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Diversification and biogeography of Dawkinsia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot

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Abstract

The cyprinid genus Dawkinsia comprises 13 species distributed in lowland streams and rivers in southern peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Eleven species are endemic to India, largely restricted to streams draining the Western Ghats, while one is confined to the Knuckles Hills of Sri Lanka. One species, D. filamentosa, has a wide range, straddling the island and mainland. Here, based on 135 samples representative of all 13 species, collected from 45 locations in India and 17 in Sri Lanka, we present phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of Dawkinsia. We use two mitochondrial markers—cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. Dawkinsia is recovered as paraphyletic with respect to Sahyadria, with strong node support. The ‘filamentosa group’ which includes both Sri Lankan and Indian taxa (D. filamentosa, D. crassa, D. rohani, D. exclamatio, D. srilankensis, D. tambraparniei, D. arulius, D. rubrotincta and D. uttara) is recovered as the sister group of Sahyadria, a genus confined to the Western Ghats. The ‘assimilis group’, which consists entirely of Indian endemics (D. assimilis, D. austellus, D. apsara and D. lepida), is recovered as the sister group of the ‘filamentosa group’ + Sahyadria. Ancestral-range estimates indicate two colonization events from India to Sri Lanka, across the Palk Isthmus. The first of these, in the Pliocene, involved the common ancestor of D. tambraparniei and D. srilankensis, while the second was of D. filamentosa in the late Pleistocene. Dawkinsia filamentosa shows little phylogeographic structure within or between Sri Lanka and India. Ancestral-range analyses suggest that neither the Palghat nor Shencottah Gaps acted as barriers to the north–south dispersal of Dawkinsia along the Western Ghats. Instead, these valleys appear to have offered lowland passages for west–east colonization by some ancestral species across the Western Ghats ridge. Despite the Palk Isthmus having been subaerial for much of the Plio-Pleistocene and serving as the only terrestrial biotic corridor connecting Sri Lanka to the Asian mainland, it appears to have served also as a climatic filter to dispersal following the aridification of south-eastern India during the Late Miocene/early Pliocene.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its additional files] and available in the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The newly generated cytb and cox1 sequences in this study were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MZ302376–MZ302390 and MZ293758–MZ293772, respectively.

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Acknowledgements

HS and MM are grateful to the Director General of Wildlife Conservation and the Conservator General of Forests, Sri Lanka, for permits to carry out the fieldwork. Charana Widuranga, Dhanushka Lakshan, Kumudu Wijesooriya, and R.H. Tharindu Ranasinghe are acknowledged for assistance in the field.

Funding

Funding for this study was partly provided by the Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka to HS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Evolutionary Ecology and Systematics Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka

    Hiranya Sudasinghe

  2. Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka

    Hiranya Sudasinghe

  3. Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, 682506, India

    Rajeev Raghavan

  4. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, India

    Neelesh Dahanukar

  5. Ichthyology Section, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Rohan Pethiyagoda

  6. Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005, Bern, Switzerland

    Lukas Rüber

  7. Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Lukas Rüber

  8. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology & Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People’s Republic of China

    Madhava Meegaskumbura

Authors
  1. Hiranya Sudasinghe
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  2. Rajeev Raghavan
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  3. Neelesh Dahanukar
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  4. Rohan Pethiyagoda
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  6. Madhava Meegaskumbura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Madhava Meegaskumbura.

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Ethics approval

Fieldwork and sampling in Sri Lanka were carried out by permission of the Department of Wildlife Conservation (Permit No. WL/3/2/59/14) and Forest Department (Permit No. R&E/RES/NFSRCM/14-16-4) to HS and MM. Methods of sampling and euthanasia (using tricaine methane sulfonate) were approved by the ethics committee of the Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, at its 27th meeting held on August 4, 2017. All material derived from India are based on previous published work.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 3.

 Table 3 Details of the new sequences and GenBank accessions of Dawkinsia used in the molecular analyses, and their identifications based on the present study
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Sudasinghe, H., Raghavan, R., Dahanukar, N. et al. Diversification and biogeography of Dawkinsia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. Org Divers Evol 21, 795–820 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00515-x

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