Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
© 2009 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia
ISSN 1516-3598 (impresso)
ISSN 1806-9290 (on-line)
www.sbz.org.br
R. Bras. Zootec., v.38, n.6, p.989-993, 2009
Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish
Jener Alexandre Sampaio Zuanon1, Ana Lúcia Salaro1, Sofia Simões Silveira Moraes2,
Leandro Moreno de Oliveira Alves3, Eric Márcio Balbino4, Erick Siqueira Araújo3
1
Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n 36.570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
Graduação em Zootecnia – UNESP – Botucatu, SP.
3 Graduando em Zootecnia – UFV – Viçosa, MG.
4 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia – UFV – Viçosa, MG.
2
ABSTRACT - Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were
evaluated. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, with three dietary crude protein levels being tested (26, 30, and 34% of CP)
combined with two digestible energy levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal DE/kg of diet) in three replicates. Juveniles averaging
2.33 ± 0.26 g were reared in a 25L-aquarium with controlled temperature (26 ± 1°C), biological filter and stocking density
of six fish/aquarium. Fish were fed ad libitum at 09:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. The following performance
parameters were evaluated: final weight, final length, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth
rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor. Fish fed diets with 26% CP showed greater protein efficiency values
when compared to those fed diets with 34% CP. Diets with 26% of CP and 3100 kcal DE/kg could meet the nutritional
requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish.
Key Words: growth, ornamental fish, productive performance, protein/energy ratio, Pterophyllum scalare
Exigências nutricionais de proteína e energia em juvenis de acará-bandeira
RESUMO - Avaliaram-se as exigências nutricionais de proteína e energia em juvenis de acará-bandeira (Pterophyllum
scalare). Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com três níveis de proteína bruta
(26, 30 e 34%), dois de energia digestível (3.100 e 3.300 kcal/kg de ração) e três repetições. Juvenis com peso médio
de 2,33 ± 0,26 g foram distribuídos em aquários contendo 25 litros de água, temperatura controlada (26 ± 1°C) e filtro
biológico, na densidade de estocagem de seis animais por aquário. Os peixes foram alimentados à vontade às 9, 14 e 16h30.
Na análise do desempenho produtivo, foram avaliados o peso final, o comprimento final, o ganho de peso, o consumo
de ração, a conversão alimentar, a taxa de crescimento específico, a taxa de eficiência protéica e o fator de condição.
As dietas contendo 26% PB proporcionaram maiores valores para taxa de eficiência protéica apenas em relação às dietas
contendo 34% PB. As exigências nutricionais de proteína e energia em juvenis de acará-bandeira podem ser atendidas
com dietas contendo 26% PB e 3.100 kcal ED/kg.
Palavras-chave: crescimento, desempenho produtivo, peixes ornamentais, Pterophyllum scalare, relação proteína/
energia
Introduction
Ornamental fish culture is a rapidly expanding segment
of aquaculture and is one of the most profitable sectors of
Brazilian fish culture (Lima et al., 2001). However, little
attention is paid to ornamental species rearing in South
America probably because the export trade is based on
collection of fish from the wild (Conroy, 1975).
Freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) is one of
the most popular and accessible species from the Cichlidae
family, mainly because of its beauty, various colors and fin
shapes (Swann, 1999).
Received December 12, 2007 and accepted January 12, 2009.
Corresponding author: zuanon@ufv.br
Knowing the nutritional requirements of different fish
species is one of the first steps to create new technologies
for fish production. Nevertheless, there are few data and
studies on the nutritional requirements of ornamental fish
species (Blom et al., 2000; Sales & Janssens, 2003), and they
are not conclusive enough to formulate proper balanced
diets (Boonyaratpalin & Lovell, 1977).
Proteins are the main organic constituent of fish
tissues. Thus, these animals need to ingest protein to
obtain amino acids to synthesize new proteins (growth)
or replace existing ones (maintenance). The optimum
protein levels in the diet for fish, as for other animals,
990
Zuanon et al.
are influenced by the dietary protein and energy balance,
amino acid composition, protein digestibility and
availability of non-protein energy sources (carbohydrates
and lipids) in the diet (Wilson, 2002).
It has been demonstrated that a diet with energy
deficiency or excess can reduce the fish growth rate. An
energy-deficient diet would result in the use of protein as
energy source for maintenance in detriment to animal
growth. However, a diet with energy excess, compared to
protein would lead to less food intake and consequently
less protein and other nutrient ingestion, essential for
maximum animal growth (NRC, 1993).
Thus, the aim in the present study was to assess the
nutritional protein and energy requirements for juvenile
freshwater angelfish.
Material and Methods
The present study was carried out in the Fish Nutrition
Laboratory in the Pisciculture Sector of the Department
of Animal Biology at the Federal University of Viçosa,
Brazil.
A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 2
factorial experiment, with diets containing three crude
protein levels (26, 30 and 34%) and two digestible energy
levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal/kg of diet) in three replications.
Diets (Table 1) were formulated based on the chemical
composition of the feedstuffs (Rostagno et al., 2005) and
nutrient digestibility for Nile tilapia (Miranda et al., 2000,
Pezzato et al., 2002).
Juvenile freshwater angelfish (P. scalare) were stoked
at six fish per aquarium (2.33 ± 0.26 g) into 25-L polyethylene
aquaria, fitted with biological filter, aeration and controlled
temperature (26 ± 1ºC). The aquaria were periodically
siphoned for feces removal.
For diet preparation, ingredients were ground into
fine powder, mixed by hand, moistened with water
(50 ± 5ºC), pelleted and oven-dried for 24 hours at 55 ± 5ºC.
After drying, diets were broken up and sieved to obtain
proper pellet size (0.75 – 1.30 mm). Fish were fed ad
libitum at 9:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. for a period
of 50 days.
At the end of the experiment, the following productive
performance parameters were assessed: final weight (FW),
Table 1 - Feed ingredients and calculated proximate composition of the experimental diets
Experimental diet
Ingredient
26/3900
26/4100
30/3900
30/4100
34/3900
34/4100
Meat meal
Soybean meal
Wheat meal
Corn meal
Soybean oil
DL – Methionine
L-Lysine
Vitamin and mineral premix1
Salt (NaCl)
Vitamin C
BHT2
13.80
30.50
20.00
34.17
_
0.35
0. 3 5
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
13.80
31.50
20.00
29.18
4. 0 0
0.36
0.33
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
13.80
42.00
16.00
26.99
_
0.34
0.04
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
13.80
43.00
15.00
23.40
3.60
0.34
0.03
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
13.80
52.70
16.00
16.35
_
0.32
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
13.80
54.40
11.00
16.24
3.40
0.33
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
Gross energy (kcal kg-1 )
Digestible energy (kcal kg-1 ) 3
Crude protein (%)
Digestible protein (%)3
CP/GE (mg protein kcal-1 )
Crude fiber (%)
Ether Extract (%)
Calcium (%)
Available phosphorus (%) 4
Methionine (%)
Lysine (%)
3910.82
3119.36
26.09
22.74
66.73
4.44
3.91
2.11
0.96
0.60
1.43
4136.67
3328.53
26.12
22.77
63.09
4.40
7.71
2.11
0.96
0.60
1.43
3941.69
3083.61
34.09
30.06
86.52
5.04
3.46
2.17
0.96
0.60
1.63
4134.60
3268.15
34.09
30.07
82.54
4.69
6.68
2.17
0.94
0.61
1.65
Computed proximate composition
1
2
3
4
3925.26
3108.59
30.12
26.42
76.64
4.62
3.68
2.14
0.95
0.60
1.43
4128.48
3298.52
30.11
26.42
72.91
4.52
7.10
2.14
0.95
0.60
1.43
Vitamin and mineral premix (Supre Mais): guaranty levels of the product: Vitamins: A = 1,200,000 IU; D 3 = 200,000 IU; E = 12,000 mg; K 3 = 2,400 mg; B 1 = 4,800 mg;
B2 = 4,800 mg; B6 = 4,000 mg; B12 = 4,800 mcg; Folic acid = 1,200 mg; Ca pantothenate = 12,000 mg; C = 48,000 mg; biotin = 48 mg; choline = 65,000 mg; niacin = 24,000 mg;
Minerals: Fe = 10,000 mg; Cu = 600 mg; Mn = 4,000 mg; Zn = 6,000 mg; I = 20 mg Co = 2 mg and Se = 20 mg.
Buthyl hydroxide toluene.
Calculated values for Nile tilapia (Pezzato et al., 2002).
Calculated values for Nile tilapia (Miranda et al., 2000).
© 2009 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia
Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish
991
wasted by fish into the water (Ruohonen et al., 1999),
which are especially important for ornamental fish, which
are frequently raised in small tanks.
The weight gain values obtained in the present study
were similar to the mean value (1.31 g) observed by
Rodrigues & Fernandes (2006) for fry from the same species.
Luna-Figueroa (2003) reported weight gains of 0.63, 0.68
and 0.78 g for freshwater angelfish fry fed commercial
diets with 27, 43 and 45% CP, respectively. This variation
in weight gain for the same species may be related to factors
including quality of the protein used (amino acid
composition and digestibility), feeding frequency, amount
of diet supplied and the animal development stage.
The low values observed for the specific growth rate
(SGR) of fish from the present study can be explained by
the fish development phase, since the SGR decreases as
fish increases in size (Sunde et al., 1998). Higher SGR
values were reported by Luna-Figueroa (2003), Rodrigues
& Fernandes (2006) and Zuanon et al. (2006) (4.34, 2.04
and 2.47%/day, respectively), for fish of the same species,
but smaller sizes than the fish from the present study.
The feed conversion ratio was not affected by dietary
protein and energy content in juvenile angelfish.
Probably, the diet protein and energy levels had not
intervened with feed intake regulation for this fish species,
and consequently they had not affected the feed
conversion ratio. Possibly, the variation range in the
dietary energy content, in the tested diets was not enough
final length (FL), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI),
feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR),
protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (K).
The productive performance parameters were compared
among treatments by analysis of variance, and when the
F test was significant, Tukey test at 5% probability was
used.
Results and Discussion
No significant differences were observed for the
productive performance parameters among protein and
energy levels, except for the protein efficiency ratio
(Table 2). Diets containing 26% CP showed similar values
for PER compared to diets with 30% CP, and higher values
when compared to diets containing 34% CP. Similar values
for protein efficiency ratio were obtained by Ribeiro et al.
(2007) for freshwater angelfish fry fed diets with 26, 28, 30
and 32% CP, but no differences were detected among diets.
Chong et al. (2000) assessed protein requirements for discus
(Symphysodon spp.) and obtained lower values than those
detected in the present study for PER (0.57 to 1.02), using
diets containing 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% CP. Higher values
for PER were observed here for freshwater angelfish,
when compared to other species, which may indicate that
this species can be fed diets with low protein levels.
The improve in efficiency protein utilization could be
also associated with decreases in the amounts of nitrogen
Table 2 - Performance of freshwater angelfish fed diets with three crude protein levels (26, 30 and 34%) and two digestible energy
levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal/kg) over 50 days 1
Digestible energy
levels (kcal/kg)
FW 2 (g)
FL 3 (mm)
WG 4 (g)
FI 5 (g)
FCR 6
SGR 7 (%/day)
PER 8
K9
26
3,100
3,300
3.70
3.73
41.34
42.06
1.37
1.64
3.07
3.08
2.25
2.24
0.93
0.93
1.71
2.06
1.52
1.57
30
3,100
3,300
3.86
3.96
41.82
42.20
1.53
1.62
3.21
2.89
2.14
1.81
1.02
1.05
1.58
1.86
1.56
1.56
34
3,100
3,300
3.85
3.79
42.38
41.64
1.53
1.45
2.91
2.82
1.92
1.98
1.03
0.96
1.55
1.51
1.50
1.54
CV (%)
10.90
3,69
15.05
8.08
14.76
19.20
11.57
3.22
Protein level effect
26
30
34
n.s.
3.71
3.91
3.82
n.s.
41.70
42.01
42.01
n.s.
1.51
1.57
1.49
n.s.
3.08
3.05
2.86
n.s.
2.24
1.98
1.95
n.s.
0.93
1.04
1.00
0.05
1.88a
1.72ab
1.53b
n.s.
1.55
1.56
1.52
Energy level effect
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
3100
3300
Effect of protein and
energy levels interaction
3.76
3.86
n.s.
41.74
42.08
n.s.
1.51
1.53
n.s.
3.12
2.87
n.s.
2.21
1.90
n.s.
0.99
0.98
n.s.
1.61
1.81
n.s.
1.55
1.53
n.s.
Crude protein
levels (%)
1
7
Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different,
Specific growth rate, 8 Protein efficiency ratio, 9 Condition factor.
2
Final weight,
3
Final length,
4
Weight gain,
5
Feed intake,
6
Feed conversion ratio,
© 2009 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia
992
Zuanon et al.
to influence the feed intake, as reported by Meyer and
Fracalossi (2004) in Rhamdia quelen fingerlings.
In the present study, no protein sparring effect was
observed by energy supplementation in the diets for
juvenile freshwater angelfish. The absence of protein
sparring effect might have occurred due to the small
difference (200 kcal) in the energy levels among the
experimental diets. Similar results were obtained by Arzel
et al. (1998) for triploid brown trout fry (Salmo trutta), by
Ali & Jauncey (2005) for African catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) and by Peres and Oliva-Teles (1999) for juvenile
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However,
several authors have reported the protein sparring effect
in response of an increase in energetic content in the diet
for several fish species (Shiau & Lan, 1996; McGoogan &
Gatlin III, 2000; Ai et al., 2004; Meyer & Fracalossi, 2004;
Kim & Lee, 2005).
The conflicting results on the protein sparring effect
by energetic supplementation of diet reported in literature
may be related to the protein and energy levels assessed
(Mercer, 1982), digestibility and composition of the
ingredients used (Ai et al., 2004), and fish species. The
fish protein requirement determination has been influenced
by the feed intake ratio of Sciaenops ocellatus (McGoogan
and Gatlin III, 1998) and S. truta fry (Arzel et al., 1998),
and can also affect the protein sparring effect.
Juvenile freshwater angelfish fed diet with 26% CP,
3100 kcal DE/kg with protein/energy ratio of 83.87 mg
protein/kcal presented growth equivalent to those fed
diets with higher protein and energy contents, with
protein/energy ratios ranging from 72.91 to 86.52 mg of
protein/kcal -1. Ribeiro et al. (2007) using isoenergetic
diets (3338.84 kcal DE/kg) containing 26, 28, 30 and 32% CP
concluded that the requirements for freshwater angelfish
fry could be met with diets containing 32% CP with
95.84 mg of protein/kcal-1 . The low protein requirement
by juveniles obtained in present study, compared to that
of the fry from the same species, might be supported by
the fact that the protein requirement decreases with fish
growth (Dabrowski, 1986).
Freshwater angelfish presents low protein requirement
and efficient use of the diet protein, indicating that low-cost
complete diets can be elaborated and used, thus decreasing
the feeding costs with this fish species production.
Conclusions
Diets with 26% of crude protein and 3100 of digestible
energy/kg can meet the nutritional protein and energy
requirements for juvenile freshwater angelfish.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Union of Ornamental
Fish Producers (UNIPEIXE) of Muriaé, MG – Brazil, who
by mediation of the animal scientist Veronica Cruz, donated
the fish used in this study. The authors would also like to
thank Dra Mariella Bontempo Duca de Freitas for the
assistance with text revision.
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