Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Family Cichlidae
(Cichlids)
Sven O. Kullander
The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (Kullander, 1998).
The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the
Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (three species, also in
brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (four valid species, some
in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (111 valid species), and South America (291 valid species) (Kullander, 1998, updated).
Cichlids are known by family or genus-level local names, commonly with an adjective to distinguish well-marked species.
Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra
(Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana).
Cichla species are known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil, Peru), the latter name expressed as
lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali (Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the Guianas. Crenicichla species
are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi
(Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay).
Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies.
1. The loss of a major structural association between parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the musculous insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular
(Stiassny, 1981)
2. The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981)
3. The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981)
4. The presence of characteristically shaped and distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981)
5. The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct parts (Liem & Greenwood, 1981)
6. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982)
7. The stomach has a left hand exit to the anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler, 1982)
8. The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the
crista inferior by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985)
9. The presence of short paired hypapophyses on the third and/or fourth vertebral centra (Kullander, 1998).
Cichlid diversity has been explained both by their advanced brood care and by the versatile design of the pharyngeal jaw
complex used for food mastication. The unpaired lower pharyngeal toothplate and the opposed upper pharyngeal tooth
plates are contained in a muscular sling characterizing labroid fishes. There is considerable variation in the shape of the
toothplates and associated dentition, reflecting diet specializations. The oral jaws are generally highly movable and protrusible, and tooth shape varies greatly, although most Neotropical cichlids have simple, subconical, unicuspid teeth, whereas
African cichlids commonly have laterally bicuspid or tricuspid oral teeth.
Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal
fin, 2-12 (usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on each side of the head. The lateral line is
usually divided into one anterior upper portion ending below the end of the dorsal-fin base, and a posterior lower portion
running along the middle of the caudal peduncle.
Among Neotropical taxa, lengths range from about 25-30 mm adult size in Apistogramma and Taeniacara, to about 1 meter
in Cichla temensis. Most taxa are in the interval 10-20 cm, however.
Most Neotropical cichlids occupy lentic habitats within rivers and streams; but there is also a number of moderately to
strongly adapted rheophilic species. The latter include many Crenicichla species and the genera Teleocichla and Retroculus, which are distributed mainly in the Brazilian and Guianan highlands.
The majority of the Neotropical cichlids feed on a variety of invertebrates and some plant matter, and specializations
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
among those species remain little investigated. Cichla, large Crenicichla species, Petenia, Parachromis, Caquetaia, Astronotus, and Acaronia, feed on fishes and large invertebrates. Chaetobranchopsis, Chaetobranchus and Satanoperca acuticeps are plankton feeders.
Most Neotropical Cichlidae are moderately to strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. Eggs are typically deposited on
a substrate and both parents guard offspring over several weeks, even for some time after the young are free-swimming.
Smaller species, particularly in the genus Apistogramma, may be strongly sexually dimorphic. Sexes differ in color and the
female is smaller than the male and assumes all or most of the care for the eggs and young. Oral incubation, or mouthbrooding, has been recorded for many Geophagus, Gymnogeophagus, and Satanoperca species, but also for one species of
Aequidens and one species of Heros. Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded on a substrate
prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs or newly hatched larvae. A few mouthbrooding species practice
exclusive maternal brood care, with a minimum delay between egg-laying and oral incubation (Gymnogeophagus balzanii,
NE Colombian Geophagus species).
Geographical ranges are commonly limited to a single river or even one or a few streams, reflecting both ecological constraints and drainage basin histories. A few Neotropical cichlids are recorded from brackish water conditions. The northernmost species are Herichthys cyanoguttatus from the lower Grande River drainage in Texas, USA, on the Atlantic coast,
and ‘Cichlasoma’ beani, which reaches north to the Yaquí River on the Pacific coast of Mexico. In South America cichlids
are recorded from virtually all river drainages, but rarely occupy elevations over 500 m ASL, and generally remain below
200 m ASL. Cichlids are absent from the Marañón River above the Pongo de Manseriche and from the Ucayali River
drainage upstream of Atalaya (the mouth of the Urubamba River [Vilcanota River] and Tombo River [Apurimac River]).
There are four permanent cichlid species occurring on the island of Trinidad, but no cichlids are found on any other islands
close to the Venezuelan coast. Most Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil have 1-3 species of cichlids. The southern limit of the
family in South America is not well documented, but may be in the lower Negro River in Argentina, which river marks the
northern limit of Patagonia. On the Pacific slope, cichlids are found in a succession of permanent rivers south to the Jequetepeque River or perhaps even to slightly south of Lima, Peru.
Because of the varied behavior and often attractive colors and moderate size, cichlids are commonly kept as ornamental
fish. Practically all genera and more than half of the species have been kept in aquaria at some time. The traditionally most
important aquarium species are Pterophyllum and Symphysodon species, the former often representing the aquarium hobby
in logotypes.
Sportfishing is concentrated on the Cichla species for which there is a strong North American and Brazilian market including sport fishing safaris and Tucunaré fishing contests predominantly in Brazil (Kelber, 1999).
All the larger species are used as food fish, within a traditional artisanal and subsistence fishery, and all local markets in the
lowland Amazon and Orinoco drainages offer Cichla, Astronotus, and other available species of sizes over 10 cm (Ferreira
et al., 1998, for a market survey at Santarém). Astronotus species, and to some extent Cichla species are subject to aquaculture in Brazil.
The family Cichlidae was first monographed by Heckel (1840), based on the Natterer collection from Brazil (illustrations in
Riedl-Dorn, 2000). Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana,
Brazil and Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). Steindachner (1875) worked on the Thayer
expedition collection of Amazonian cichlids, but did not add much beyond the work of Heckel. Günther (1868, based on
several shorter papers) described and illustrated a large part of the Central American cichlid fauna, followed by Regan
(1906-1908).
Pellegrin (1904) revised the family with diagnoses of all genera and species known to him. Much of Pellegrin’s efforts with
the Neotropical taxa were improved upon by Regan’s series of generic revisions in the next two years (Regan, 1905-1906),
which remained the platform for all Neotropical cichlid systematics until the 1980s. The first modern phylogenetic revision
of the Neotropical cichlids was presented by Cichocki (1976), and most recently Kullander (1998) and Farias et al. (1999)
have provided phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology and molecular data respectively. A formal classification
down to tribe is provided by Kullander (1998).
Scientific general reviews of the family are provided by Keenleyside (1991) and Barlow (2000). There is no scientific
monograph covering all Neotropical cichlid species, but numerous aquarium books of variable quality, of which Stawikowski & Werner (1998) may be consulted for the most updated compilation of cichlasomatine cichlids.
Country monographs of cichlids are available for Peru (Kullander, 1986) and Surinam (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989). Bussing (1998: 293-384) summarizes data on 24 Costa Rican cichlid species; Keith et al. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for
38 cichlid species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield & Thomerson (1997: 184-206) cover 19 species
from Belize
Recent generic revisions cover Crenicichla (Ploeg, 1991; many errors and inconsistencies), Gymnogeophagus (Reis &
Malabarba, 1988), Apistogramma (Kullander, 1980a, somewhat outdated), Cichlasoma (Kullander, 1983a), Teleocichla
Kullander, 1988), Retroculus (Gosse, 1971), Geophagus s. lato (Gosse, 1976, somewhat outdated), Biotoecus (Kullander,
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1989a), and Mesonauta (Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991).
The checklist herein recognizes 406 valid Neotropical cichlid species out of 635 nominal taxa. Kullander (1998) estimated
that there are about ten undescribed North-Central American cichlid taxa and about 160 undescribed South American taxa.
Numerous problems of species discrimination remain. Some of the most enigmatic cases include ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus, of which Hubbs (1936) described numerous subspecies. Some of these taxa are certainly distinct species, but the
status of highly localized subspecies from the Yucatán peninsula, which are based on one or very few specimens, remains a
subject for revision. All these taxa are herein treated as valid for want of any better option.
Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa,
which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983a). Most of these are now recognized in
well-diagnosed genera (Kullander, 1986, 1996b, Kullander & Hartel, 1997), but several are kept with the generic denomination ‘Cichlasoma’ which is judged better than to include them in genera to which they certainly do not belong.
On the whole it is not satisfactory to have one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a scientific name, illustrating a
real problem with the more formalized procedure of naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against doubtful species. The current estimate of 450 South American taxa is based on species already represented in museum collections; it can be assumed that new collections will bring in many more new taxa.
ACARICHTHYS
Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912: 500. Type species: Acara heckelii
Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by original designation. Gender:
masculine.
Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849)
Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1849: 624.
Type locality: Sümpfen der Savanne. No types known. Originally
spelled as Acara Heckelii
Geophagus Thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 108 [48], pl. 3 (fig. 2, 2a2b). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Villa bella, Obidos, Cudajas, Tonantins, Jatuarana, Ueranduba, Serpa, Rio Tapajos, R. Trombetas, R. negro, R. Xingu, see Hyanuary, José Assù,
Saraca, Alexo und Lago maximo etc. Syntypes: (many) NMW
74135 (1), 9249-9254 (5), NMW 17046-17048 (3), NMW
17050-17051 (2), NMW 17052-17054 (3), NMW 17055-17057
(3), NMW 17058-17060 (2), NMW 17061-17064 (3), NMW
17066 (1), NMW 17067-17070 (4), NMW 17101-17102 (1),
NMW 17103-17110 (several), NMW 17119-17125 (several),
NMW 23819-23821 (3), NMW 24012 (1), NMW 24094-24095
(2), 24096 (7), NMW 24105-24106 (2), NMW 24107-24108 (2),
NMW 24109-24110 (2), NMW 24111-24114 (3), NMW 2411524116 (2), NMW 24133-24138 (6), ZSM 27335 (1).
Acara subocularis Cope, 1878: 696. Type locality: [Peruvian
Amazon]. Holotype: ANSP 21233 (missing).
Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Along mainstream Amazon River in
Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, including lower parts of the Putumayo, Trombetas, Negro, and Xingu Rivers; lower Tocantins
River, and Capim River; Branco River (Amazon basin) in Brazil
and Guyana, and the Essequibo River in Guyana.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
by Kullander (1986: 134).
Acara unicolor Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 30 (fig. 25). Type locality:
Barra do Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33347-33348 (2).
Acara cognatus Heckel, 1840: 356. Type locality: Barra do Rionegro. Holotype: NMW 33619.
Centrarchus ? rostratus Jardine, 1843: 163, pl. 15. Type locality:
Rio Negro. No types known.
Apistogramma ambloplitoides Fowler, 1940: 281, fig. 63. Type
locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP
68681.
Maximum length: 15.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazonas lowlands in Peru, Brazil,
and Colombia, Bolivian Amazon basin, middle and lower Negro
River, Branco River, also Amapá State, the Oyapock drainage in
French Guiana, and the Essequibo drainage in Guyana.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,
Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 79), distinguishing characters and synonymy
discussed in Kullander (1989b).
Common names: Krobié (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana)
Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989
Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989b: 447, fig. 1. Type locality:
Venezuela, Terr. Federal Amazonas, Departamento Ature, small
drying backwater pool off road from El Burro to Puerto Ayacucho, approximately 05°47’N, 67°29’W. Holotype: MBUCVV 17714.
Maximum length: 12.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin in Colombia
and Venezuela, including the Casiquiare, Inírida, Caura, Vichada
Rivers; upper Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela (San Carlos,
Ererê River and Tamaquaré Island).
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
AEQUIDENS
ACARONIA
Acara (Acaropsis) Steindachner, 1875: 80. Type species: Acara
nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida.
Acaronia Myers, 1940: 170. Type species: Acara nassa Heckel,
1840. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Replacement for Acaropsis Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by
Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida.
Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840)
Acara nassa Heckel, 1840: 353. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé.
Syntypes: NMW 10538-40 (3), NMW 16185 (1), NMW uncat.
(1).
Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 616. Type species: Acara
tetramerus Heckel, 1840. Type by original designation. Gender:
masculine. Originally Astronotus (Aequidens).
Aequidens biseriatus (Regan, 1913)
Cichlosoma (Aequidens) biseriatum Regan, 1913b: 471. Type
locality: Rio Condoto. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.10.1.80-88 (7 of
8).
Maximum length: 8 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River
basins.
Countries: Colombia
Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956
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Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956: 437, fig. 94. Type locality:
Río Abácapa on the west side of Chimantá-tepui; 1,300 feet altitude. Holotype: FMNH 45702.
Maximum length: 10.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Caroní River basin in Orinoco River
drainage.
Countries: Venezuela
Aequidens coeruleopunctatus (Kner & Steindachner,
1863)
Acara coeruleopunctata Kner & Steindachner in Kner, 1863: 222,
fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Chagres im Staate Panama, Nordseite.
Syntypes: NMW 33635-33636 (2), 22168 (1).
Maximum length: 14.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama, and
Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto River).
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 310), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840)
Acara diadema Heckel, 1840: 344. Type locality: einem Ygarapé
oder Waldbache bei Marabitanos. Syntypes: NMW 33791 (1),
33797 (1).
Maximum length: 11.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Negro River; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Orinoco
River in Colombia and Venezuela.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Aequidens diadema reported from Peru
by Kullander (1986: 348) is a different species.
Common names: Azulejo (Colombia), Casasola (Colombia), Mojarra azul (Colombia)
Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997
Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997a: 378, fig. 1. Type locality:
Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, rio Maués drainage, município do
Maués, igarapé do rio Maraú. Holotype: MZUSP 7306.
Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Maués
and Arapiuns Rivers.
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922
Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922a: 241, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Barrigón.; Eigenmann, 1922b: 198. Type locality: Barrigona Río Meta. Holotype: CAS 66884 [ex IU 13967].
Maximum length: 12.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta
River.
Countries: Colombia
Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available evidence which publication should have priority.
Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995
Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995: 163, fig. 14. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte, rocky
pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32674.
Maximum length: 20 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Xingu River at Altamira and Belo Monte.
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840)
Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995
Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995: 158, fig. 10. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Río Tapajós drainage, igarapé in Barreirinha.
Holotype: MZUSP 21979.
Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tapajós River drainage near Jacareacanga and São Luis.
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995
Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995: 150, fig. 1. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Núcleo Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeroporto, above the cachoeira (approximately 10°10’S 59°25’W).
Holotype: INPA 974.
Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, known only
from the upper Aripuanã River, near Cachoeira de Dardanelos
and in a headwater stream on the Juína-Vilhena road.
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)
Nannacara hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 14, pl. 7 (top figs.).
Type locality: rio Branco, affluente do Araguaya, e n’uma lagoa
do Coxipo da Ponte, em Mato Grosso. Holotype: MNRJ 1245.
Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Araguaia
River drainage.
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens latifrons (Steindachner, 1878)
Acara latifrons Steindachner, 1878: 89. Type locality: Cienaga,
Río Magdalena, Colombia; Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW.
Maximum length: 17 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Atrato, Sinú, and San
Juan River basins.
Countries: Colombia
Acara pallidus Heckel, 1840: 347. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 33678.
Centrarchus ? vittatus Jardine, 1843: 161, pl. 14. Type locality:
[not stated]. Types not known.
Aequidens duopunctata Haseman, 1911: 338, pl. 56. Type locality:
Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54033 [ex CM 2573]. Apparently the
number 2574 in the caption to pl. 56 should have been 2573.
Maximum length: 14.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle
and lower Negro River, Uatumã, Preto da Eva, and Puraquequara
Rivers.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Ferreira
(1991).
Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 141, fig. 77.
Type locality: Suriname, Dist. Marowijne, R. Marowijne system,
small brook tributary to the right bank of R. Paloemeu, on road
between Trombaka Noord and Trombaka Zuid. Holotype:
IRSNB 755.
Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Known only from the Paloemeu
River, Marowijne River drainage.
Countries: Suriname
Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984
Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984b: 2, fig. 1. Type locality:
Pérou, depto. Ucayali, prov. Coronel Portillo, bassin du R.
Aguaytia, petit ruisseau drainant un marais desséché, affluent du
R. Aguaytia, le long de la route de Pucallpa à Tingo Maria, 15
km à l’Ouest du village d’Aguaytia (9°02’S, 75°31’W). Holotype: MHNG 2163.93.
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the
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Aguaytía and Pachitea Rivers.
Countries: Peru
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1986: 347).
Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984
Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984a: 155, fig. 1. Type
locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, R. Paraguay system ...
Mun. Itiquira, internal lakes of the Piquiri-Itiquira system,
Fazenda Santo Antonio do Paraíso. Holotype: MZUSP 28232.
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (upper Guaporé
River drainage), and Paraná River basin (upper Paraguay River
drainage).
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912
Aequidens potaroënsis Eigenmann, 1912: 490, pl. 66 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Amatuk. Holotype: FMNH 53892 [ex CM 2407].
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin.
Countries: Guyana
Aequidens pulcher (Gill, 1858)
Cychlasoma pulchrum Gill, 1858: 382. Type locality: [western
portion of Trinidad]. Syntypes: USNM 1110 (orig. 1, now 2).
Maximum length: 16 cm TL
Distribution: Central and South America: Trinidad, W.I., and
adjacent Venezuela.
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Common names: Blue coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Cocoroba
(Venezuela)
Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)
Chromis rivulata Günther, 1860b: 418. Type locality: Andes of
Western Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.153 (1).
Acara aequinoctialis Regan, 1905b: 337. Type locality: W. Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.15.13-16 (4).
Aequidens azurifer Fowler, 1911: 515, fig. 7. Type locality: Affluent of the Chimbo River, near Bucay, Province of Guayas, Ecuador. Holotype: ANSP 39118.
Maximum length: 20 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Pacific slope from Ecuador (Esmeraldas River) to Peru (Tumbes River).
Countries: Ecuador, Peru
locality: Rio Jamary. Lectotype: MNRJ 1592A, designated by
Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397) [but perhaps specimen not isolated].
Acaronia trimaculata Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 389, pl.
22 (fig. 8). Type locality: Iquitos. Holotype: CAS 67009 [ex IU
17794].
Maximum length: 16.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Widely distributed in the Amazon
River basin in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil and Bolivia, also
in the Tocantins and Parnaíba Rivers, French Guiana, Suriname,
Guyana, and in the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela and Colombia.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Common names: Acará-cuaima (Brazil), Acará-pixuna (Brazil),
Kokko (Suriname), Manja koko (Suriname), Prapra (French
Guiana)
Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991
Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991: 427, fig. 4. Type
locality: Brazil, Estado do Pará, Reserva Biológica de Trombetas,
igarapé at km 4 on the road to Perimetral Norte. Holotype:
MZUSP 15887.
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the
Trombetas River close to Cachoeira Porteira.
Countries: Brazil
Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840)
Acara viridis Heckel, 1840: 343. Type locality: in den durch das
Anschwellen der Flüsse gebildeten Waldlachen ..., ... in einer
derselben bei der Stadt Matogrosso liegenden und Juquià ...
genannten. Syntypes: NMW 16247 (1), 33833 (1), ?91433 (1);
SMF 2925 [ex NMW in 1844] (1).
Aequidens awani Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 55. Type locality: São
Antonio de Guaporé, Rio Guaporé, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH
54036 [ex CM 2576].
Aequidens guaporensis Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 54. Type locality:
São Antonio de Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54035 [ex CM
2575].
Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River basin.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)
AMPHILOPHUS
Acaropsis rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 11, pl. 4 (fig.1). Type
locality: Rio do Sangue, acima do Salto Bello. Holotype: MNRJ
1616.
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Tapajós River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Amphilophus
froebelii Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Astatheros Pellegrin, 1904: 203. Type species: Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Erythrichthus Meek, 1907b: 118. Type species: Heros citrinellus
Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
Originally Cichlasoma (Erythrichthus).
Curraichthys Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [3]. Type species: Heros
lobochilus Günther, 1868. Type species by original designation.
Gender: masculine.
Aequidens sapayensis (Regan, 1903)
Acara sapayensis Regan, 1903b: 628. Type locality: Rio Sapayo,
N.W. Ecuador. Holotype: BMNH 1902.7.29.56.
Maximum length: 10 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Pacific slope, in the Cayapas River
drainage in northwestern Ecuador.
Countries: Ecuador
Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840)
Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840: 341, pl. 29 (fig. 1-4). Type locality: Rio-branco. Syntypes: NMW 33757-58 (2).
Chromys uniocellata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type
locality: rio Ucayale, mission de Sarayacu. Syntypes: MNHN
A.9481 (2). Spelled uniocellatus in list of figures.
Aequidens stollei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 13, pl. 5 (fig. 3). Type
Amphilophus alfari (Meek, 1907)
Cichlasoma alfari Meek, 1907a: 148. Type locality: Turrialba,
Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6032.
Cichlosoma lethrinus Regan, 1908a: 462. Type locality: Rio Iroquois. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.3.13.92-97 (5 of 6) and
1909.3.13.98 (1, skeleton).
Cichlasoma bouchellei Fowler, 1923: 29. Type locality: Tunky
Bin River above Eden, Nicaragua. Holotype: ANSP 51222.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras
(Patuca River) to Costa Rica; Atlantic slope of Costa Rica.
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Villa and Miller, 1975 identified C.
bouchellei as a junior synonym of A. alfari. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 318), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,
and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 8, fig. 4. Type
locality: Agua caliente, Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86°
19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3448.1).
Maximum length: 15.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Xiloá.
Countries: Nicaragua
Amphilophus altifrons (Kner, 1863)
Heros altifrons Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama. Syntype:
NMW 21204 (1).
Maximum length: 13 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Térraba River) to Panama (Chiriqui River).
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama
Remarks and references: Also appeared as new in Kner & Steindachner (1864: 11, pl. 2, fig. 1) from Colombia and Panama. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 322), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997
Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997: 2, fig. p. 2. Type locality:
Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles
on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: AMNH 59077.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica
(Sixaola River drainage) to Panama (Guarumo River).
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 325), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Amphilophus calobrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
Cichlasoma calobrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality: Rio Calobre, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7600.
Maximum length: 25 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra,
Chucunaque and Bayano River basins).
Countries: Panama
Rica, Nicaragua)
Amphilophus diquis (Bussing, 1974)
Cichlasoma diquis Bussing, 1974: 37, fig. 2. Type locality: Costa
Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S
of Palmar Sur at IH. Holotype: LACM 33911-1.
Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of SE Costa Rica.
Countries: Costa Rica
Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli,
1950)
Cichlasoma hogaboomorum Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 27, pl. 2
(fig. 1). Type locality: Río Choluteca, 5 kilometers below Choluteca, elevation 50 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 144664.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Honduras, in the
Choluteca River basin.
Countries: Honduras
Common names: Guapotillo (Honduras)
Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864)
Amphilophus froebelii Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake
Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, missing.
Heros labiatus Günther, 1864a: 27, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality:
Lake of Managua, Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.9.23.7-8
(2) or 1863.12.15.74-76 (3).
Heros erythraeus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of
Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.33. Described in more
detail in Günther (1868: 457, pl. 75, fig. 2).
Heros lobochilus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of
Managua. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.7.20.36 (2). Described in more
detail in Günther 1868: 457, pl. 75 (fig. 1).
Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek, 1907b: 123. Type locality: Lago
Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5971.
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, in
Lakes Nicaragua and Managua.
Countries: Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Systematics and biology covered by
Barlow & Munsey (1976). Kullander & Hartel (1997: 199) examined Agassiz’ description of Amphilophus froebelii and
searched in vain for type material. Villa (1976: 381) added Cichlasoma dorsatum to the synonymy of A. labiatus. The name
froebelii has never been used as a senior synonym of A. labiatus
subsequent to its description. Original description copied in Günther (1864b: 231).
Common names: Mojarra picuda (Nicaragua)
Amphilophus longimanus (Günther, 1867)
Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864)
Heros citrinellus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of
Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.201-203 (3).
Heros basilaris Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 182. Type locality:
Lake Nicaragua. Types not located, but may be present in the
Bransford collection deposited in the USNM.
Cichlasoma granadense Meek, 1907b: 121. Type locality: Lago
Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5951.
Maximum length: 24.4 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and
Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage, including Lakes Nicaragua,
Managua, Masaya, and Apoyo).
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Cichlasoma granadense was synonymised with A. citrinellus by Villa (1976: 381). Systematics
and biology covered by Barlow & Munsey (1976). Reviewed by
Bussing (1998: 312), with key, diagnosis, geographical
distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Costa
Heros longimanus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of
Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.204.
Cichlasoma popenoei Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 31, pl. 2 (fig. 2).
Type locality: Río Yeguare, about 1 kilometer below bridge on
road between Tegucigalpa and Danlí, Department of Morazan,
Honduras; elevation 735 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 147178.
Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras
(Aguan River) to Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Prinzapolka, San
Juan River drainage including Lake Nicaragua), Pacific slope
from Guatemala to Costa Rica (Nahualate River to Bebedero
River).
Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 329), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Carataca (Honduras), Carate (Nicaragua),
Machaca (Honduras), Pecho rojo (Nicaragua), Viejito (Guatemala)
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Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966)
Amphilophus robertsoni (Regan, 1905)
Cichlasoma lyonsi Gosse, 1966: 16, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa
Rica (prov. Puntarenas), affluent du Rio Coto, Plantation United
Fruit Company, Golfito. Holotype: IRSNB 464.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto
River) and Panama (Dupí River).
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 316), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Cichlosoma robertsoni Regan, 1905a: 239. Type locality: Stann
Creek, British Honduras [=Belize]. Holotype: BMNH
1890.9.8.11.
Cichlasoma acutum Miller, 1907: 117, fig. 6. Type locality: Río
Tenedores, Tenedores. Holotype: IU 11186.
Maximum length: 19 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope from
Mexico (Coatzacoalcos River) to Honduras.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico
Common names: False firemouth cichlid (Belize), Klanki (Honduras), Machaca (Honduras), Mojarra (Honduras), Tepemechine
(Mexico)
Amphilophus macracanthus (Günther, 1864)
Heros macracanthus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Chiapas
and Huamuchal. Syntypes: (about 12) BMNH 1864.1.26.197-200
(4), 1864.1.26.252-254 (3) Chiapas, 1864.1.26.368 (1) Huamuchal, 1864.1.26.255 (1, skeleton).
Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 86
[2]. Type locality: Isthme de Tehuantepec (Mexique). Syntypes:
MNHN A.9528 (3).
Cichlasoma evermanni Meek, 1904: 214, fig. 70. Type locality:
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4727 [not 4227].
Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925: 275, fig. 20. Type locality:
Lake Guija, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87301. Secondarily
preoccupied by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918, replaced
by Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934.
Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934: 192. Type locality: [Lake
Guija, El Salvador.] Holotype: USNM 87301. Replacement name
for Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925, preoccupied in Cichlasoma by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918.
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope from
southern Mexico to El Salvador.
Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico
Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther, 1862)
Amphilophus rostratus (Gill, 1877)
Heros rostratus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 181. Type locality:
Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: USNM 16872(9).
Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and
Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage including Lakes Managua,
Nicaragua and Masaya, to Matinaon River).
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 334), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Carate (Nicaragua), Masamiche (Costa Rica,
Nicaragua)
Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 12, fig. 11. Type
locality: Agua caliente Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86°
19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3386.1.
Maximum length: 16 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Xiloá.
Countries: Nicaragua
Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
Heros margaritifer Günther, 1862: 287. Type locality: Lake Peten,
Guatemala. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.62.
Maximum length: 12.7 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala (Lake
Petén).
Countries: Guatemala
Remarks and references: Type locality doubtful, species not reported with certainty since original description.
Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 9, fig. 7. Type
locality: Southeastern shore of Lake Xiloá (N 12° 12,793’ W 86°
19,028’). Holotype PSU 3381.1
Maximum length: 16 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Xiloá.
Countries: Nicaragua
Amphilophus nourissati (Allgayer, 1989)
Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976)
Theraps nourissati Allgayer, 1989: 12, fig. p. 13. Type locality:
petite rivière à 1 km avant le village “La Pera” sur la route de
Palenque vers Ojo de Agua, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype:
MNHN 1989-583.
Maximum length: 22 cm TL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico
and Guatemala (Usumacinta River basin).
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Common names: Panza negra (Mexico)
Cichlasoma zaliosum Barlow in Barlow & Munsey, 1976: 363, fig.
5. Type locality: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Holotype: CAS 29104.
Maximum length: 20 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Apoyo.
Countries: Nicaragua
Common names: Mojarra flecha (Nicaragua)
Amphilophus rhytisma (López S.,1983)
Heterogramma Regan, 1906b: 60. Type species: Mesops taeniatus
Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann
(1910: 478). Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Heterogramma
Guenée, 1854.
Apistogramma Regan, 1913c: 282. Type species: Mesops taeniatus
Günther, 1862. Type by being a replacement name. Gender:
feminine.
Pintoichthys Fowler, 1954: 316. Type species: Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
Cichlasoma rhytisma López S., 1983: 133, fig. 1. Type locality:
Costa Rica, Limón Province, Río Cocolis, a tributary of Río
Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles on road between Bratsí and Shiroles. Holotype: LACM 42998-1.
Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica
(Sixaola River).
Countries: Costa Rica
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 332), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
APISTOGRAMMA
Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875)
Geophagus (Mesops) agassizii Steindachner, 1875: 111, pl. 8 (fig.
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
2). Type locality: Syntypes from Curupira..., Cudajas..., Rio
Puty..., Lago Maximo...See Manacapuru; lectotype from Manacapuru (Amazonas State, Brazil; 3°16’S 60°37’N). Lectotype:
NMW 23484, designated by Kullander (1980a: 89).
Apistogramma parva Ahl, 1931: 210. Type locality: Rio Capim.
Holotype: ZMB 23410.
Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along AmazonSolimões River from Peru through Brazil to Capim River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 89),
with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation; brief redescription of Peruvian material in Kullander (1986:
189). Holotype of A. parva briefly redescribed by Kullander
(1980a: 145). Synonym status of A. parva is still tentative.
Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998
Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998: 46, fig. 1. Type
locality: some 2.5 km upstream of the village of Arua in a small
right-bank affluent of the Rio Arua, a tributary of the Rio Arapiuns, Para State, Brazil (approx. 2°39’27”S, 55°43’24”W). Holotype: MZUSP uncat.
Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Arapiuns
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Original description repeated in German
in Römer (1998: 266-283) but with additional photos.
Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997
Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997: 9, 2 figs. Type locality:
Peru (Loreto). Imported...from Iquitos. Holotype: SMF 28212.
Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Nanay
River basin.
Countries: Peru
Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936
Apistogramma pertense var. bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936: 56. Type
locality: Rio Madeira (Brésil) [apparently incorrect: Kullander,
1980a: 97], emended to: Colombia (Amazonas), environments of
Leticia. Lectotype: MNHN 1935-34, designated by Kullander
(1980a).
Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken, 1961: 136, fig. p. 137. Type
locality: Wasserläufen bei Letitia in Peru. Holotype: lost.
Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken, 1962: 138, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilien, oberer Rio Solimões, Igarapé Preto. Holotype:
SMF 5526.
Apistogramma kleei Meinken, 1964: 293, fig. p. 295. Type locality: unbekannt [unknown]. Holotype: USNM 199593.
Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to
Peruvian and adjacent Brazilian black-water river systems (collected in the lower Nanay, Mazán and Tigre in Peru, near Leticia
in Colombia, and in Igarapé Preto and Lago Tefé in Brazil).
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 97),
with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation; brief redescription of Peruvian material by Kullander (1986:
191).
Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906)
Heterogramma borellii Regan, 1906b: 63. Type locality: Carandasiñho, Matto Grosso. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.4.14.12-15 (3;
one lost).
Heterogramma ritense Haseman, 1911: 362, pl. 70. Type locality:
Santa Rita, Rio Santa Rita of the Paraguay basin. Holotype:
FMNH 54187 [ex CM 2765a].
Heterogramma rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 16, pl. 11. Type
locality: Caceres, na Caiçara (Campina). Lectotype: MNRJ
1247A, designated by Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397).
Apistogramma aequipinnis Ahl, 1938: 246. Type locality: vermutlich Argentinien. Holotype: ZMB 23409.
Apistogramma reitzigi Mitsch, 1938: 181. Type locality: Wahrscheinlich mittleres Südamerika. No type specimens.
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin and along the
lower Paraná River in Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Remarks and references: Apistogramma reitzigi was named twice
(Mitsch, 1938, Ahl, 1938) with the same name. The earlier description by Mitsch (1938) clearly makes the name available.
Although attributed in that paper to E. Ahl, there is no indication
that Ahl would have been involved in writing the paper and Ahl
cannot be author. Brief review, with key and distribution map, in
Kullander (1983b: 311).
Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980a 107, fig. 13. Type locality:
Petit igarapé du Lago Penera, rive droite du Uaupés, État
d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°01’N 67°21’W.). Holotype: IRSNB 570.
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951
Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951: 1, fig. p. 3. Type
locality: near Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana [incorrect, restricted and
emended by Kullander, 1980a: R. Amazonas basin between 69°
and 71° W]. Holotype: ZMA 100033.
Maximum length: 5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of
the Ucayali, Amazon and Solimões Rivers from the Pachitea
River to Tabatinga.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1980a 86).
Brief review with bibliography, diagnostic characters, and distribution map in Kullander (1986: 181).
Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980a: 76. Type locality: Igarapé
in Bragança (Estado do Pará, Brazil; 1°45’S 46°47’W). Holotype: FMNH 54164 [ex CM 2732].
Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Apeú and Caeté Rivers in the Bragança region, Pará State.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906)
Heterogramma commbrae Regan, 1906b: 64. Type locality: Carandasiñho, Matto Grosso; Colonia Risso. Lectotype: BMNH
1900.4.14.16, designated by Kullander (1982a: 36).
Heterogramma corumbae Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann,
McAtee & Ward, 1907: 146, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: Corumba. Holotype: CAS 33719 [ex IU 10166].
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin, middle Paraná
River basin in Argentina, and Uruguay River basin.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Remarks and references: Species monographed by Kullander
(1982a).
Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986
Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986: 159, pl. 16, fig. 1. Type
locality: Peru, departamento Loreto, Río Napo drainage system,
lower course of a quebrada right bank tributary to the Río Mazán
nearly 2 hours upstream from Puerto Alegre on the mouth of the
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Río Mazán, Peru. Holotype: NRM 16664.
Maximum length: 5.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo
River drainage of Peru and Ecuador, and the Putumayo and
Caquetá River drainages of Colombia.
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987
Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987a: 259, fig. 1. Type
locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, R. Negro drainage system, downstream of the R. Daraã. Holotype: MZUSP 28213.
Maximum length: 2.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle
Negro River from San Carlos to Arirará River.
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela
Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980a: 103, fig. 12. Type
locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite du Uaupés à Trovao
(environ 20 km en amont de l’embouchure de Uaupés), État
d’Amazonas. Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 596.
Maximum length: 4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 115)
with diagnosis, bibliography, description and distribution; synonymy of A. roraimae herein is based on Kullander (unpublished).
Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982
Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982d: 65, fig. 1. Type locality:
Brasil, terr. Amapá, R. Oyapock system, Martinique. Holotype:
MNHN 1981-231.
Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French
Guiana and Brazil; Approuague River drainage in French
Guiana.
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)
Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso
A., 1989
Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso A., 1989:
132, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Estado Anzoátegui, Río
Morichal Largo, close to village San Miguel (63°22’W 8°38’N).
Holotype: MHNLS 3587.
Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Morichal Largo River in northeastern
Venezuela.
Countries: Venezuela
Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981a: 184, fig. 1. Type locality: Peru, Depto. Loreto, R. Ucayali system, near Pucallpa, on
road to Aguaytia, “Dunkelwasser bei ‘Campo Verde’”. Holotype:
ZFMK 10772.
Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries to
the Ucayali and Amazonas Rivers, and in the Yavarí River in
Peru, and the Japurá River in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982b: 182, fig. 1. Type
locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, Rio Solimoes System, igarapé
des Lago Manacapuru. Holotype: MZUSP 6657.
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, middle Negro
River drainage (near mouths of Urubaxi and Daraã Rivers), and
Lake Manacapuru.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971
Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965
Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971: 35, fig. 1. Type locality:
Amazonas-Gebiet, Rio Curuçamba bei Obidos. Holotype: SMF
10617.
Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the region of
the lower Trombetas River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 72).
Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980a: 131, fig. 17. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans
l’Archipel das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S
60°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 581.
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969
Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969: 91, fig. 1. Type locality:
Brasilien, wahrscheinlich Gebiet des Rio Negro. Holotype: SMF
9441.
Apistogramma roraimae Kullander, 1980a: 138, fig 19. Type
locality: Igarapé Uazinho à environ 20 km de Boa Vista sur la
route Boa Vista-Caracarai, Territoire du Rio Branco, Brésil.
(2°49’N 60°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 565.
Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco
and middle Negro River basins.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982
Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965a: 258, fig. 1. Type locality:
Zuflüsse der Sümpfe am Unterlauf des Rio Portuguesa westlich
der Orte Sta. Rosa und Camaguan, an der Autostraße von
Calabozo am Südende der seenartigen Erweiterung ‘Embalse del
Guárico’ des Rio Guárico nach San Fernando am Mittellauf des
Rio Apuré, im Staat Guárico, Venezuela. Holotype: SMF 7891.
Maximum length: 6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa, Aracua, and lower Caura River drainages, and along the
mainstream of the lower Orinoco River to Barrancas.
Countries: Venezuela
Remarks and references: Brief redescription in Kullander (1979:
75).
Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela)
Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979
Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979b: 74, fig. 5. Type locality: Finca Boca de Guarrojo (small laguna closest to the houses
of the finca), R. Guarrojo, Vichada, Colombia (4°07’N
70°45’W). Holotype: NRM 11234.
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Vichada
River drainage and the middle Meta River drainage in Colombia,
and along the middle Orinoco River basin.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
Common names: Viejita (Colombia)
Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983
Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983b: 307, fig. 1. Type
locality: Bolivia, depto. Santa Cruz, R. Paraguay system [sic!],
small pool of the R. Candelaria, above bridge on road Carmen-
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Santa Rosa (16°00’S 61°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 637.
Maximum length: 3.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River drainage in Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraguay River basin.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994
Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979b: 76, fig. 7. Type locality:
Pueblo Bretania (Yuri Bajo), Caño (Río) Bocón, depto. Guainía,
Colombia (3°39’N 68°05’W). Holotype: NRM 11224.
Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Inírida
River basin.
Countries: Colombia
Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994: 1, fig. 1. Type locality:
Small igarapé (forest stream) near airfield of Barcelos do Rio
Negro, Dept. Amazonas, Brazil (aprox. 63.04’W/0.01’S), sometimes called “Rio Salgádo” by local people. Holotype: ZFMK
17458.
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: The species name is a misspelling for
mendesi, after Francisco Mendes, but cannot be corrected (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition, article
32.5).
Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986
Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986: 177, pl. 19 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Brazil, estado Acre, Rio Juruá drainage system,
municipio do Cruzeiro do Sul, riachos near Igarapé Formoso.
Holotype: ZUEC 1374.
Maximum length: 2.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the uppper
Juruá River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980a: 61, fig. 9. Type locality:
Igarapé São Salvador, affluent rive gauche du Rio Moa, Cruzeiro-do-Sul. État de Acre. Brésil. (7°38’S 72°36’W). Holotype:
IRSNB 586.
Maximum length: 5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Juruá River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Brief redescription with illustration in
Kullander (1986: 169).
Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979
Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985
Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985: 151, fig. 5. Type locality:
Bolivia, northwest of the town Santa Cruz, Lagunen entlang der
Strasse zwischen den Orten Portachuelo und Bella Vista, 76 km
nordwestlich von Santa Cruz, Wasseransammlungen entlang der
Strasse und kleiner flacher Wasserlauf der die Strasse kreuzt und
Lagune an der Strasse ca. 2 km östlich vor dem Ort Japacani am
Rio Japacani”, sta. B1 und B2, about 68°25’W--16°20’S and
68°50’W--16°15’S. Holotype: ZFMK 13323.
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré
and Beni River basins.
Countries: Bolivia
Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976
Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976: 259, fig. 1. Type locality:
Kleine Quebrada unterhalb Todos Santos (Bolivien) [incorrect:
corrected to Quebrada mit Altwasser unterhalb San Francisco
seitlich des Rio Chiripiri by Kullander, 1986: 177]. Holotype:
ZFMK (I) 66/2283.
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre
de Dios and Mamoré River basins.
Countries: Bolivia, Peru
Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979
Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979b: 70, fig. 1. Type
locality: Finca La Ponderosa (on the road to Restrepo), Villavicencio, depto Meta, Colombia. Stream... at the foot of the
Cordillera (4°15’N 73°35’W). Holotype: NRM 11240.
Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper
Meta River drainage (Guaytiquía River, Metica River).
Countries: Colombia
Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980a: 118, fig. 15. Type
locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20
km en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État
d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 567.
Maximum length: 3.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés
River basin.
Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979
Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979a: 938, fig. 1. Type locality: Perú (Loreto), R. Ucayali system, Jenaro Herrera, R. Copal,
“marigots des Tupacs”. Holotype: MHNG 1595.82.
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte River drainage, a tributary to the Ucayali River.
Countries: Peru
Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991
Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991: 140, fig. 1. Type locality:
Peru, Dept. Loreto, in die Quebrada Nuevo Horizonte mündender
Urwaldbach im Einzugsgebiet des Rio Tahuayo (etwa 73°05’W,
4°05’S). Holotype: ZMB 32002.
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tahuayo
River basin.
Countries: Peru
Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912)
Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann, 1912: 506, pl. 68 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Erukin, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53801 [ex CM
2306].
Maximum length: 4.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, including
the Potaro and Rupununi rivers, Corantijn and Cuyuni River basins.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997
Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997: 12, 4 figs. Type locality:
Per (Loreto), Rio Ucayali drainage... Small forest brooks east of
Jenaro Herrera at kilometer markers 26 and 27 on the road to the
Brazilian border. Holotype: ZFMK 18610.
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Peru, not precisely known.
Countries: Peru
Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck,
1988
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988: 190, fig.
1. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage... Arquipélago das Anavilhanas, small shallow bay on the
right bank of Rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 36952.
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle
and lower Negro River from Daraã River to Anavilhanas Archipelago.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986
Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986: 184, fig. 64, pl. 20
(fig. 2). Type locality: Ecuador, provincia del Napo, Río Napo
drainage system, Río Payamino drainage, Quebrada Ahuano, just
above Ahuanopaccha (a 42 m vertical waterfall); in headwaters
of the Río Tutapishcu, few km southwest of San José de
Payamino (a village at confluence of Rio Tutapishcu and Rio
Payamino (approx. 0°31.2’S, 77°20.7’W). Holotype: FMNH
96564.
Maximum length: 4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the
Payamino River basin in Napo River drainage.
Countries: Ecuador
Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980a: 65, fig. 10. Type locality:
Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans l’Archipel
das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S 60°45’W).
Holotype: IRSNB 577.
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980b: 158, fig. 1. Type
locality: Brasil, Estado do Amazonas, R. Madeira drainage system, Igarapé Xicanga, about 5 km W of Humaitá (07°31’S
63°04’W). Holotype: ZMA 116177.
Maximum length: 2.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira
River drainage near Huamitá.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata,
2002.
Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980a: 111, fig. 14. Type
locality: Rio Uaupés á Assai, État d’Amazonas, Brésil (0°02’N
67°27’W). Holotype: IRSNB 575.
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002: 16, fig.
3. Type locality: Bolivien, Departamento Pando, Rio Manuripi,
nahe der Ortshaft Puerto Cardenas (11°20’083” S,
67°44’576”W). Holotype: MTD F 26477.
Maximum length: 4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Manuripi River basin, Pando Department.
Countries: Bolivia
Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911)
Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914
Heterogramma taeniatum pertense Haseman, 1911: 359, pl. 66.
Type locality: Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54171 [ex CM 2741].
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Negro River and from Manacapuru to Monte Alegre along the
Amazon-Solimões River.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1980a: 126),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution.
Apistogramma ortmanni rupununi Fowler, 1914: 277, fig 19. Type
locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP
39347.
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco
River; Rupununi River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana
Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980a: 79, fig. 11. Type
locality: Brazil: Piauí, Lagoa Seca, about 1 km from camp on Rio
Parnaíba at Barra do Longa (near Buriti dos Lopes). (3°08’S
41°54’W.). Holotype: MCZ 46831.
Maximum length: 2.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985
Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985: 146, fig. 1. Type locality:
Bolivia, south of the town Trinidad, “Lagunen beiderseits der
Strasse von Trinidad ca. 10 km südlich in Richtung El Colegio
und Loreto”, sta. B11, about 64°51’W--14°57’S. Holotype:
ZFMK 13400.
Maximum length: 2.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré
and Guaporé River basins.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909)
Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908)
Heterogramma pleurotaenia Regan, 1909a: 270. Type locality: La
Plata. Holotype: BMNH 1909.2.25.61.
Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Possibly Argentina, only holotype
known.
Countries: Argentina (?)
Heterogramma steindachneri Regan, 1908b: 370, fig. on p. 371.
Type locality: Georgetown, Demerara. Syntypes: BMNH
1909.4.30: 31-32 (2).
Apistogramma ornatipinnis Ahl, 1936a: 141. Type locality: Britisch-Guiana. Holotype: ZMB 21147.
Apistogramma wickleri Meinken, 1960b: 655, fig. 1. Type locality:
Anzunehmen ist, daß die Tiere aus den Guayana-Ländern eingeführt wurden. Holotype: ZMH H5682.
Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo, Demerara and Mahaica
River drainages, and from the Marowijne River to the Corantijn
River basin.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname
Remarks and references: Redescription, based in Surinamese
material, in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 74), with bibliography,
Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980a: 135, fig. 18. Type locality: Rio Preto, affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Candeias à 25
km de Porto-Velho, Territoire du Rondonia, Brésil. (8°46’S
63°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 584.
Maximum length: 3.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira
River basin.
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for review.
diagnosis, description, distribution.
Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862)
Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862: 312. Type locality: River Cupai
(800 miles from the sea). Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.71.
Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tapajós River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescription of the holotype in Kullander (1980a: 142).
Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy,
1903)
Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 536. Type
locality: Arroyo Chagalalina [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 33721.
Heterogramma trifasciatum maciliense Haseman, 1911: 360, pl.
62 (fig. 2). Type locality: São Antonio de Guaporé. Syntypes:
CAS 33722 (1), FMNH 54177 (2), one missing. Spelled macielense on p. 360.
Apistogramma trifasciatum haraldschultzi Meinken, 1960a: 291,
fig. 1. Type locality: Oberer Guaporé, auch Itenes genannt, im
Norden des Staates Matto Grosso. Holotype: ZMH H1209.
Originally as harald schultzi as a subspecies of trifasciatum; here
regarded as one name to be combined.
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
drainage in Brazil; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River
drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the middle Paraná River
drainage in Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980
Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980a: 122, fig. 16. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20 km
en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État
d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W.) Holotype: IRSNB 594.
Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio
Uaupés and nearby Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986
Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986: 163, pl. 17 fig. 1. Type
locality: Peru, departamento Madre de Dios, Río Madre de Dios
drainage system, Lago Túpac Amaru, near Puerto Maldonado.
Holotype: NRM 16659.
Maximum length: 4.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio
Madre de Dios basin.
Countries: Peru
Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979
Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979b: 73, fig. 3. Type locality:
Caño, affluent of Rio Yucao, depto Meta, Colombia. About 500
m westwards along the road Puerto Gaitán-Puerto López from a
laguna midway between Rio Yucao and Rio Manacacías, 300 m
from the road (4°20’N 72°09’W). Holotype: NRM 11231.
Maximum length: 3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper
Rio Meta basin.
Countries: Colombia
Common names: Viejita (Colombia)
Species inquirenda
Geophagus amoenus Cope, 1872: 250. Type locality: River Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP (not found).
Species not recognized since original description, usually interpreted as an Apistogramma species. See Kullander (1980a: 142)
APISTOGRAMMOIDES
Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965b: 48. Type species: Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965
Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965b: 48, fig. 1. Type
locality: Bach kurz außerhalb der Vorstadt von Pucallpa, Peru,
der in den Ucayali mündet. Holotype: SMF 7565.
Maximum length: 2.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Pucallpa
on the Ucayali River in Peru, to Santa Sofía Island in the Amazon River in Colombia.
Countries: Colombia, Peru
Remarks and references: Kullander (1986: 194), with diagnosis,
bibliography, and redescription, distribution map, and illustrations.
ARCHOCENTRUS
Archocentrus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186. Type species:
Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877. Type by
monotypy. Gender: masculine. First described as subgenus of
Heros (Archocentrus).
Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001: 14. Type species: Heros spilurus
Günther, 1862. Type species by original designation. Gender:
masculine.
Archocentrus altoflavus (Allgayer, 2001)
Cryptoheros altoflavus Allgayer, 2001: 16, fig. p. 16. Type locality: Panama, Province de Bocas del Toro, Rio Carñaveral (Rio
Caña). Holotype: MNHN 2001/1163.
Maximum length: 9 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Cañaveral
River basin.
Countries: Panama
Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877)
Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 185. Type
locality: Lake Nicaragua. Holotype: USNM 16878.
Maximum length: 11 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, in tributaries of
Fonseca Gulf in Honduras and Nicaragua; Atlantic slope in the
San Juan River basin, including Lakes Managua, Nicaragua, Jiloá
and Apoyo.
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 336), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Nicaragua), Mojarrita (Nicaragua), Viejita (Nicaragua)
Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997
Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997: 3, fig. p. 3. Type locality:
Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles, on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica.
Holotype: AMNH 59079.
Maximum length: 8 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in Costa Rica and
Panama, from Estrella River to Guarumo River.
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 340), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994
Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994: 9. Type locality: Panama, Province de Bocas del Toro, District de Chiriqui Grande,
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
rio Guarumo. 82°13’ Ouest; 9°55’ à 9°52’ Nord. Holotype:
MNHN 1993-260.
Maximum length: 6.4 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Guarumo
River basin.
Countries: Panama
Archocentrus nigrofasciatus (Günther, 1867)
Heros nigrofasciatus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lakes of
Amatitlan and Atitlan. Syntypes: BMNH
1865.4.19.76-77 (2) and .78 (1, skeleton); ZMB 6882 (1).
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Guatemala to
Costa Rica (Tárcoles River); Atlantic slope from Aguan River
(Honduras) to Guarumo River (Panama).
Countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Remarks and references: Heros nigrofasciatus described in more
detail in Günther (1868: 452, pl. 74, fig. 3). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 342), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,
and figures.
Common names: Achiba (El Salvador), Burra (Costa Rica), Burro
(El Salvador), Carate (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), Chamarra (El Salvador), Chincoyo (El Salvador), Conga (El Salvador), Congo
(Costa Rica, Honduras), Mojarra (El Salvador), Punto naranja
(Costa Rica), Punto rojo (Nicaragua), Serica (Guatemala)
Archocentrus panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand,
1913)
Neetroplus panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality: Rio Mandingo, Bas Obispo, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype:
FMNH 7601.
Maximum length: 13 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama (Canal
Zone, including Chagres River).
Countries: Panama
Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Peje motete (Panama)
Archocentrus sajica (Bussing, 1974)
Cichlasoma sajica Bussing, 1974: 30, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa
Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S
of Palmar Sur at Interamerican Highway (IH). Holotype: LACM
33902-1.
Maximum length: 9 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica.
Countries: Costa Rica
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 346), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), T-Bar Cichlid (USA)
Archocentrus septemfasciatus (Regan, 1908)
Cichlosoma septemfasciatum Regan, 1908a: 461. Type locality:
Rio Iroquois. Syntypes: (14) BMNH 1909.3.13.82-90 (9),
1909.3.13.91 (1, skeleton).
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, from
the San Juan River drainage to the Banano River.
Countries: Costa Rica
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 348), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Archocentrus spilurus (Günther, 1862)
Heros spilurus Günther, 1862: 289. Type locality: Guatemala.
Syntypes: (at least 2) BMNH 1864.1.26.52-55 (4?).
Cichlasoma cutteri Fowler, 1932: 380, fig. p. 381. Type locality:
Lancetilla, Honduras. Holotype: ANSP 53930.
Maximum length: 12 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Belize to Nicaragua.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Common names: Blue-eye cichlid (Belize), Congo (Nicaragua)
Archocentrus spinosissimus (Vaillant & Pellegrin,
1902)
Heros (Cichlasoma) spinosissimus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 87
[3]. Type locality: Rio Polochic (Guatémala). Syntypes: MNHN
A.352 (4).
Cichlasoma spinosissimum var. immaculata Pellegrin, 1904: 225.
Type locality: Rio Polochic [Guatemala]. Syntypes: MNHN 9846
(2).
Maximum length: 11 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Lake Izabal
basin.
Countries: Guatemala
ASTRONOTUS
Astronotus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus
Agassiz, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Acara Heckel, 1840: 338. Type species: Acara crassipinnis
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann &
Bray (1894: 616). Gender: masculine.
Hygrogonus Günther, 1862: 303. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus
Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840)
Acara crassipinnis Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 29 (fig. 5). Type locality: ..Rio-Paraguay... in Buchten... bei Villa Maria und
Caiçara...Rio-Guaporè bei Matogrosso, im Rio-negro und im
Rio-branco. Syntypes: (at least 5) NMW 58776 (1); NMW 24261
(1), 92455 (1); SMF 2926 [ex NMW in 1844] (1).
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Bolivian
Amazon and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Paraná River
basin in the Paraguay drainage in Paraguay and Brazil.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru
Common names: Apaiari (Brazil)
Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)
Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 129, pl. 66.
Type locality: Oceano Atlantico. Types in ZSM, lost.
Cychla rubro-ocellata Jardine, 1843: 153, pl. 10. Type locality:
Rio Negro and tributaries. No types known.
Acara compressus Cope, 1872: 256. Type locality: the Ambyiacu
[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9180.
Acara hyposticta Cope, 1878: 697. Type locality: [Amazonian
Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 21286.
Astronotus ocellatus zebra Pellegrin, 1904: 183. Type locality:
Santarem. Holotype: MNHN 1902-46.
Astronotus orbiculatus Haseman, 1911: 331, pl. 53. Type locality:
Santarem. Holotype: FMNH 53992 [ex CM 2515].
Maximum length: 21 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia, Brazil; French Guiana
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire (introduced), French
Guiana, Peru, Puerto Rico (introduced)
Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in
Kullander (1986: 61), with diagnosis, description, distribution,
and illustrations. The species is reported from the Orinoco River
drainage and numerous localities in the Amazon River basin, but
apparently several species are confused under the name, and
names in the synonymy may represent valid species.
Common names: Acará-açu (Brazil), Acarahuazú (Peru), Apaiari
(Brazil), Carahuazú (Peru), Corró-baiano (Brazil), Corró-chinês
(Brazil), Crombier (French Guiana), Dorminhoco (Brazil), Krobié rouj (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana)
617
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
BIOTODOMA
BUJURQUINA
Mesops Günther, 1862: 311. Type species: Geophagus cupido
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann &
Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine. Preoccupied by Mesops
Audinet-Serville 1831 in Orthoptera; replaced by Biotoma Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903.
Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species:
Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement
name. Gender: neuter. Replacement for Mesops Günther 1862,
preoccupied by Mesops Audinet-Serville 1831.
Bujurquina Kullander, 1986: 244. Type species: Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation. Gender:
feminine.
Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840)
Geophagus Cupido Heckel, 1840: 399. Type locality: Rionegro...Rio-Guaporè und dessen Morästen in der Umgegend von
Matogrosso. Syntypes: NMW 23094 (1), 23122 (1), 23414 (1).
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Bolivia
and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in
Kullander (1986: 239), with diagnosis, description, distribution,
and illustrations. Kullander (1986) considered that the widespread B. cupido of authors may consist of several similar species.
Common names: Bujurqui (Peru)
Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963)
Geophagus wavrini Gosse, 1963: 2, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality:
Haut Orénoque, entre San Fernando de Atabapo et le Casiquiare.
Holotype: IRSNB 457.
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle
and upper Negro River drainage in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin in Colombia and Venezuela.
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela
Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986: 280, pl. 29 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system, 3.4 km from Pucallpa on road to Lima, first bridge over
stream. Holotype: FMNH 84269 (1 of 14).
Maximum length: 7.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Ucayali
River tributaries between Pucallpa and Shahuaya.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986: 261, pl. 28 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Madre de Dios
drainage system, quebrada 8 km from airport road on sideroad to
Lago Túpac Amaru. Holotype: NRM 17581.
Maximum length: 6.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre
de Dios drainage at Puerto Maldonado.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986: 269, pl. 28 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Perú, departamento de Cuzco, R. Madre de Dios drainage system, R. Hospital at 71°27’W, 12°53’S. Holotype: ANSP
158173.
Maximum length: 8.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre
de Dios drainage in Peru (Pilcopata, upper Madre de Dios, Manú,
Colorado, Marcapata Rivers).
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986
BIOTOECUS
Saraca Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type species: Saraca opercularis
Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera, replaced by
Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903.
Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species:
Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: masculine. Replacement for Saraca
Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera.
Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989
Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989: 227, fig. 1. Type locality: Colombia, Comisaría Vichada, Caño Alisal, tributary to Rio
Bita a few km S Puerto Carreño. Holotype: ICNMHN 1400.
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, from the Inírida
River (Colombia) to Maripa (Venezuela).
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
Common names: Rebeca (Venezuela)
Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875)
Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type locality: See
Saraca und Ausstände des Amazonenstromes bei Villa bella.
Syntypes: NMW 38419 (1), 77814 (8).
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco
River, the middle and lower Negro River, Urubu River, Lake
Saracá, Parintins, Lake Carauaçu, lower Trombetas River.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Discussed by Kullander (1989), with
distribution map.
Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986: 283, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea drainage
system, 2-3 km downstream of Tournavista, right bank quebrada
near its mouth into the Río Pachitea. Holotype: NRM 17585.
Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea
and Aguaytía River basins.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986: 290, pl. 31 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Peru, departamento Huánuco, Río Huallaga drainage
system, vicinity of Tingo María, c. 1/4 mi above Río Huallaga.
Holotype: ANSP 158171.
Maximum length: 8.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Huallaga
River basin at Tarapoto and Tingo María.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986: 277, pl. 29 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system, Río Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km
south of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17589.
Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Ucayali River basin (near Chinipo River).
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922)
Aequidens mariae Eigenmann, 1922a: 240, pl. 30 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Barrigón; Eigenmann, 1922b: 197: Type locality:
618
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Barigona; Cmaral, Llanos; Caño Caricería; Río Negro, Villcio;
Oriente de Bogotá; Q. Gramalote Villcia. Holotype: CAS 34711
[ex IU 15011].
Maximum length: 15 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta
River basin.
Countries: Colombia
Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available evidence which publication should have priority.
Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986: 287, fig. 125, pl. 31
(fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea drainage system, drying pool c. 100 m from the left margin
of the Río Pachitea and c. 1 km upstream from Tournavista.
Holotype: NRM 17591.
Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea
and Aguaytía River basins.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986: 304, pl. 33 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ucayali drainage system, Quebrada Carahuayte at first bend downstream of km 20 on
road Jenaro Herrera-Colonia Angamos. Holotype: NRM 17572.
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte, Mazán and lower Napo River basins.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987
Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987b: 196, fig. 1. Type locality: Bolivie, dép. Santa Cruz. Rio Aguas Calientes à Aguas Calientes, à 25 km à l’est de Roboré, sur le rail. (Bassin du Paraguay.). Holotype: IRSNB 666.
Maximum length: 6.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Aguas
Calientes River basin (Paraguay River drainage).
Countries: Bolivia
River basin (upper Ucayali River drainage).
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872)
Acara syspilus Cope, 1872: 255, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type locality:
Ambyiacu River [Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP
21430-21433 (4).
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Pacaya River basin (Ucayali River drainage) to the lower Yavarí
River.
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986: 266, pl. 28 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Tambopata
drainage system, Quebrada San Roque at Km 11 on Puerto Maldonado-Cuzco road. Holotype: NRM 17580.
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tambopata River basin (Madre de Dios River drainage).
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840)
Acara vittatus Heckel, 1840: 346. Type locality: Sümpfen um
Cujabá, der Hauptstadt in der Provinz Matagrosso. Holotype:
NMW 33879.
Aequidens paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 534.
Type locality: Asuncion. Holotype: CAS 34716 [ex IU 10066].
Maximum length: 7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River drainage, and in the middle Paraná River basin.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Common names: Acará-pirambocaia (Brazil)
Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905)
Acara zamorensis Regan, 1905b: 339. Type locality: Rio Zamora.
Holotype: BMNH 1898.12.31.35.
Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Zamora
River basin.
Countries: Ecuador
Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986: 294, pl. 32 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Perú, departamento San Martín, Río Huallaga drainage
system, Moyobamba, Puerto Juan Antonio, Río Mayo. Holotype:
MHNG 2205.27.
Maximum length: 11 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mayo
River basin (Huallaga River drainage).
Countries: Peru
Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986: 301, pl. 33 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ampiyacu system,
quebrada tributary to Río Yaguasyacu, just below the village Esperanza. Holotype: NRM 17596.
Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Ampiyacu River basin and at Codajás (Brazil).
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986
Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986: 273, pl. 29 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, R. Ucayali drainage system, R. Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km south
of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17583.
Maximum length: 8.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Chinipo
CAQUETAIA
Caquetaia Fowler, 1945: 133. Type species: Caquetaia amploris
Fowler, 1945. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1879)
Petenia Kraussii Steindachner, 1879b: 28, pl. 2. Type locality:
grossen, seeartig ausgebreiteten Cienega, welche der Magdalenen-Strom mit einem seiner östlich gelegenen Hauptarme kurz
vor seiner Mündung in das Meer bildet. Syntypes: NMW
75391(4), NMW 24552(1), NMW 24553 (1), NMW 2454524551 (8), NMW 24544 (1), NMW uncat.
Maximum length: 26 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Atrato, Cauca, and Magdalena River
basins; Lake Maracaibo basin. Introduced in the Orinoco River
drainage in Venezuela.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela (introduced)
Common names: Mojarra (Venezuela), Mojarra, Mojarra amarilla
(Colombia)
Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944)
Petenia myersi Schultz, 1944: 410, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Dedo,
tributary of the Río Orteguaza, near Florencia (Amazon system,
Colombia). Holotype: USNM 120533.
Caquetaia amploris Fowler, 1945: 133, fig. 47. Type locality:
Morelia, Rio Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP
71722.
619
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Maximum length: 19 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Putumayo and Napo River basins.
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador
Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875)
Acara (Petenia) spectabilis Steindachner, 1875: 96, pl. 4. Type
locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa und Obidos. Syntypes:
76430 (2).
Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the
Amazon River in Brazil from the Madeira and Uatumã River
drainages to Gurupá, also in the Araguari River in Amapá, Brazil; in the Branco River drainage in Brazil and Guyana.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana
Caquetaia umbrifera (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
Cichlasoma umbriferum Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 88. Type
locality: Rio Cupe, Cituro, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7598.
Maximum length: 47.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Atrato and Magdalena River drainages in Colombia, Tuíra and Chucunaque River drainages in Panama.
Countries: Colombia, Panama
CHAETOBRANCHOPSIS
Chaetobranchopsis Steindachner, 1875: 133. Type species: Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy.
Gender: feminine. Originally as Chaetobranchus (Chaetobranchopsis).
Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward,
1907
Chaetobranchopsis australe Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann,
McAtee & Ward, 1907: 144, pl. 44 (fig. 1). Type locality: Bahia
Negra [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 66954 [ex IU 10157].
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River in Brazil and Paraguay, and the Paraná River close to the
mouth of the Paraguay River in Argentina; probably in the Amazon River basin in Bolivia and Brazil.
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia (?), Brazil, Paraguay
Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875)
Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875: 133, pl. 8 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Para, Santarem, Gurupa, Rio
Xingu bei Porto do Moz, Rio negro und R. Hyavary. Syntypes:
NMW 32942-32948 (7), 32956-32960 (5), 32961-32964 (4),
58202 (2), 74045 (1).
Chaetobranchopsis bitaeniatus Ahl, 1936a: 139. Type locality:
Amazonas. Syntypes: ZMB 32381 (2).
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the
Amazon River from the mouth of the Negro River to Marajó Island, and in Amapá, Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Common names: Acará cascudo (Brazil), Acará tucuma (Brazil)
CHAETOBRANCHUS
Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840: 401. Type species: Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation
by Eigenmann. Gender: masculine.
Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840
Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840: 402. Type locality:
Fluss Guaporè und die in der Nähe seiner Ufer gelegenen
Moräste, auch am Ausflusse des Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW
16172 (1), 16428 (1), 32922 (1), 32931 (1), 32932 (1), 32933 (1),
58856 (1), 76431 (1); SMF 5410 [ex NMW] (1).
Chaetobranchus bruneus Heckel, 1840: 405, pl. 29 (fig. 17-20).
Type locality: Rio-negro, unweit von seiner Mündung. Holotype:
NMW 32941.
Centrarchus cyanopterus Jardine, 1843: 165, pl. 16. Type locality:
Essequibo.
Chromys ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Sarayacu (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9487.
Chaetobranchus robustus Günther, 1862: 310. Type locality:
Guiana. Holotype: BMNH 1961.12.18: 1.
Geophagus badiipinnis Cope, 1872: 251, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype:
ANSP 9038.
Maximum length: 21 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and
Brazil; Orinoco River basin in Venezuela (Rio Apure); rivers of
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Amapá State. Widespread.
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Common names: Acará prata (Brazil), Bujurqui vaso (Peru),
Camarapaca (Guyana), Kamara paru (Suriname), Koemapari
(Suriname), Krobié jonn (French Guiana), Kunapari (Suriname),
Owroe wefi (Suriname), Paya (French Guiana), River patwa
(Guyana)
Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875
Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875: 130, pl. 7.
Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Obidos, Cudajas, Teffé; Rio
Iça; Lago Hyanuary und Saraca bei Silva. Syntypes: NMW
10722 (1), 32966(1), 32967-32968 (2), 32969 (1), 32970 (1),
32971-32973 (3), 32974 (1), 79737 (1), RMNH 15478 (1).
Maximum length: 23 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the
Amazon-Solimões River from Tabatinga to Óbidos.
Countries: Brazil
CICHLA
Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 336. Type species: Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation
by Eigenmann & Bray (1894, p. 611). Gender: feminine.
Acharnes Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type species: Acharnes
speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by monotypy. Gender:
masculine.
Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971
Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971: 473, fig. 7-9, 10a, 11b.
Type locality: río Casiquiare, Territorio Federal Amazonas.
Holotype: MBUCV V-6489.
Maximum length: 37.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, tributaries of
the Orinoco River, and the Casiquiare River in Venezuela.
Countries: Venezuela
Common names: Pavón (Venezuela)
Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831
Cychla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 100, pl. 63. Type locality: mari Brasiliae. Syntype or possible holotype: MHNN 2188
(1).
Cychla nigro-maculata Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843: 147, pl. 7.
Type locality: [Negro and Padauiri Rivers]. No types known.
Cycla toucounarai Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: le lac des Perles de la province de Goyaz; le Tocantins;
l’Amazone. Syntypes: MNHN A.9490 (2).
Cichla bilineatus Nakashima, 1941: 73, fig. [3]. Type locality: los
lagos y rios de Sudamérica tropical [cercanías del Puerto de Iquitos]. No types known.
Maximum length: 33 cm SL
620
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia and Brazil; Oyapock River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru,
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 51), with diagnosis, description, distribution
and illustrations.
Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Toukounaré (French
Guiana), Tucunare (Peru), Tucunaré-açu (Brazil), Tucunari
(Peru)
Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 340, pl. 66. Type locality: India orientali. Holotype: ZMB 2839.
Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type locality:
Küste; Mündung des Essequibo.
Maximum length: 41 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Marowijne
drainage in Suriname and French Guiana to the Essequibo drainage in Guyana.
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Lukanani (Guyana),
Pavón (Venezuela), Toukounaré (French Guiana), Tucunaré açu
(Brazil)
Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821
Cichla orinocensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:
167, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: les rives de l’Orénoque et du
Guainia ou Rio Negro. No types preserved.
Cichla argus Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:
169. Type locality: [Not stated]. Holotype: MNHN A.1042.
Maximum length: 61.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of
the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon River
basin, in the Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan
material in Machado-Allison (1971), as C. ocellaris.
Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821
Cichla temensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:
169. Type locality: Temi. No types known.
Cichla atabapensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:
168. Type locality: l’Orénoque; Rio Atabapo. No types known.
Cichla tucunare Heckel, 1840: 409. Type locality: Rio-branco.
Types in NMW, not found.
Cychla flavo-maculata Jardine, 1843: 145, pl. 6. Type locality: Rio
Negro and Padauiri. No types known.
Cychla trifasciata Jardine, 1843: 151, pl. 9. Type locality: Rio
Negro; Padauiri. No types known.
Cichla unitaeniatus Magalhães, 1931: 225. Type locality: Rio
Negro e do Purus. No types preserved.
Maximum length: 75 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in the Negro
and Uatumã River drainages; Orinoco River basin in tributaries
of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan
material in Machado-Allison (1971).
Common names: Pavón (Venezuela), Tucunaré (Brazil)
CICHLASOMA
Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839: 230. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758. Under the plenary power of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2000: 131). Gender:
neuter. As Cichlaurus on p. 173; Swain (1882: 284) acts as first
reviser selecting Cichlasoma (see Bailey 1957: 303). Originally
as Plesiops (Cichlasoma).
Cichlaurus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Labrus bimacula-
tus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender:
masculine. Without species but clear from text that this was another name for Cichlasoma Swainson (1839: 230); Swain (1882:
284), acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma.
Cichlosoma Regan, 1905a: 61. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus
Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender:
neuter.
‘Cichlasoma’ aguadae Hubbs, 1936
Cichlasoma urophthalmus aguadae Hubbs, 1936: 270, pl. 14 (fig.
7). Type locality: Aguada at Tuxpeña, interior Campeche, about
90 km. south, and 40 km. east of Champoton. Holotype: UMMZ
64477.
Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Tuxpeña, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ alborum Hubbs, 1936
Cichlasoma urophthalmus alborum Hubbs, 1936: 268, pl. 13 (fig.
3). Type locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, Tobasco, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 50501.
Maximum length: 18.6 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta
River, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ amarum Hubbs, 1936
Cichlasoma urophthalmus amarum Hubbs, 1936: 272, fig. 1. Type
locality: A salt or brackish water lagoon on Mujeres Island, off
the east coast of Yucatan, near the tip of the peninsula. Holotype:
USNM 50504.
Maximum length: 15.8 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Caribbean coast, Isla Mujeres, off
the eastern coast of Yucatán Peninsula.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983a: 115, pl. 5 (fig. 2).
Type locality: Peru, depto Loreto, R. Ampiyacu system, little
upstreams of Pebas, Sacarita del Tuyé, right bank tributary of the
R. Ampiyacu, floating meadow near mouth. Holotype: NRM
39271.
Maximum length: 11.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Ucayali, Huallaga, Amazon and Yavarí River drainages in Peru, along
the mainstream Amazon-Solimões River in Colombia and Brazil
to the mouth; also in French Guyana and Amapá State.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru
Common names: Acará (Brazil), Bujurqui (Peru), Prapra (French
Guiana)
Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983a: 252, pl. 14 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Brasil, est. Mato Grosso, R. Araguaia system,
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small igarapé tributary to Igarapé Sangadina, tributary to the R.
das Mortes, 1 km from Xavantina. Holotype: BMNH 1980.1.9.1.
Maximum length: 9.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins and upper Xingu River basins.
Countries: Brazil
‘Cichlasoma’ atromaculatum Regan, 1912
Cichlosoma (Parapetenia) atromaculatum Regan, 1912: 507. Type
locality: Tado, Rio San Juan, Choco, S.W. Colombia. Syntypes:
BMNH 1910.7.11.83-88 (4 of 6).
Maximum length: 17 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River
basins.
Countries: Colombia
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ beani (Jordan, 1889)
Heros beani Jordan, 1889: 332. Type locality: Rio Presidio, Mazatlan. Syntypes: USNM 37145 (5), 37165 (2).
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Mojarra verde (Mexico)
Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758: 285. Type locality: M.
Mediterraneo [erroneous, probably from Surinam]. Holotype:
NRM 7.
Acara gronovii Heckel, 1840: 361. Type locality: Flüsse in Surinam. Syntypes: NMW 33651-52 (2).
Sparus filamentosus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 60. Type locality:
Surinami. No types known.
Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Caroni
River in Venezuela; Guianas, from the Essequibo River to the
Sinnamary River; Amazon River basin, in the upper Branco
River basin.
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 65),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.
Common names: Acará (Brazil), Common patwa (Guyana), Congo
patwa (Guyana), Krobia (Suriname), Owroe fisi (Suriname), Prapra (French Guiana)
‘Cichlasoma’ bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902)
Neetroplus bocourti Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 85. Type locality:
Lac d’Isabal (Guatémala). Holotype: MNHN 1894-241.
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and
Belize.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Chisel-tooth cichlid (Belize)
Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983a: 165, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Bolivia, depto Santa Cruz, R. Guaporé system, R. Uruguaito, tributary of the R. Quizer, 13 km S San Xavier. Holotype:
IRSNB 677.
Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre
de Dios drainage in Peru, and the Mamoré and Guaporé River
basins.
Countries: Bolivia, Peru
‘Cichlasoma’ cienagae Hubbs, 1936
Cichlasoma urophthalmus cienagae Hubbs, 1936: 271, pl. 12
(fig.4). Type locality: Slightly brackish pool, 3 km. south of Progreso. Holotype: UMMZ 102135.
Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Progreso, Yucatán,
Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ conchitae Hubbs, 1936
Cichlasoma urophthalmus conchitae Hubbs, 1936: 274, pl. 12 (fig.
3). Type locality: Conchita Cenote, Merida. Holotype: UMMZ
102109.
Maximum length: 6.4 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Conchita Cenote,
Merida, Yucatán, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840)
Acara dimerus Heckel, 1840: 351. Type locality: Cujabà-Fluss.
Holotype: NMW 33620.
Acara marginatus Heckel, 1840: 350. Type locality: der Nähe von
Cujabà. Holotype: NMW 33673.
?Heros centralis Holmberg, 1891: 183. Type locality: República
Argentina, Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Type lost.
Maximum length: 11.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River drainage in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, and the Paraná
River drainage of Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Common names: Acará (Brazil)
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a:193),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.
‘Cichlasoma’ ericymba Hubbs, 1938
Cichlasoma urophthalmus ericymba Hubbs, 1938: 284, pl. 2 (fig.
1). Type locality: San Bulha Cenote (or Cave) at Merida, Yucatan. Holotype: UMMZ 116091.
Maximum length: 12.2 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, San Bulha cenote,
Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Common names: Mojarra de Bulha (Mexico)
‘Cichlasoma’ facetum (Jenyns, 1842)
Chromis facetus Jenyns, 1842: 104. Type locality: Maldonado, Rio
Plata. Types in Cambridge University Museum.
Heros autochthon Günther, 1862: 299. Type locality: Brazil. Syntypes: (4) ?BMNH uncat. (1).
Heros jenynsii Steindachner, 1869: 149. Type locality: Montevideo. Syntypes: NMW 17324-27 (4), 58722 (1).
Heros acaroides Hensel, 1870: 54. Type locality: Bei Porto Alegre
in stagnirenden Gewässern. Syntypes: ZMB 7455 (2).
Maximum length: 18 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of Uruguay and
Rio Grande do Sul State; Paraná River basin, lower part of
Paraná River in Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile (introduced), Uruguay
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Castañeta (Argentina), Chanchita (Argentina),
Chanchito (Argentina), Palometa (Argentina), Palometa Negra
(Argentina), Peine (Argentina)
‘Cichlasoma’ festae (Boulenger, 1899)
Heros festae Boulenger, 1899: 6. Type locality: Rio Guayas,
Guayaquil. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.12.31.36 (1), MZUT 1504
(1).
Maximum length: 25 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Pacific drainages from Esmeraldas
River in Ecuador to Tumbes River in Peru.
Countries: Ecuador, Peru
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
tween Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, lat.16°44’N, long.
93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype:
UMMZ 204200.
Maximum length: 20.3 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Grijalva River basin from the Grande de Chiapa River drainage
in Mexico to Lagartero River in Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)
Heros istlanus Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 144, fig. 21. Type locality:
Rio Ixtla at Puente de Ixtla, Río Balsa basin, Morelos, Mexico.
Holotype: SU 6150.
Heros mento Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 88. Type locality: Rio
Négro (Mexique sud). Syntypes: MNHN 94-283-286 (3),
UMMZ 203326.
Cichlasoma (Parapetenia) leonhard-schultzei Ahl, 1935: 109.
Type locality: Tlapa, Guerreiro, Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (not
found).
Cichlasoma istlana fusca de Buen, 1946: 121. Type locality: Río
Huámito en La Huacana. Syntypes: not located.
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Taylor & Miller (1980: 7) suggested that
the type series of Heros mento may not have been from the Usumacinta River, and that it may be a synonym of Cichlasoma istlanum. The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It
belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae
Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma.
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico), Mojarra criolla (Mexico)
‘Cichlasoma’ geddesi (Regan, 1905)
‘Cichlasoma’ mayorum Hubbs, 1936
Herichthys geddesi Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Southern
Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1880.4.7.40-45 (6).
Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Southern Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The validity of this taxon needs further
research. The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain.
It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae
Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma.
Cichlasoma urophthalmus mayorum Hubbs, 1936: 277, pl. 13 (fig.
1). Type locality: Xtolok Cenote, Chichen Itza. Holotype:
UMMZ 92098.
Maximum length: 9.6 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xtolok Cenote,
Chichen Itza, Yucatán, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922
Cichlasoma ornatum gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922: 205, pl. 31 (fig.
4). Type locality: Cordova, Rio Dagua.
Holotype: FMNH 58614 [ex CM 7639].
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Dagua and San Juan Rivers on the
Pacific slope of Colombia.
Countries: Colombia
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980
Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980: 2, fig. 1. Type
locality: Río Grande de Chiapa, about 1 km above bridge be-
‘Cichlasoma’ microlepis Dahl, 1960
Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl, 1960: 480, fig. on p. 481. Type
locality: Pavarandó, Baudó. Holotype: ICNMHN 95.
Maximum length: 18.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Baudó River basin, Pacific slope of
Colombia.
Countries: Colombia
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Mojarra rosada (Colombia)
‘Cichlasoma’ octofasciatum (Regan, 1903)
Heros octofasciatus Regan, 1903a: 417, pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type local-
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
ity: Mexique. Holotype: MHNG 665.55 (1 of 9, 50 mm TL).
Cichlasoma hedricki Meek, 1904: 208, fig. 66. Type locality:
Obispo, Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4673.
Cichlosoma biocellatum Regan, 1909b: 234. Type locality:
Mañaos, Rio Negro [obviously incorrect]. Holotype: BMNH
1908.12.5.30.
Maximum length: 25 cm TL
Distribution: North and Cental America: Atlantic slope from Papaloapán River (southern Mexico) to Ulua River (Honduras).
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Jack dempsey (Belize), Riquiraqui (Mexico)
Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983a: 177, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Brasil, est. Ceará, R. Curu system, Pentecoste, reservoir.
Holotype: USNM 258642.
Maximum length: 13.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast rivers of Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba States.
Countries: Brazil
Common names: Acará (Brazil), Acará comum (Brazil)
Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983a: 106, pl. 4 (fig. 2-3), 5
(fig. 1). Type locality: Colombia, depto Meta, R. Meta system,
Laguna Mozambique, at shoreline on N side of lake. Holotype:
ANSP 127364.
Maximum length: 10.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in left bank
tributaries of the Orinoco River from the Meta River in Colombia
to about Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela)
‘Cichlasoma’ ornatum Regan, 1905
Cichlosoma ornatum Regan, 1905a: 330. Type locality: Rio Durango. Syntypes: (3) BMNH.
Maximum length: 26 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Patia River basin in Colombia, Durango and St. Javier Rivers in Ecuador, all draining to the Pacific
Ocean.
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983a: 241, pl. 13 fig. 1. Type
locality: Brasil, Est. Mato Grosso do Sul, R. Paraná superior system, mun. Tres Lagoas, varzea on the left bank of the R. Sucuriú,
at Fazenda Santa Luzia, near Urubupungá dam. Holotype:
MZUSP 13927.
Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, upper Paraná
River drainage above Guaíra.
Countries: Brazil
‘Cichlasoma’ pearsei (Hubbs, 1936)
Herichthys pearsei Hubbs, 1936: 279, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality:
Río Champoton, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km.) east of Champoton. Holotype: UMMZ 102212.
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Zacatera (Mexico)
Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870)
Acara portalegrensis Hensel, 1870: 52. Type locality: bei Porto
Alegre in stagnirenden Gewässern. Lectotype: ZMB 25107, designated by Kullander (1983a: 211).
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos basin and Tramandaí River basin in Rio Grande do Sul State.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 209),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.
Common names: Cará (Brazil)
Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983
Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983a: 221, pl. 12 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Paraguay, depto Alto Paraná, R. Alto Paraná system,
Puerto Palma. Holotype: MHNG 2131.94.
Maximum length: 6.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Acaray River,
Paraguay.
Countries: Paraguay
Remarks and references: Specimens identified by Kullander
(1983a) from Uruguay, do not belong to this species.
‘Cichlasoma’ ramsdeni Fowler, 1938
Cichlasoma ramsdeni Fowler, 1938: 145. Type locality: Arroyo
Hondo, Jamaica, Yateras, Guantánamo, Cuba. Holotype: ANSP
68454.
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Cuba Island.
Countries: Cuba
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Joturo (Cuba)
‘Cichlasoma’ salvini (Günther, 1862)
Heros salvini Günther, 1862: 294. Type locality: River de Santa
Isabel; Lake Peten. Syntypes: (at least 5) BMNH 1864.1.26.6769 (3), 1864.1.26.70-73 (4?).
Heros triagramma Steindachner, 1864: 70, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Central-Amerika. Holotype: NMW 76584.
Cichlasoma tenue Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Achotal, Vera
Cruz, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3781.
Maximum length: 22 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, from
southern Mexico to Guatemala and Belize.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Mango pinto (Mexico), Peine (Mexico), Yellowbelly cichlid (Belize)
Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983a: 227, pl. 12 (fig.
2). Type locality: Brasil, Est. Bahia, R. São Francisco system,
Lagoa Viana. Holotype: NMW 32714.
Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, also
Parnaíba and Capivara River basins.
Countries: Brazil
‘Cichlasoma’ stenozonum Hubbs, 1936
Remarks and references: Heros trimaculatus is described in more
detail in Günther (1868: 461, pl. 76). The generic allocation of
this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is
maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a
revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ troschelii (Steindachner, 1867)
Cichlasoma urophthalmus stenozonum Hubbs, 1936: 263. Type
locality: Central Amerika. Type based on description of Heros
urophthalmus, Steindachner 1864: 66, p. 5 fig. 3.
Maximum length: 11 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern
Mexico.
Countries: Mexico?
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Heros Troschelii Steindachner, 1867a: 64. Type locality: Mexico.
Syntypes: (2) not found at NMW.
Maximum length: 16 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern
Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Species also appeared in more detail in
Steindachner (1867b: 528, pl. 4). The generic allocation of this
species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is
maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a
revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma.
Common names: Guapote (El Salvador), Mojarra (El Salvador)
Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831)
‘Cichlasoma’ ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002)
Chromis taenia Bennett, 1831: 112. Type locality: apud Trinidad.
Holotype: BMNH 1852.9.13.123 [ex Zool. Soc.].
Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island, and adjacent northeastern Venezuela.
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 90)
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Common names: Brown coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Large
coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago)
Vieja ufermanni Allgayer, 2002a: 14, fig. p. 17. Type locality:
Guatemala, Rio Pucté, bassin du Rio de La Pasión, sur la route
de Florès à Sayache. Holotype: MNHN 2002-1090.
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Usumacinta River basin.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
‘Cichlasoma’ tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani,
1995
Cichlasoma tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 1995: 194, fig.
1. Type locality: Argentina, arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del
Urugua-í, at ‘Alto Paraná’ company fields. Holotype: MLP 9059.
Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, known only from
the Arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del Urugua-í, Misiones Province.
Countries: Argentina
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
‘Cichlasoma’ trimaculatum (Günther, 1867)
Heros trimaculatus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Chiapas
and Huamuchal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.256 (?1).
Cichlasoma mojarra Meek, 1904: 217, fig. 71. Type locality: San
Geronimo, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4719 [not 4718].
Cichlasoma centrale Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Caballo
Blanco, Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5510.
Cichlasoma gordon-smithi Fowler, 1936: 529, fig. 44. Type locality: Small lake at Moco, 3050 feet elevation at foot of volcano of
Atitlan. Holotype: ANSP 64153.
Cichlasoma cajali Alvarez & Gutierrez, 1953: 232, fig. 1. Type
locality: Laguna de Coyuca, próxima al Puerto de Acapulco, Gro.
Holotype: Originally in personal collection of J. Alvarez,
searched in IPN, not found.
Maximum length: 36.5 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope rivers of
the Pacific slope from Mexico to El Salvador.
Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico
‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus (Günther, 1862)
Heros urophthalmus Günther, 1862: 291. Type locality: Peten.
Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1864.1.26.74-77.
Cichlasoma urophthalmus trispilum Hubbs, 1935: 18, pl. 4 (fig. 2).
Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 95520.
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic drainages from
Mexico to Nicaragua.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Mayan cichlid (Belize)
‘Cichlasoma’ zebra Hubbs, 1936
Cichlasoma urophthalmus zebra Hubbs, 1936: 275, pl. 13 (fig.2).
Type locality: Xlaka Cenote, about 13 km. north of Merida.
Holotype: UMMZ 102123.
Maximum length: 10.4 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xlaka Cenote, Merida, Yucatán, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus
Cichlasoma.
Species inquirenda
Chromys oblonga Castelnau, 1855: 14. Type locality: le Tocantins
(Province de Goyaz). Holotype: MNHN A.9485. [Species similar
to Cichlasoma facetum, not found since in the Tocantins River
drainage].
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Cleithracara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 173. Type species: Acara
maronii Steindachner, 1882. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
tus Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann &
Bray 1894: 620). Gender: masculine.
Boggiania Perugia, 1897: 148. Type species: Boggiania ocellata
Perugia, 1897. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881)
Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862
CLEITHRACARA
Acara Maronii Steindachner, 1881a: 141, pl. 2 (fig. 4). Type locality: Maroni-Fluss in Guiana. Holotype: NMW 33683.
Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island (impersistent); Orinoco River basin (delta), Guianan rivers from Barima River
(Guyana) to Ouanary River (French Guyana).
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander & Nijssen
(1989: 175) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustration.
Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862: 307. Type locality: River
Cupai (800 miles from the sea) [Brazil, Cupari River]. Holotype:
BMNH 1853.3.19.46.
Maximum length: 23 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós
and Aripuanã River basins.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840
Crenicara Steindachner, 1875: 99. Type species: Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter.
Crenacara Regan, 1905c: 152. Type species: Crenicara elegans
Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name (unjustified emendation of Crenicara). Gender: feminine.
Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840: 421. Type locality: RioGuaporé. Types in NMW, not found.
Crenicichla funebris Heckel, 1840: 424. Type locality: Matogrosso
am Rio-Guaporé. Syntypes: NMW 16406, 16451.
Maximum length: 29 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Ploeg 1991: 64 acted as first reviser in
placing C. funebris in the synonymy of C. adspersa.
Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990
Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904
Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990: 163, figs. 13. Type locality: Brazil, state of Rondônia, Rio Mamoré drainage, Igarapé do 13 on road Palheta-Guajará-Mirim. Holotype:
MZUSP 40290.
Maximum length: 8.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
and Mamoré (near Guajará-Mirim) drainages.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
Crenicichla saxatilis var. albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904: 374. Type
locality: Guyane française (originally also Surinam, Guyane anglaise). Lectotype: MNHN 1898-59, designated by Ploeg (1986c:
224).
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: South America: From the Approuague River in
French Guiana to the Demerara River in Guyana.
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),
Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana)
CRENICARA
Crenicara punctulatum (Günther, 1863)
Acara punctulata Günther, 1863: 441. Type locality: Essequibo.
Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.26.
Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875: 99, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa, Cudajas und Curupira.
Syntypes: (several) NMW 33026 (1), 33031-35 (?), 76428 (3),
33027-33028 (?), 33029-30 (2).
Aequidens madeirae Fowler, 1913: 576, fig. 25. Type locality:
Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira River, approximately two miles distant in Lat. S. 8°45’, W. Long., 63°54’, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39315.
Aequidens hercules Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 394, pl. 22
(fig. 7). Type locality: creek, Rio Morona. Holotype: CAS 66926
[ex IU 17736].
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Ecuador
Peru, Colombia and Brazil, in tributaries of the rivers Ucayali,
Marañón, Solimões and Amazon from about the Pachitea River
on the Ucayali River to about Gurupá; upper Mamoré River in
Bolivia, and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Essequibo
River drainage in Guyana; Amapá Grande River in Amapá State.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 140), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Compared with C. latruncularium in Kullander & Staeck (1990).
Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912
Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912: 516, pl. 68 (fig. 3). Type locality: Gluck island. Holotype: FMNH 53777.
Crenicichla pterogramma Fowler, 1914: 281, fig. 20. Type locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP 39349.
Crenicichla cardiostigma Ploeg, 1991: 26, fig. 18. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Roraima, Rio Negro system, Rio Branco, Igarapé
Traíra Montante, at Cachoeira Peudas. Holotype: INPA 2916.
Maximum length: 16 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco
River basin; Essequibo River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana
Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872
Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872: 252, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: the Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP
9074-76 (3).
Maximum length: 22.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali,
Huallaga, Putumayo, Napo and Amazon River basins.
Countries: Ecuador, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 117)
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
CRENICICHLA
Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792)
Crenicichla Heckel, 1840: 416. Type species: Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann & Bray 1894: 620). Gender: feminine.
Batrachops Heckel, 1840: 432. Type species: Batrachops reticula-
Perca brasiliensis Bloch, 1792: 84, pl. 110 (fig. 2). Type locality:
Flüssen Brasiliens. No types known.
Sparus Nhoquunda La Cepède, 1802: 156. Type locality: [Flüssen
Brasiliens]. No types known. Substitute name for Perca brasil-
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iensis Bloch 1792.
Maximum length: 7.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Northeastern Brazil, states of Ceará,
Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Pernambuco.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Species included in Crenicichla menezesi
by Ploeg (1991: 46); additional research needed to clarify its diagnosis.
Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982
Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982c: 642, fig. 7. Type locality:
Brasil, Estado de São Paulo, mun. Promissão, R. Tietê system,
km 143 on BR-153, above road in small brook. Holotype:
MZUSP 16004.
Maximum length: 11.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná
River drainage upstream from Guaíra.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911
Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911: 369. Type locality:
Tocantins bei Cametá. Lectotype: NMW 32816, designated by
Ploeg (1986b: 63).
Crenicichla astroblepa Ploeg, 1986b: 58, pl. 3 (upper & middle).
Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage,
after closing of the stowage. Holotype: INPA 856.
Maximum length: 18.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987
Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987: 883, fig. 1. Type locality: Arroyo de la Invernada, Picada de la Negra Muerta, Dpto.
Artigas, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC P94.
Maximum length: 18.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin.
Countries: Argentina (?), Brazil, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & Kullander
(1992: 107), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.
Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905
Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42 (3).
Type locality: Marajó (Brésil). Holotype: MNHN 1902-95.
Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905c: 166. Type locality: [Marajó
(Brésil)]. Holotype: MNHN 1902-95. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement name for Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata Pellegrin, preoccupied in Crenicichla by Cychla fasciata
Jardine, 1843.
Maximum length: 19.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, Peru,
and Ecuador, from the Napo River to Marajó Island.
Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
Common names: Añashua (Peru)
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 94).
Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986
Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986b: 63, pl. 4 (upper). Type
locality: rapids downstream of Jatobal. Holotype: INPA 855.
Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tocantins River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987
Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987: 77, pl. 1 (second & mid-
dle). Type locality: Surinam, left bank tributary to Linker Coppename River. Holotype: ZMA 107841.
Maximum length: 17.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Coppename and Saramacca River
basins.
Countries: Suriname
Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870
Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870: 569. Type locality: Upper
Marañon, near Pebas. Holotype: ANSP 9078.
Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and
western Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 89)
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986
Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986b: 65, pl. 4 (middle & lower).
Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage,
after closing the stowage. Holotype: INPA 854.
Maximum length: 9.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tocantins River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858
Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858: 386. Type locality: [western portion of the Island of Trinidad]. Holotype: USNM 1111.
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Trinidad Islands and northeastern
Venezuela.
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992
Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 137, fig. 29. Type
locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, arroio Passo do Alto,
near Mineral, município of São Nicolau. Holotype: MCP 14328.
Maximum length: 12.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in the
tributaries of the middle Uruguay River (Comandaí, Ijuí, and
Piratinim Rivers).
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903
Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Vénézuéla.
Holotype: MNHN 1898-47.
Maximum length: 13 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa River basin.
Countries: Venezuela
Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974
Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974: 554, fig. 1. Type
locality: río Paraná frente a Jupìá, Mato Grosso. Holotype:
MZUSP 4022b.
Maximum length: 9.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper
Paraná River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989
Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989: 163, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilìen, Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, Cachoeira Porteira. Holotype: IRSNB 768.
Maximum length: 5.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River close to Cachoeira Porteira.
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Countries: Brazil
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990
Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986
Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990a: 214, fig. 1. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Rio Aripuanã drainage, headwater
stream tributary to the Rio Cinta Larga where crossed by the road
BR-174, 41 km from Juína. Holotype: MZUSP 40292.
Crenicichla guentheri Ploeg, 1991: 33, fig. 30. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeropuerto, Humboldt. Holotype: INPA 2884.
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Aripuanã River in the Madeira River drainage.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986b: 67, pl. 5 (upper). Type locality:
Itupiranga. Holotype: INPA 857.
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tocantins basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991: 35, fig. 33. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé
Jaramacuru, tributary to Rio Cuminá. Holotype: MZUSP 40135.
Maximum length: 10.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Trombetas River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992
Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 125, fig. 23. Type
locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, município Campos Novos, rio Canoas at Passo do Canoas, (road SC-458), on the road
Tupitinga-Celso Ramos. Holotype: MCP 12906.
Maximum length: 22.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the upper Uruguay River.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911
Crenicichla iguassüensis Haseman, 1911: 352, pl. 61. Type locality: Porto União da Victoria, Rio Iguassú. Holotype: FMNH
54159.
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Iguaçu
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991: 37, fig. 35. Type locality: Brazil,
State of Amazonas, Rio Amazonas system, Ilha do Careiro.
Holotype: INPA 1427.
Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, reported from a
large area of the Amazon River basin in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991: 39, fig. 37. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, 3 km from Cachoeira de Dardanelos Humboldt (59°27’W,
10°10’S). Holotype: INPA 2883.
Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911
Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911: 351, pl. 60. Type locality: Jaguara, Rio Grande of the Paraná, Minas. Holotype: FMNH
54157.
Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper
Paraná River basin.
Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840
Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840: 425. Type locality: RioGuaporè. Holotype: NMW 16431.
Cychla fasciata Jardine, 1843: 141, pl. 4. Type locality: No locality given [probably Guyana]. No types known. Primary homonym of Cychla fasciata Swainson, 1839 = Badis badis Hamilton,
1822.
Crenicichla obtusirostris Günther, 1862: 305. Type locality: River
Capin. Holotype: BMNH 1849.11.8.57.
Crenicichla johanna carsevennensis Pellegrin, 1905: 168. Type
locality: Entre les rivières Carsevenne et Cachipour (contesté
franco-brésilien). Holotype: MNHN 1899-113.
Maximum length: 28.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, widespread in
Peru, Brazil and Bolivia; in the Orinoco basin in Colombia and
Venezuela; Essequibo drainage in Guyana; Oyapock and Approuague drainages in French Guiana; Amapá State.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,
Peru, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 98) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Ploeg (1991: 68) claimed that
C. johanna is based on more than one specimen, and designated
the only specimen found at NMW as lectotype (NMW 16431).
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),
Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana)
Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968
Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968: 171, fig. 1. Type
locality: Rio Paraná, no Salto de Urubupungá, entre os Estados
de Mato Grosso e São Paulo. Holotype: MZUSP 4363.
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper
Paraná River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992
Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 128, fig. 25. Type
locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Marombas at
bridge Irineu Bornhausen. Holotype: MCP 14326.
Maximum length: 17.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin, in tributaries of
the upper Uruguay River.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831)
Cychla labrina Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 99, pl. 62 (fig. 1, as Cichla
labrina). Type locality: mare Brasiliae. Lectotype: MHNN 599,
designated by Ploeg (1986b: 69).
Maximum length: 16 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tocantins River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855)
Cycla lacustris Castelnau, 1855: 19, pl. 8 (fig. 3). Type locality:
Dique, ou étang près de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A9501 (2).
Crenicichla dorsocellata Haseman, 1911: 355, pl. 63. Type local-
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
ity: Campos, R. Parahyba. Holotype: FMNH 54155.
Crenicichla biocellata Ihering, 1914: 333. Type locality: Rio
Doce, Est. do Espirito Santo. Holotype: MZUSP 1167.
Maximum length: 29 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of southeastern
and eastern Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840
Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840: 419. Type locality: Rionegro, bei Marabitanas. Holotype: NMW 59417.
Crenicichla ornata Regan, 1905c: 167, pl. 15 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rio Negro. Lectotype: BMNH 1893.4.24.6, designated by
Ploeg (1991: 71).
Maximum length: 30 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescription in Ploeg (1991: 70). Ploeg
places the type locality in Venezuela, Orinoco River system, although all known evidence suggests that it is the Negro River.
The correct catalog number for the lectotype is BMNH
1893.4.24.6 (not 1893.2.24.6 as stated in Ploeg, 1970: 70, fig.
81) and the correct number for the paralectotypes is BMNH
1893.4.24: 7-8 (not 1893.4.34: 7-8, as stated in Ploeg,1970: 72).
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840: 429, pl. 30 (fig. 13). Type
locality: Rio-Guaporè. Lectotype: NMW 33101, designated by
Ploeg (1991: 42).
Crenicichla edithae Ploeg, 1991: 29, fig. 24. Type locality: Paraguay, Río Paraguai system, Arroyo Itabu-Guazu. Holotype:
MHNG 2028.45.
Maximum length: 18 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, widespread in
the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay and the
lower Paraná (below Guaíra) in Paraguay and Argentina, and
also along the coast of Rio Grande do Sul State. Also found in
the middle and lower Uruguay River in Brazil and Uruguay.
Amazon River basin in the Guaporé River drainage in Brazil and
Bolivia.
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Species monograph in Kullander (1982c);
description of material from Uruguay River in Lucena & Kullander (1992: 101).
Common names: Guensa-verde (Brazil)
Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870
Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Perú, R. Ucayali drainage: Loreto, Quebrada Abrahancillo, left bank tributary
of R. Aucayacu, 4 km S. Supay Cocha [originally tributaries of
the Upper Marañon, in Equador]. Neotype: NRM 25662, designated by Kullander (1986: 116).
Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and
western Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 112),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Branco River in Guyana; Corantijn River in Suriname.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana, Suriname
Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840
Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840: 427, pl. 30 (fig. 9).
Type locality: Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33082 (1) and NMW
77820 (1)
Crenicichla santaremensis Haseman, 1911: 354, pl. 62 (fig. 1).
Type locality: lagoon along the margin of the Amazon, three
miles above Santarém. Holotype: FMNH 54153.
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro,
Uatumã, Tapajós, Xingu, and Trombetas River basins.
Countries: Brazil
Common names: Jacundá (Brazil)
Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904
Crenicichla brasiliensis marmorata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42
(4). Type locality: [No locality]. Holotype: MNHN A.9496.
Maximum length: 28 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern
tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil, from the Madeira
River to Tocantins River.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991: 45, fig. 47. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Maranhão, Caieira. Holotype: NMW 33292.
Maximum length: 14.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Rivers of the state of Maranhão
State.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992
Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 116, fig. 12.
Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí,
on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14321.
Maximum length: 17.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the middle an upper Uruguay River.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992
Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 113, fig. 9.
Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí,
on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14324.
Maximum length: 20.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the upper and middle Uruguay River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914
Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914: 335. Type locality: Theophilo Ottoni, rìo Todos os Santos, affl. do Mucury, Est. de Minas
Geraes. Lectotype: MZUSP 2526, designated by Britski (1969:
210).
Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Mucuri River basin in eastern coast
of Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903
Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840
Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840: 422. Type locality: Rio-negro.
Holotype: NMW 61148.
Cychla ? rutilans Jardine, 1843: 142, pl. 5. Type locality: Rio
Branco. No types known.
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco,
Negro, and Uatumã Rivers in Brazil; Essequibo River and
Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903: 124 [5]. Type locality:
Guyane française. Lectotype: MNHN 9542, designated by Ploeg
(1986c: 230).
Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Maroni and Mana River basins of
Suriname and French Guiana.
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname
629
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),
Poson madanm (French Guiana)
Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987
Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987: 81, pl. 1 (fourth & lower).
Type locality: Surinam, right bank tributary to Nickerie River, 12
km W.S.W. of Stondansie Fall. Holotype: ZMA 107843.
Maximum length: 19.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Nickerie and Corantijn River basins.
Countries: Suriname
Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891)
Acharnes niederleinii Holmberg, 1891: 181. Type locality: Rio
Pequiri, en Misiones, y en otros inmediatos. Holotype: Museo de
la Escuela Normal de Profesoras de la Capital, lost.
Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of
the upper Paraná River in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Remarks and references: Brief review with illustration in Kullander (1981b: 684).
Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913
Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: the
Amazon at Manaos. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.4.15.4, designated
by Ploeg (1989: 166).
Maximum length: 7.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991: 48, fig. 53. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, Igarapé do Porto. Holotype: INPA 2885.
Maximum length: 15.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991
Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991a: 356, fig. 4. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Cachoeira do Espelho.
Holotype: MZUSP 36880.
Maximum length: 22 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River at Cachoeira do Espelho and Altamira, Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991
Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991a: 353, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, município de São
Felix do Xingu, Rio Fresco, Aldeia Gorotire. Holotype: MZUSP
35997.
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius and Goritire.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992
Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 140, fig. 32. Type
locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, rio Jacutinga, on the road
BR 283 Seara-Concórdia. Holotype: MCP 13016.
Maximum length: 8.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Upper Uruguay River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872
Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872: 252. Type locality: Ambyiacu
River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9050, designated by Kullander (1986: 110).
Crenicichla proteus argynnis Cope, 1872: 253. Type locality:
Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP
9059 (1), 14375 (1).
Batrachops nemopterus Fowler, 1940: 283, fig. 64. Type locality:
Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68684.
Crenicichla nijsseni Ploeg, 1991: 47, fig. 41. Type locality: Brazil,
State of Acre, Río Japurá system, Río Branco, Açude Carlos
Simão. Holotype: MZUSP 40163.
Maximum length: 15.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo
and Putumayo drainages in Ecuador, in the Ucayali-Amazon
drainage from Chicosa to Pebas in Peru, and upper Purus basin.
Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 107),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Synonymy of Crenicichla nijsseni based on unpublished
observation (Kullander, MS).
Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870
Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870: 57. Type locality: aus dem
Guahyba bei Porto Alegre [originally also: Bächen des Urwaldes.. Waldbächen von der deutschen Colonie Sta. Cruz in Rio
Grande do Sul]. Lectotype: ZMB 7459, designated by Lucena &
Azevedo (1989: 90).
Crenicichla polysticta Hensel, 1870: 58. Type locality: Rio Cadea
des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Syntypes: ZMB 7461(1),
uncat. (3) not found).
Maximum length: 22.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim
basins in Rio Grande do Sul State and Uruguay.
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Species revised by Lucena & Azevedo
(1989).
Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991: 52, fig. 57. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé at km 10
of BR 163 at level of bridge. Holotype: INPA 3078.
Maximum length: 17.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River drainage above Cachoeira Porteira.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989
Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989: 164, fig. 2. Type locality: Brasilien, Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, linksseitiger Zufluss bei Cachoeira Porteira. Holotype: IRSNB 766.
Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River at Cachoeira Porteira.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840)
Batrachops reticulatus Heckel, 1840: 433, pl. 30 (fig. 17). Type
locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 35783.
Crenicichla elegans Steindachner, 1881b: 15. Type locality: HochPeru. Syntypes: NMW 32835 (2).
Batrachops punctulatus Regan, 1905c: 156, pl. 14 (fig. 1). Type
locality: R. Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.24.
Maximum length: 21.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Colombia,
Peru, and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru
Common names: Añashua (Peru), Jacundá (Brazil), Peixe sabão
(Brazil)
Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997
630
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997b: 280, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Córrego do Gato.
Holotype: MZUSP 40300.
Maximum length: 24.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, upper Xingu
River drainage (Suiá-Missu River).
Countries: Brazil
Common names: Rubanana (Brazil)
Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991: 53, fig. 59. Type locality: Brazil,
State of Rondônia, Rio Madeira system, Río Machado, Jiparaná:
Río Urupa. Holotype: INPA 2889.
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Machado
River of Rondônia State.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 278. Type locality: Surinam.
Lectotype: NRM 5583, designated by Ploeg (1986a: 49).
Sparus biocellatus Walbaum, 1792: 298. Type locality: Surinam.
Holotype: Based on Gronovius (1763, Sparus rufescens; 1754,
Sparus rostro plagiplateo); represented by BMNH 1853.11.2.24.
Sparus Pavo La Cepède, 1802: 49, 151. Type locality: [Suriname].
Unnecessary replacement name for Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus.
Scarus pavoninus Gray, 1854: 63. Type locality: Surinami. Holotype: BMNH 1853.11.2.24.
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast drainages of Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad Island.
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Booto (Suriname),
Marann (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri
(French Guiana), Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame
(French Guiana)
Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907)
Batrachops scottii Eigenmann, 1907: 455, pl. 23 (fig. 8). Type
locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: in Princeton University, apparently lost.
Crenicichla (Batrachops) multidens Steindachner, 1915: 347.
Type locality: La Plata. Holotype: NMW, not found.
Labrus amarus Larrañaga, 1923: 383. Type locality: Uruguay. No
types known.
Crenicichla lacustris semifasciata Devincenzi, 1939: 34, fig. 11
(no. 3). Type locality: Rio Uruguay (Paysandú). No types known.
Maximum length: 16.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, middle and
lower parts, in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & Kullander
(1992: 131), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.
Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986
Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986: 83, pl. 4-6 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Peru, departamento Pasco, Río Pachitea drainage system, in Río Yamushimas, tributary to Rio Palcazú, near San
Pedro de Longin. Holotype: USNM 229057.
Maximum length: 22.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Ucayali River drainage, upper Huallaga River drainage (Tingo
María) in Peru, and the Napo and Putumayo River drainages in
Ecuador.
Countries: Ecuador, Peru
Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892
Crenicichla saxatilis var. semicincta Steindachner, 1892: 376 [20].
Type locality: Bolivia, Provinz Yuracares, im oberen Chaparé bei
Puerto de San Mateo. Syntypes: NMW 33482-84 (3).
Crenicichla clancularia Ploeg, 1991: 27, fig. 20. Type locality:
Bolivia, State of Mato Grosso[sic], Río Mamore system, Sta.
Cruz, Buenavista. Holotype: BMNH 1927.10.4.49.
Maximum length: 17.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre
de Dios River drainage in Peru, and in the Mamoré River basin.
Countries: Bolivia, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 101), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. The synonymy of C. clancularia is based on unpublished observations (Kullander, MS).
Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840)
Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel, 1840: 436. Type locality: Flusse
Paraguay bei Caiçara. Types in NMW, not found.
Acharnes chacoensis Holmberg, 1891: 182. Type locality: Formosa. No types known.
Boggiania ocellata Perugia, 1897: 148. Type locality: Puerto 14 de
Mayo, dipartamento di Bahia Negra, nel Chaco boreale. Holotype: MSNG 33700.
Crenicichla simoni Haseman, 1911: 345, pl. 59. Type locality: Rio
Paraguay at São Luiz de Caceres. Holotype: FMNH 54097.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River in Paraguay and Brazil, and the Paraná drainage in Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987
Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987: 90, pl. 2 (upper). Type locality: Corantijn River system, Sipaliwini River near Sipaliwini airstrip. Holotype: RMNH 30561.
Maximum length: 17.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini River, upper Corantijn
basin.
Countries: Suriname
Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991: 108, fig. 141. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Río Tocantins system, Capuaraná. Holotype:
INPA 2851.
Maximum length: 25 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862
Crenicichla johanna strigata Günther, 1862: 306. Type locality:
River Capin; River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Lectotype:
BMNH 1849.11.8.79-82 (1 of 4), designated by Ploeg (1991:
78).
Maximum length: 30 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern
tributries of the Amazon River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana
Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991
Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991: 58, fig. 68. Type locality: Colombia, Río Orinoco system, Río Meta, along road VillavicencioPuerto López, Puerto Gaintán. Holotype: RMNH 31622.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Llanos of
Venezuela and Colombia.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander,
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
1992
Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 121, figs.
19-20. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, município Santo Angelo, rio Piratinim, Fazenda dos Hinz, Coímbra.
Holotype: MCP 10876.
Maximum length: 15.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926
Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926: 97. Type locality: Oyapock
River at “Sant” Cafesoca, French Guiana. Lectotype: BMNH
1926.3.2.860, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 228).
Maximum length: 24.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French
Guiana and Brazil.
Countries: French Guiana
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marann (French
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),
Poson madanm (French Guiana)
Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991
Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991: 3, fig. 2. Type
locality: Brésil, Est. Pará, Rio Trombetas, au niveau de
l’embouchure de l’Igarapé Caxipacoré. Holotype: INPA 1800.
Maximum length: 28 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River near Cachoeira Porteira.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990
Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990c: 86, fig. 1. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Tapajós, rocky pool at São Luiz upstream of Itaituba. Holotype: MZUSP 40289.
Maximum length: 6.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tapajós River at São Luiz.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903
Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903: 124. Type locality: La Mana
(Guyane française); Essequibo (Guyane anglaise). Syntypes:
MNHN 4050, 2993.
Maximum length: 12.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo and Mana River basins.
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana
Remarks and references: The type series of Crencichla vaillanti is
a composite, and the species must be treated as valid until a lectotype is designated.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Brief review by Lucena & Kullander
(1992: 105), based on material from Uruguay River.
Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905
Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905c: 163, pl. 14 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.93.
Crenicichla nanus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: British
Guiana. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.10.31.125-126 (2).
Maximum length: 8.5 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin.
Countries: Guyana
Species inquirendae
Cycla conibos Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type locality: l’
Ucayale. No types known.
Cycla multifasciata Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type
locality: l’ Ucayale. No types known.
DICROSSUS
Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type species: Dicrossus
maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958)
Crenicara filamentosa Ladiges, 1958: 204, fig. p. 204. Type locality: möglicherweise vom Amazonas. Lectotype: ZMH 343, designated by (Wilkens 1977: 160); also by Kullander (1978: 268).
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro
River drainage; Orinoco River basin from the Inírida River in
Colombia to Maripa in Venezuela.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Species monograph in Kullander (1978);
also described by Ladiges (1959).
Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875
Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type locality: Lago
maximo und José Assu sowie in Nebenarmen des Amazonenstromes bei Tocantins, im Rio Hyauary und im Rio Tajapuru.
Syntypes: NMW 77916 (3).
Crenicara praetoriusi Weise in Praetorius, 1935: 179, fig. 4. Type
locality: [No locality].
Crenicara praetoriusi Ahl, 1936b: 265. Type locality: IgarapèIrurà-Mapiry. Syntypes: (3) ZMB 32383-84 (2).
Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós
River drainage, Maués River, and near Parintins.
Countries: Brazil
Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991
GEOPHAGUS
Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991: 94, fig. 119. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Roraima, Río Negro, Río Branco, Río Uraricoera,
Ilha de Maracá. Holotype: INPA 2909.
Maximum length: 6.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Branco River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Geophagus Heckel, 1840: 383. Type species: Geophagus altifrons
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann &
Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine.
Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840
Crenicichla vittata, Heckel 1840: 417. Type locality: Flusse Cuyaba; Flusse Paraguay. Lectotype: NMW 77815, designated by
Ploeg (1991: 81). Status as syntype is, however, not supported by
collection data. NMW 77770 probable holotype.
Maximum length: 26 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the Paraná River drainage in
Argentina; also in the middle Uruguay River drainage in Brazil.
Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840
Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840: 385, pl. 29 (fig. 21-25). Type
locality: Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 17007-08 (2).
Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of
the Amazon River.
Countries: Brazil
Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991
Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991b: 130, fig. 1. Type
locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte,
rocky pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32906.
Maximum length: 18 cm SL
632
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River from Cachoeira von Martius to Belo Monte, and in the Curuá River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen,
1989
(7°40’40”N, 63°08’05”W). Holotype: MCNG 25480.
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper
Caura and lower Caroní River basins.
Countries: Venezuela
Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976
Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 48, fig.
26. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Nickerie R. system,
rocky pool just above Blanche Marie Vallen. Holotype: RMNH
30974.
Maximum length: 13.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Corantijn and Nickerie River drainages in Suriname; probably ranges westward to the Essequibo
River basin.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname
Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976: 88, fig. 21. Type locality: rivière
Ouaqui à Saut Bali (Affluent du Tampok, basin du Maroni),
Guyane française. Holotype: IRSNB 525.
Maximum length: 18.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Marowijne River basin.
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname
Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra so (French
Guiana)
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Geophagus brasiliensis iporangensis Haseman, 1911: 364, pl. 71.
Type locality: Iporanga ... a mountain stream of the Rio Ribeira
da Iguapé. Holotype: FMNH 54202 [ex CM 2792a].
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguape River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Chromis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 286. Type locality:
baie de Rìo de Janeiro. Holotype: MNHN A.9503.
Chromys unimaculata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 7 (fig. 2). Type
locality: eaux douces des environs de Rio-de-Janeiro. Holotype:
MNHN A.9506.
Acara gymnopoma Günther, 1862: 278. Type locality: [None
stated]. Holotype: BMNH 1842.8.18.8.
Geophagus brasiliensis Kner, 1865: 266, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Rio Janeiro. Syntypes: NMW 23044-45 (2).
Acara minuta Hensel, 1870: 53. Type locality: Kleinen Tümpeln
bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: (5) ZMB 7453.
Maximum length: 28 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of eastern and
southern Brazil and Uruguay.
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay
Common names: Acará-topete (Brazil)
Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 41, figs. 2325. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Brokopondo, Suriname R.
system, Brokopondomeer along N shore at Afobaka. Holotype:
ZMA 119530.
Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Suriname River basin.
Countries: Suriname
Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903
Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Riv.
Camopi (Guyane française). Lectotype: MNHN 1901-456.
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Oyapock and Approuague River
basins.
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana
Common names: Prapra soléy (French Guiana), Prapra-roche
(French Guiana), Prapra-saut (French Guiana)
Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876
Geophagus (Satanoperca) crassilabris Steindachner, 1876: 65, pl.
7. Type locality: einem Bache des Isthmus von Panama, wahrscheinlich in der Nähe von Candelaria. Holotype: NMW 58794.
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific and Atlantic slopes of central and eastern Panama.
Countries: Panama
Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn,
1992
Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn in Kullander,
Royero & Taphorn, 1992: 366, fig. 7. Type locality: Venezuela,
Bolivar State, Río Caroní drainage, middle Río Claro in Vuelta
El Susto, ca 5 km downstream from Quebrada Mojacasabe
Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911
Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911
Geophagus brasiliensis itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911: 365, pl. 72.
Type locality: Queimadas, Rio Itapicurú. Holotype: FMNH
54365 [ex CM 2793a].
Distribution: South America: Itapicuru River, on the coast of
Bahia State.
Countries: Brazil
Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840
Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840: 388. Type locality: einer
grossen Lache Juquià genannt, bei Mattogrosso am Fluss
Guaporè. Syntypes: NMW 16246 (1), 90309 (1), 92453 (1); SMF
3125 [ex NMW in 1844] (1).
Maximum length: 17.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River basin.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855)
Chromys unipunctata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type
locality: rio Paraguassu, dans la province de Bahia. Syntypes:
MNHN A.9505 (3).
Chromys obscura Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 6 (fig. 3). Type locality:
rio Paraguassu, province de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A.9511 (2).
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River, on the coast of
Bahia State.
Countries: Brazil
Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912
Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: Tado, Río
San Juan, Chocó, S.W. Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH
1910.4.11.89.
Maximum length: 15.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River
basins.
Countries: Colombia
Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855)
Chromys proxima Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 7 (fig. 1). Type locality:
un lac près de l’Ucayale, dans la mission de Sarayacu, au Pérou.
Syntypes: MNHN A.9510 (1), B.3001 [ex MNHN A.9510] (1).
Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali
River drainage of Peru, and along the Solimões-Amazon River to
633
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
the Trombetas River.
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 122),
with bibliography, description, diagnosis, distribution, and illustration.
Common names: Acará roi roi (Brazil), Acará tinga (Brazil)
Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand,
1910
Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand in Eigenmann,
1910: 478. Type locality: Magdalena basin. Holotype: NMW
23289-90 (larger specimen) [from Cauca River, Colombia].
Geophagus hondae Regan, 1912: 506. Type locality: Honda,
Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.51.
Geophagus magdalena Brind, 1943: 42. Type locality: Lake at El
Banco, Columbia. Syntypes: USNM 120207 (1), 120299 (1).
Also spelt G. Magdalenae in same paper.
Maximum length: 19.8 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Cauca, and Sinú River
basins in Colombia, Limón River (Lake Maracaibo drainage) in
Venezuela.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Gosse & Kullander (1981) clarified the
nomenclature of the species.
Common names: Mojarra (Colombia), Mula (Colombia)
Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791)
Sparus surinamensis Bloch, 1791: 112, pl. 277 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Surinam. Holotype: ZMB 2825.
Sparus trimaculatus Shaw in Shaw & Nodder, 1809: pl. 867. Type
locality: American Seas.
Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Saramacca and Suriname Rivers in
Suriname; Marowijne River in Suriname and French Guiana.
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander & Nijssen
(1986: 31), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra soléy
(French Guiana)
Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero, 1992
Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, 1992: 360, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Río Orinoco, Raudales de Ature, eastern shore (5°36’N, 67°37’W). Holotype: MBUCV-V 21744.
Maximum length: 14.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the lower
Caura River and along the middle and upper Orinoco River basin.
Countries: Venezuela
GUIANACARA
Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 90. Type species:
Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by
original designation. Gender: feminine.
Oelemaria Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 92. Type species: Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original
designation. Gender: feminine. Originally as Guianacara (Oelemaria).
Guianacara (Guianacara) geayi (Pellegrin, 1902)
Acara geayi Pellegrin, 1902: 417. Type locality: Rivière Camopi
(Guyane française).
Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Approuague River in French Guiana,
Oyapock River drainage in French Guiana and Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)
Guianacara (Oelemaria) oelemariensis Kullander &
Nijssen, 1989
Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 126, fig.
70. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R.
drainage, small right bank tributary to the upper Oelemari R.
Holotype: IRSNB 750.
Maximum length: 8.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage, in the
Oelemari River in Suriname.
Countries: Suriname
Guianacara (Guianacara) owroewefi Kullander &
Nijssen, 1989
Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 97, fig. 43.
Type locality: Guyane française, R. Maroni system, R. Marouini
below first rapids. Holotype: IRSNB 749.
Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Marowijne, Suriname, Saramacca,
and Coppename River basins in Suriname, and Marowijne River
basin in French Guiana.
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname
Common names: Crobia (Suriname), Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe
wefi (Suriname), Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouru wefee (Suriname),
Owroe wefi (Suriname), Owroe wiffi (Suriname), Prapra (French
Guiana)
Guianacara (Guianacara) sphenozona Kullander &
Nijssen, 1989
Guianacara sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 120, fig. 66.
Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Corantijn R. drainage,
Sipaliwini. Holotype: RMNH 31047.
Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini and middle Corantijn
River drainages, Suriname; probably the Essequibo River basin.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname
Common names: Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouruwefee (Suriname)
GYMNOGEOPHAGUS
Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type species:
Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Type by
monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907)
Geophagus australe Eigenmann, 1907: 454, p. 23 (fig. 7). Type
locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: Princeton University (whereabouts unknown).
Maximum length: 15.5 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Lower Paraná River basin, in Argentina.
Countries: Argentina
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba
(1988).
Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891)
Geophagus balzanii Perugia, 1891: 623. Type locality: Villa Maria
(Matto Grosso), Rio Paraguay a 15°. Holotype: MSNG 7683.
Geophagus duodecimspinosus Boulenger, 1895: 524. Type locality: Paraguay. Holotype: BMNH 1895.5.17.12.
Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type
locality: Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: MZUSP 2549.
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, the Paraná drainage in Argentina; the lower Uruguay drainage in Uruguay and Brazil.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba
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(1988).
Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870)
Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni,
2000
Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2001: 55,
fig. 1. Type locality: Arroyo Urugua-í y ruta provincial 19 frente
a la pasarela en parque provincial Islas Malvinas [Misiones, Argentina]. Holotype MLP.
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná
River drainage in Argentina, known only from the Arroyo Urugua-í.
Countries: Argentina
Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870)
Geophagus pygmaeus Hensel, 1870: 68. Type locality: Rio Guahyba bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: ZMB 7469 (2).
Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel, 1870: 61. Type locality: Gebirgsbachen des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Lectotype: ZMB
7465.
Geophagus camurus Cope, 1894: 104, pl. 9 (fig. 17). Type locality: Jacuhy river. Syntypes: (7) ANSP 21749-50 (2), 21885-88
(4).
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim
drainages in Brazil and Uruguay.
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba
(1988). Type locality of Geophagus camurus restricted to Laguna
dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989).
Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870)
Geophagus bucephalus Hensel, 1870: 63. Type locality: Rio
Cadea und seinen Zuflussen. Lectotype: ZMB 31373 [ex ZMB
7466], designated by Reis & Malabarba (1988: 280).
Geophagus labiatus Hensel, 1870: 64. Type locality: Rio Santa
Maria des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: ZMB
7467.
Geophagus scymnophilus Hensel, 1870: 65. Type locality: [None
stated]. Lectotype: ZMB 22293, designated by Reis & Malabarba
(1988: 280).
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim
drainages in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba
(1988). Type locality of Geophagus scymnophilus restricted to
Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989).
Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988
Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 282, fig. 24.
Type locality: Lagoa da Cerquinha at Pinhal, Tramandai, RS,
Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28462.
Maximum length: 14.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages in northern Rio
Grande do Sul State.
Countries: Brazil
Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba,
1988
Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 273, fig
19. Type locality: Headwaters of Rio Negro at road at BR-153,
(Uruguay River system), Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28461.
Maximum length: 8.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay
and Brazil, and smaller drainages in nearby Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
Geophagus rhabdotus Hensel, 1870: 60. Type locality: Cadea.
Lectotype: ZMB 7461.
Geophagus brachyurus Cope, 1894: 105, pl. 9 (fig. 18). Type
locality: Jacuhy River. Syntypes: ANSP 21751 (1), 21880-83 (4).
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay,
and the Laguna dos Patos basin.
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba
(1988). Type locality of Geophagus brachyurus restricted to Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989).
Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba &
Pavanelli, 1992
Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992:
267, fig. 2. Type locality: Río Iguazú reservoir at Juan E.
O’Leary, Rio Paraná drainage, Province of Alto Paraná, Paraguay (approximately 55°30’S 25°20’W). Holotype: MHNG
2518.19.
Maximum length: 9.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of
the Paraná River between the Monday River and Guaíra, Paraguay and Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Paraguay
HERICHTHYS
Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type species: Herichthys
cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892)
Acara bartoni Bean, 1892: 286, pl. 44 (fig. 3). Type locality:
Hauzteca Potosina, a region situated north of the State of Guanajuato, in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Lectotype: USNM
43765, designated by Jordan & Evermann (1900, pl. 232, p.
3281).
Maximum length: 18 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to the upper
Verde River and the Laguna de la Media Luna systems of the
Panuco River basin, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Mojarra caracolera (Mexico)
Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)
Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 146, fig. 22. Type
locality: Laguna del Carpinte, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: SU 6162.
Heros teporatus Fowler, 1903: 321. Type locality: Victoria, Victoria Río, trib. of the Río Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Holotype: ANSP 24242.
Cichlosoma laurae Regan, 1908c: 223. Type locality: Tampico.
Syntypes: BMNH 1908.7.6.20-21 (2).
Maximum length: 17 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Panuco River drainage, and Soto La Marina River.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983).
The status of Heros teporatus needs further analysis.
Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854
Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type locality:
Brownsville, Texas (freshwater). Syntypes: ANSP 9097 (1);
MCZ 15415 [ex USNM 852]; UMMZ 92113 (1); USNM 851 (?),
852 (now 4).
Heros pavonaceus Garman, 1881: 93. Type locality: Spring near
Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. Syntypes: MCZ 24877 (5),
UMMZ 95837 (1).
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Parapetenia cyanostigma Hernández-Rolón, 1990: 4, fig. p. 7.
Type locality: Playa Bruja, Tequesquitengo [Mexico]. Holotype:
MNHN 1990-465.
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Originally restricted to the lower Rio
Grande drainage in Texas, USA and south to northeastern Mexico. Introduced on Edwards Plateau of central Texas and central
peninsular Florida, USA, and Verde River basin (La Media Luna
region), Mexico
Countries: Mexico, USA
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983).
Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840)
Heros Montezuma Heckel, 1840: 383. Type locality: Mexico.
Holotype: NMW 17359.
Heros Deppii Heckel, 1840: 382. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype:
NMW, lost.
Maximum length: 12 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Nautla and
Misantla River basins.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Implied identification of material in ZMB
collected with the holotype, suggests that H. deppii is valid, according to Stawikowski & Werner (1998: 333). The status of
Heros montezuma is uncertain, pending examination of the holotype.
Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)
Heros (Cichlasoma) labridens Pellegrin, 1903: 122. Type locality:
Huasteca Potosina (Mexique). [=Verde River drainage near Rioverde, San Luís Potosí]. Syntypes: MNHN 1889-19-20.
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Panuco River
basin.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: See Miller (1956: 15) for information on
type locality.
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico)
Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983)
Cichlasoma minckleyi Kornfield & Taylor, 1983: 254, fig. 1. Type
locality: Posos de la Becerra, 15.7 km by road SSW of Cuatro
Ciénegas de Carranza, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ
209434.
Maximum length: 17.5 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to Cuatro
Ciénegas.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Mojarra caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas (Mexico)
Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983)
Cichlasoma pantostictum Taylor & Miller, 1983: 15, fig. 5. Type
locality: Laguna de Chairel at the mouth of the Río Tamesí,
Tampico, lat. 22°15’N., long. 96°04’W., elevation ca. 2 m near
Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Holotype: UMMZ 207699.
Maximum length: 12.6 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico, in
the Panuco River drainage from the Sabinas River to the coastal
Laguna Tamiahua.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico)
endemic to the Tamasopo, Gallinas, and Ojo Frio Rivers in the
Panuco River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico)
Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993
Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993: 66, fig. p. 67. Type
locality: Type locality: “Las Cascadas” (99°23’47” W. Long.,
21°56’47” N. Lat.) in the Río Tamasopo. Holotype: UMMZ
221577.
Maximum length: 18 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Tamasopo
River of Panuco River basin.
Countries: Mexico
HEROINA
Heroina Kullander, 1996b: 151. Type species: Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996. Type by original designation. Gender:
feminine.
Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996
Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996b: 153, fig. 3. Type locality:
Ecuador, Provincia Napo, Río Napo drainage, upper Río Tiputini
upstream of bridge on road to Coca (0°44.5’S 76°53’W). Holotype: FMNH 105181.
Maximum length: 10.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo
(Ecuador), Caquetá (Colombia), and Tigre, Corrientes, and
Pastaza (Peru) River basins.
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
HEROS
Heros Heckel, 1840: 362. Type species: Heros severus Heckel,
1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan & Gilbert 1883:
608. Gender: masculine.
Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840
Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840: 372. Type locality: Rio-negro.
Holotype: NMW 33341.
Chromys appendiculata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 7 (fig. 3). Type
locality: l’Ucayali, (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9483.
Chromys fasciata Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality:
l’Araguay. No types known.
Uarus centrarchoides Cope, 1872: 253, pl. 11 (fig. 2). Type locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP
9049.
Cichlasoma severum perpunctatum Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 18,
pl. 16. Type locality: Manáos. Holotype: MNRJ 1263.
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of
the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers in Peru, and Solimões-Amazon
River in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription, as Heros appendiculatus,
in Kullander (1986: 219), based on Peruvian material, with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustration.
Oldest available name now applied. Status of the included nominal species needs further analysis.
Common names: Acará-peba (Brazil), Acará-preto (Brazil), Bujurqui acha vieja (Peru)
Heros notatus Jardine, 1843
Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)
Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 143, fig. 20.
Type locality: Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
Holotype: SU 6164.
Maximum length: 40 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico,
Centrarchus notatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 160, pl. 13.
Type locality: [Locality not stated]. No types known.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro
River basin.
Countries: Brazil
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Heros severus Heckel, 1840
Heros severus Heckel, 1840: 362. Type locality: bei Marabitanas
im Rio-negro. Syntypes: ?NMW 17354 (1), ?17638 (1), ?17656
(1).
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper
Orinoco River drainage in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon
River basin, in the upper Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Heros spurius Heckel, 1840
Heros spurius Heckel, 1840: 368. Type locality: Rio Guaporè ...
Sümpfen. Syntypes: ?NMW 17656 (1), 17939 (1).
Heros coryphaeus Heckel, 1840: 364. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé
... Morästen um Matogrosso. Holotype: NMW 17358.
Heros modestus Heckel, 1840: 366. Type locality: Rio Guaporé.
Syntypes: NMW 17354 (1), ?92454 (1).
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River drainage, Brazil and Bolivia.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
HEROTILAPIA
Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904: 247. Type species: Heros multispinosus Günther, 1869. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.
Herotilapia multispinosa (Günther, 1867)
Heros multispinosus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of
Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.34.
Maximum length: 9 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Patuca
River (Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope,
from the Guasaule River (Nicaragua) to the Tempisque and Bebedero Rivers (Costa Rica).
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther
(1868: 453, pl. 74, fig. 2). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 351),
with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Cholesca (Costa Rica), Mojarrita (Costa Rica),
Zarzapala (Costa Rica)
HOPLARCHUS
Hoplarchus Kaup, 1860: 128. Type species: Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: masculine.
Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840)
Heros psittacus Heckel, 1840: 369. Type locality: Rio-negro,
nördlich von Marabitanas am Fusse des Berges Cocui. Syntypes:
?NMW 17641-42 (1, 1).
Centrarchus cychla Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 157, pl. 11.
Type locality: Rio Negro. No types known.
Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860: 129, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type
locality: ? Südamerika. Holotype in ZSM, lost.
Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro,
Preto da Eva, Urubu, and Jamari Rivers in Brazil; Orinoco River
basin, in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela
HYPSELECARA
Hypselecara Kullander, 1986: 232. Type species: Heros temporalis Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840)
Heros coryphaenoides Heckel, 1840: 373, pl. 29 (fig. 9-12). Type
locality: Rio-negro ... bei Maribitana. Holotype: NMW 17376.
Heros niger Heckel, 1840: 375. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 17358.
Centrarchus niger Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 159, pl. 12. Type
locality: Rio Negro. No types known.
Cichlasoma arnoldi Ahl, 1936a: 138. Type locality: Amazonas.
Holotype: ZMB 32382.
Chuco axelrodi Fernández-Yépez, 1972: 15, fig. 16. Type locality:
Aguaro River, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 206097.
Maximum length: 16 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro,
Trombetas, Tapajós, Maués, and Uatumã Rivers; Orinoco River
basin in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River, and in the Aguaro
River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela
Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862)
Heros temporalis Günther, 1862: 286. Type locality: No locality.
Holotype: BMNH 1855.12.26.638 [ex Zool. Soc.].
Acara (Heros) crassa Steindachner, 1875: 88, pl. 5. Type locality:
Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Tonantins, Cudajas, Coary, Villa
bella und Obidos, im See Hyanuary und Saraca, so wie im Rio
Hyutay. Syntypes: (several) NMW 17373-17374 (2) Codajás,
33617 (1) Silves, 33618 (1) Villa Bella.
Heros goeldii Boulenger, 1897: 298. Type locality: Upper Cunani
River, French Guiana, south of the Oyapok River. Syntypes:
BMNH 1897.7.17.9 (1), NMB 2488 (1).
Cichlasoma Hellabrunni Ladiges, 1942: 199, fig. 1. Type locality:
Gefangenschaftsnachzucht Hellabrunn (originally: entweder die
Umgebung von Rockstone am Essequibo in Britisch-Guiana oder
aber die Umgebung von Leticia. Lectotype: ZMH H70, designated by Ladiges et al. (1958: 164).
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali
and Amazon River drainages in Peru, the Amazon River drainage
in Colombia, the Solimões-Amazon River in Brazil, east to Cametá, also rivers of Amapá State and the Oyapock River basin in
Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru
Common names: Acará açai (Brazil), Bufurque (Peru), Bujurqui
(Peru)
HYPSOPHRYS
Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.
Copora Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864. Type species by original designation.
Gender: feminine.
Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864)
Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake
Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, not found.
Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of
Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1867.9.23.37.
Heros balteatus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 184. Type locality:
Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.27.3 [ex USNM] (1).
Cichlasoma spilotum Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria,
Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7686.
Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the San Juan
drainage, including Lake Nicaragua, in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, to the Matina River drainage in Costa Rica.
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Species monograph by López (1974),
well illustrated. Kullander & Hartel (1997) discussed the nomenclature of Hypsophrys unimaculatus. Reviewed by Bussing
(1998: 354), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and
figures.
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Common names: Moga amarilla (Costa Rica)
KROBIA
Krobia Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 148. Type species: Acara
guianensis Regan, 1905. Type by original designation. Gender:
feminine.
the upper Solimöes and Juruá River basins in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 328),
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Common names: Bujurqui (Peru)
Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875)
Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905)
Acara guianensis Regan, 1905b: 340. Type locality: Guiana. Holotype: BMNH 1851.5.2.8 [ex ZMB].
Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages, from the
Demerara River in Guyana, eastward to the Cottica River in Suriname.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Nijssen
(1989: 151), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Common names: Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe wefi (Suriname),
Ouwe wefi (Suriname)
Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943)
Aequidens itanyi Puyo, 1943: 146, fig. 4. Type locality: Suriname,
Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R. system, kreek on left bank of
Marowijne R., W Manbari Val, 6 km N Stoelmanseiland (originally: crique du haut Itany). Neotype: ZMA 119531, designated
by Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 166).
Maximum length: 12.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage in Suriname and French Guiana.
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname
Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Nijssen
(1989: 166), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)
Acara thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 68, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality:
Im Amazonenstrom und dessen Ausständen bei Cudajas, in den
See Hyanuary bei Manaos und im Lago Maximo bei Alemquer.
Syntypes: (many) NMW 33723 (3), 33726-38 (13), 33739-45
(15), 33746 (?), 33752 (1).
Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tigre,
Ucayali, Yavarí and Amazon River basins in Peru, and along the
Solimões, Amazon (to lower Trombetas River), and lower Negro
River basins.
Countries: Brazil, Peru
MAZARUNIA
Mazarunia Kullander, 1990b: 4. Type species: Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990. Type by original designation. Gender:
feminine.
Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990
Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990b: 5, fig. 1. Type locality:
Guyana: Upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang. Holotype:
MHNG 1553.96.
Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, in the
upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang.
Countries: Guyana
MESONAUTA
LAETACARA
Mesonauta Günther, 1862: 300. Type species: Heros insignis
Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Laetacara Kullander, 1986: 321. Type species: Acara flavilabris
Cope, 1870. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855)
Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923)
Acara curviceps Ahl, 1923: 44, fig. 5. Type locality: Amazonenstrom. Holotype: ZMB 31324.
Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in lower portions of tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil
Laetacara dorsigera (Heckel, 1840)
Chromys acora Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type locality:
lacs de l’Araguay. No types known.
Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins and Xingu River basins.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip
(1991: 424), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991
Acara dorsiger Heckel, 1840: 348. Type locality: Sümpfe in der
Nähe des Paraguay-Flusses bei Villa Maria. Holotype: NMW
33669.
Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River drainage; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, middle Paraná River drainage in Argentina.
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991: 429, fig. 21.
Type locality: Colombia, Departamento Vichada, Rio Vichada
drainage, laguna no. 1 on Finca Boca de Guarrojo at the mouth of
the Rio Guarrojo. Holotype: ICN-MNH 1686.
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta and
Vichada River basins.
Countries: Colombia
Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870)
Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840)
Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Near Pebas,
Ecuador [currently Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 9156.
Acara freniferus Cope, 1872: 255. Type locality: the Ambyiacu
[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9157.
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo
and Putumayo river drainages in Ecuador, in the Huallaga, Ucayali, Amazon, Putumayo and Yavarí River basins in Peru, and in
Heros festivus Heckel, 1840: 376. Type locality: Fluss Guaporè
und dessen nahe gelegenen Moräste. No types known.
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay; Amazon River basin, in
the Guaporé (Brazil and Bolivia), Madre de Dios (Peru), Mamoré
(Bolivia), Jamari and Tapajós (Brazil) River drainages.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip
(1991: 420), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998
Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998: 5, fig. 2. Type locality:
Rockstone, Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype: ZMB 32779.
Maximum length: 10 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro
River drainage, Brazil; Essequibo River drainage in Guyana.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana
Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840)
Heros insignis Heckel, 1840: 379. Type locality: waldlache bei
Marabitanas am Rio-negro. Lectotype: NMW 24415, designated
by Kullander & Silfvergrip (1991: 420).
Maximum length: 9.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Negro River drainage in Brazil; Orinoco River basin, along the
Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip
(1991: 418), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991
Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991: 430, fig. 22.
Type locality: Peru, Departamento Loreto, Rio Napo, Cayapoza,
small laguna on left bank island. Holotype: NRM 20001.
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru and
Colombia, in tributaries of the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers, from
Yarina Cocha to Mocagua Island near Leticia.
Countries: Colombia, Peru
Common names: Bufurqui (Peru), Bujurqui (Peru)
MIKROGEOPHAGUS
Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen in Schiötz & Christensen,
1968: 370. Type species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers &
Harry, 1948. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977: 253. Type species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911)
Crenicara altispinosa Haseman, 1911: 344, pl. 58. Type locality:
Along a sand-bank in the Río Mamoré, below the mouth of the
Río Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54090.
Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River drainage in Brazil and Bolivia, and in the Mamoré River
drainage in Bolivia.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil
Remarks and references: Species reviewed by Kullander (1981c).
Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948)
Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948a: 77. Type locality:
evidently from one of the tributaries of the Rio Apuré or Rio
Meta in the states of Guárico, Portuguésa, or Apuré. Syntypes:
CAS-SU 14845(2), 14846(1), 14847(1).
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the llanos of
Venezuela and Colombia.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
Remarks and references: Species monographed by Kullander
(1980c); also described by Myers & Harry (1948b).
NANDOPSIS
Nandopsis Gill, 1862: 238. Type species: Chromis tetracanthus
Poey [=Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes, 1831]. Type by
monotypy. Gender: feminine.
Parapetenia Regan, 1905a: 324. Type species: Acara adspersa
Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated
by Eigenmann (1910: 476). Gender: feminine.
Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935)
Cichlasoma haitiensis Tee-Van, 1935: 294, fig. 270. Type locality:
Étang Saumâtre, near Maneville, Cul-de-Sac Plain, Haiti, West
Indies. Holotype: USNM 170907 [ex NYZS 7302].
Maximum length: 21.5 cm SL
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island.
Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti
Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831)
Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1831: 460. Type locality: Havane [=Habana, Cuba]. No types
known; based on a drawing.
Chromis fusco-maculatus Guichenot, 1853: 78, pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Cuba. Holotype: MNHN A.9482.
Acara adspersa Günther, 1862: 282. Type locality: Barbadoes.
Holotype: BMNH 1961.7.7.1.
Heros tetracanthus cinctus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 16. Type
locality: Paso Real. Holotype: CAS 78971 [ex IU 9671].
Heros tetracanthus latus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 15. Type
locality: San Juan. Holotype: CAS 78972 [ex IU 9669].
Heros tetracanthus griseus Eigenmann, 1903: 233, fig. 14. Type
locality: San Antonio. Holotype: CAS 78974 [ex IU 9670].
Heros tetracanthus torralbasi Eigenmann, 1903: 230, fig. 11.
Type locality: Calabazar. Holotype: CAS 78975 [ex IU 9672] (1
of 2).
Heros nigricans Eigenmann, 1903: 235, fig. 17. Type locality:
Pinar del Rio. Holotype: CAS 78973 [ex IU 9668].
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island.
Countries: Cuba
Remarks and references: Hubbs (1920) presented a nomenclatural
revision establishing the present synonymy.
Nandopsis vombergi (Ladiges, 1938)
Cichlosoma Vombergi Ladiges, 1938: 18, fig. 1. Type locality:
Unterlauf des Rio Yague del Sur. Holotype: ZMH H401.
Maximum length: 19.4 cm SL
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola, in the Yaqui
River basin.
Countries: Dominican Republic
NANNACARA
Nannacara Regan, 1905b: 344. Type species: Nannacara anomala
Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.
Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros,
1993
Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993: 359, fig.
1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Amazonas, Igarapé do Cumaru,
a tributary of Paraná Atauí, in the middle Rio Negro. Holotype:
MZUSP 44685.
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle
Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905
Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905b: 344. Type locality: R. Essequibo [Guyana]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.21.27-28 (2).
Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL
639
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Aruka River
in Guyana east to the lower Marowijne River in Suriname.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname
Remarks and references: Redescribed in Kullander & Nijssen
(1989: 199), based on Surinamese material, with bibliography,
diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 360), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Guapote (Costa Rica), Guapote blanco (Honduras), Lagunero (Nicaragua)
Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983
Heros Friedrichsthalii Heckel, 1840: 381. Type locality: CentralAmerika. Holotype: NMW 35322.
Cichlosoma multifasciatum Regan, 1905a: 335. Type locality:
Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.65-66 (2).
Maximum length: 28 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in Mexico (Usumacinta River), Belize, Honduras and Guatemala.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico
Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Guapote (Belize), Molula
(Mexico), Mus mus (Belize), Yellowjacket cichlid (Belize)
Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983: 13. Type locality:
“Carière Chambaut” localité A. [French Guiana]. Holotype:
MNHN 1983-523.
Maximum length: 6.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Approuague River basin.
Countries: French Guiana
Common names: Ti prapra (French Guiana)
Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912
Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912: 488, pl. 66 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Erukin [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53799 [ex
CM 2304].
Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Potaro River and nearby in the Essequibo River basin.
Countries: Guyana
Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912
Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: the Amazon at
Manaos. Holotype: BMNH 1912.2.2.15.
Maximum length: 5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Near Belém, Pará State.
Countries: Brazil
Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840)
Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989)
Cichlasoma loisellei Bussing, 1989: 153, fig. 1. Type locality: Río
San Miguel, a tributary of Río Matina on road to Puerto Limón,
Limón (elevation 12 m), Limón Province, Costa Rica. Holotype:
LACM 44405-1 [ex UCR 1126-8].
Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River
(Honduras) to the Cricamola River (Panama); Pacific slope, in
the Tamarindo River (Nicaragua).
Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 364), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Guapote amarillo (Guatemala)
Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)
NEETROPLUS
Neetroplus Günther, 1867: 603. Type species: Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867
Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867: 603. Type locality: Lake
Managua [Nicaragua]. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.35.
Neetroplus nicaraguensis Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186.
Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: (3).
Neetroplus fluviatilis Meek, 1912: 74. Type locality: Costa Rica
River near Guapilis, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7685 [not
7585].
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and
western Costa Rica, in the San Juan River drainage, including
Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua.
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua
Remarks and references: Neetroplus nematopus described in more
detail in Günther (1868: 470, pl. 74 (fig. 4)). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 357), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,
and figures.
Common names: Moga (Costa Rica)
PARACHROMIS
Parachromis Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Parachromis
gulosus [=Heros managuensis Günther, 1867]. Agassiz, 1859.
Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864)
Heros dovii Günther, 1864c: 154. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.195-196 (2).
Maximum length: 50 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Aguan
River (Honduras) to the Moín River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope
from the Yeguare River (Honduras) to the Bebedero River (Costa
Rica).
Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake
Nicaragua. Lectotype: MCZ 16086, designated by Kullander &
Hartel (1997: 196).
Heros managuensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of
Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.32.
Maximum length: 22 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River
(Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica).
Countries: Costa Rica, Cuba (introduced), El Salvador (introduced), Guatemala (introduced), Honduras, Mexico (introduced),
Nicaragua, Panama (introduced)
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Kullander & Hartel (1997),
with redescription and photo, and lectotype designation of P.
gulosus. Heros managuensis described in more detail in (Günther
1868: 463, pl. 77 (fig. 3)). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 367),
with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Guapote barcino (Costa Rica, Nicaragua),
Guapote tigre (Costa Rica), Pinta (Mexico)
Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867)
Heros motaguensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Río Motagua. Syntypes: (5) BMNH 1865.4.29.68-70 (3 or 4),
1865.6.10.12 (1).
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and
Honduras in the Motagua River basin; Pacific slope from Naranjo River (Guatemala) to Choluteca River (Honduras).
Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther
(1868: 462, pl. 77 (fig. 2)).
Common names: False yellowjacket cichlid (Belize), Guapote (El
Salvador), Moro (El Salvador), Pando (El Salvador)
PARANEETROPLUS
Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905a 436. Type species: Paraneetroplus
640
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
upper Orinoco River (Inírida and Atabapo Rivers) to Puerto Ayacucho.
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela
bulleri Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905
Paraneetroplus Bulleri Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Rio de
Sarabia, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1890.10.10.94.
Maximum length: 25.5 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos
River drainage.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Corrientero (Mexico)
Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864)
Heros gibbiceps Steindachner, 1864: 66, pl. 5 (fig. 1-2). Type
locality: Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes:
NMW 17360-61 (2), 17367 (1), 58799 (1).
Cichlasoma teapae Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902: 156, fig. 6.
Type locality: Rio Teapa at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Holotype:
USNM 50005.
Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer, 1988: 13, fig. p. 15. Type locality: près du pont, sur le Rio Tulija traversé par la route PalenquéOcocingo, Chiapas, Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1987-1474.
Maximum length: 23 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta
River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Corrientero verde (Mexico), Roquera (Mexico)
Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963)
Plataxoides leopoldi Gosse, 1963: 4, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality:
Furo du village de Cuia (rive gauche du Solimôes à environ 90
km en amont de Manacapuru). Holotype: IRSNB 459.
Maximum length: 5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the
Solimões-Amazon River between about Manacapuru and Santarém; Rupununi River in the Essequibo River drainage in Guyana.
Countries: Brazil, Guyana
Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823)
PETENIA
Zeus scalaris Schultze in Lichtenstein, 1823: 114. Type locality:
Or. Brazil. Types: No types located with certainty, ZMB 1347
possibly part of type series; ZMB 2833 selected as lectotype by
Paepke & Schindler (2002: 181).
Platax scalaris Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831: 237. Type
locality: None stated. Holotype: ZMB 1347.
Plataxoïdes dumerilii Castelnau, 1855: 21, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Para. Holotype: MNHN A.254.
Pterophyllum eimekei Ahl, 1928: 31, fig. p. 31. Type locality:
Mündung des Rio Negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes:
ZMB uncatalogued (4) and MNHN 29-12 (1).
Maximum length: 7.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, along the Ucayali, Solimões and Amazon
rivers; rivers of Amapá State, Oyapock River in French Guiana;
Essequibo River in Guyana.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname (introduced)
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material
in Kullander (1986: 210), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Paepke & Schindler (2002)
discuss the authorship and putative types of Z. scalaris Schultze.
Common names: Acará bandeira (Brazil), Cara bandeira (Brazil),
Pez angel (Peru), Poson lavwèl (French Guiana)
Petenia Günther, 1862: 301. Type species: Petenia splendida
Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.
RETROCULUS
Paraneetroplus nebuliferus (Günther, 1860)
Chromis nebulifera Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Fresh
waters of Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.17.31-33 (3).
Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek, 1902: 119, pl. 30. Type locality:
Rio Tehuacan, Venta Salada, Pueblo, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH
3712.
Maximum length: 20 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán
River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Chonga (Mexico), Playero (Mexico)
Petenia splendida Günther, 1862
Petenia splendida Günther, 1862: 301. Type locality: Lake Peten.
Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.103-105 (3).
Maximum length: 50 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Grijalva River to Usumacinta River (Mexico), Usumacinta River
(Guatemala), and Belize.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Common names: Bay snook (Belize), Blanco (Belize), Tenguajagua (Mexico), Tenguayaca (Mexico)
PTEROPHYLLUM
Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840: 334. Type species: Platax scalaris
Cuvier, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter.
Plataxoïdes Castelnau, 1855: 21. Type species: Plataxoides dumerilii Castelnau, 1855. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903
Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903: 125. Type locality: Atabapo
(Orénoque). Syntypes: BMNH 1904.6.28.2-3 [ex MNHN] (2
spms.); MHNLR P.261 (1); MNHN 1887-571 to 574 (4), 1887579 and 580 (14 spms.)
Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Negro River drainage; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the
Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type species: Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Type by monotypy.
Gender: masculine.
Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855)
Chromys lapidifera Castelnau, 1855: 16, pl. 12 (fig.1). Type locality: Rio das Mortes, Xaventina Island Matto Brosso Brazil
(originally: la grande cascade de l’Araguay (Caxoeira grande)).
Holotype: MNHN A.8321 (dry, lost). Name spelled lapidifera in
text (pp. viii and 16) and index (p. 108); lapidifer in figure caption and list of figures (p. xi). Neotype BMNH 1970.10.28:58,
designated by (Gosse 1971: 5).
Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type locality: Brazil. Holotype: USNM 152111.
Maximum length: 20.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins and Capim River basins.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Redescription in Gosse (1971) with
bibliography, diagnosis, description, and illustration.
Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971
Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971: 11, p. 5. Type locality:
Guyane française dans le fleuve Oyapock à Saut-Alikoto (en
amont du village de Camopi). Holotype: IRSNB 515.
Maximum length: 19 cm SL
641
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in Brazil
and French Guiana, Araguari River drainage in Brazil.
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)
Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971
Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971: 7, pl. 4. Type locality: Brésil
dans le Rio Xingu aux Cachoeira von Martius (à la limite Nord
de l’Etat du Mato Grosso). Holotype: IRSNB 512.
Maximum length: 14.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
and Tapajós River basins.
Countries: Brazil
SATANOPERCA
Satanoperca Günther, 1862: 312. Type species: Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan &
Evermann (1898, p. 1542). Gender: feminine.
Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840)
Geophagus acuticeps Heckel, 1840: 394. Type locality: Barra do
Rio-negro [=Manaus]. Holotype: NMW 23429.
Maximum length: 17 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco
River, lower Negro River, and along the Solimões-Amazon River
in Brazil between Tonantins and the lower Trombetas River.
Countries: Brazil
Common names: Acará bicudo (Brazil), Acará papa terra (Brazil)
Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988
Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988: 344, fig. 1. Type
locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage, Urumari, praia (0°03’S, 63°30’W). Holotype: MZUSP 33003.
Maximum length: 25.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the
Solimões-Amazon River from the Japurá River to the Trombetas
River, also Negro River from the Curicuriari River to the mouth,
and in the Branco River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)
Geophagus mapiritensis Fernández-Yépez, 1950: 117, fig. p. 117.
Type locality: Río Mapirito al Sur de Maturín, Estado Monagas,
Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 153 [ex AFY 49422].
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, along the lower
Orinoco River and in rivers north of the lower Orinoco River.
Countries: Venezuela
Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840)
Geophagus pappaterra Heckel, 1840: 396. Type locality: RioGuapore. Syntypes: 23684-23685 (2).
Maximum length: 17.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé
River in Brazil and Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay
River drainage in Brazil and northern Paraguay (to the Aquidabán River).
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840)
Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840: 389, pl. 29 (fig. 26-29). Type
locality: Rio-Negro. Holotype: NMW 23123.
Maximum length: 17 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper
Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin, in
Colombia and Venezuela.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840)
Geophagus jurupari Heckel, 1840: 392. Type locality: an der
Mündung des Rio-negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes:
NMW 23580-81 (2).
Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Peru,
Ecuador and Colombia to the mouth of Amazon River in Brazil,
in Amapá State and eastern French Guiana, also in the Bolivian
Amazon drainage except Guaporé River.
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Peru
Remarks and references: Redescription, based on Peruvian material, in Kullander (1986: 147), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustration.
Common names: Acará-chibante (Brazil), Cara bicudo (Brazil),
Prapra djab (French Guiana), Prapra roch (French Guiana), Prapra so (French Guiana)
Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849)
Geophagus leucostictus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 625. Type
locality: See Amucu; Sümpfen der Savanne. Holotype: ZMB
2331.
Satanoperca macrolepis Günther, 1862: 314. Type locality: Demerara, British Guiana. Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1962.1.8.1 (1).
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River in Guyana and
Nickerie River in Suriname.
Countries: Guyana, Suriname
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Surinamese
material in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 66), with bibliography,
diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustration.
SYMPHYSODON
Symphysodon Heckel, 1840: 332. Type species: Symphysodon
discus Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904
Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 250. Type
locality: Teffé (Brésil); Santarém (Bresil). Syntypes: MNHN
1902-130 (1) Santarém, 1902-134 (1) and 1902-135 (1) Teffé.
Symphysodon discus tarzoo Lyons, 1959: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: Leticia, Columbia. No types known.
Symphysodon aequifasciata axelrodi Schultz, 1960: 14, fig. (p. 9).
Type locality: Belem, Brazil, Amazon River. Holotype: USNM
179831.
Symphysodon aequifasciata haraldi Schultz, 1960: 11, fig. (p. 8).
Type locality: Benjamin Constant, Brazil in the Amazon. Holotype: USNM 179829.
Maximum length: 13.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in tributaries
along the Solimões-Amazon River from the Putumayo River in
Colombia and Peru to the Tocantins River basin.
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru
Remarks and references: Popular review in Kullander (1996a).
Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840
Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840: 333, pl. 30 (fig. 21). Type
locality: bei Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaus], im Flusse selbst.
Holotype: NMW 35612.
Symphysodon discus willischwartzi Burgess, 1981: 37, fig. p. 37.
Type locality: Rio Abacaxis (a tributary of the Rio Madeira),
Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 15375.
Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, near
the mouth of the Negro River, in the lower Abacaxis River, and
in the lower Trombetas River.
Countries: Brazil
Remarks and references: Popular review in Kullander (1996a).
Common names: Acará-moreré (Brazil)
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Countries: Brazil
TAENIACARA
Taeniacara Myers, 1935: 11. Type species: Taeniacara candidi
Myers, 1935. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935
Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935: 11. Type locality: in the Amazon
(middle). Holotype: USNM 93579.
Apistogramma weisei Ahl, 1936b: 268. Type locality: Santarem.
Holotype: ZMB 32385.
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Negro River, and along the Amazon River to the Tapajós River.
Countries: Brazil
TAHUANTINSUYOA
Tahuantinsuyoa Kullander, 1986: 308. Type species: Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation.
Gender: feminine.
Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988
Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988: 205, fig. 7. Type
locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù.
État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 647.
Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius.
Countries: Brazil
Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988
Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988: 207, figs. 1, 8. Type
locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù.
État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 646.
Maximum length: 6.3 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius.
Countries: Brazil
Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991
Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988
Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991c: 4, fig. 2. Type locality:
Perú, departamento Huánuco, pools of unnamed creek close to
lower Río Llullapichis, 1.8 km east of Panguana station
(9°37’90”S, 74°55’90”W), 260 masl. Holotype: ROM 58275.
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea
River basin in Peru.
Countries: Peru
Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988: 203, fig. 5. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajos, São Luis, acima de Itaituba, pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 36951.
Maximum length: 5.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós
River at São Luis.
Countries: Brazil
Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986
Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988: 201, fig. 4. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajós, São Luis, acima de Itaituba,
pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 33065.
Maximum length: 5.7 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós
River at São Luis.
Countries: Brazil
Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986: 309, pl. 34 (fig. 1).
Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Rio Aguaytía drainage system, Río Huacamayo. Holotype: MZUSP 16212.
Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aguaytía
River basin in Peru.
Countries: Peru
Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988
THERAPS
TELEOCICHLA
Teleocichla Kullander, 1988: 196. Type species: Teleocichla
centrarchus Kullander, 1988. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.
Theraps Günther, 1862: 284. Type species: Theraps irregularis
Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987
Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002: 374, fig. 1.
Type locality: Brazil: Pará: rio Xingu: Furo do Zé Pinheiro
(3°27’26”S 51°55’03”W). Holotype: INPA 14934.
Maximum length: 4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River drainage around Altamira.
Countries: Brazil
Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987: 499, fig. p. 499.
Type locality: einem kleinen Zufluss zum Rio Mizol Há bei
Francesco Madero westlich der Strasse von Palenque nach
Ocosingo, etwa 30 Kilometer südlich von Palenque. Holotype:
ZFMK 15501.
Maximum length: 12 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, upper Tulija River in
the Usumacinta River drainage.
Countries: Mexico
Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988
Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862
Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988: 198, fig. 2. Type locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. État
du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 649.
Maximum length: 6 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius.
Countries: Brazil
Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988
Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862: 284. Type locality: Guatemala.
Holotype: BMNH 1861.8.12.15.
Theraps belone Allgayer, 1989: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: “La
Culebra” sur le Rio Chocolja, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype:
MNHN 1989-581.
Maximum length: 19 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico
and Guatemala (Usumacinta, Sarstun, and Dulce River basins).
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988: 204, fig. 6. Type locality:
Brazil, State of Pará: R. Tocantins, Tucurui, jusante de represa,
poços. Holotype: INPA 802.
Maximum length: 5.4 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower
Tocantins River basin.
Heros lentiginosus Steindachner, 1864: 62, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Mejico. Syntypes: NMW 17381-82 (2).
Theraps rheophilus Seegers & Staeck, 1985: 500, fig. p. 500-504.
Type locality: etwa sechs Kilometer südlich von Palenque im Rio
Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002
Theraps lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864)
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Nututun unter der Brücke der Strasse nach Ocosingo in Chiapas,
Mexico. Holotype: ZFMK 13928.
Maximum length: 25 cm TL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Grijalva and Usumacinta River drainages in Mexico and Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996
Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996: 180, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Belleaire at CA 13 bridge (near Entelina), 8 km south of the Río Jutiapa crossing, in the Río Papaloteca drainage, Departmento de
Atlantida; 15° 41’ 30” W. Lat., 86° 30’ N. Long. Holotype:
UMMZ 231103.
Maximum length: 8 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloteca
River basin.
Countries: Honduras
THORICHTHYS
Thorichthys Meek, 1904: 222. Type species: Thorichthys ellioti
Meek, 1904. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.
Thorichthys affinis (Günther, 1862)
Heros affinis Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.83-86 (4).
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the upper Usumacinta River basin in Guatemala, and Belize.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala
Thorichthys aureus (Günther, 1862)
Heros aureus Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Guatemala.
Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.51.
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Golden Creek
(Belize) to Motagua River basin (Honduras).
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
Common names: Golden firemouth cichlid (Belize)
Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904)
Heros (Heros) callolepis Regan, 1904: 258. Type locality: Santo
Domingo
de
Guzman,
Mexico.
Syntypes:
BMNH
1890.10.10.112-113 (2).
Maximum length: 14 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos
River drainage, Mexico.
Countries: Mexico
east of the mouth, Yucatán, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102203.
Maximum length: 14.5 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Coatzacoalcos River to the Usumacinta River drainage.
Countries: Mexico
Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918
Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918: 119. Type locality: Near
Progreso, Yucutan, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 79243.
Cichlasoma hyorhynchum Hubbs, 1935: 15, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta,
at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala.
Holotype: UMMZ 95519.
Maximum length: 17 cm TL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Usumacinta River drainage, the Belize River drainage, and near
Progreso, in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
Countries: Belize, Colombia (introduced), Guatemala, Mexico
Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Firemouth cichlid (Belize),
Panya gial (Belize), Rojita (Mexico)
Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962)
Cichlasoma pasionis Rivas, 1962: 148, fig. 1. Type locality: Río
de la Pasión, of the Río Usumacinta system, at Sayaxche, Department of El Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: USNM 203156 [ex
UMIM 4872].
Maximum length: 17 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico and Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Common name: Mojarra amarilla (Mexico)
Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984)
Cichlasoma socolofi Miller & Taylor, 1984: 933, fig. 1. Type
locality: Río Misalá (tributary ro R. Tulija of R. Grijalva basin)
below bridge at Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (17°23 N lat., 92°01’W
long.), on highway from Palenque to Agua Azul, 19.6 km S of
the “Maya Head” turnoff to Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 210819.
Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River
basin.
Countries: Mexico
TOMOCICHLA
Tomocichla Regan, 1908a: 463. Type species: Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.
Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002
Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904
Heros maculipinnis Steindachner, 1864: 69, pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type
locality: Mejico im Xamapa-Flusse. Syntypes: NMW 1736817370 (3).
Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904: 223, fig. 72. Type locality: Motzorongo, Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4627 [not 4727].
Maximum length: 15 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán
River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Identity of Heros maculipinnis and T.
ellioti requires further analysis; whereas T. maculipinnis has priority, T. ellioti may be in prevailing usage.
Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864)
Heros Helleri Steindachner, 1864: 64, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality:
Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes: NMW
17344-17349 (6).
Cichlasoma champotonis Hubbs, 1936: 257, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Río Champoton, Janateya, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km)
Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002b: 32, fig. p. 33. Type locality:
Panama, Boca-del-Toro, Rio Guarumo. Holotype MNHN 20021093).
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, Laguna de Chiriqui
basin in the Guarumo River.
Countries: Panama
Tomocichla sieboldii (Kner, 1863)
Heros sieboldii Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama an der
Südseeseite. Syntypes: (11) NMW 22012 (1).
Herichthys underwoodi Regan, 1906a: 30, pl. 3 (fig. 5). Type
locality: Costa Rica. Holotype: BMNH 1907.6.28.48.
Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Buenos
Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6478.
Cichlasoma frontale Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Turrubales,
Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6358.
Theraps terrabae Jordan & Evermann, 1927: 507. Type locality:
[Buenos Aires de Terraba.] Holotype: FMNH 6478. Replacement
for Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, preoccupied in Cichlasoma by
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Labrus punctatus Bloch.
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Esparza (Costa
Rica) to Río Sta María (Panama).
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama
Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as
Cichlasoma sieboldii. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 372), as
Theraps sieboldii, with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,
and figures. Molecular analysis suggests that T. sieboldii is not
closely related to T. tuba (Martin & Bermingham, 1998), but the
species is maintained in Tomocichla pending a more general revision of heroin cichlids.
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)
Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912)
Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908a: 463. Type locality: Rio
Iroquois [Costa Rica]. Syntypes: (13) BMNH 1909.3.13.99-108
(10), UMMZ 167297 [ex BMNH] (1).
Cichlasoma tuba Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria, Costa
Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7681 (missing).
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Escondido
River (Nicaragua) to the Cricamola River (Panama).
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as
Cichlasoma tuba. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 376, as Theraps
underwoodi), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and
figures.
UARU
Uaru Heckel, 1840: 330. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides
Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.
Uarus Cope, 1872: 254. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides
Heckel, 1840. Gender: masculine. Unjustified emendation of
spelling of Uaru Heckel.
Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840
Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840: 331, pl. 29 (fig. 13-16).
Type locality: Rio-negro oberhalb Airao. Holotype: NMW
24808.
Pomotis ? fasciatus Jardine, 1843: 169, p. 17. Type locality: Rios
Padauri and Negro. No types known.
Uaru obscurum Günther, 1862: 302. Type locality: River Cupai
[=Cupari River, Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.39.
Acara (Heros) imperialis Steindachner, 1879a: 161. Type locality:
Ausstände des Amazonenstromes zunächst der Mündung des Rio
Negro. Syntypes: (several) NMW 79185-86 (7).
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the
Amazon-Solimões River drainage from the Japurá River to the
Tapajós River, and in the middle and lower Negro River basin.
Countries: Brazil
Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989
Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989: 21, fig. 1. Type locality: Seitenarm des Río Atabapo, fünt Kilometer oberhalb dessen
Mündung in den Rio Orinoco. Holotype: ZFMK 15757.
Maximum length: 19 cm SL
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Atabapo
River basin.
Countries: Venezuela
Common names: Run Runá (Venezuela)
VIEJA
Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Vieja panamensis
Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Type by original designation. Gender:
feminine.
Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Cichlasoma
milleri Meek, 1907. Type species by original designation. Gender: neuter.
Paratheraps Werner & Stawikowski, 1989: 10. Type species:
Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987. Type species by original designation. Gender: masculine.
Vieja argentea (Allgayer, 1991)
Cichlasoma (Theraps) argentea Allgayer, 1991: 3. Type locality:
Rio San Roman à l’embouchure avec le Rio Salinas, Chiapas,
Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1991-6831.
Maximum length: 27 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta
River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner, 1864)
Heros bifasciatus Steindachner, 1864: 60, pl. 2. Type locality:
Mejico. Holotype: NMW 74138.
Maximum length: 30 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins, Mexico and Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Common names: Colorada (Mexico)
Vieja breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987)
Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987: 20, fig. p.
20. Type locality: Presa von Angostura, unterhalb der Staumauer,
in Chiapas/Südmexiko. Holotype: ZFMK 15524.
Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL,
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River
basin.
Countries: Mexico
Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860)
Chromis fenestrata Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Rio de la
Lana (Mexico). Syntypes: BMNH 1857 [or 1887].7.31.13-14 (2).
Heros parma Günther, 1862: 285. Type locality: Mexico, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH (7).
Cichlosoma sexfasciatum Regan, 1905a: 230. Type locality:
Guapote, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1894.12.19.2.
Cichlosoma gadovii Regan, 1905a: 232. Type locality: Motozorongo. Syntypes: BMNH 1906.6.1.402-403 (2).
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Papaloapán
River to the Chachalacas River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Regan (1905a) removed 4 syntypes of
Heros parma to become syntypes of his Cichlosoma maculicauda; remaining 3 syntypes were referred to the synonymy of
Vieja fenestrata; no lectotype has been selected.
Common names: Mojarra negra (Mexico), Testa colorada (Mexico)
Vieja godmanni (Günther, 1862)
Heros godmanni Günther, 1862: 296. Type locality: River of
Cahabon [=Cajabon River, Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH
1864.1.26 [or 2].49-50 (2).
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Polochic
River basin.
Countries: Guatemala
Vieja guttulata (Günther, 1864)
Heros guttulatus Günther, 1864c: 152. Type locality: Pacific coast
of Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.348 (1), MSNG
13009 [ex BMNH] (1, poor condition, not found in 1995).
Maximum length: 30 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala
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Vieja hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980)
Cichlasoma hartwegi Taylor & Miller, 1980: 8, fig. 2. Type locality: Río Grande de Chiapa, between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa
de Corzo, lat. 16°44’N, long. 93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m,
Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 207701.
Maximum length: 13.1 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River
basin.
Countries: Mexico
Vieja heterospila (Hubbs, 1936)
Cichlasoma heterospilum Hubbs, 1936: 255, pl. 10, (fig. 3). Type
locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, in southern Mexico.
Holotype: USNM 52959.
Maximum length: 24 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Candelaria and Usumacinta Rivers, Mexico and Guatemala.
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico
Common names: Colorado (Mexico), Pozolera (Mexico)
Vieja intermedia (Günther, 1862)
Heros intermedius Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: Guatemala.
Syntypes: (orig. at least 3) BMNH 1864.1.26.87-91.
Heros angulifer Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: River de Santa
Isabel, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.60-61 (2).
Acara rectangularis Steindachner, 1864: 57, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type
locality: Mejico. Holotype: NMW 33346.
Maximum length: 20 cm SL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Grijalva and Usumacinta drainages in Mexico, Guatemala and
Belize.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Remarks and references: Pellegrin (1904), as first reviser, gave
priority to Heros intermedius over H. angulifer.
Common names: Northern checkmark cichlid (Belize)
River and Lake Petén basins.
Countries: Guatemala
Vieja microphthalmus (Günther, 1862)
Heros microphthalmus Günther, 1862: 295. Type locality: Río
Motagua, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.275 (1),
1865.6.10.8-9 (2); ZMB 6839 (1).
Heros oblongus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Rio Motagua.
Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2).
Cichlasoma Güntheri Pellegrin, 1904: 215. Type locality: As for
Heros oblongus Günther, 1867. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH
1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2). Replacement name for
Heros oblongus Günther 1869 [= H. oblongus Günther, 1867],
secondarily preoccupied in Heros by Chromys oblonga Castelnau 1855.
Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907a: 142. Type locality: El Rancho,
Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5529.
Cichlasoma caeruleogula Fowler, 1936: 525, fig. 43. Type locality: Tributary of Rio Motagua about 20 miles west of El Rancho.
Holotype: ANSP 64148.
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Motagua
River basin in Guatemala and Honduras.
Countries: Guatemala, Honduras
Vieja regani (Miller, 1974)
Cichlasoma regani Miller, 1974: 466, fig. 1. Type locality: Río
Almoloya where crossed by the Trans-Isthmian Highway about
33 km north of southern terminus of that road, at 95°01” long.,
16°45’N lat., Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 184756.
Maximum length: 23 cm SL
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos
River basin.
Countries: Mexico
Common names: Mojarra pinto (Mexico)
Vieja synspila (Hubbs, 1935)
Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905)
Cichlosoma maculicauda Regan, 1905a: 227. Type locality: Lake
Yzabal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.56-69 (4).
Cichlasoma globosum Miller, 1907: 114, fig. 4. Type locality:
brackish water, Puerto Barrios. Holotype: CAS [ex IU 11382]
not present in 1995.
Cichlasoma nigritum Meek, 1907b: 128. Type locality: Lago
Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5979.
Cichlasoma mañana Miller, 1907: 115, fig. 5. Type locality:
Tenedores River, Tenedores. Holotype: CAS 78970 [ex IU
11385].
Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [5], fig. 9. Type locality: Panama. Holotype: MCZ 33281.
Maximum length: 25 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Usumacinta River drainage in Guatemala to the Chagres River in
Panama.
Countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 380), with
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.
Common names: Blackbelt cichlid (Belize), Boca colorada (Honduras), Machaca (Honduras), Palometa (Nicaragua), Pis pis
(Costa Rica), Vieja (Costa Rica)
Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862)
Heros melanurus Günther, 1862: 288. Type locality: Lake Peten.
Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.78-82 (5).
Heros melanopogon Steindachner, 1864: 72, pl. 1 (fig. 3). Type
locality: Central-Amerika. Syntypes: NMW 17351 (1), 17353
(1).
Maximum length: 19 cm TL
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the De la Pasión
Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935: 13, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El
Paso de Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype:
UMMZ 95518.
Cichlaurus hicklingi Fowler, 1956: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Central
Farm, Baking Pot, Belize River, British Honduras. Holotype:
ANSP 73891.
Maximum length: 35 cm TL
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the
Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Common names: Redhead cichlid (Belize)
Vieja tuyrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 89. Type locality:
Rio Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7599.
Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra and
Bayano River basins).
Countries: Panama
Common names: Mojarra (Panama)
Vieja zonata (Meek, 1905)
Cichlasoma zonatum Meek, 1905: 245. Type locality: Niltepec,
Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 3776.
Maximum length: 25 cm TL
Distribution: North America: Pacific slope, Tehuantepec River
basin.
Countries: Mexico
Remarks and references: Listed as a synonym of Vieja guttulata
(as Cichlasoma guttulatum) by Miller (1966). The validity of V.
zonata rests uncertain.
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
Common names: Mojarra prieta (Mexico)
GENUS INQUIRENDUM
Baiodon Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species by monotypy: Baiodon
fasciatus Agassiz, 1859.
SPECIES INQUIRENDAE
Perca bimaculata Bloch, 1792: 82, pl. 310, fig. 1. Type locality:
Flüssen von Brasilien [rivers of Brazil]. Types: No types known,
based on ‘Acara brasiliensibus’ in Marcgravius (1648)
Sparus acara La Cepède, 1802: 156. Substitute name for Perca
bimaculata Bloch
Acara margarita Heckel, 1840: 338. Substitute name for Perca
bimaculata Bloch
Pomotis ? bono Jardine, 1843: 171 [pl. 18; apparently not published]. Type locality: all the rivers of Guiana, and in pools and
marshes. Types: No types known.
Baiodon fasciatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Types lost. Kullander & Hartel (1997) examined Agassiz’
description and searched in vain for type material. The name is
available but the species cannot be identified on the basis of the
description.
Hoplarchus planifrons Kaup, 1860: 131. Type locality: [unknown]. Holotype: ZSM, probably lost.
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