The British Council; CONACYT (Mexico); EC/ACP Science and Technology Programme (AFS/2009/219013); UK DfID DelPHE Programme; UK DEFRA Darwin Programme; and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for financial support for the field research which we undertook together across the world, during JTG’s PhD, that was highly rewarding scientifically in its own right, and also lead directly to this paper. We thank Rossano Bolpagni (University of Parma, Italy) and Janne Alahuhta (University of Oulu, Finland) for kindly commenting on the ms prior to submission.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76230, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico

    Tatiana Lobato‑de Magalhães

  2. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland

    Kevin Murphy & Julissa Tapia-Grimaldo

  3. Independent Researcher, Omsk Region, Omsk, Russia, 644122

    Andrey Efremov

  4. Lake Group, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark

    Thomas A. Davidson

  5. Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcalá, 28802, Madrid, Spain

    Eugenio Molina-Navarro

  6. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, GL2 7BT, UK

    Kevin A. Wood

  7. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA), Hillcrest, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Deborah Hofstra

  8. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environments, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People’s Republic of China

    Hui Fu

  9. Botany Department, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97000, Mérida, Mexico

    Ileana Ortegón-Aznar

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Lobato‑de Magalhães, T., Murphy, K., Efremov, A. et al. How on Earth did that get there? Natural and human vectors of aquatic macrophyte global distribution. Hydrobiologia 850, 1515–1542 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-05107-0

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