Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I ROMANOGOBIO KESSLERII (DYBOWSKI, 1862) FISH SPECIES POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT DECISIONS SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ROSCI0227 ‒ SIGHIȘOARA-TÂRNAVA MARE (ROMANIA) Doru BĂNĂDUC 1, Cristina-Ioana CISMAŞ 2 and Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC 3 KEYWORDS: Kessler᾽s gudgeon, habitats, pressures, threats, management, Natura 2000 site, Transylvania, Romania. ABSTRACT Based on the ADONIS:CE, a model of Romanogobio kesslerii fish species that includes all the needs for habitat: the element that satisfy a favorable conservation status – the sufficient measures, and the pressures – and threats on species was created. The main threats to Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) populations in ROSCI0227 are: the microhabitat silt sedimentation; diffuse pollution; river-lining field erosion; water regime change; invasive fish species; poaching; longitudinal fragmentation; organic pollution; river regularisation; and riverbed substrata overexploitation. The authors designed a management specific scheme for Romanogobio kesslerii populations in ROSCI0227. REZUMAT: Sistem support pentru luarea deciziilor de management a populațiilor speciei Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowsky, 1862) in ROSCI0227 – Sighișoara-Târnava Mare (România). Utilizând ADONIS:CE a fost creat sedimente; poluarea difuză; eroziunea un model pentru specia Romanogobio bazinală; modificarea regimului hidrologic; kesslerii, care include toate necesitățile speciile invazive de pești; braconajul; pentru habitat, elementele care satisfac fragmentarea longitudinală; poluarea statutul de conservare favorabilă – măsurile organică; regularizarea râului; de suficiență, presiunile și amenințările supraexploatarea substratului râului. asupra speciei. Autorii au creat o schemă Principalele presiuni și amenințări de management specific pentru populațiile asupra populațiilor de Romanogobio de Romanogobio kesslerii în kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) în ROSCI0227 ROSCI0227. sunt: colmatarea microhabitatelor cu RESUMEN: Sistema de soporte para decisiones de manejo de las poblaciones del pez Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) en ROSCI0227 – Sighișoara-Târnava Mare. Se generó un modelo para el en ROSCI0227 son la sedimentación de pez Romanogobio kesslerii basado en el limos, contaminación difusa, erosión del modelo ADONIS:CE, el cual incluye como revestimiento de los ríos, cambios en los datos de entrada las necesidades regímenes de agua, especies invasoras, fundamentales de hábitat, aquellos pesca ilegal, fragmentación longitudinal del elementos que satisfacen un estado paisaje, contaminación orgánica, favorable para la conservación (medidas de regularización fluvial y sobreexplotación del manejo), así como también las presiones y sustrato fluvial. En este trabajo, los autores amenazas que enfrenta la especie. Las proponen un diseño específico de manejo principales amenazas para las poblaciones para las poblaciones de Romanogobio de Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) kesslerii en ROSCI0227. Romanogobio kesslerii populations management system in ROSCI0227; 71/84 pp. - 71 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I INTRODUCTION The European Union associate nations are obliged to guard from harm the Habitats Directive (Annex 2) species, and they should not allow the deterioration of conservation status produced by human activities (*, 1992). The Natura 2000 sites of Romania, containing those designed for the conservation of some fish species, were proposed for their ecological status conservation. The approval of site suggestions were based on the following criteria: well conserved, permanent and vigorous fish populations; characteristic natural habitats; good geographical position; and low human activities impact. There are a few ways the Natura 2000 European network can improve the EU countries’ nature quality: the expanding of the natural areas; the building of institutional capacity; application of proper and updated management plans for the natural areas; and raising awareness (Bănăduc, 2007a, 2010, 2011; Bănăduc et al., 2012; CurteanBănăduc and Bănăduc, 2008). Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) represents one of the fish species of conservation interest. These species are living in the middle sector of the relatively big lotic system. They choose a speed of the water of 45-70/90 cm/s, sandy riverbed and relatively shallow water. These specimens frequently form schools and have a breeding cycle in June. They spawn in shallow river water over sand or gravel substrata. The nolonger live vegetation debris looks to be a beneficial factor for the breeding sectors selection. The roes are laid down on the riverbed and are attached to the substrate. The edible material consist mainly of small psamofilic organisms and diatoms. Adults, as well as juveniles, are active during the day. (Bănărescu, 1964; Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) In the Romanian territory, the spreading area of this species is much more fragmented than it was half a century ago (Bănărescu, 1964). Human effects being the main cause - effects which are different from one lotic sector to another, including - 72 - . some protected areas (Battes et al., 2005, 2009; Bănăduc, 2005, 2007a, b, 2008; Bănăduc and Curtean-Bănăduc, 2013; Bănăduc et al., 2013; Bănărescu, 1964; Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007; Oţel, 2007; Simalcsik et al., 2004; Telcean and Bănărescu, 2002; Telcean and Cupșa, 2009a, b; Meșter et al., 2003; Ureche, 2008). The present structure of the fish associations, which contain Romanogobio kesslerii in ROSCI0227 (Natura 2000 site Sighișoara-Târnava Mare), reveals less than optimum individuals as an effect of anthropogenic impact. The spreading ranges of the fish communities and their relative abundance variation in this Natura 2000 studied site reveal the relative effect of lotic habitat quality status in the Târnava Mare River watershed (Bănăduc, 1999, 2000, 2005; Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2007; Curtean-Bănăduc and Bănăduc, 2001, 2004a, b; Curtean et al., 1999). Human activities have a great impact on the worldwide tendency for rivers to become a priceless treasure (CurteanBănăduc and Bănăduc, 2012). If this tendency persists, no general/superficial “cook book type” management elements are going to be sufficiently helpful in all protected areas, due to the fact that various habitat attributes should be assessed. As a consequence, specific management elements should be adapted and suggested for the local habitats’ specific characteristics and conditions. Recently, the modeling methods of processes are used more to acquire the so called “big picture” of specific systems and/or actions of whatsoever sphere. These methods are used to facilitate the interpretation process stages for adapted/updated management. The instruments of modeling are fundamentally products of software, products used to make and/or assess models for business organizations, and to expose information about models. There are three basic functions that are addressed: detail of an actual situation, assessing the effects of potential modifications, and documenting D. Bănăduc, C.-I. Cismaș and A. Curtean-Bănăduc Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I strategies to change the actual situation in a divergent direction. As a last outcome, they can make diverse charts which present the necessary management issues (Hall and Harmon, 2005). The intentions of this study are to highlight the state of the Romanogobio kesslerii population in the ROSCI0227 Natura 2000 site, to reveal the actual human impact pressures and threats, to suggest management elements for the conservation and rise of this species conservation status based on a management model developed on specific needs of this species and its specific habitat indicators, and as a special designed support system for management decisions. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ROSCI0227 (24°49’16”, 46°8’4”, 85,815 ha, between 315 and 829 m altitude) is located in Braşov, Sibiu and Mureş administrative units (county/județ), in the Continental biogeographic region. The inclusion of this area was proposed for the protection of a number of four fish species, belonging to the Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), (Gobio kessleri Natura 2000 code 2511 (Romanogobio kesslerii), Barbus meridionalis code 1138, Sabanejewia aurata code 1146, and Gobio uranoscpus code 1122). (*) The lotic systems sectors of the researched area where Gobio kessleri were identified are shown in figure 1. The fish specimens were sampled in 2012-2014 with active fishing nets, followed by on - site identification, and then at once released, in their natural habitats. Romanogobio kesslerii populations were monitored in the research period and their ecological status was assessed in connection to the human activities, pressures, and threats found in the species’ habitats. Figure 1: Gobio kesslerii individuals sampling stations: Scroafa River 321, 320, 318, 317, Şapartoc Stream 314 and Târnava Mare River 253, 252, 250, 249, 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, 221, 220, 219, 218, 217, 216, 215, 214, 184 (GIS support Mr. Pătrulescu A.). Romanogobio kesslerii populations management system in ROSCI0227; 71/84 pp. - 73 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Assessment of Romanogobio kesslerii species populations’ state Romanogobio kesslerii populations ecological state in the Scroafa Stream in the lotic sectors 321, 320, 318, and 317 (Fig. 1) was considered to be low in relation to balanced distribution of the individuals on age classes, population size, and a low percentage of this fish species’ individuals in the fish communities. The studied habitats- where the individuals of the species were sampled- are in a low ecological state. The ecological state of Romanogobio kesslerii populations in the Șapartoc Stream 314 (Fig. 1) was considered to be low in relation to balanced distribution of the individuals on age classes, population size, and a low percentage of this fish species’ individuals in the fish communities. The studied habitats- where the individuals of the species were sampled- are in an average/low ecological state. Romanogobio kesslerii individuals sampled in Târnava Mare River in 253, 252, 250, 249, 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, 221, 220, 219, 218, 217, 216, 215, 214 and 184 sectors (Fig. 1) vary among very good (in the sectors 253 and 250), good (in 252, 249 and 220), and low (in 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, 222, 221, 219, 218, 217, 216, 214, and 184) in relation to balanced distribution of the individuals in age classes, population size, and a low percentage of this fish species’ individuals in the fish communities. The studied habitats- where the individuals of the species were sampledare in a good, average and low ecological state inducing the fish communities condition. Human pressures and threats During the study in the Scroafa, Șapartoc and Hârtibaciu lotic systems, relatively numerous pressures and threats on the studied fish species of conservation interest populations were identified: - microhabitat silt sedimentation ratio much higher than the natural one due to human-induced erosion in numerous areas of the Târnava Mare catchment area as a result of irrational agricultural practices, - 74 - . erroneously performed riverbed modifying works, river-adjacent humanized or seminatural areas surface lessivage by abundant rainfalls, and a situation facilitated by the general context of reduction of the riparian vegetation; - permanently diffuse pollution sources with significant synergic effects; - problems induced by the riverlining field erosion and accentuated silt sedimentation in the riverbed, as a result of inadequate agricultural practices as riparian vegetation deterioration, is having a negative impact on this species from the perspective of the quantitative and qualitative reduction of its food sources; - the modified regime of the water course liquid and solid discharges; - favoring the occurrence of invasive fish species (Pseudorasbora parva, Gobio gobio, etc.) and/or more tolerant to changes in the Gobio kessleri’s natural habitat, and competing with the latter conservational interest species; - poaching; - the longitudinal connectivity of the Târnava Mare River, including for Gobio kessleri, also suffers due to severe manmade impact in certain sectors (e.g. Copşa Mică, Mediaş, etc.), consequently the quality of all the species populations in the river being impacted; - as long as the habitats offering good conditions for this species are contracting due to various man-made impacts, each of the sectors still offering auspicious conditions to the species are becoming vital for the survival of the species, not only in the here-discussed basin; - pollution, especially organic; - there are numerous illegal waste deposits producing lixiviates in the very proximity of the water courses; - river regularization and riverbed substrata overexploitation, without calling for alternative solutions of water basin management is the most frequent and an increasing threat, with a major negative impact related to the changes of the favourable habitats of the species. D. Bănăduc, C.-I. Cismaș and A. Curtean-Bănăduc Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I Specific requirements Romanogobio kesslerii individuals are present in the middle sector of relatively big rivers. The mature individuals need lotic areas with shallow water, with a mostly sandy substrata and a speed flow of water of 45-70/90 cm/s. Frequently numerous, such fish can be found aggregated in schools. The breeding takes place in June, when the mature individuals choose faster flowing water sectors with gravel, sand and plant debris on the river substrata. Before becoming adults, these fish need relatively slow water flowing sectors, low depth, and sandy riverbed. The edible material is mostly represented by small psamofilic organisms and diatoms (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007). Specific habitat indicators In relation with the Romanogobio kesslerii presence and relative abundance in the research sectors, some habitat indicators are suggested: zones in the minor riverbed with water depth of under 0.5 m (66%); percentage of sandy substrate (66%); percentage of pebbles substrate (33%); vegetal debris weight on the substrate/channel (15%); weight of fast flow-water surface (66%); and weight of slow flow-water surface (33%). Management measures Building lentic areas is not recommended if any human interventions/ hydrotechnical work which modifies the liquid flow in such a way that the water has more or less than 40-65 cm/sec., or even more or less than 4-90 cm/sec., or leads to a decrease in the number of individuals of this species until extinction. It is recommended to prohibit construction/ hydrotechnics that have an effect of modifying the speed regime of the water in these rivers. For example, construction of bridges, culverts, etc. must be carried out at multiannual maximum flow level, in order to maintain the water flow regime. A complex system of stairs for fish that minimize the negative effect of lotic discontinuities created by series of dams and existing lakes must be constructed. The overexploitation of mobile aggregates from the riverbed to the bed rock, respectively the removal of sand substrate should not be allowed, since the sand subtrate is an important characteristic of the species habitat needed for preservation. It is necessary to prohibit the exploitation of aggregates in areas with slow and average flow, shallow and sandy bottom and in areas with less than 3 km between exploitations such as Cibin, Olt, Hârtibaciu and Târnava Mare rivers. In Scroafa and Şapartoc rivers the aggregates exploitation from the riverbed is not recommended. During the reproduction period (June), the banning of fishing and aggregates exploitation in riverbeds is recommended. In all river sectors of interest the criminal phenomenon linked to poaching is very intense and almost permanent, for this reason it requires a better control. The preservation of natural vegetation corridors (arboreal, shrub and herbaceous) with a minimum width of 100 m on both banks of the river is recommended. It is necessary to prohibit the abandonment of any kind of waste in the riverbed and the wetlands surrounding watercourses. Seasonal integrated monitoring is recommended; this should include the monitoring elements of water charging with organic substances. Site adjusted management model The processes for this site management model were made using modeling library objects ADONIS: CE (for more details ‒ Hall and Harmon, 2005 ‒ Version 1.1, November, 2005 http://mhcnet.com/whitepapers_presentations/2005 Process Trends (040 306) .pdf), and relies on the use of activities, decisions and variables accompanied by generators. Activities (blue rectangle) are used to describe the characteristics of the species Gobio kessleri. Decisions (yellow diamonds) occur when we want to check if certain indicators measured in the field are Romanogobio kesslerii populations management system in ROSCI0227; 71/84 pp. - 75 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I . in conditions for favorable conservation. For decisions, variables and generators are assigned that determine the probability that fulfils these indicators. Subprocesses (blue triangles) are used to facilitate comprehension models (works exactly as a process and can be called within models). As it is showed in the model hierarchy (Fig. 2), the main process is “Gobio kessleri” and has two subprocesses: “Gobio kessleri indicators” and “Specific requirements”. “Gobio kessleri indicators” has also three subprocesses that describe the management measures that should be taken into account to assure a favorable conservation state. For an easier understanding, as well as the references between processes, the figure below (Fig. 3a, b) shows the subprocess called in the basic model. Figure 2: Gobio kessleri – model hierarchy. Figure 3a: Outgoing inter-model references (in main process “Gobio kessleri” and in subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators”). Figure 3b: Outgoing inter-model references (in main process “Gobio kessleri” and in subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators”). - 76 - D. Bănăduc, C.-I. Cismaș and A. Curtean-Bănăduc Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I The main process is “Gobio kessleri” (Fig. 4) and was modeled using two subprocesses (Figs. 5 and 6): one decision that checks if the conservation state is favorable or not, and finishes with an activity which implements an integrated monitoring system. After going through the activities of the subprocess “Specific Requirements”, it proceeds by checking the indicators in the subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators”. If the conservation status is favorable, then scroll to the last activity and the process is concluded. If the conservation status is not favorable, then it goes again through the two subprocesses and it takes the management measures until it ensures favourable conservation status. This process finishes with last activity, “Implemention of an integrated monitoring system”. Figure 4: Gobio kessleri – basic process model. Figure 5: Subprocess “Specific requirements” – characteristic of Gobio kessleri species. Romanogobio kesslerii populations management system in ROSCI0227; 71/84 pp. - 77 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I The subprocess “Specific requirements” is modeled using only activities and presents the characteristic of Gobio kessleri species: type of habitat, specific requirements of habitat, observations made in the field, other environmental demands, the reproduction period, distribution in the protected area, pressures on the species and the threats found in Sighișoara – Târnava Mare area. It then follows the subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators” that checks if every possible indicator (areas in riverbed with water depth less than 0.5 m, sandy substrate weight, gravel substrate weight, plant debris on the substrate weight/ channel, fast flowing water surface weigh, slow flowing surface water weight) fulfill or is not a favorable for conservation status. If . they fulfill favorable conservation status, it then gets to the last activity, namely the one that shows the danger of poaching, and the process is closed. If the conservation status is not favorable, depending on each indicator ‒ separately, they are called the subprocesses with management measures to be taken for the welfare of the species. (e.g.: “The actual state for the sandy substrate weight is 66%?”, if it goes on the “Yes” branch (“sandy_substrate = ‘Yes’”, probability = 99%) then it goes to the next decision; if it goes on the “No” branch (“sandy_substrate = ‘No’”, probability = 1%), then it follows the subprocess Management measures for 2nd, 3rd and 4th indicators). After the management measures were taken, it then follows the last activity and the process ends. Figure 6: Subprocess “Indicators of Gobio kessleri”. - 78 - D. Bănăduc, C.-I. Cismaș and A. Curtean-Bănăduc Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I Subprocesses “Management measures for 1st and 6th indicators” (Fig. 7), “Management measures for 2nd, 3rd and 4th indicators” (Fig. 8), and “Management measures for 5th indicator” (Fig. 9) are a chain of activities with management measures to be taken for each indicator separately. Indicators 1 though 6 are taken with the same measures of control (e.g.: keeping natural morphodinamics of riverbed, exploiting mobile aggregates in riverbed, fishing is banned during reproduction period, and prohibit the abandonment of waste). Second, third and fourth indicators have the same management measures and were carried out in one subprocess “Management measures for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th indicators”. For 5th indicator, management measures are modeled in the subprocess “Management measures for 5th indicator”. Figure 7: Subprocess “Management measures for 1st and 6th indicators”. Figure 8: Subprocess “Management measures for 2nd, 3rd and 4th indicators”. Romanogobio kesslerii populations management system in ROSCI0227; 71/84 pp. - 79 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I . Figure 9: Subprocess “Management measures for 5th indicators”. CONCLUSIONS The present identified main pressures and threats on the Romanogobio kesslerii populations in the Natura 2000 site ROSCI0227 – Sighișoara-Târnava Mare are: microhabitat silt sedimentation; diffuse pollution; river-lining field erosion; water regime change; invasive fish species; poaching; longitudinal fragmentation; habitat bad conditions; organic pollution; river regularization; and riverbed substrata overexploitation. The authors designed a management specific scheme for Romanogobio kesslerii fish species in ROSCI0227. The ADONIS:CE instrument is used here in biology/ecology domain, to design a model of Romanogobio kesslerii fish species that includes the requirements for habitat, the indicators that assure a favorable conservation status, the optimum measures, and the existing pressures and threats. For the time to come, this type of management should be designed based on systems for other fish species of conservative interest of ROSCI0227 protected area. Annual integrated monitoring is necessary in the studied area, including specialised fish monitoring. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS A part of the outcomes of this study was revealed in the EU Structural Operational Programme Environment Pentru Natură şi Comunităţile locale – Bazele unui management integrat Natura 2000 în zona Hârtibaciu-Târnava Mare-Olt” SMIS CSNR 17049 code. - 80 - D. Bănăduc, C.-I. Cismaș and A. Curtean-Bănăduc Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I REFERENCES Battes K. W., Pricope F., Ureche D. and Stoica I., 2005 – Ichthyofauna status in the Siret catchement area, with emphasis on the effect of the January 2001 pollution, Analele Ştiinţifice „Alexandru I. Cuza”, Iaşi, secţiunea I Biologie animală, LI, 2005, Edit. Univ. „A. I. Cuza” Iaşi, 123-143. Battes K. 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AUTHORS: Doru BĂNĂDUC ad.banaduc@yahoo.com “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012. 2 Ioana-Cristina CISMAŞ cristha_83@yahoo.com “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012. 3 Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC angela.banaduc@ulbsibiu.ro “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Research Center, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012. 1 - 84 View publication stats D. Bănăduc, C.-I. Cismaș and A. Curtean-Bănăduc