Abstract
Corydoras is the richest genus of Corydoradinae, and many of its species have not been identified to date. We characterized Corydoras carlae and Corydoras sp. by performing cytogenetic, morphometric, and molecular analyses to facilitate correct identification and species delimitation and contribute an understanding of the evolutionary process of this group of fish. Individuals of C. carlae were collected in the Florido River, a tributary of the Iguassu River upstream of Iguassu Falls, and individuals of Corydoras sp. were collected in the Poço Preto River, a tributary of the Iguassu River downstream of Iguassu Falls. Corydoras sp. presented an extra rDNA 5S marker in an interstitial position on the short arm of one of the chromosomes of the submetacentric pair 15. Mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (RAG1) sequences were efficient in discriminating C. carlae and Corydoras sp. Both species had exclusive haplotypes, which suggests the absence of gene flow between species. Furthermore, species delimitation analysis (GMYC and ABGD) suggested two MOTUs for Corydoras specimens from the Iguassu River. Differences in morphometric proportions were also observed. Considering the data gathered in this study, C. carlae and Corydoras sp. comprise distinct evolutionary lineages that are probably undergoing a recent speciation process.
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Availability of data and material
Data generated or analyzed during this study consist of 24 fish specimens. Voucher specimens were deposited in the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUPELIA), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, as Corydoras carlae (NUP 17885) and Corydoras sp. (NUP 14261 and NUP 17887). In addition, all nucleotide sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank (GenBank accession numbers = MT846090—MT846111 for COI sequences; MT855475—MT855494 for RAG1 sequences); all GenBank accession numbers used in our analysis are also listed individually in the Table S1.
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References
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Ineo/Gerpel, specially Poliana, Guido, Angélica, and Werike by assistance in sample collection. The authors are also grateful to C. D. Pisol and J. M. Vargas for the assistance in obtaining the sequences COI and RAG1. The authors also thank I. J. Oliveira for assistance with analysis of time divergence estimation.
Funding
This study was funded partially by the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement – Finance Code 001. We would also like to express our gratitude to Brazilian agency Fundação Araucária for scholarship to first author. We also thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the continuous research productivity grants to ÉAG (PQ Process Number: 308578/2017–1) and WJG (PQ Process Number: 305200/2018–6). The CNPq also provided grants to LFCT (process #160674/2019–0).
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ÉAG, LFCT, WJG and RHR conceived the study for this manuscript with input from CAF and VPM. RHR and ÉAG collected data and resources. Most raw data analysis was performed by RHR, TSB, VPM, LFCT and WJG. RHR wrote the first draft, and all authors contributed to writing.
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This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (License Number: Protocol 13/09 – CEUA/Unioeste).
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da Rocha, R.H., Fernandes, C.A., Bignotto, T.S. et al. Integrated analysis reveals a new species of Corydoras Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) in the lower Iguassu River, Brazil. Org Divers Evol 22, 457–474 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00534-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00534-8