Family Cichlidae

Sven O. Kullander

Apistogramma angayuara is described from the rio Trombetas close to the cachoeira Vira Mundo where it is found in association with rapids. It is assigned to the A. pertensis species group, distinguished by the following characters in combination: three prominent stripes composed of dark spots along the sides of the abdomen, 2 vs. 3 postlachrymal infraorbital pores, 5 vs. 4 dentary pores, low dorsal fin in adult males, and presence of a caudal spot. It is the smallest species of Apistogramma reported so far, with the largest male 24.7 mm SL and the largest female 22.7 mm SL, and the first cichlid species found with a significant proportion of rhizopods in the stomach content. Apistogramma salpinction is described from lentic habitats at the margin of road BR-163, circa 70 km from Cachoeira Porteira village, in a swamp most probably connected to the igarapé Caxipacoré. It is compared to members of the Apistogramma cacatuoides group with which it shares prolonged anterior dorsal fin lappets and marginal caudal fin streamers in adult males. It is distinguished from all other species of Apistogramma by the color pattern which includes a lateral band and abdominal stripes that become darker and have much lighter interspaces on the caudal peduncle, and a caudal spot that is divided into elongated blotches continuing the lateral band and upper two abdominal stripes, respectively.

Galictis vittata (Greater Grison) is distributed from Mexico through Central and South America down to northern Argentina and southern Brazil, from sea level up to 1,500 masl. In Colombia, this species is widely distributed along the Caribbean and Andean regions, and to a lesser extent in the Orinoquia and Pacific regions. Specimens of G. vittata were fortuitously captured in the municipality of Quibdó. This finding, along with an observation in the municipality of Rio Quito and a literature survey in international databases and published records of the species, were used to draw a map of current localities of the species in our country. A new record of G. vittata is reported for Colombia based on two voucher specimens deposited in the Colección Teriológica del Chocó. These specimens correspond to two females, one adult and one juvenile preserved as skins. This finding is the fourth report of the species from the western Andean zone of Colombia in the Pacific Region and the first for the Department of Chocó. It is a significant addition to the geographical and ecological distribution of G. vittata in the Choco, a region currently facing various diversity and conservation issues that threaten its survival, such as loss of habitat and changes of land use.

Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986 is redescribed based on the only two type specimens available, and two new, closely-related Apistogramma species are described from Peru. Data from the original description of A. payaminonis are supplemented with information on phenotypic appearance, which is important for differentiating the taxon from several other species discovered in the last few years. Apistogramma feconat sp. n. is described from four specimens from the catchment of the Río Tigre, Loreto; information on its ecology, biology, and current conservation status is summarised. Apistogramma wolli sp. n. is described from six specimens from the catchment of the Napo river, Loreto, close to the Peru-Ecuador border; information on its ecology and biology is sparse. Both newly described species are representatives of the Apistogramma nijsseni complex that live in small forest streams influenced by blackwater. Information on differentiating females of some members of this group of...

Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Family Cichlidae (Cichlids) Sven O. Kullander The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (Kullander, 1998). The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (three species, also in brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (four valid species, some in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (111 valid species), and South America (291 valid species) (Kullander, 1998, updated). Cichlids are known by family or genus-level local names, commonly with an adjective to distinguish well-marked species. Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). Cichla species are known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil, Peru), the latter name expressed as lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali (Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the Guianas. Crenicichla species are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi (Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay). Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies. 1. The loss of a major structural association between parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the musculous insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular (Stiassny, 1981) 2. The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981) 3. The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981) 4. The presence of characteristically shaped and distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981) 5. The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct parts (Liem & Greenwood, 1981) 6. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982) 7. The stomach has a left hand exit to the anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler, 1982) 8. The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the crista inferior by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985) 9. The presence of short paired hypapophyses on the third and/or fourth vertebral centra (Kullander, 1998). Cichlid diversity has been explained both by their advanced brood care and by the versatile design of the pharyngeal jaw complex used for food mastication. The unpaired lower pharyngeal toothplate and the opposed upper pharyngeal tooth plates are contained in a muscular sling characterizing labroid fishes. There is considerable variation in the shape of the toothplates and associated dentition, reflecting diet specializations. The oral jaws are generally highly movable and protrusible, and tooth shape varies greatly, although most Neotropical cichlids have simple, subconical, unicuspid teeth, whereas African cichlids commonly have laterally bicuspid or tricuspid oral teeth. Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal fin, 2-12 (usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on each side of the head. The lateral line is usually divided into one anterior upper portion ending below the end of the dorsal-fin base, and a posterior lower portion running along the middle of the caudal peduncle. Among Neotropical taxa, lengths range from about 25-30 mm adult size in Apistogramma and Taeniacara, to about 1 meter in Cichla temensis. Most taxa are in the interval 10-20 cm, however. Most Neotropical cichlids occupy lentic habitats within rivers and streams; but there is also a number of moderately to strongly adapted rheophilic species. The latter include many Crenicichla species and the genera Teleocichla and Retroculus, which are distributed mainly in the Brazilian and Guianan highlands. The majority of the Neotropical cichlids feed on a variety of invertebrates and some plant matter, and specializations 605 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America among those species remain little investigated. Cichla, large Crenicichla species, Petenia, Parachromis, Caquetaia, Astronotus, and Acaronia, feed on fishes and large invertebrates. Chaetobranchopsis, Chaetobranchus and Satanoperca acuticeps are plankton feeders. Most Neotropical Cichlidae are moderately to strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. Eggs are typically deposited on a substrate and both parents guard offspring over several weeks, even for some time after the young are free-swimming. Smaller species, particularly in the genus Apistogramma, may be strongly sexually dimorphic. Sexes differ in color and the female is smaller than the male and assumes all or most of the care for the eggs and young. Oral incubation, or mouthbrooding, has been recorded for many Geophagus, Gymnogeophagus, and Satanoperca species, but also for one species of Aequidens and one species of Heros. Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded on a substrate prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs or newly hatched larvae. A few mouthbrooding species practice exclusive maternal brood care, with a minimum delay between egg-laying and oral incubation (Gymnogeophagus balzanii, NE Colombian Geophagus species). Geographical ranges are commonly limited to a single river or even one or a few streams, reflecting both ecological constraints and drainage basin histories. A few Neotropical cichlids are recorded from brackish water conditions. The northernmost species are Herichthys cyanoguttatus from the lower Grande River drainage in Texas, USA, on the Atlantic coast, and ‘Cichlasoma’ beani, which reaches north to the Yaquí River on the Pacific coast of Mexico. In South America cichlids are recorded from virtually all river drainages, but rarely occupy elevations over 500 m ASL, and generally remain below 200 m ASL. Cichlids are absent from the Marañón River above the Pongo de Manseriche and from the Ucayali River drainage upstream of Atalaya (the mouth of the Urubamba River [Vilcanota River] and Tombo River [Apurimac River]). There are four permanent cichlid species occurring on the island of Trinidad, but no cichlids are found on any other islands close to the Venezuelan coast. Most Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil have 1-3 species of cichlids. The southern limit of the family in South America is not well documented, but may be in the lower Negro River in Argentina, which river marks the northern limit of Patagonia. On the Pacific slope, cichlids are found in a succession of permanent rivers south to the Jequetepeque River or perhaps even to slightly south of Lima, Peru. Because of the varied behavior and often attractive colors and moderate size, cichlids are commonly kept as ornamental fish. Practically all genera and more than half of the species have been kept in aquaria at some time. The traditionally most important aquarium species are Pterophyllum and Symphysodon species, the former often representing the aquarium hobby in logotypes. Sportfishing is concentrated on the Cichla species for which there is a strong North American and Brazilian market including sport fishing safaris and Tucunaré fishing contests predominantly in Brazil (Kelber, 1999). All the larger species are used as food fish, within a traditional artisanal and subsistence fishery, and all local markets in the lowland Amazon and Orinoco drainages offer Cichla, Astronotus, and other available species of sizes over 10 cm (Ferreira et al., 1998, for a market survey at Santarém). Astronotus species, and to some extent Cichla species are subject to aquaculture in Brazil. The family Cichlidae was first monographed by Heckel (1840), based on the Natterer collection from Brazil (illustrations in Riedl-Dorn, 2000). Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). Steindachner (1875) worked on the Thayer expedition collection of Amazonian cichlids, but did not add much beyond the work of Heckel. Günther (1868, based on several shorter papers) described and illustrated a large part of the Central American cichlid fauna, followed by Regan (1906-1908). Pellegrin (1904) revised the family with diagnoses of all genera and species known to him. Much of Pellegrin’s efforts with the Neotropical taxa were improved upon by Regan’s series of generic revisions in the next two years (Regan, 1905-1906), which remained the platform for all Neotropical cichlid systematics until the 1980s. The first modern phylogenetic revision of the Neotropical cichlids was presented by Cichocki (1976), and most recently Kullander (1998) and Farias et al. (1999) have provided phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology and molecular data respectively. A formal classification down to tribe is provided by Kullander (1998). Scientific general reviews of the family are provided by Keenleyside (1991) and Barlow (2000). There is no scientific monograph covering all Neotropical cichlid species, but numerous aquarium books of variable quality, of which Stawikowski & Werner (1998) may be consulted for the most updated compilation of cichlasomatine cichlids. Country monographs of cichlids are available for Peru (Kullander, 1986) and Surinam (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989). Bussing (1998: 293-384) summarizes data on 24 Costa Rican cichlid species; Keith et al. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for 38 cichlid species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield & Thomerson (1997: 184-206) cover 19 species from Belize Recent generic revisions cover Crenicichla (Ploeg, 1991; many errors and inconsistencies), Gymnogeophagus (Reis & Malabarba, 1988), Apistogramma (Kullander, 1980a, somewhat outdated), Cichlasoma (Kullander, 1983a), Teleocichla Kullander, 1988), Retroculus (Gosse, 1971), Geophagus s. lato (Gosse, 1976, somewhat outdated), Biotoecus (Kullander, 606 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America 1989a), and Mesonauta (Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991). The checklist herein recognizes 406 valid Neotropical cichlid species out of 635 nominal taxa. Kullander (1998) estimated that there are about ten undescribed North-Central American cichlid taxa and about 160 undescribed South American taxa. Numerous problems of species discrimination remain. Some of the most enigmatic cases include ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus, of which Hubbs (1936) described numerous subspecies. Some of these taxa are certainly distinct species, but the status of highly localized subspecies from the Yucatán peninsula, which are based on one or very few specimens, remains a subject for revision. All these taxa are herein treated as valid for want of any better option. Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa, which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983a). Most of these are now recognized in well-diagnosed genera (Kullander, 1986, 1996b, Kullander & Hartel, 1997), but several are kept with the generic denomination ‘Cichlasoma’ which is judged better than to include them in genera to which they certainly do not belong. On the whole it is not satisfactory to have one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a scientific name, illustrating a real problem with the more formalized procedure of naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against doubtful species. The current estimate of 450 South American taxa is based on species already represented in museum collections; it can be assumed that new collections will bring in many more new taxa. ACARICHTHYS Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912: 500. Type species: Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1849: 624. Type locality: Sümpfen der Savanne. No types known. Originally spelled as Acara Heckelii Geophagus Thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 108 [48], pl. 3 (fig. 2, 2a2b). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Villa bella, Obidos, Cudajas, Tonantins, Jatuarana, Ueranduba, Serpa, Rio Tapajos, R. Trombetas, R. negro, R. Xingu, see Hyanuary, José Assù, Saraca, Alexo und Lago maximo etc. Syntypes: (many) NMW 74135 (1), 9249-9254 (5), NMW 17046-17048 (3), NMW 17050-17051 (2), NMW 17052-17054 (3), NMW 17055-17057 (3), NMW 17058-17060 (2), NMW 17061-17064 (3), NMW 17066 (1), NMW 17067-17070 (4), NMW 17101-17102 (1), NMW 17103-17110 (several), NMW 17119-17125 (several), NMW 23819-23821 (3), NMW 24012 (1), NMW 24094-24095 (2), 24096 (7), NMW 24105-24106 (2), NMW 24107-24108 (2), NMW 24109-24110 (2), NMW 24111-24114 (3), NMW 2411524116 (2), NMW 24133-24138 (6), ZSM 27335 (1). Acara subocularis Cope, 1878: 696. Type locality: [Peruvian Amazon]. Holotype: ANSP 21233 (missing). Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Along mainstream Amazon River in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, including lower parts of the Putumayo, Trombetas, Negro, and Xingu Rivers; lower Tocantins River, and Capim River; Branco River (Amazon basin) in Brazil and Guyana, and the Essequibo River in Guyana. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material by Kullander (1986: 134). Acara unicolor Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 30 (fig. 25). Type locality: Barra do Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33347-33348 (2). Acara cognatus Heckel, 1840: 356. Type locality: Barra do Rionegro. Holotype: NMW 33619. Centrarchus ? rostratus Jardine, 1843: 163, pl. 15. Type locality: Rio Negro. No types known. Apistogramma ambloplitoides Fowler, 1940: 281, fig. 63. Type locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68681. Maximum length: 15.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazonas lowlands in Peru, Brazil, and Colombia, Bolivian Amazon basin, middle and lower Negro River, Branco River, also Amapá State, the Oyapock drainage in French Guiana, and the Essequibo drainage in Guyana. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 79), distinguishing characters and synonymy discussed in Kullander (1989b). Common names: Krobié (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana) Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989 Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989b: 447, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Terr. Federal Amazonas, Departamento Ature, small drying backwater pool off road from El Burro to Puerto Ayacucho, approximately 05°47’N, 67°29’W. Holotype: MBUCVV 17714. Maximum length: 12.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin in Colombia and Venezuela, including the Casiquiare, Inírida, Caura, Vichada Rivers; upper Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela (San Carlos, Ererê River and Tamaquaré Island). Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela AEQUIDENS ACARONIA Acara (Acaropsis) Steindachner, 1875: 80. Type species: Acara nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida. Acaronia Myers, 1940: 170. Type species: Acara nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Replacement for Acaropsis Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida. Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840) Acara nassa Heckel, 1840: 353. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé. Syntypes: NMW 10538-40 (3), NMW 16185 (1), NMW uncat. (1). Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 616. Type species: Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Originally Astronotus (Aequidens). Aequidens biseriatus (Regan, 1913) Cichlosoma (Aequidens) biseriatum Regan, 1913b: 471. Type locality: Rio Condoto. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.10.1.80-88 (7 of 8). Maximum length: 8 cm TL Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River basins. Countries: Colombia Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956 607 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956: 437, fig. 94. Type locality: Río Abácapa on the west side of Chimantá-tepui; 1,300 feet altitude. Holotype: FMNH 45702. Maximum length: 10.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Caroní River basin in Orinoco River drainage. Countries: Venezuela Aequidens coeruleopunctatus (Kner & Steindachner, 1863) Acara coeruleopunctata Kner & Steindachner in Kner, 1863: 222, fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Chagres im Staate Panama, Nordseite. Syntypes: NMW 33635-33636 (2), 22168 (1). Maximum length: 14.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama, and Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto River). Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 310), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Mojarra (Costa Rica) Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840) Acara diadema Heckel, 1840: 344. Type locality: einem Ygarapé oder Waldbache bei Marabitanos. Syntypes: NMW 33791 (1), 33797 (1). Maximum length: 11.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Negro River; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Aequidens diadema reported from Peru by Kullander (1986: 348) is a different species. Common names: Azulejo (Colombia), Casasola (Colombia), Mojarra azul (Colombia) Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997 Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997a: 378, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, rio Maués drainage, município do Maués, igarapé do rio Maraú. Holotype: MZUSP 7306. Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Maués and Arapiuns Rivers. Countries: Brazil Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922 Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922a: 241, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type locality: Barrigón.; Eigenmann, 1922b: 198. Type locality: Barrigona Río Meta. Holotype: CAS 66884 [ex IU 13967]. Maximum length: 12.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta River. Countries: Colombia Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available evidence which publication should have priority. Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995 Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995: 163, fig. 14. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte, rocky pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32674. Maximum length: 20 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Xingu River at Altamira and Belo Monte. Countries: Brazil Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840) Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995 Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995: 158, fig. 10. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Río Tapajós drainage, igarapé in Barreirinha. Holotype: MZUSP 21979. Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tapajós River drainage near Jacareacanga and São Luis. Countries: Brazil Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995 Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995: 150, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Núcleo Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeroporto, above the cachoeira (approximately 10°10’S 59°25’W). Holotype: INPA 974. Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, known only from the upper Aripuanã River, near Cachoeira de Dardanelos and in a headwater stream on the Juína-Vilhena road. Countries: Brazil Aequidens hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) Nannacara hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 14, pl. 7 (top figs.). Type locality: rio Branco, affluente do Araguaya, e n’uma lagoa do Coxipo da Ponte, em Mato Grosso. Holotype: MNRJ 1245. Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Araguaia River drainage. Countries: Brazil Aequidens latifrons (Steindachner, 1878) Acara latifrons Steindachner, 1878: 89. Type locality: Cienaga, Río Magdalena, Colombia; Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW. Maximum length: 17 cm TL Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Atrato, Sinú, and San Juan River basins. Countries: Colombia Acara pallidus Heckel, 1840: 347. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 33678. Centrarchus ? vittatus Jardine, 1843: 161, pl. 14. Type locality: [not stated]. Types not known. Aequidens duopunctata Haseman, 1911: 338, pl. 56. Type locality: Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54033 [ex CM 2573]. Apparently the number 2574 in the caption to pl. 56 should have been 2573. Maximum length: 14.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle and lower Negro River, Uatumã, Preto da Eva, and Puraquequara Rivers. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Ferreira (1991). Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 141, fig. 77. Type locality: Suriname, Dist. Marowijne, R. Marowijne system, small brook tributary to the right bank of R. Paloemeu, on road between Trombaka Noord and Trombaka Zuid. Holotype: IRSNB 755. Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Known only from the Paloemeu River, Marowijne River drainage. Countries: Suriname Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984 Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984b: 2, fig. 1. Type locality: Pérou, depto. Ucayali, prov. Coronel Portillo, bassin du R. Aguaytia, petit ruisseau drainant un marais desséché, affluent du R. Aguaytia, le long de la route de Pucallpa à Tingo Maria, 15 km à l’Ouest du village d’Aguaytia (9°02’S, 75°31’W). Holotype: MHNG 2163.93. Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the 608 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Aguaytía and Pachitea Rivers. Countries: Peru Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1986: 347). Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984 Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984a: 155, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, R. Paraguay system ... Mun. Itiquira, internal lakes of the Piquiri-Itiquira system, Fazenda Santo Antonio do Paraíso. Holotype: MZUSP 28232. Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (upper Guaporé River drainage), and Paraná River basin (upper Paraguay River drainage). Countries: Brazil Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912 Aequidens potaroënsis Eigenmann, 1912: 490, pl. 66 (fig. 2). Type locality: Amatuk. Holotype: FMNH 53892 [ex CM 2407]. Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin. Countries: Guyana Aequidens pulcher (Gill, 1858) Cychlasoma pulchrum Gill, 1858: 382. Type locality: [western portion of Trinidad]. Syntypes: USNM 1110 (orig. 1, now 2). Maximum length: 16 cm TL Distribution: Central and South America: Trinidad, W.I., and adjacent Venezuela. Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Common names: Blue coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Cocoroba (Venezuela) Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860) Chromis rivulata Günther, 1860b: 418. Type locality: Andes of Western Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.153 (1). Acara aequinoctialis Regan, 1905b: 337. Type locality: W. Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.15.13-16 (4). Aequidens azurifer Fowler, 1911: 515, fig. 7. Type locality: Affluent of the Chimbo River, near Bucay, Province of Guayas, Ecuador. Holotype: ANSP 39118. Maximum length: 20 cm TL Distribution: South America: Pacific slope from Ecuador (Esmeraldas River) to Peru (Tumbes River). Countries: Ecuador, Peru locality: Rio Jamary. Lectotype: MNRJ 1592A, designated by Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397) [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. Acaronia trimaculata Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 389, pl. 22 (fig. 8). Type locality: Iquitos. Holotype: CAS 67009 [ex IU 17794]. Maximum length: 16.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Widely distributed in the Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil and Bolivia, also in the Tocantins and Parnaíba Rivers, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and in the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela and Colombia. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Common names: Acará-cuaima (Brazil), Acará-pixuna (Brazil), Kokko (Suriname), Manja koko (Suriname), Prapra (French Guiana) Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991 Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991: 427, fig. 4. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Pará, Reserva Biológica de Trombetas, igarapé at km 4 on the road to Perimetral Norte. Holotype: MZUSP 15887. Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the Trombetas River close to Cachoeira Porteira. Countries: Brazil Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840) Acara viridis Heckel, 1840: 343. Type locality: in den durch das Anschwellen der Flüsse gebildeten Waldlachen ..., ... in einer derselben bei der Stadt Matogrosso liegenden und Juquià ... genannten. Syntypes: NMW 16247 (1), 33833 (1), ?91433 (1); SMF 2925 [ex NMW in 1844] (1). Aequidens awani Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 55. Type locality: São Antonio de Guaporé, Rio Guaporé, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54036 [ex CM 2576]. Aequidens guaporensis Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 54. Type locality: São Antonio de Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54035 [ex CM 2575]. Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River basin. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) AMPHILOPHUS Acaropsis rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 11, pl. 4 (fig.1). Type locality: Rio do Sangue, acima do Salto Bello. Holotype: MNRJ 1616. Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Tapajós River basin. Countries: Brazil Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Amphilophus froebelii Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Astatheros Pellegrin, 1904: 203. Type species: Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Erythrichthus Meek, 1907b: 118. Type species: Heros citrinellus Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Originally Cichlasoma (Erythrichthus). Curraichthys Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [3]. Type species: Heros lobochilus Günther, 1868. Type species by original designation. Gender: masculine. Aequidens sapayensis (Regan, 1903) Acara sapayensis Regan, 1903b: 628. Type locality: Rio Sapayo, N.W. Ecuador. Holotype: BMNH 1902.7.29.56. Maximum length: 10 cm TL Distribution: South America: Pacific slope, in the Cayapas River drainage in northwestern Ecuador. Countries: Ecuador Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840: 341, pl. 29 (fig. 1-4). Type locality: Rio-branco. Syntypes: NMW 33757-58 (2). Chromys uniocellata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type locality: rio Ucayale, mission de Sarayacu. Syntypes: MNHN A.9481 (2). Spelled uniocellatus in list of figures. Aequidens stollei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 13, pl. 5 (fig. 3). Type Amphilophus alfari (Meek, 1907) Cichlasoma alfari Meek, 1907a: 148. Type locality: Turrialba, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6032. Cichlosoma lethrinus Regan, 1908a: 462. Type locality: Rio Iroquois. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.3.13.92-97 (5 of 6) and 1909.3.13.98 (1, skeleton). Cichlasoma bouchellei Fowler, 1923: 29. Type locality: Tunky Bin River above Eden, Nicaragua. Holotype: ANSP 51222. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras (Patuca River) to Costa Rica; Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. 609 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Villa and Miller, 1975 identified C. bouchellei as a junior synonym of A. alfari. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 318), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 8, fig. 4. Type locality: Agua caliente, Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86° 19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3448.1). Maximum length: 15.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Xiloá. Countries: Nicaragua Amphilophus altifrons (Kner, 1863) Heros altifrons Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama. Syntype: NMW 21204 (1). Maximum length: 13 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Térraba River) to Panama (Chiriqui River). Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Remarks and references: Also appeared as new in Kner & Steindachner (1864: 11, pl. 2, fig. 1) from Colombia and Panama. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 322), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997 Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997: 2, fig. p. 2. Type locality: Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: AMNH 59077. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica (Sixaola River drainage) to Panama (Guarumo River). Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 325), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) Amphilophus calobrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Cichlasoma calobrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality: Rio Calobre, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7600. Maximum length: 25 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra, Chucunaque and Bayano River basins). Countries: Panama Rica, Nicaragua) Amphilophus diquis (Bussing, 1974) Cichlasoma diquis Bussing, 1974: 37, fig. 2. Type locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S of Palmar Sur at IH. Holotype: LACM 33911-1. Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of SE Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli, 1950) Cichlasoma hogaboomorum Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 27, pl. 2 (fig. 1). Type locality: Río Choluteca, 5 kilometers below Choluteca, elevation 50 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 144664. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Honduras, in the Choluteca River basin. Countries: Honduras Common names: Guapotillo (Honduras) Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864) Amphilophus froebelii Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, missing. Heros labiatus Günther, 1864a: 27, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: Lake of Managua, Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.9.23.7-8 (2) or 1863.12.15.74-76 (3). Heros erythraeus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.33. Described in more detail in Günther (1868: 457, pl. 75, fig. 2). Heros lobochilus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of Managua. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.7.20.36 (2). Described in more detail in Günther 1868: 457, pl. 75 (fig. 1). Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek, 1907b: 123. Type locality: Lago Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5971. Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, in Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. Countries: Nicaragua Remarks and references: Systematics and biology covered by Barlow & Munsey (1976). Kullander & Hartel (1997: 199) examined Agassiz’ description of Amphilophus froebelii and searched in vain for type material. Villa (1976: 381) added Cichlasoma dorsatum to the synonymy of A. labiatus. The name froebelii has never been used as a senior synonym of A. labiatus subsequent to its description. Original description copied in Günther (1864b: 231). Common names: Mojarra picuda (Nicaragua) Amphilophus longimanus (Günther, 1867) Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864) Heros citrinellus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.201-203 (3). Heros basilaris Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 182. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Types not located, but may be present in the Bransford collection deposited in the USNM. Cichlasoma granadense Meek, 1907b: 121. Type locality: Lago Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5951. Maximum length: 24.4 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage, including Lakes Nicaragua, Managua, Masaya, and Apoyo). Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Cichlasoma granadense was synonymised with A. citrinellus by Villa (1976: 381). Systematics and biology covered by Barlow & Munsey (1976). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 312), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Costa Heros longimanus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.204. Cichlasoma popenoei Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 31, pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: Río Yeguare, about 1 kilometer below bridge on road between Tegucigalpa and Danlí, Department of Morazan, Honduras; elevation 735 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 147178. Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras (Aguan River) to Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Prinzapolka, San Juan River drainage including Lake Nicaragua), Pacific slope from Guatemala to Costa Rica (Nahualate River to Bebedero River). Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 329), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Carataca (Honduras), Carate (Nicaragua), Machaca (Honduras), Pecho rojo (Nicaragua), Viejito (Guatemala) 610 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966) Amphilophus robertsoni (Regan, 1905) Cichlasoma lyonsi Gosse, 1966: 16, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa Rica (prov. Puntarenas), affluent du Rio Coto, Plantation United Fruit Company, Golfito. Holotype: IRSNB 464. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto River) and Panama (Dupí River). Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 316), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) Cichlosoma robertsoni Regan, 1905a: 239. Type locality: Stann Creek, British Honduras [=Belize]. Holotype: BMNH 1890.9.8.11. Cichlasoma acutum Miller, 1907: 117, fig. 6. Type locality: Río Tenedores, Tenedores. Holotype: IU 11186. Maximum length: 19 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope from Mexico (Coatzacoalcos River) to Honduras. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Common names: False firemouth cichlid (Belize), Klanki (Honduras), Machaca (Honduras), Mojarra (Honduras), Tepemechine (Mexico) Amphilophus macracanthus (Günther, 1864) Heros macracanthus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Chiapas and Huamuchal. Syntypes: (about 12) BMNH 1864.1.26.197-200 (4), 1864.1.26.252-254 (3) Chiapas, 1864.1.26.368 (1) Huamuchal, 1864.1.26.255 (1, skeleton). Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 86 [2]. Type locality: Isthme de Tehuantepec (Mexique). Syntypes: MNHN A.9528 (3). Cichlasoma evermanni Meek, 1904: 214, fig. 70. Type locality: Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4727 [not 4227]. Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925: 275, fig. 20. Type locality: Lake Guija, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87301. Secondarily preoccupied by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918, replaced by Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934. Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934: 192. Type locality: [Lake Guija, El Salvador.] Holotype: USNM 87301. Replacement name for Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925, preoccupied in Cichlasoma by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918. Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope from southern Mexico to El Salvador. Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther, 1862) Amphilophus rostratus (Gill, 1877) Heros rostratus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 181. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: USNM 16872(9). Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage including Lakes Managua, Nicaragua and Masaya, to Matinaon River). Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 334), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Carate (Nicaragua), Masamiche (Costa Rica, Nicaragua) Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 12, fig. 11. Type locality: Agua caliente Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86° 19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3386.1. Maximum length: 16 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Xiloá. Countries: Nicaragua Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 Heros margaritifer Günther, 1862: 287. Type locality: Lake Peten, Guatemala. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.62. Maximum length: 12.7 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala (Lake Petén). Countries: Guatemala Remarks and references: Type locality doubtful, species not reported with certainty since original description. Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 9, fig. 7. Type locality: Southeastern shore of Lake Xiloá (N 12° 12,793’ W 86° 19,028’). Holotype PSU 3381.1 Maximum length: 16 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Xiloá. Countries: Nicaragua Amphilophus nourissati (Allgayer, 1989) Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976) Theraps nourissati Allgayer, 1989: 12, fig. p. 13. Type locality: petite rivière à 1 km avant le village “La Pera” sur la route de Palenque vers Ojo de Agua, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype: MNHN 1989-583. Maximum length: 22 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico and Guatemala (Usumacinta River basin). Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Common names: Panza negra (Mexico) Cichlasoma zaliosum Barlow in Barlow & Munsey, 1976: 363, fig. 5. Type locality: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Holotype: CAS 29104. Maximum length: 20 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic to Lake Apoyo. Countries: Nicaragua Common names: Mojarra flecha (Nicaragua) Amphilophus rhytisma (López S.,1983) Heterogramma Regan, 1906b: 60. Type species: Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann (1910: 478). Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Heterogramma Guenée, 1854. Apistogramma Regan, 1913c: 282. Type species: Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Pintoichthys Fowler, 1954: 316. Type species: Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Cichlasoma rhytisma López S., 1983: 133, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa Rica, Limón Province, Río Cocolis, a tributary of Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles on road between Bratsí and Shiroles. Holotype: LACM 42998-1. Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica (Sixaola River). Countries: Costa Rica Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 332), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) APISTOGRAMMA Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) Geophagus (Mesops) agassizii Steindachner, 1875: 111, pl. 8 (fig. 611 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America 2). Type locality: Syntypes from Curupira..., Cudajas..., Rio Puty..., Lago Maximo...See Manacapuru; lectotype from Manacapuru (Amazonas State, Brazil; 3°16’S 60°37’N). Lectotype: NMW 23484, designated by Kullander (1980a: 89). Apistogramma parva Ahl, 1931: 210. Type locality: Rio Capim. Holotype: ZMB 23410. Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along AmazonSolimões River from Peru through Brazil to Capim River basin. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 89), with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation; brief redescription of Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 189). Holotype of A. parva briefly redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 145). Synonym status of A. parva is still tentative. Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998 Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998: 46, fig. 1. Type locality: some 2.5 km upstream of the village of Arua in a small right-bank affluent of the Rio Arua, a tributary of the Rio Arapiuns, Para State, Brazil (approx. 2°39’27”S, 55°43’24”W). Holotype: MZUSP uncat. Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Arapiuns River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Original description repeated in German in Römer (1998: 266-283) but with additional photos. Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997 Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997: 9, 2 figs. Type locality: Peru (Loreto). Imported...from Iquitos. Holotype: SMF 28212. Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Nanay River basin. Countries: Peru Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936 Apistogramma pertense var. bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936: 56. Type locality: Rio Madeira (Brésil) [apparently incorrect: Kullander, 1980a: 97], emended to: Colombia (Amazonas), environments of Leticia. Lectotype: MNHN 1935-34, designated by Kullander (1980a). Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken, 1961: 136, fig. p. 137. Type locality: Wasserläufen bei Letitia in Peru. Holotype: lost. Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken, 1962: 138, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilien, oberer Rio Solimões, Igarapé Preto. Holotype: SMF 5526. Apistogramma kleei Meinken, 1964: 293, fig. p. 295. Type locality: unbekannt [unknown]. Holotype: USNM 199593. Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to Peruvian and adjacent Brazilian black-water river systems (collected in the lower Nanay, Mazán and Tigre in Peru, near Leticia in Colombia, and in Igarapé Preto and Lago Tefé in Brazil). Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 97), with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation; brief redescription of Peruvian material by Kullander (1986: 191). Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906) Heterogramma borellii Regan, 1906b: 63. Type locality: Carandasiñho, Matto Grosso. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.4.14.12-15 (3; one lost). Heterogramma ritense Haseman, 1911: 362, pl. 70. Type locality: Santa Rita, Rio Santa Rita of the Paraguay basin. Holotype: FMNH 54187 [ex CM 2765a]. Heterogramma rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 16, pl. 11. Type locality: Caceres, na Caiçara (Campina). Lectotype: MNRJ 1247A, designated by Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397). Apistogramma aequipinnis Ahl, 1938: 246. Type locality: vermutlich Argentinien. Holotype: ZMB 23409. Apistogramma reitzigi Mitsch, 1938: 181. Type locality: Wahrscheinlich mittleres Südamerika. No type specimens. Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin and along the lower Paraná River in Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Remarks and references: Apistogramma reitzigi was named twice (Mitsch, 1938, Ahl, 1938) with the same name. The earlier description by Mitsch (1938) clearly makes the name available. Although attributed in that paper to E. Ahl, there is no indication that Ahl would have been involved in writing the paper and Ahl cannot be author. Brief review, with key and distribution map, in Kullander (1983b: 311). Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980a 107, fig. 13. Type locality: Petit igarapé du Lago Penera, rive droite du Uaupés, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°01’N 67°21’W.). Holotype: IRSNB 570. Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951 Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951: 1, fig. p. 3. Type locality: near Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana [incorrect, restricted and emended by Kullander, 1980a: R. Amazonas basin between 69° and 71° W]. Holotype: ZMA 100033. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of the Ucayali, Amazon and Solimões Rivers from the Pachitea River to Tabatinga. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1980a 86). Brief review with bibliography, diagnostic characters, and distribution map in Kullander (1986: 181). Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980a: 76. Type locality: Igarapé in Bragança (Estado do Pará, Brazil; 1°45’S 46°47’W). Holotype: FMNH 54164 [ex CM 2732]. Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Apeú and Caeté Rivers in the Bragança region, Pará State. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906) Heterogramma commbrae Regan, 1906b: 64. Type locality: Carandasiñho, Matto Grosso; Colonia Risso. Lectotype: BMNH 1900.4.14.16, designated by Kullander (1982a: 36). Heterogramma corumbae Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward, 1907: 146, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: Corumba. Holotype: CAS 33719 [ex IU 10166]. Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin, middle Paraná River basin in Argentina, and Uruguay River basin. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Remarks and references: Species monographed by Kullander (1982a). Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986 Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986: 159, pl. 16, fig. 1. Type locality: Peru, departamento Loreto, Río Napo drainage system, lower course of a quebrada right bank tributary to the Río Mazán nearly 2 hours upstream from Puerto Alegre on the mouth of the 612 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Río Mazán, Peru. Holotype: NRM 16664. Maximum length: 5.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo River drainage of Peru and Ecuador, and the Putumayo and Caquetá River drainages of Colombia. Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987 Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987a: 259, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, R. Negro drainage system, downstream of the R. Daraã. Holotype: MZUSP 28213. Maximum length: 2.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle Negro River from San Carlos to Arirará River. Countries: Brazil, Venezuela Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980a: 103, fig. 12. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite du Uaupés à Trovao (environ 20 km en amont de l’embouchure de Uaupés), État d’Amazonas. Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 596. Maximum length: 4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981 Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 115) with diagnosis, bibliography, description and distribution; synonymy of A. roraimae herein is based on Kullander (unpublished). Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982 Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982d: 65, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasil, terr. Amapá, R. Oyapock system, Martinique. Holotype: MNHN 1981-231. Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French Guiana and Brazil; Approuague River drainage in French Guiana. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana Common names: Prapra (French Guiana) Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso A., 1989 Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso A., 1989: 132, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Estado Anzoátegui, Río Morichal Largo, close to village San Miguel (63°22’W 8°38’N). Holotype: MHNLS 3587. Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Morichal Largo River in northeastern Venezuela. Countries: Venezuela Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981a: 184, fig. 1. Type locality: Peru, Depto. Loreto, R. Ucayali system, near Pucallpa, on road to Aguaytia, “Dunkelwasser bei ‘Campo Verde’”. Holotype: ZFMK 10772. Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries to the Ucayali and Amazonas Rivers, and in the Yavarí River in Peru, and the Japurá River in Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Peru Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982b: 182, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, Rio Solimoes System, igarapé des Lago Manacapuru. Holotype: MZUSP 6657. Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, middle Negro River drainage (near mouths of Urubaxi and Daraã Rivers), and Lake Manacapuru. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971 Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965 Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971: 35, fig. 1. Type locality: Amazonas-Gebiet, Rio Curuçamba bei Obidos. Holotype: SMF 10617. Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the region of the lower Trombetas River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 72). Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980a: 131, fig. 17. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans l’Archipel das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S 60°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 581. Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969 Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969: 91, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilien, wahrscheinlich Gebiet des Rio Negro. Holotype: SMF 9441. Apistogramma roraimae Kullander, 1980a: 138, fig 19. Type locality: Igarapé Uazinho à environ 20 km de Boa Vista sur la route Boa Vista-Caracarai, Territoire du Rio Branco, Brésil. (2°49’N 60°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 565. Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco and middle Negro River basins. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982 Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965a: 258, fig. 1. Type locality: Zuflüsse der Sümpfe am Unterlauf des Rio Portuguesa westlich der Orte Sta. Rosa und Camaguan, an der Autostraße von Calabozo am Südende der seenartigen Erweiterung ‘Embalse del Guárico’ des Rio Guárico nach San Fernando am Mittellauf des Rio Apuré, im Staat Guárico, Venezuela. Holotype: SMF 7891. Maximum length: 6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa, Aracua, and lower Caura River drainages, and along the mainstream of the lower Orinoco River to Barrancas. Countries: Venezuela Remarks and references: Brief redescription in Kullander (1979: 75). Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela) Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979 Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979b: 74, fig. 5. Type locality: Finca Boca de Guarrojo (small laguna closest to the houses of the finca), R. Guarrojo, Vichada, Colombia (4°07’N 70°45’W). Holotype: NRM 11234. Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Vichada River drainage and the middle Meta River drainage in Colombia, and along the middle Orinoco River basin. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela Common names: Viejita (Colombia) Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983 Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983b: 307, fig. 1. Type locality: Bolivia, depto. Santa Cruz, R. Paraguay system [sic!], small pool of the R. Candelaria, above bridge on road Carmen- 613 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Santa Rosa (16°00’S 61°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 637. Maximum length: 3.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River drainage in Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraguay River basin. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil Countries: Brazil Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994 Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979b: 76, fig. 7. Type locality: Pueblo Bretania (Yuri Bajo), Caño (Río) Bocón, depto. Guainía, Colombia (3°39’N 68°05’W). Holotype: NRM 11224. Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Inírida River basin. Countries: Colombia Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Small igarapé (forest stream) near airfield of Barcelos do Rio Negro, Dept. Amazonas, Brazil (aprox. 63.04’W/0.01’S), sometimes called “Rio Salgádo” by local people. Holotype: ZFMK 17458. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: The species name is a misspelling for mendesi, after Francisco Mendes, but cannot be corrected (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition, article 32.5). Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986 Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986: 177, pl. 19 (fig. 1). Type locality: Brazil, estado Acre, Rio Juruá drainage system, municipio do Cruzeiro do Sul, riachos near Igarapé Formoso. Holotype: ZUEC 1374. Maximum length: 2.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the uppper Juruá River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980a: 61, fig. 9. Type locality: Igarapé São Salvador, affluent rive gauche du Rio Moa, Cruzeiro-do-Sul. État de Acre. Brésil. (7°38’S 72°36’W). Holotype: IRSNB 586. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Juruá River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Brief redescription with illustration in Kullander (1986: 169). Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979 Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985 Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985: 151, fig. 5. Type locality: Bolivia, northwest of the town Santa Cruz, Lagunen entlang der Strasse zwischen den Orten Portachuelo und Bella Vista, 76 km nordwestlich von Santa Cruz, Wasseransammlungen entlang der Strasse und kleiner flacher Wasserlauf der die Strasse kreuzt und Lagune an der Strasse ca. 2 km östlich vor dem Ort Japacani am Rio Japacani”, sta. B1 und B2, about 68°25’W--16°20’S and 68°50’W--16°15’S. Holotype: ZFMK 13323. Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré and Beni River basins. Countries: Bolivia Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976 Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976: 259, fig. 1. Type locality: Kleine Quebrada unterhalb Todos Santos (Bolivien) [incorrect: corrected to Quebrada mit Altwasser unterhalb San Francisco seitlich des Rio Chiripiri by Kullander, 1986: 177]. Holotype: ZFMK (I) 66/2283. Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre de Dios and Mamoré River basins. Countries: Bolivia, Peru Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979 Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979b: 70, fig. 1. Type locality: Finca La Ponderosa (on the road to Restrepo), Villavicencio, depto Meta, Colombia. Stream... at the foot of the Cordillera (4°15’N 73°35’W). Holotype: NRM 11240. Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper Meta River drainage (Guaytiquía River, Metica River). Countries: Colombia Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980a: 118, fig. 15. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20 km en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 567. Maximum length: 3.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés River basin. Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979 Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979a: 938, fig. 1. Type locality: Perú (Loreto), R. Ucayali system, Jenaro Herrera, R. Copal, “marigots des Tupacs”. Holotype: MHNG 1595.82. Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte River drainage, a tributary to the Ucayali River. Countries: Peru Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991 Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991: 140, fig. 1. Type locality: Peru, Dept. Loreto, in die Quebrada Nuevo Horizonte mündender Urwaldbach im Einzugsgebiet des Rio Tahuayo (etwa 73°05’W, 4°05’S). Holotype: ZMB 32002. Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tahuayo River basin. Countries: Peru Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912) Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann, 1912: 506, pl. 68 (fig. 1). Type locality: Erukin, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53801 [ex CM 2306]. Maximum length: 4.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, including the Potaro and Rupununi rivers, Corantijn and Cuyuni River basins. Countries: Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997 Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997: 12, 4 figs. Type locality: Per (Loreto), Rio Ucayali drainage... Small forest brooks east of Jenaro Herrera at kilometer markers 26 and 27 on the road to the Brazilian border. Holotype: ZFMK 18610. Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Peru, not precisely known. Countries: Peru Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988 614 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988: 190, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage... Arquipélago das Anavilhanas, small shallow bay on the right bank of Rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 36952. Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle and lower Negro River from Daraã River to Anavilhanas Archipelago. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986 Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986: 184, fig. 64, pl. 20 (fig. 2). Type locality: Ecuador, provincia del Napo, Río Napo drainage system, Río Payamino drainage, Quebrada Ahuano, just above Ahuanopaccha (a 42 m vertical waterfall); in headwaters of the Río Tutapishcu, few km southwest of San José de Payamino (a village at confluence of Rio Tutapishcu and Rio Payamino (approx. 0°31.2’S, 77°20.7’W). Holotype: FMNH 96564. Maximum length: 4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Payamino River basin in Napo River drainage. Countries: Ecuador Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980 Countries: Brazil Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980a: 65, fig. 10. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans l’Archipel das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S 60°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 577. Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980b: 158, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasil, Estado do Amazonas, R. Madeira drainage system, Igarapé Xicanga, about 5 km W of Humaitá (07°31’S 63°04’W). Holotype: ZMA 116177. Maximum length: 2.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira River drainage near Huamitá. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002. Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980a: 111, fig. 14. Type locality: Rio Uaupés á Assai, État d’Amazonas, Brésil (0°02’N 67°27’W). Holotype: IRSNB 575. Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002: 16, fig. 3. Type locality: Bolivien, Departamento Pando, Rio Manuripi, nahe der Ortshaft Puerto Cardenas (11°20’083” S, 67°44’576”W). Holotype: MTD F 26477. Maximum length: 4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Manuripi River basin, Pando Department. Countries: Bolivia Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911) Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914 Heterogramma taeniatum pertense Haseman, 1911: 359, pl. 66. Type locality: Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54171 [ex CM 2741]. Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Negro River and from Manacapuru to Monte Alegre along the Amazon-Solimões River. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1980a: 126), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution. Apistogramma ortmanni rupununi Fowler, 1914: 277, fig 19. Type locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP 39347. Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco River; Rupununi River basin. Countries: Brazil, Guyana Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980a: 79, fig. 11. Type locality: Brazil: Piauí, Lagoa Seca, about 1 km from camp on Rio Parnaíba at Barra do Longa (near Buriti dos Lopes). (3°08’S 41°54’W.). Holotype: MCZ 46831. Maximum length: 2.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985 Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985: 146, fig. 1. Type locality: Bolivia, south of the town Trinidad, “Lagunen beiderseits der Strasse von Trinidad ca. 10 km südlich in Richtung El Colegio und Loreto”, sta. B11, about 64°51’W--14°57’S. Holotype: ZFMK 13400. Maximum length: 2.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré and Guaporé River basins. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909) Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908) Heterogramma pleurotaenia Regan, 1909a: 270. Type locality: La Plata. Holotype: BMNH 1909.2.25.61. Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Possibly Argentina, only holotype known. Countries: Argentina (?) Heterogramma steindachneri Regan, 1908b: 370, fig. on p. 371. Type locality: Georgetown, Demerara. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.4.30: 31-32 (2). Apistogramma ornatipinnis Ahl, 1936a: 141. Type locality: Britisch-Guiana. Holotype: ZMB 21147. Apistogramma wickleri Meinken, 1960b: 655, fig. 1. Type locality: Anzunehmen ist, daß die Tiere aus den Guayana-Ländern eingeführt wurden. Holotype: ZMH H5682. Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Essequibo, Demerara and Mahaica River drainages, and from the Marowijne River to the Corantijn River basin. Countries: Guyana, Suriname Remarks and references: Redescription, based in Surinamese material, in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 74), with bibliography, Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980a: 135, fig. 18. Type locality: Rio Preto, affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Candeias à 25 km de Porto-Velho, Territoire du Rondonia, Brésil. (8°46’S 63°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 584. Maximum length: 3.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira River basin. 615 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America for review. diagnosis, description, distribution. Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862) Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862: 312. Type locality: River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.71. Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tapajós River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescription of the holotype in Kullander (1980a: 142). Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903) Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 536. Type locality: Arroyo Chagalalina [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 33721. Heterogramma trifasciatum maciliense Haseman, 1911: 360, pl. 62 (fig. 2). Type locality: São Antonio de Guaporé. Syntypes: CAS 33722 (1), FMNH 54177 (2), one missing. Spelled macielense on p. 360. Apistogramma trifasciatum haraldschultzi Meinken, 1960a: 291, fig. 1. Type locality: Oberer Guaporé, auch Itenes genannt, im Norden des Staates Matto Grosso. Holotype: ZMH H1209. Originally as harald schultzi as a subspecies of trifasciatum; here regarded as one name to be combined. Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé drainage in Brazil; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the middle Paraná River drainage in Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980 Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980a: 122, fig. 16. Type locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20 km en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W.) Holotype: IRSNB 594. Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio Uaupés and nearby Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986 Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986: 163, pl. 17 fig. 1. Type locality: Peru, departamento Madre de Dios, Río Madre de Dios drainage system, Lago Túpac Amaru, near Puerto Maldonado. Holotype: NRM 16659. Maximum length: 4.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio Madre de Dios basin. Countries: Peru Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979 Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979b: 73, fig. 3. Type locality: Caño, affluent of Rio Yucao, depto Meta, Colombia. About 500 m westwards along the road Puerto Gaitán-Puerto López from a laguna midway between Rio Yucao and Rio Manacacías, 300 m from the road (4°20’N 72°09’W). Holotype: NRM 11231. Maximum length: 3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper Rio Meta basin. Countries: Colombia Common names: Viejita (Colombia) Species inquirenda Geophagus amoenus Cope, 1872: 250. Type locality: River Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP (not found). Species not recognized since original description, usually interpreted as an Apistogramma species. See Kullander (1980a: 142) APISTOGRAMMOIDES Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965b: 48. Type species: Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965 Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965b: 48, fig. 1. Type locality: Bach kurz außerhalb der Vorstadt von Pucallpa, Peru, der in den Ucayali mündet. Holotype: SMF 7565. Maximum length: 2.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Pucallpa on the Ucayali River in Peru, to Santa Sofía Island in the Amazon River in Colombia. Countries: Colombia, Peru Remarks and references: Kullander (1986: 194), with diagnosis, bibliography, and redescription, distribution map, and illustrations. ARCHOCENTRUS Archocentrus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186. Type species: Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. First described as subgenus of Heros (Archocentrus). Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001: 14. Type species: Heros spilurus Günther, 1862. Type species by original designation. Gender: masculine. Archocentrus altoflavus (Allgayer, 2001) Cryptoheros altoflavus Allgayer, 2001: 16, fig. p. 16. Type locality: Panama, Province de Bocas del Toro, Rio Carñaveral (Rio Caña). Holotype: MNHN 2001/1163. Maximum length: 9 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Cañaveral River basin. Countries: Panama Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877) Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 185. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Holotype: USNM 16878. Maximum length: 11 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, in tributaries of Fonseca Gulf in Honduras and Nicaragua; Atlantic slope in the San Juan River basin, including Lakes Managua, Nicaragua, Jiloá and Apoyo. Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 336), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Nicaragua), Mojarrita (Nicaragua), Viejita (Nicaragua) Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997 Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997: 3, fig. p. 3. Type locality: Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles, on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: AMNH 59079. Maximum length: 8 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in Costa Rica and Panama, from Estrella River to Guarumo River. Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 340), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994 Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994: 9. Type locality: Panama, Province de Bocas del Toro, District de Chiriqui Grande, 616 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America rio Guarumo. 82°13’ Ouest; 9°55’ à 9°52’ Nord. Holotype: MNHN 1993-260. Maximum length: 6.4 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Guarumo River basin. Countries: Panama Archocentrus nigrofasciatus (Günther, 1867) Heros nigrofasciatus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lakes of Amatitlan and Atitlan. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.4.19.76-77 (2) and .78 (1, skeleton); ZMB 6882 (1). Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Guatemala to Costa Rica (Tárcoles River); Atlantic slope from Aguan River (Honduras) to Guarumo River (Panama). Countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Remarks and references: Heros nigrofasciatus described in more detail in Günther (1868: 452, pl. 74, fig. 3). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 342), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Achiba (El Salvador), Burra (Costa Rica), Burro (El Salvador), Carate (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), Chamarra (El Salvador), Chincoyo (El Salvador), Conga (El Salvador), Congo (Costa Rica, Honduras), Mojarra (El Salvador), Punto naranja (Costa Rica), Punto rojo (Nicaragua), Serica (Guatemala) Archocentrus panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Neetroplus panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality: Rio Mandingo, Bas Obispo, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7601. Maximum length: 13 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama (Canal Zone, including Chagres River). Countries: Panama Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Peje motete (Panama) Archocentrus sajica (Bussing, 1974) Cichlasoma sajica Bussing, 1974: 30, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S of Palmar Sur at Interamerican Highway (IH). Holotype: LACM 33902-1. Maximum length: 9 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 346), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), T-Bar Cichlid (USA) Archocentrus septemfasciatus (Regan, 1908) Cichlosoma septemfasciatum Regan, 1908a: 461. Type locality: Rio Iroquois. Syntypes: (14) BMNH 1909.3.13.82-90 (9), 1909.3.13.91 (1, skeleton). Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, from the San Juan River drainage to the Banano River. Countries: Costa Rica Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 348), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Archocentrus spilurus (Günther, 1862) Heros spilurus Günther, 1862: 289. Type locality: Guatemala. Syntypes: (at least 2) BMNH 1864.1.26.52-55 (4?). Cichlasoma cutteri Fowler, 1932: 380, fig. p. 381. Type locality: Lancetilla, Honduras. Holotype: ANSP 53930. Maximum length: 12 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Belize to Nicaragua. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Common names: Blue-eye cichlid (Belize), Congo (Nicaragua) Archocentrus spinosissimus (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902) Heros (Cichlasoma) spinosissimus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 87 [3]. Type locality: Rio Polochic (Guatémala). Syntypes: MNHN A.352 (4). Cichlasoma spinosissimum var. immaculata Pellegrin, 1904: 225. Type locality: Rio Polochic [Guatemala]. Syntypes: MNHN 9846 (2). Maximum length: 11 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Lake Izabal basin. Countries: Guatemala ASTRONOTUS Astronotus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Acara Heckel, 1840: 338. Type species: Acara crassipinnis Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann & Bray (1894: 616). Gender: masculine. Hygrogonus Günther, 1862: 303. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840) Acara crassipinnis Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 29 (fig. 5). Type locality: ..Rio-Paraguay... in Buchten... bei Villa Maria und Caiçara...Rio-Guaporè bei Matogrosso, im Rio-negro und im Rio-branco. Syntypes: (at least 5) NMW 58776 (1); NMW 24261 (1), 92455 (1); SMF 2926 [ex NMW in 1844] (1). Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Bolivian Amazon and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Paraná River basin in the Paraguay drainage in Paraguay and Brazil. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru Common names: Apaiari (Brazil) Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 129, pl. 66. Type locality: Oceano Atlantico. Types in ZSM, lost. Cychla rubro-ocellata Jardine, 1843: 153, pl. 10. Type locality: Rio Negro and tributaries. No types known. Acara compressus Cope, 1872: 256. Type locality: the Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9180. Acara hyposticta Cope, 1878: 697. Type locality: [Amazonian Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 21286. Astronotus ocellatus zebra Pellegrin, 1904: 183. Type locality: Santarem. Holotype: MNHN 1902-46. Astronotus orbiculatus Haseman, 1911: 331, pl. 53. Type locality: Santarem. Holotype: FMNH 53992 [ex CM 2515]. Maximum length: 21 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia, Brazil; French Guiana Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire (introduced), French Guiana, Peru, Puerto Rico (introduced) Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 61), with diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. The species is reported from the Orinoco River drainage and numerous localities in the Amazon River basin, but apparently several species are confused under the name, and names in the synonymy may represent valid species. Common names: Acará-açu (Brazil), Acarahuazú (Peru), Apaiari (Brazil), Carahuazú (Peru), Corró-baiano (Brazil), Corró-chinês (Brazil), Crombier (French Guiana), Dorminhoco (Brazil), Krobié rouj (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana) 617 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America BIOTODOMA BUJURQUINA Mesops Günther, 1862: 311. Type species: Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann & Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine. Preoccupied by Mesops Audinet-Serville 1831 in Orthoptera; replaced by Biotoma Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species: Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: neuter. Replacement for Mesops Günther 1862, preoccupied by Mesops Audinet-Serville 1831. Bujurquina Kullander, 1986: 244. Type species: Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840) Geophagus Cupido Heckel, 1840: 399. Type locality: Rionegro...Rio-Guaporè und dessen Morästen in der Umgegend von Matogrosso. Syntypes: NMW 23094 (1), 23122 (1), 23414 (1). Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 239), with diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Kullander (1986) considered that the widespread B. cupido of authors may consist of several similar species. Common names: Bujurqui (Peru) Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963) Geophagus wavrini Gosse, 1963: 2, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: Haut Orénoque, entre San Fernando de Atabapo et le Casiquiare. Holotype: IRSNB 457. Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle and upper Negro River drainage in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin in Colombia and Venezuela. Countries: Brazil, Venezuela Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986: 280, pl. 29 (fig. 3). Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system, 3.4 km from Pucallpa on road to Lima, first bridge over stream. Holotype: FMNH 84269 (1 of 14). Maximum length: 7.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Ucayali River tributaries between Pucallpa and Shahuaya. Countries: Peru Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986: 261, pl. 28 (fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Madre de Dios drainage system, quebrada 8 km from airport road on sideroad to Lago Túpac Amaru. Holotype: NRM 17581. Maximum length: 6.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre de Dios drainage at Puerto Maldonado. Countries: Peru Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986: 269, pl. 28 (fig. 3). Type locality: Perú, departamento de Cuzco, R. Madre de Dios drainage system, R. Hospital at 71°27’W, 12°53’S. Holotype: ANSP 158173. Maximum length: 8.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre de Dios drainage in Peru (Pilcopata, upper Madre de Dios, Manú, Colorado, Marcapata Rivers). Countries: Peru Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986 BIOTOECUS Saraca Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type species: Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera, replaced by Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species: Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: masculine. Replacement for Saraca Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera. Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989 Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989: 227, fig. 1. Type locality: Colombia, Comisaría Vichada, Caño Alisal, tributary to Rio Bita a few km S Puerto Carreño. Holotype: ICNMHN 1400. Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, from the Inírida River (Colombia) to Maripa (Venezuela). Countries: Colombia, Venezuela Common names: Rebeca (Venezuela) Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875) Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type locality: See Saraca und Ausstände des Amazonenstromes bei Villa bella. Syntypes: NMW 38419 (1), 77814 (8). Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco River, the middle and lower Negro River, Urubu River, Lake Saracá, Parintins, Lake Carauaçu, lower Trombetas River. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Discussed by Kullander (1989), with distribution map. Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986: 283, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea drainage system, 2-3 km downstream of Tournavista, right bank quebrada near its mouth into the Río Pachitea. Holotype: NRM 17585. Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea and Aguaytía River basins. Countries: Peru Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986: 290, pl. 31 (fig. 2). Type locality: Peru, departamento Huánuco, Río Huallaga drainage system, vicinity of Tingo María, c. 1/4 mi above Río Huallaga. Holotype: ANSP 158171. Maximum length: 8.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Huallaga River basin at Tarapoto and Tingo María. Countries: Peru Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986: 277, pl. 29 (fig. 2). Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system, Río Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km south of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17589. Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Ucayali River basin (near Chinipo River). Countries: Peru Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922) Aequidens mariae Eigenmann, 1922a: 240, pl. 30 (fig. 1). Type locality: Barrigón; Eigenmann, 1922b: 197: Type locality: 618 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Barigona; Cmaral, Llanos; Caño Caricería; Río Negro, Villcio; Oriente de Bogotá; Q. Gramalote Villcia. Holotype: CAS 34711 [ex IU 15011]. Maximum length: 15 cm TL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta River basin. Countries: Colombia Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available evidence which publication should have priority. Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986: 287, fig. 125, pl. 31 (fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea drainage system, drying pool c. 100 m from the left margin of the Río Pachitea and c. 1 km upstream from Tournavista. Holotype: NRM 17591. Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea and Aguaytía River basins. Countries: Peru Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986: 304, pl. 33 (fig. 3). Type locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ucayali drainage system, Quebrada Carahuayte at first bend downstream of km 20 on road Jenaro Herrera-Colonia Angamos. Holotype: NRM 17572. Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte, Mazán and lower Napo River basins. Countries: Peru Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987 Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987b: 196, fig. 1. Type locality: Bolivie, dép. Santa Cruz. Rio Aguas Calientes à Aguas Calientes, à 25 km à l’est de Roboré, sur le rail. (Bassin du Paraguay.). Holotype: IRSNB 666. Maximum length: 6.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Aguas Calientes River basin (Paraguay River drainage). Countries: Bolivia River basin (upper Ucayali River drainage). Countries: Peru Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872) Acara syspilus Cope, 1872: 255, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type locality: Ambyiacu River [Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP 21430-21433 (4). Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Pacaya River basin (Ucayali River drainage) to the lower Yavarí River. Countries: Peru Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986: 266, pl. 28 (fig. 2). Type locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Tambopata drainage system, Quebrada San Roque at Km 11 on Puerto Maldonado-Cuzco road. Holotype: NRM 17580. Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tambopata River basin (Madre de Dios River drainage). Countries: Peru Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840) Acara vittatus Heckel, 1840: 346. Type locality: Sümpfen um Cujabá, der Hauptstadt in der Provinz Matagrosso. Holotype: NMW 33879. Aequidens paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 534. Type locality: Asuncion. Holotype: CAS 34716 [ex IU 10066]. Maximum length: 7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage, and in the middle Paraná River basin. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Common names: Acará-pirambocaia (Brazil) Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905) Acara zamorensis Regan, 1905b: 339. Type locality: Rio Zamora. Holotype: BMNH 1898.12.31.35. Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Zamora River basin. Countries: Ecuador Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986: 294, pl. 32 (fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento San Martín, Río Huallaga drainage system, Moyobamba, Puerto Juan Antonio, Río Mayo. Holotype: MHNG 2205.27. Maximum length: 11 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mayo River basin (Huallaga River drainage). Countries: Peru Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986: 301, pl. 33 (fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ampiyacu system, quebrada tributary to Río Yaguasyacu, just below the village Esperanza. Holotype: NRM 17596. Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Ampiyacu River basin and at Codajás (Brazil). Countries: Brazil, Peru Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986 Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986: 273, pl. 29 (fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, R. Ucayali drainage system, R. Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km south of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17583. Maximum length: 8.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Chinipo CAQUETAIA Caquetaia Fowler, 1945: 133. Type species: Caquetaia amploris Fowler, 1945. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1879) Petenia Kraussii Steindachner, 1879b: 28, pl. 2. Type locality: grossen, seeartig ausgebreiteten Cienega, welche der Magdalenen-Strom mit einem seiner östlich gelegenen Hauptarme kurz vor seiner Mündung in das Meer bildet. Syntypes: NMW 75391(4), NMW 24552(1), NMW 24553 (1), NMW 2454524551 (8), NMW 24544 (1), NMW uncat. Maximum length: 26 cm SL Distribution: South America: Atrato, Cauca, and Magdalena River basins; Lake Maracaibo basin. Introduced in the Orinoco River drainage in Venezuela. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela (introduced) Common names: Mojarra (Venezuela), Mojarra, Mojarra amarilla (Colombia) Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944) Petenia myersi Schultz, 1944: 410, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Dedo, tributary of the Río Orteguaza, near Florencia (Amazon system, Colombia). Holotype: USNM 120533. Caquetaia amploris Fowler, 1945: 133, fig. 47. Type locality: Morelia, Rio Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 71722. 619 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Maximum length: 19 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Putumayo and Napo River basins. Countries: Colombia, Ecuador Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875) Acara (Petenia) spectabilis Steindachner, 1875: 96, pl. 4. Type locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa und Obidos. Syntypes: 76430 (2). Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the Amazon River in Brazil from the Madeira and Uatumã River drainages to Gurupá, also in the Araguari River in Amapá, Brazil; in the Branco River drainage in Brazil and Guyana. Countries: Brazil, Guyana Caquetaia umbrifera (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Cichlasoma umbriferum Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 88. Type locality: Rio Cupe, Cituro, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7598. Maximum length: 47.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Atrato and Magdalena River drainages in Colombia, Tuíra and Chucunaque River drainages in Panama. Countries: Colombia, Panama CHAETOBRANCHOPSIS Chaetobranchopsis Steindachner, 1875: 133. Type species: Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Originally as Chaetobranchus (Chaetobranchopsis). Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward, 1907 Chaetobranchopsis australe Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward, 1907: 144, pl. 44 (fig. 1). Type locality: Bahia Negra [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 66954 [ex IU 10157]. Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River in Brazil and Paraguay, and the Paraná River close to the mouth of the Paraguay River in Argentina; probably in the Amazon River basin in Bolivia and Brazil. Countries: Argentina, Bolivia (?), Brazil, Paraguay Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875) Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875: 133, pl. 8 (fig. 1). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Para, Santarem, Gurupa, Rio Xingu bei Porto do Moz, Rio negro und R. Hyavary. Syntypes: NMW 32942-32948 (7), 32956-32960 (5), 32961-32964 (4), 58202 (2), 74045 (1). Chaetobranchopsis bitaeniatus Ahl, 1936a: 139. Type locality: Amazonas. Syntypes: ZMB 32381 (2). Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Negro River to Marajó Island, and in Amapá, Brazil. Countries: Brazil Common names: Acará cascudo (Brazil), Acará tucuma (Brazil) CHAETOBRANCHUS Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840: 401. Type species: Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann. Gender: masculine. Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840 Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840: 402. Type locality: Fluss Guaporè und die in der Nähe seiner Ufer gelegenen Moräste, auch am Ausflusse des Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 16172 (1), 16428 (1), 32922 (1), 32931 (1), 32932 (1), 32933 (1), 58856 (1), 76431 (1); SMF 5410 [ex NMW] (1). Chaetobranchus bruneus Heckel, 1840: 405, pl. 29 (fig. 17-20). Type locality: Rio-negro, unweit von seiner Mündung. Holotype: NMW 32941. Centrarchus cyanopterus Jardine, 1843: 165, pl. 16. Type locality: Essequibo. Chromys ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 2). Type locality: Sarayacu (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9487. Chaetobranchus robustus Günther, 1862: 310. Type locality: Guiana. Holotype: BMNH 1961.12.18: 1. Geophagus badiipinnis Cope, 1872: 251, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 9038. Maximum length: 21 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and Brazil; Orinoco River basin in Venezuela (Rio Apure); rivers of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Amapá State. Widespread. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Common names: Acará prata (Brazil), Bujurqui vaso (Peru), Camarapaca (Guyana), Kamara paru (Suriname), Koemapari (Suriname), Krobié jonn (French Guiana), Kunapari (Suriname), Owroe wefi (Suriname), Paya (French Guiana), River patwa (Guyana) Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875 Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875: 130, pl. 7. Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Obidos, Cudajas, Teffé; Rio Iça; Lago Hyanuary und Saraca bei Silva. Syntypes: NMW 10722 (1), 32966(1), 32967-32968 (2), 32969 (1), 32970 (1), 32971-32973 (3), 32974 (1), 79737 (1), RMNH 15478 (1). Maximum length: 23 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the Amazon-Solimões River from Tabatinga to Óbidos. Countries: Brazil CICHLA Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 336. Type species: Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann & Bray (1894, p. 611). Gender: feminine. Acharnes Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type species: Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971 Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971: 473, fig. 7-9, 10a, 11b. Type locality: río Casiquiare, Territorio Federal Amazonas. Holotype: MBUCV V-6489. Maximum length: 37.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, tributaries of the Orinoco River, and the Casiquiare River in Venezuela. Countries: Venezuela Common names: Pavón (Venezuela) Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831 Cychla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 100, pl. 63. Type locality: mari Brasiliae. Syntype or possible holotype: MHNN 2188 (1). Cychla nigro-maculata Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843: 147, pl. 7. Type locality: [Negro and Padauiri Rivers]. No types known. Cycla toucounarai Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: le lac des Perles de la province de Goyaz; le Tocantins; l’Amazone. Syntypes: MNHN A.9490 (2). Cichla bilineatus Nakashima, 1941: 73, fig. [3]. Type locality: los lagos y rios de Sudamérica tropical [cercanías del Puerto de Iquitos]. No types known. Maximum length: 33 cm SL 620 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia and Brazil; Oyapock River basin. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 51), with diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Toukounaré (French Guiana), Tucunare (Peru), Tucunaré-açu (Brazil), Tucunari (Peru) Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 340, pl. 66. Type locality: India orientali. Holotype: ZMB 2839. Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type locality: Küste; Mündung des Essequibo. Maximum length: 41 cm SL Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Marowijne drainage in Suriname and French Guiana to the Essequibo drainage in Guyana. Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Lukanani (Guyana), Pavón (Venezuela), Toukounaré (French Guiana), Tucunaré açu (Brazil) Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821 Cichla orinocensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 167, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: les rives de l’Orénoque et du Guainia ou Rio Negro. No types preserved. Cichla argus Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 169. Type locality: [Not stated]. Holotype: MNHN A.1042. Maximum length: 61.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon River basin, in the Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan material in Machado-Allison (1971), as C. ocellaris. Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 Cichla temensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 169. Type locality: Temi. No types known. Cichla atabapensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 168. Type locality: l’Orénoque; Rio Atabapo. No types known. Cichla tucunare Heckel, 1840: 409. Type locality: Rio-branco. Types in NMW, not found. Cychla flavo-maculata Jardine, 1843: 145, pl. 6. Type locality: Rio Negro and Padauiri. No types known. Cychla trifasciata Jardine, 1843: 151, pl. 9. Type locality: Rio Negro; Padauiri. No types known. Cichla unitaeniatus Magalhães, 1931: 225. Type locality: Rio Negro e do Purus. No types preserved. Maximum length: 75 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in the Negro and Uatumã River drainages; Orinoco River basin in tributaries of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan material in Machado-Allison (1971). Common names: Pavón (Venezuela), Tucunaré (Brazil) CICHLASOMA Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839: 230. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758. Under the plenary power of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2000: 131). Gender: neuter. As Cichlaurus on p. 173; Swain (1882: 284) acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma (see Bailey 1957: 303). Originally as Plesiops (Cichlasoma). Cichlaurus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Labrus bimacula- tus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: masculine. Without species but clear from text that this was another name for Cichlasoma Swainson (1839: 230); Swain (1882: 284), acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma. Cichlosoma Regan, 1905a: 61. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: neuter. ‘Cichlasoma’ aguadae Hubbs, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus aguadae Hubbs, 1936: 270, pl. 14 (fig. 7). Type locality: Aguada at Tuxpeña, interior Campeche, about 90 km. south, and 40 km. east of Champoton. Holotype: UMMZ 64477. Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Tuxpeña, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ alborum Hubbs, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus alborum Hubbs, 1936: 268, pl. 13 (fig. 3). Type locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, Tobasco, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 50501. Maximum length: 18.6 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ amarum Hubbs, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus amarum Hubbs, 1936: 272, fig. 1. Type locality: A salt or brackish water lagoon on Mujeres Island, off the east coast of Yucatan, near the tip of the peninsula. Holotype: USNM 50504. Maximum length: 15.8 cm SL Distribution: North America: Caribbean coast, Isla Mujeres, off the eastern coast of Yucatán Peninsula. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983a: 115, pl. 5 (fig. 2). Type locality: Peru, depto Loreto, R. Ampiyacu system, little upstreams of Pebas, Sacarita del Tuyé, right bank tributary of the R. Ampiyacu, floating meadow near mouth. Holotype: NRM 39271. Maximum length: 11.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Ucayali, Huallaga, Amazon and Yavarí River drainages in Peru, along the mainstream Amazon-Solimões River in Colombia and Brazil to the mouth; also in French Guyana and Amapá State. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru Common names: Acará (Brazil), Bujurqui (Peru), Prapra (French Guiana) Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983a: 252, pl. 14 (fig. 1). Type locality: Brasil, est. Mato Grosso, R. Araguaia system, 621 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America small igarapé tributary to Igarapé Sangadina, tributary to the R. das Mortes, 1 km from Xavantina. Holotype: BMNH 1980.1.9.1. Maximum length: 9.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins and upper Xingu River basins. Countries: Brazil ‘Cichlasoma’ atromaculatum Regan, 1912 Cichlosoma (Parapetenia) atromaculatum Regan, 1912: 507. Type locality: Tado, Rio San Juan, Choco, S.W. Colombia. Syntypes: BMNH 1910.7.11.83-88 (4 of 6). Maximum length: 17 cm SL Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River basins. Countries: Colombia Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ beani (Jordan, 1889) Heros beani Jordan, 1889: 332. Type locality: Rio Presidio, Mazatlan. Syntypes: USNM 37145 (5), 37165 (2). Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Mojarra verde (Mexico) Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758: 285. Type locality: M. Mediterraneo [erroneous, probably from Surinam]. Holotype: NRM 7. Acara gronovii Heckel, 1840: 361. Type locality: Flüsse in Surinam. Syntypes: NMW 33651-52 (2). Sparus filamentosus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 60. Type locality: Surinami. No types known. Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Caroni River in Venezuela; Guianas, from the Essequibo River to the Sinnamary River; Amazon River basin, in the upper Branco River basin. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 65), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. Common names: Acará (Brazil), Common patwa (Guyana), Congo patwa (Guyana), Krobia (Suriname), Owroe fisi (Suriname), Prapra (French Guiana) ‘Cichlasoma’ bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902) Neetroplus bocourti Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 85. Type locality: Lac d’Isabal (Guatémala). Holotype: MNHN 1894-241. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Chisel-tooth cichlid (Belize) Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983a: 165, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type locality: Bolivia, depto Santa Cruz, R. Guaporé system, R. Uruguaito, tributary of the R. Quizer, 13 km S San Xavier. Holotype: IRSNB 677. Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre de Dios drainage in Peru, and the Mamoré and Guaporé River basins. Countries: Bolivia, Peru ‘Cichlasoma’ cienagae Hubbs, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus cienagae Hubbs, 1936: 271, pl. 12 (fig.4). Type locality: Slightly brackish pool, 3 km. south of Progreso. Holotype: UMMZ 102135. Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Progreso, Yucatán, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ conchitae Hubbs, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus conchitae Hubbs, 1936: 274, pl. 12 (fig. 3). Type locality: Conchita Cenote, Merida. Holotype: UMMZ 102109. Maximum length: 6.4 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Conchita Cenote, Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840) Acara dimerus Heckel, 1840: 351. Type locality: Cujabà-Fluss. Holotype: NMW 33620. Acara marginatus Heckel, 1840: 350. Type locality: der Nähe von Cujabà. Holotype: NMW 33673. ?Heros centralis Holmberg, 1891: 183. Type locality: República Argentina, Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Type lost. Maximum length: 11.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, and the Paraná River drainage of Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Common names: Acará (Brazil) Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a:193), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. ‘Cichlasoma’ ericymba Hubbs, 1938 Cichlasoma urophthalmus ericymba Hubbs, 1938: 284, pl. 2 (fig. 1). Type locality: San Bulha Cenote (or Cave) at Merida, Yucatan. Holotype: UMMZ 116091. Maximum length: 12.2 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, San Bulha cenote, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. 622 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Common names: Mojarra de Bulha (Mexico) ‘Cichlasoma’ facetum (Jenyns, 1842) Chromis facetus Jenyns, 1842: 104. Type locality: Maldonado, Rio Plata. Types in Cambridge University Museum. Heros autochthon Günther, 1862: 299. Type locality: Brazil. Syntypes: (4) ?BMNH uncat. (1). Heros jenynsii Steindachner, 1869: 149. Type locality: Montevideo. Syntypes: NMW 17324-27 (4), 58722 (1). Heros acaroides Hensel, 1870: 54. Type locality: Bei Porto Alegre in stagnirenden Gewässern. Syntypes: ZMB 7455 (2). Maximum length: 18 cm TL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul State; Paraná River basin, lower part of Paraná River in Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile (introduced), Uruguay Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Castañeta (Argentina), Chanchita (Argentina), Chanchito (Argentina), Palometa (Argentina), Palometa Negra (Argentina), Peine (Argentina) ‘Cichlasoma’ festae (Boulenger, 1899) Heros festae Boulenger, 1899: 6. Type locality: Rio Guayas, Guayaquil. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.12.31.36 (1), MZUT 1504 (1). Maximum length: 25 cm TL Distribution: South America: Pacific drainages from Esmeraldas River in Ecuador to Tumbes River in Peru. Countries: Ecuador, Peru Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. tween Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, lat.16°44’N, long. 93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 204200. Maximum length: 20.3 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River basin from the Grande de Chiapa River drainage in Mexico to Lagartero River in Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) Heros istlanus Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 144, fig. 21. Type locality: Rio Ixtla at Puente de Ixtla, Río Balsa basin, Morelos, Mexico. Holotype: SU 6150. Heros mento Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 88. Type locality: Rio Négro (Mexique sud). Syntypes: MNHN 94-283-286 (3), UMMZ 203326. Cichlasoma (Parapetenia) leonhard-schultzei Ahl, 1935: 109. Type locality: Tlapa, Guerreiro, Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (not found). Cichlasoma istlana fusca de Buen, 1946: 121. Type locality: Río Huámito en La Huacana. Syntypes: not located. Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Taylor & Miller (1980: 7) suggested that the type series of Heros mento may not have been from the Usumacinta River, and that it may be a synonym of Cichlasoma istlanum. The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Mojarra (Mexico), Mojarra criolla (Mexico) ‘Cichlasoma’ geddesi (Regan, 1905) ‘Cichlasoma’ mayorum Hubbs, 1936 Herichthys geddesi Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Southern Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1880.4.7.40-45 (6). Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Southern Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The validity of this taxon needs further research. The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Cichlasoma urophthalmus mayorum Hubbs, 1936: 277, pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type locality: Xtolok Cenote, Chichen Itza. Holotype: UMMZ 92098. Maximum length: 9.6 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xtolok Cenote, Chichen Itza, Yucatán, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922 Cichlasoma ornatum gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922: 205, pl. 31 (fig. 4). Type locality: Cordova, Rio Dagua. Holotype: FMNH 58614 [ex CM 7639]. Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Dagua and San Juan Rivers on the Pacific slope of Colombia. Countries: Colombia Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980 Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980: 2, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Grande de Chiapa, about 1 km above bridge be- ‘Cichlasoma’ microlepis Dahl, 1960 Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl, 1960: 480, fig. on p. 481. Type locality: Pavarandó, Baudó. Holotype: ICNMHN 95. Maximum length: 18.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Baudó River basin, Pacific slope of Colombia. Countries: Colombia Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Mojarra rosada (Colombia) ‘Cichlasoma’ octofasciatum (Regan, 1903) Heros octofasciatus Regan, 1903a: 417, pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type local- 623 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America ity: Mexique. Holotype: MHNG 665.55 (1 of 9, 50 mm TL). Cichlasoma hedricki Meek, 1904: 208, fig. 66. Type locality: Obispo, Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4673. Cichlosoma biocellatum Regan, 1909b: 234. Type locality: Mañaos, Rio Negro [obviously incorrect]. Holotype: BMNH 1908.12.5.30. Maximum length: 25 cm TL Distribution: North and Cental America: Atlantic slope from Papaloapán River (southern Mexico) to Ulua River (Honduras). Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Jack dempsey (Belize), Riquiraqui (Mexico) Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983a: 177, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type locality: Brasil, est. Ceará, R. Curu system, Pentecoste, reservoir. Holotype: USNM 258642. Maximum length: 13.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast rivers of Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba States. Countries: Brazil Common names: Acará (Brazil), Acará comum (Brazil) Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983a: 106, pl. 4 (fig. 2-3), 5 (fig. 1). Type locality: Colombia, depto Meta, R. Meta system, Laguna Mozambique, at shoreline on N side of lake. Holotype: ANSP 127364. Maximum length: 10.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in left bank tributaries of the Orinoco River from the Meta River in Colombia to about Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela) ‘Cichlasoma’ ornatum Regan, 1905 Cichlosoma ornatum Regan, 1905a: 330. Type locality: Rio Durango. Syntypes: (3) BMNH. Maximum length: 26 cm SL Distribution: South America: Patia River basin in Colombia, Durango and St. Javier Rivers in Ecuador, all draining to the Pacific Ocean. Countries: Colombia, Ecuador Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983a: 241, pl. 13 fig. 1. Type locality: Brasil, Est. Mato Grosso do Sul, R. Paraná superior system, mun. Tres Lagoas, varzea on the left bank of the R. Sucuriú, at Fazenda Santa Luzia, near Urubupungá dam. Holotype: MZUSP 13927. Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, upper Paraná River drainage above Guaíra. Countries: Brazil ‘Cichlasoma’ pearsei (Hubbs, 1936) Herichthys pearsei Hubbs, 1936: 279, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality: Río Champoton, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km.) east of Champoton. Holotype: UMMZ 102212. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Zacatera (Mexico) Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870) Acara portalegrensis Hensel, 1870: 52. Type locality: bei Porto Alegre in stagnirenden Gewässern. Lectotype: ZMB 25107, designated by Kullander (1983a: 211). Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos basin and Tramandaí River basin in Rio Grande do Sul State. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 209), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. Common names: Cará (Brazil) Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983a: 221, pl. 12 (fig. 1). Type locality: Paraguay, depto Alto Paraná, R. Alto Paraná system, Puerto Palma. Holotype: MHNG 2131.94. Maximum length: 6.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Acaray River, Paraguay. Countries: Paraguay Remarks and references: Specimens identified by Kullander (1983a) from Uruguay, do not belong to this species. ‘Cichlasoma’ ramsdeni Fowler, 1938 Cichlasoma ramsdeni Fowler, 1938: 145. Type locality: Arroyo Hondo, Jamaica, Yateras, Guantánamo, Cuba. Holotype: ANSP 68454. Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Joturo (Cuba) ‘Cichlasoma’ salvini (Günther, 1862) Heros salvini Günther, 1862: 294. Type locality: River de Santa Isabel; Lake Peten. Syntypes: (at least 5) BMNH 1864.1.26.6769 (3), 1864.1.26.70-73 (4?). Heros triagramma Steindachner, 1864: 70, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: Central-Amerika. Holotype: NMW 76584. Cichlasoma tenue Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Achotal, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3781. Maximum length: 22 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, from southern Mexico to Guatemala and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Mango pinto (Mexico), Peine (Mexico), Yellowbelly cichlid (Belize) Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983 624 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983a: 227, pl. 12 (fig. 2). Type locality: Brasil, Est. Bahia, R. São Francisco system, Lagoa Viana. Holotype: NMW 32714. Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, also Parnaíba and Capivara River basins. Countries: Brazil ‘Cichlasoma’ stenozonum Hubbs, 1936 Remarks and references: Heros trimaculatus is described in more detail in Günther (1868: 461, pl. 76). The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ troschelii (Steindachner, 1867) Cichlasoma urophthalmus stenozonum Hubbs, 1936: 263. Type locality: Central Amerika. Type based on description of Heros urophthalmus, Steindachner 1864: 66, p. 5 fig. 3. Maximum length: 11 cm TL Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern Mexico. Countries: Mexico? Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Heros Troschelii Steindachner, 1867a: 64. Type locality: Mexico. Syntypes: (2) not found at NMW. Maximum length: 16 cm SL Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Species also appeared in more detail in Steindachner (1867b: 528, pl. 4). The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Guapote (El Salvador), Mojarra (El Salvador) Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831) ‘Cichlasoma’ ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002) Chromis taenia Bennett, 1831: 112. Type locality: apud Trinidad. Holotype: BMNH 1852.9.13.123 [ex Zool. Soc.]. Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island, and adjacent northeastern Venezuela. Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 90) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Common names: Brown coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Large coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago) Vieja ufermanni Allgayer, 2002a: 14, fig. p. 17. Type locality: Guatemala, Rio Pucté, bassin du Rio de La Pasión, sur la route de Florès à Sayache. Holotype: MNHN 2002-1090. Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River basin. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico ‘Cichlasoma’ tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 1995 Cichlasoma tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 1995: 194, fig. 1. Type locality: Argentina, arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del Urugua-í, at ‘Alto Paraná’ company fields. Holotype: MLP 9059. Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, known only from the Arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del Urugua-í, Misiones Province. Countries: Argentina Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. ‘Cichlasoma’ trimaculatum (Günther, 1867) Heros trimaculatus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Chiapas and Huamuchal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.256 (?1). Cichlasoma mojarra Meek, 1904: 217, fig. 71. Type locality: San Geronimo, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4719 [not 4718]. Cichlasoma centrale Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Caballo Blanco, Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5510. Cichlasoma gordon-smithi Fowler, 1936: 529, fig. 44. Type locality: Small lake at Moco, 3050 feet elevation at foot of volcano of Atitlan. Holotype: ANSP 64153. Cichlasoma cajali Alvarez & Gutierrez, 1953: 232, fig. 1. Type locality: Laguna de Coyuca, próxima al Puerto de Acapulco, Gro. Holotype: Originally in personal collection of J. Alvarez, searched in IPN, not found. Maximum length: 36.5 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope rivers of the Pacific slope from Mexico to El Salvador. Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus (Günther, 1862) Heros urophthalmus Günther, 1862: 291. Type locality: Peten. Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1864.1.26.74-77. Cichlasoma urophthalmus trispilum Hubbs, 1935: 18, pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 95520. Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic drainages from Mexico to Nicaragua. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Mayan cichlid (Belize) ‘Cichlasoma’ zebra Hubbs, 1936 Cichlasoma urophthalmus zebra Hubbs, 1936: 275, pl. 13 (fig.2). Type locality: Xlaka Cenote, about 13 km. north of Merida. Holotype: UMMZ 102123. Maximum length: 10.4 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xlaka Cenote, Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. Species inquirenda Chromys oblonga Castelnau, 1855: 14. Type locality: le Tocantins (Province de Goyaz). Holotype: MNHN A.9485. [Species similar to Cichlasoma facetum, not found since in the Tocantins River drainage]. 625 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Cleithracara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 173. Type species: Acara maronii Steindachner, 1882. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. tus Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann & Bray 1894: 620). Gender: masculine. Boggiania Perugia, 1897: 148. Type species: Boggiania ocellata Perugia, 1897. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881) Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862 CLEITHRACARA Acara Maronii Steindachner, 1881a: 141, pl. 2 (fig. 4). Type locality: Maroni-Fluss in Guiana. Holotype: NMW 33683. Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island (impersistent); Orinoco River basin (delta), Guianan rivers from Barima River (Guyana) to Ouanary River (French Guyana). Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 175) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustration. Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862: 307. Type locality: River Cupai (800 miles from the sea) [Brazil, Cupari River]. Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.46. Maximum length: 23 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós and Aripuanã River basins. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840 Crenicara Steindachner, 1875: 99. Type species: Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter. Crenacara Regan, 1905c: 152. Type species: Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name (unjustified emendation of Crenicara). Gender: feminine. Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840: 421. Type locality: RioGuaporé. Types in NMW, not found. Crenicichla funebris Heckel, 1840: 424. Type locality: Matogrosso am Rio-Guaporé. Syntypes: NMW 16406, 16451. Maximum length: 29 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Ploeg 1991: 64 acted as first reviser in placing C. funebris in the synonymy of C. adspersa. Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990 Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904 Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990: 163, figs. 13. Type locality: Brazil, state of Rondônia, Rio Mamoré drainage, Igarapé do 13 on road Palheta-Guajará-Mirim. Holotype: MZUSP 40290. Maximum length: 8.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé and Mamoré (near Guajará-Mirim) drainages. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil Crenicichla saxatilis var. albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904: 374. Type locality: Guyane française (originally also Surinam, Guyane anglaise). Lectotype: MNHN 1898-59, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 224). Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: South America: From the Approuague River in French Guiana to the Demerara River in Guyana. Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana), Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana) CRENICARA Crenicara punctulatum (Günther, 1863) Acara punctulata Günther, 1863: 441. Type locality: Essequibo. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.26. Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875: 99, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa, Cudajas und Curupira. Syntypes: (several) NMW 33026 (1), 33031-35 (?), 76428 (3), 33027-33028 (?), 33029-30 (2). Aequidens madeirae Fowler, 1913: 576, fig. 25. Type locality: Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira River, approximately two miles distant in Lat. S. 8°45’, W. Long., 63°54’, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39315. Aequidens hercules Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 394, pl. 22 (fig. 7). Type locality: creek, Rio Morona. Holotype: CAS 66926 [ex IU 17736]. Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Ecuador Peru, Colombia and Brazil, in tributaries of the rivers Ucayali, Marañón, Solimões and Amazon from about the Pachitea River on the Ucayali River to about Gurupá; upper Mamoré River in Bolivia, and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Essequibo River drainage in Guyana; Amapá Grande River in Amapá State. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 140), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Compared with C. latruncularium in Kullander & Staeck (1990). Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912 Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912: 516, pl. 68 (fig. 3). Type locality: Gluck island. Holotype: FMNH 53777. Crenicichla pterogramma Fowler, 1914: 281, fig. 20. Type locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP 39349. Crenicichla cardiostigma Ploeg, 1991: 26, fig. 18. Type locality: Brazil, State of Roraima, Rio Negro system, Rio Branco, Igarapé Traíra Montante, at Cachoeira Peudas. Holotype: INPA 2916. Maximum length: 16 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco River basin; Essequibo River basin. Countries: Brazil, Guyana Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872 Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872: 252, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: the Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP 9074-76 (3). Maximum length: 22.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali, Huallaga, Putumayo, Napo and Amazon River basins. Countries: Ecuador, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 117) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. CRENICICHLA Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792) Crenicichla Heckel, 1840: 416. Type species: Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann & Bray 1894: 620). Gender: feminine. Batrachops Heckel, 1840: 432. Type species: Batrachops reticula- Perca brasiliensis Bloch, 1792: 84, pl. 110 (fig. 2). Type locality: Flüssen Brasiliens. No types known. Sparus Nhoquunda La Cepède, 1802: 156. Type locality: [Flüssen Brasiliens]. No types known. Substitute name for Perca brasil- 626 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America iensis Bloch 1792. Maximum length: 7.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Northeastern Brazil, states of Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Pernambuco. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Species included in Crenicichla menezesi by Ploeg (1991: 46); additional research needed to clarify its diagnosis. Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982 Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982c: 642, fig. 7. Type locality: Brasil, Estado de São Paulo, mun. Promissão, R. Tietê system, km 143 on BR-153, above road in small brook. Holotype: MZUSP 16004. Maximum length: 11.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná River drainage upstream from Guaíra. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911 Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911: 369. Type locality: Tocantins bei Cametá. Lectotype: NMW 32816, designated by Ploeg (1986b: 63). Crenicichla astroblepa Ploeg, 1986b: 58, pl. 3 (upper & middle). Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage, after closing of the stowage. Holotype: INPA 856. Maximum length: 18.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987 Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987: 883, fig. 1. Type locality: Arroyo de la Invernada, Picada de la Negra Muerta, Dpto. Artigas, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC P94. Maximum length: 18.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin. Countries: Argentina (?), Brazil, Uruguay Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & Kullander (1992: 107), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905 Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42 (3). Type locality: Marajó (Brésil). Holotype: MNHN 1902-95. Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905c: 166. Type locality: [Marajó (Brésil)]. Holotype: MNHN 1902-95. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement name for Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata Pellegrin, preoccupied in Crenicichla by Cychla fasciata Jardine, 1843. Maximum length: 19.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador, from the Napo River to Marajó Island. Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Common names: Añashua (Peru) Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 94). Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986 Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986b: 63, pl. 4 (upper). Type locality: rapids downstream of Jatobal. Holotype: INPA 855. Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tocantins River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987 Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987: 77, pl. 1 (second & mid- dle). Type locality: Surinam, left bank tributary to Linker Coppename River. Holotype: ZMA 107841. Maximum length: 17.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Coppename and Saramacca River basins. Countries: Suriname Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870 Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870: 569. Type locality: Upper Marañon, near Pebas. Holotype: ANSP 9078. Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and western Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 89) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986 Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986b: 65, pl. 4 (middle & lower). Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage, after closing the stowage. Holotype: INPA 854. Maximum length: 9.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tocantins River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858 Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858: 386. Type locality: [western portion of the Island of Trinidad]. Holotype: USNM 1111. Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Trinidad Islands and northeastern Venezuela. Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992 Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 137, fig. 29. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, arroio Passo do Alto, near Mineral, município of São Nicolau. Holotype: MCP 14328. Maximum length: 12.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in the tributaries of the middle Uruguay River (Comandaí, Ijuí, and Piratinim Rivers). Countries: Brazil Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903 Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Vénézuéla. Holotype: MNHN 1898-47. Maximum length: 13 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa River basin. Countries: Venezuela Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974 Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974: 554, fig. 1. Type locality: río Paraná frente a Jupìá, Mato Grosso. Holotype: MZUSP 4022b. Maximum length: 9.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraná River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989 Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989: 163, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilìen, Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, Cachoeira Porteira. Holotype: IRSNB 768. Maximum length: 5.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River close to Cachoeira Porteira. 627 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Brazil Countries: Brazil Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990 Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986 Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990a: 214, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Rio Aripuanã drainage, headwater stream tributary to the Rio Cinta Larga where crossed by the road BR-174, 41 km from Juína. Holotype: MZUSP 40292. Crenicichla guentheri Ploeg, 1991: 33, fig. 30. Type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeropuerto, Humboldt. Holotype: INPA 2884. Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Aripuanã River in the Madeira River drainage. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986b: 67, pl. 5 (upper). Type locality: Itupiranga. Holotype: INPA 857. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tocantins basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991: 35, fig. 33. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé Jaramacuru, tributary to Rio Cuminá. Holotype: MZUSP 40135. Maximum length: 10.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Trombetas River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992 Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 125, fig. 23. Type locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, município Campos Novos, rio Canoas at Passo do Canoas, (road SC-458), on the road Tupitinga-Celso Ramos. Holotype: MCP 12906. Maximum length: 22.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the upper Uruguay River. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911 Crenicichla iguassüensis Haseman, 1911: 352, pl. 61. Type locality: Porto União da Victoria, Rio Iguassú. Holotype: FMNH 54159. Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Iguaçu River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991: 37, fig. 35. Type locality: Brazil, State of Amazonas, Rio Amazonas system, Ilha do Careiro. Holotype: INPA 1427. Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, reported from a large area of the Amazon River basin in Brazil. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991: 39, fig. 37. Type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, 3 km from Cachoeira de Dardanelos Humboldt (59°27’W, 10°10’S). Holotype: INPA 2883. Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911 Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911: 351, pl. 60. Type locality: Jaguara, Rio Grande of the Paraná, Minas. Holotype: FMNH 54157. Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraná River basin. Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840: 425. Type locality: RioGuaporè. Holotype: NMW 16431. Cychla fasciata Jardine, 1843: 141, pl. 4. Type locality: No locality given [probably Guyana]. No types known. Primary homonym of Cychla fasciata Swainson, 1839 = Badis badis Hamilton, 1822. Crenicichla obtusirostris Günther, 1862: 305. Type locality: River Capin. Holotype: BMNH 1849.11.8.57. Crenicichla johanna carsevennensis Pellegrin, 1905: 168. Type locality: Entre les rivières Carsevenne et Cachipour (contesté franco-brésilien). Holotype: MNHN 1899-113. Maximum length: 28.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, widespread in Peru, Brazil and Bolivia; in the Orinoco basin in Colombia and Venezuela; Essequibo drainage in Guyana; Oyapock and Approuague drainages in French Guiana; Amapá State. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 98) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Ploeg (1991: 68) claimed that C. johanna is based on more than one specimen, and designated the only specimen found at NMW as lectotype (NMW 16431). Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana), Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana) Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968 Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968: 171, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Paraná, no Salto de Urubupungá, entre os Estados de Mato Grosso e São Paulo. Holotype: MZUSP 4363. Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraná River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992 Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 128, fig. 25. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Marombas at bridge Irineu Bornhausen. Holotype: MCP 14326. Maximum length: 17.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin, in tributaries of the upper Uruguay River. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831) Cychla labrina Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 99, pl. 62 (fig. 1, as Cichla labrina). Type locality: mare Brasiliae. Lectotype: MHNN 599, designated by Ploeg (1986b: 69). Maximum length: 16 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tocantins River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855) Cycla lacustris Castelnau, 1855: 19, pl. 8 (fig. 3). Type locality: Dique, ou étang près de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A9501 (2). Crenicichla dorsocellata Haseman, 1911: 355, pl. 63. Type local- 628 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America ity: Campos, R. Parahyba. Holotype: FMNH 54155. Crenicichla biocellata Ihering, 1914: 333. Type locality: Rio Doce, Est. do Espirito Santo. Holotype: MZUSP 1167. Maximum length: 29 cm SL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of southeastern and eastern Brazil. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840: 419. Type locality: Rionegro, bei Marabitanas. Holotype: NMW 59417. Crenicichla ornata Regan, 1905c: 167, pl. 15 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rio Negro. Lectotype: BMNH 1893.4.24.6, designated by Ploeg (1991: 71). Maximum length: 30 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescription in Ploeg (1991: 70). Ploeg places the type locality in Venezuela, Orinoco River system, although all known evidence suggests that it is the Negro River. The correct catalog number for the lectotype is BMNH 1893.4.24.6 (not 1893.2.24.6 as stated in Ploeg, 1970: 70, fig. 81) and the correct number for the paralectotypes is BMNH 1893.4.24: 7-8 (not 1893.4.34: 7-8, as stated in Ploeg,1970: 72). Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840: 429, pl. 30 (fig. 13). Type locality: Rio-Guaporè. Lectotype: NMW 33101, designated by Ploeg (1991: 42). Crenicichla edithae Ploeg, 1991: 29, fig. 24. Type locality: Paraguay, Río Paraguai system, Arroyo Itabu-Guazu. Holotype: MHNG 2028.45. Maximum length: 18 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, widespread in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay and the lower Paraná (below Guaíra) in Paraguay and Argentina, and also along the coast of Rio Grande do Sul State. Also found in the middle and lower Uruguay River in Brazil and Uruguay. Amazon River basin in the Guaporé River drainage in Brazil and Bolivia. Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Remarks and references: Species monograph in Kullander (1982c); description of material from Uruguay River in Lucena & Kullander (1992: 101). Common names: Guensa-verde (Brazil) Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870 Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Perú, R. Ucayali drainage: Loreto, Quebrada Abrahancillo, left bank tributary of R. Aucayacu, 4 km S. Supay Cocha [originally tributaries of the Upper Marañon, in Equador]. Neotype: NRM 25662, designated by Kullander (1986: 116). Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and western Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 112), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Branco River in Guyana; Corantijn River in Suriname. Countries: Brazil, Guyana, Suriname Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840: 427, pl. 30 (fig. 9). Type locality: Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33082 (1) and NMW 77820 (1) Crenicichla santaremensis Haseman, 1911: 354, pl. 62 (fig. 1). Type locality: lagoon along the margin of the Amazon, three miles above Santarém. Holotype: FMNH 54153. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro, Uatumã, Tapajós, Xingu, and Trombetas River basins. Countries: Brazil Common names: Jacundá (Brazil) Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904 Crenicichla brasiliensis marmorata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42 (4). Type locality: [No locality]. Holotype: MNHN A.9496. Maximum length: 28 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil, from the Madeira River to Tocantins River. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991: 45, fig. 47. Type locality: Brazil, State of Maranhão, Caieira. Holotype: NMW 33292. Maximum length: 14.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Rivers of the state of Maranhão State. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992 Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 116, fig. 12. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí, on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14321. Maximum length: 17.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the middle an upper Uruguay River. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992 Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 113, fig. 9. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí, on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14324. Maximum length: 20.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the upper and middle Uruguay River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914 Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914: 335. Type locality: Theophilo Ottoni, rìo Todos os Santos, affl. do Mucury, Est. de Minas Geraes. Lectotype: MZUSP 2526, designated by Britski (1969: 210). Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Mucuri River basin in eastern coast of Brazil. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903 Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840: 422. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 61148. Cychla ? rutilans Jardine, 1843: 142, pl. 5. Type locality: Rio Branco. No types known. Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco, Negro, and Uatumã Rivers in Brazil; Essequibo River and Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903: 124 [5]. Type locality: Guyane française. Lectotype: MNHN 9542, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 230). Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Maroni and Mana River basins of Suriname and French Guiana. Countries: French Guiana, Suriname 629 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana), Poson madanm (French Guiana) Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987 Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987: 81, pl. 1 (fourth & lower). Type locality: Surinam, right bank tributary to Nickerie River, 12 km W.S.W. of Stondansie Fall. Holotype: ZMA 107843. Maximum length: 19.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Nickerie and Corantijn River basins. Countries: Suriname Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891) Acharnes niederleinii Holmberg, 1891: 181. Type locality: Rio Pequiri, en Misiones, y en otros inmediatos. Holotype: Museo de la Escuela Normal de Profesoras de la Capital, lost. Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of the upper Paraná River in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Remarks and references: Brief review with illustration in Kullander (1981b: 684). Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913 Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: the Amazon at Manaos. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.4.15.4, designated by Ploeg (1989: 166). Maximum length: 7.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991: 48, fig. 53. Type locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, Igarapé do Porto. Holotype: INPA 2885. Maximum length: 15.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991 Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991a: 356, fig. 4. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Cachoeira do Espelho. Holotype: MZUSP 36880. Maximum length: 22 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River at Cachoeira do Espelho and Altamira, Brazil. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991 Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991a: 353, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, município de São Felix do Xingu, Rio Fresco, Aldeia Gorotire. Holotype: MZUSP 35997. Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius and Goritire. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992 Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 140, fig. 32. Type locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, rio Jacutinga, on the road BR 283 Seara-Concórdia. Holotype: MCP 13016. Maximum length: 8.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Uruguay River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872 Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872: 252. Type locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9050, designated by Kullander (1986: 110). Crenicichla proteus argynnis Cope, 1872: 253. Type locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP 9059 (1), 14375 (1). Batrachops nemopterus Fowler, 1940: 283, fig. 64. Type locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68684. Crenicichla nijsseni Ploeg, 1991: 47, fig. 41. Type locality: Brazil, State of Acre, Río Japurá system, Río Branco, Açude Carlos Simão. Holotype: MZUSP 40163. Maximum length: 15.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo and Putumayo drainages in Ecuador, in the Ucayali-Amazon drainage from Chicosa to Pebas in Peru, and upper Purus basin. Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 107), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Synonymy of Crenicichla nijsseni based on unpublished observation (Kullander, MS). Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870 Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870: 57. Type locality: aus dem Guahyba bei Porto Alegre [originally also: Bächen des Urwaldes.. Waldbächen von der deutschen Colonie Sta. Cruz in Rio Grande do Sul]. Lectotype: ZMB 7459, designated by Lucena & Azevedo (1989: 90). Crenicichla polysticta Hensel, 1870: 58. Type locality: Rio Cadea des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Syntypes: ZMB 7461(1), uncat. (3) not found). Maximum length: 22.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim basins in Rio Grande do Sul State and Uruguay. Countries: Brazil, Uruguay Remarks and references: Species revised by Lucena & Azevedo (1989). Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991: 52, fig. 57. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé at km 10 of BR 163 at level of bridge. Holotype: INPA 3078. Maximum length: 17.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River drainage above Cachoeira Porteira. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989 Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989: 164, fig. 2. Type locality: Brasilien, Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, linksseitiger Zufluss bei Cachoeira Porteira. Holotype: IRSNB 766. Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River at Cachoeira Porteira. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840) Batrachops reticulatus Heckel, 1840: 433, pl. 30 (fig. 17). Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 35783. Crenicichla elegans Steindachner, 1881b: 15. Type locality: HochPeru. Syntypes: NMW 32835 (2). Batrachops punctulatus Regan, 1905c: 156, pl. 14 (fig. 1). Type locality: R. Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.24. Maximum length: 21.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Colombia, Peru, and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru Common names: Añashua (Peru), Jacundá (Brazil), Peixe sabão (Brazil) Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997 630 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997b: 280, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Córrego do Gato. Holotype: MZUSP 40300. Maximum length: 24.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, upper Xingu River drainage (Suiá-Missu River). Countries: Brazil Common names: Rubanana (Brazil) Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991: 53, fig. 59. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rondônia, Rio Madeira system, Río Machado, Jiparaná: Río Urupa. Holotype: INPA 2889. Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Machado River of Rondônia State. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 278. Type locality: Surinam. Lectotype: NRM 5583, designated by Ploeg (1986a: 49). Sparus biocellatus Walbaum, 1792: 298. Type locality: Surinam. Holotype: Based on Gronovius (1763, Sparus rufescens; 1754, Sparus rostro plagiplateo); represented by BMNH 1853.11.2.24. Sparus Pavo La Cepède, 1802: 49, 151. Type locality: [Suriname]. Unnecessary replacement name for Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus. Scarus pavoninus Gray, 1854: 63. Type locality: Surinami. Holotype: BMNH 1853.11.2.24. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast drainages of Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad Island. Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Booto (Suriname), Marann (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana), Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana) Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907) Batrachops scottii Eigenmann, 1907: 455, pl. 23 (fig. 8). Type locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: in Princeton University, apparently lost. Crenicichla (Batrachops) multidens Steindachner, 1915: 347. Type locality: La Plata. Holotype: NMW, not found. Labrus amarus Larrañaga, 1923: 383. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Crenicichla lacustris semifasciata Devincenzi, 1939: 34, fig. 11 (no. 3). Type locality: Rio Uruguay (Paysandú). No types known. Maximum length: 16.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, middle and lower parts, in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & Kullander (1992: 131), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986 Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986: 83, pl. 4-6 (fig. 3). Type locality: Peru, departamento Pasco, Río Pachitea drainage system, in Río Yamushimas, tributary to Rio Palcazú, near San Pedro de Longin. Holotype: USNM 229057. Maximum length: 22.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Ucayali River drainage, upper Huallaga River drainage (Tingo María) in Peru, and the Napo and Putumayo River drainages in Ecuador. Countries: Ecuador, Peru Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892 Crenicichla saxatilis var. semicincta Steindachner, 1892: 376 [20]. Type locality: Bolivia, Provinz Yuracares, im oberen Chaparé bei Puerto de San Mateo. Syntypes: NMW 33482-84 (3). Crenicichla clancularia Ploeg, 1991: 27, fig. 20. Type locality: Bolivia, State of Mato Grosso[sic], Río Mamore system, Sta. Cruz, Buenavista. Holotype: BMNH 1927.10.4.49. Maximum length: 17.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru, and in the Mamoré River basin. Countries: Bolivia, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 101), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. The synonymy of C. clancularia is based on unpublished observations (Kullander, MS). Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840) Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel, 1840: 436. Type locality: Flusse Paraguay bei Caiçara. Types in NMW, not found. Acharnes chacoensis Holmberg, 1891: 182. Type locality: Formosa. No types known. Boggiania ocellata Perugia, 1897: 148. Type locality: Puerto 14 de Mayo, dipartamento di Bahia Negra, nel Chaco boreale. Holotype: MSNG 33700. Crenicichla simoni Haseman, 1911: 345, pl. 59. Type locality: Rio Paraguay at São Luiz de Caceres. Holotype: FMNH 54097. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River in Paraguay and Brazil, and the Paraná drainage in Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987 Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987: 90, pl. 2 (upper). Type locality: Corantijn River system, Sipaliwini River near Sipaliwini airstrip. Holotype: RMNH 30561. Maximum length: 17.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini River, upper Corantijn basin. Countries: Suriname Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991: 108, fig. 141. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Río Tocantins system, Capuaraná. Holotype: INPA 2851. Maximum length: 25 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862 Crenicichla johanna strigata Günther, 1862: 306. Type locality: River Capin; River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Lectotype: BMNH 1849.11.8.79-82 (1 of 4), designated by Ploeg (1991: 78). Maximum length: 30 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern tributries of the Amazon River basin. Countries: Brazil, Guyana Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991 Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991: 58, fig. 68. Type locality: Colombia, Río Orinoco system, Río Meta, along road VillavicencioPuerto López, Puerto Gaintán. Holotype: RMNH 31622. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Llanos of Venezuela and Colombia. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 631 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America 1992 Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 121, figs. 19-20. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, município Santo Angelo, rio Piratinim, Fazenda dos Hinz, Coímbra. Holotype: MCP 10876. Maximum length: 15.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926 Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926: 97. Type locality: Oyapock River at “Sant” Cafesoca, French Guiana. Lectotype: BMNH 1926.3.2.860, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 228). Maximum length: 24.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French Guiana and Brazil. Countries: French Guiana Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marann (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana), Poson madanm (French Guiana) Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991 Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991: 3, fig. 2. Type locality: Brésil, Est. Pará, Rio Trombetas, au niveau de l’embouchure de l’Igarapé Caxipacoré. Holotype: INPA 1800. Maximum length: 28 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas River near Cachoeira Porteira. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990 Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990c: 86, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Tapajós, rocky pool at São Luiz upstream of Itaituba. Holotype: MZUSP 40289. Maximum length: 6.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tapajós River at São Luiz. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903 Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903: 124. Type locality: La Mana (Guyane française); Essequibo (Guyane anglaise). Syntypes: MNHN 4050, 2993. Maximum length: 12.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Essequibo and Mana River basins. Countries: French Guiana, Guyana Remarks and references: The type series of Crencichla vaillanti is a composite, and the species must be treated as valid until a lectotype is designated. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Remarks and references: Brief review by Lucena & Kullander (1992: 105), based on material from Uruguay River. Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905 Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905c: 163, pl. 14 (fig. 2). Type locality: Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.93. Crenicichla nanus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: British Guiana. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.10.31.125-126 (2). Maximum length: 8.5 cm TL Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin. Countries: Guyana Species inquirendae Cycla conibos Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type locality: l’ Ucayale. No types known. Cycla multifasciata Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality: l’ Ucayale. No types known. DICROSSUS Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type species: Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958) Crenicara filamentosa Ladiges, 1958: 204, fig. p. 204. Type locality: möglicherweise vom Amazonas. Lectotype: ZMH 343, designated by (Wilkens 1977: 160); also by Kullander (1978: 268). Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro River drainage; Orinoco River basin from the Inírida River in Colombia to Maripa in Venezuela. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Species monograph in Kullander (1978); also described by Ladiges (1959). Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875 Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type locality: Lago maximo und José Assu sowie in Nebenarmen des Amazonenstromes bei Tocantins, im Rio Hyauary und im Rio Tajapuru. Syntypes: NMW 77916 (3). Crenicara praetoriusi Weise in Praetorius, 1935: 179, fig. 4. Type locality: [No locality]. Crenicara praetoriusi Ahl, 1936b: 265. Type locality: IgarapèIrurà-Mapiry. Syntypes: (3) ZMB 32383-84 (2). Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós River drainage, Maués River, and near Parintins. Countries: Brazil Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991 GEOPHAGUS Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991: 94, fig. 119. Type locality: Brazil, State of Roraima, Río Negro, Río Branco, Río Uraricoera, Ilha de Maracá. Holotype: INPA 2909. Maximum length: 6.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Branco River basin. Countries: Brazil Geophagus Heckel, 1840: 383. Type species: Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann & Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine. Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla vittata, Heckel 1840: 417. Type locality: Flusse Cuyaba; Flusse Paraguay. Lectotype: NMW 77815, designated by Ploeg (1991: 81). Status as syntype is, however, not supported by collection data. NMW 77770 probable holotype. Maximum length: 26 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the Paraná River drainage in Argentina; also in the middle Uruguay River drainage in Brazil. Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840 Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840: 385, pl. 29 (fig. 21-25). Type locality: Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 17007-08 (2). Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of the Amazon River. Countries: Brazil Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991 Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991b: 130, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte, rocky pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32906. Maximum length: 18 cm SL 632 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River from Cachoeira von Martius to Belo Monte, and in the Curuá River basin. Countries: Brazil Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 (7°40’40”N, 63°08’05”W). Holotype: MCNG 25480. Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper Caura and lower Caroní River basins. Countries: Venezuela Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976 Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 48, fig. 26. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Nickerie R. system, rocky pool just above Blanche Marie Vallen. Holotype: RMNH 30974. Maximum length: 13.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Corantijn and Nickerie River drainages in Suriname; probably ranges westward to the Essequibo River basin. Countries: Guyana, Suriname Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976: 88, fig. 21. Type locality: rivière Ouaqui à Saut Bali (Affluent du Tampok, basin du Maroni), Guyane française. Holotype: IRSNB 525. Maximum length: 18.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Marowijne River basin. Countries: French Guiana, Suriname Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra so (French Guiana) Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Geophagus brasiliensis iporangensis Haseman, 1911: 364, pl. 71. Type locality: Iporanga ... a mountain stream of the Rio Ribeira da Iguapé. Holotype: FMNH 54202 [ex CM 2792a]. Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguape River basin. Countries: Brazil Chromis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 286. Type locality: baie de Rìo de Janeiro. Holotype: MNHN A.9503. Chromys unimaculata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 7 (fig. 2). Type locality: eaux douces des environs de Rio-de-Janeiro. Holotype: MNHN A.9506. Acara gymnopoma Günther, 1862: 278. Type locality: [None stated]. Holotype: BMNH 1842.8.18.8. Geophagus brasiliensis Kner, 1865: 266, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type locality: Rio Janeiro. Syntypes: NMW 23044-45 (2). Acara minuta Hensel, 1870: 53. Type locality: Kleinen Tümpeln bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: (5) ZMB 7453. Maximum length: 28 cm TL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of eastern and southern Brazil and Uruguay. Countries: Brazil, Uruguay Common names: Acará-topete (Brazil) Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 41, figs. 2325. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Brokopondo, Suriname R. system, Brokopondomeer along N shore at Afobaka. Holotype: ZMA 119530. Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Suriname River basin. Countries: Suriname Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903 Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Riv. Camopi (Guyane française). Lectotype: MNHN 1901-456. Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Oyapock and Approuague River basins. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana Common names: Prapra soléy (French Guiana), Prapra-roche (French Guiana), Prapra-saut (French Guiana) Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876 Geophagus (Satanoperca) crassilabris Steindachner, 1876: 65, pl. 7. Type locality: einem Bache des Isthmus von Panama, wahrscheinlich in der Nähe von Candelaria. Holotype: NMW 58794. Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific and Atlantic slopes of central and eastern Panama. Countries: Panama Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn, 1992 Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, 1992: 366, fig. 7. Type locality: Venezuela, Bolivar State, Río Caroní drainage, middle Río Claro in Vuelta El Susto, ca 5 km downstream from Quebrada Mojacasabe Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911 Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911 Geophagus brasiliensis itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911: 365, pl. 72. Type locality: Queimadas, Rio Itapicurú. Holotype: FMNH 54365 [ex CM 2793a]. Distribution: South America: Itapicuru River, on the coast of Bahia State. Countries: Brazil Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840 Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840: 388. Type locality: einer grossen Lache Juquià genannt, bei Mattogrosso am Fluss Guaporè. Syntypes: NMW 16246 (1), 90309 (1), 92453 (1); SMF 3125 [ex NMW in 1844] (1). Maximum length: 17.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River basin. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855) Chromys unipunctata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type locality: rio Paraguassu, dans la province de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A.9505 (3). Chromys obscura Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 6 (fig. 3). Type locality: rio Paraguassu, province de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A.9511 (2). Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River, on the coast of Bahia State. Countries: Brazil Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912 Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: Tado, Río San Juan, Chocó, S.W. Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1910.4.11.89. Maximum length: 15.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River basins. Countries: Colombia Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855) Chromys proxima Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 7 (fig. 1). Type locality: un lac près de l’Ucayale, dans la mission de Sarayacu, au Pérou. Syntypes: MNHN A.9510 (1), B.3001 [ex MNHN A.9510] (1). Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali River drainage of Peru, and along the Solimões-Amazon River to 633 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America the Trombetas River. Countries: Brazil, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 122), with bibliography, description, diagnosis, distribution, and illustration. Common names: Acará roi roi (Brazil), Acará tinga (Brazil) Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1910 Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand in Eigenmann, 1910: 478. Type locality: Magdalena basin. Holotype: NMW 23289-90 (larger specimen) [from Cauca River, Colombia]. Geophagus hondae Regan, 1912: 506. Type locality: Honda, Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.51. Geophagus magdalena Brind, 1943: 42. Type locality: Lake at El Banco, Columbia. Syntypes: USNM 120207 (1), 120299 (1). Also spelt G. Magdalenae in same paper. Maximum length: 19.8 cm TL Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Cauca, and Sinú River basins in Colombia, Limón River (Lake Maracaibo drainage) in Venezuela. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Gosse & Kullander (1981) clarified the nomenclature of the species. Common names: Mojarra (Colombia), Mula (Colombia) Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) Sparus surinamensis Bloch, 1791: 112, pl. 277 (fig. 2). Type locality: Surinam. Holotype: ZMB 2825. Sparus trimaculatus Shaw in Shaw & Nodder, 1809: pl. 867. Type locality: American Seas. Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Saramacca and Suriname Rivers in Suriname; Marowijne River in Suriname and French Guiana. Countries: French Guiana, Suriname Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander & Nijssen (1986: 31), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra soléy (French Guiana) Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero, 1992 Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, 1992: 360, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Río Orinoco, Raudales de Ature, eastern shore (5°36’N, 67°37’W). Holotype: MBUCV-V 21744. Maximum length: 14.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the lower Caura River and along the middle and upper Orinoco River basin. Countries: Venezuela GUIANACARA Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 90. Type species: Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Oelemaria Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 92. Type species: Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Originally as Guianacara (Oelemaria). Guianacara (Guianacara) geayi (Pellegrin, 1902) Acara geayi Pellegrin, 1902: 417. Type locality: Rivière Camopi (Guyane française). Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Approuague River in French Guiana, Oyapock River drainage in French Guiana and Brazil. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana Common names: Prapra (French Guiana) Guianacara (Oelemaria) oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 126, fig. 70. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R. drainage, small right bank tributary to the upper Oelemari R. Holotype: IRSNB 750. Maximum length: 8.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage, in the Oelemari River in Suriname. Countries: Suriname Guianacara (Guianacara) owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 97, fig. 43. Type locality: Guyane française, R. Maroni system, R. Marouini below first rapids. Holotype: IRSNB 749. Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Marowijne, Suriname, Saramacca, and Coppename River basins in Suriname, and Marowijne River basin in French Guiana. Countries: French Guiana, Suriname Common names: Crobia (Suriname), Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe wefi (Suriname), Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouru wefee (Suriname), Owroe wefi (Suriname), Owroe wiffi (Suriname), Prapra (French Guiana) Guianacara (Guianacara) sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Guianacara sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 120, fig. 66. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Corantijn R. drainage, Sipaliwini. Holotype: RMNH 31047. Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini and middle Corantijn River drainages, Suriname; probably the Essequibo River basin. Countries: Guyana, Suriname Common names: Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouruwefee (Suriname) GYMNOGEOPHAGUS Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type species: Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907) Geophagus australe Eigenmann, 1907: 454, p. 23 (fig. 7). Type locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: Princeton University (whereabouts unknown). Maximum length: 15.5 cm TL Distribution: South America: Lower Paraná River basin, in Argentina. Countries: Argentina Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba (1988). Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891) Geophagus balzanii Perugia, 1891: 623. Type locality: Villa Maria (Matto Grosso), Rio Paraguay a 15°. Holotype: MSNG 7683. Geophagus duodecimspinosus Boulenger, 1895: 524. Type locality: Paraguay. Holotype: BMNH 1895.5.17.12. Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type locality: Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: MZUSP 2549. Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, the Paraná drainage in Argentina; the lower Uruguay drainage in Uruguay and Brazil. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba 634 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America (1988). Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870) Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2000 Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2001: 55, fig. 1. Type locality: Arroyo Urugua-í y ruta provincial 19 frente a la pasarela en parque provincial Islas Malvinas [Misiones, Argentina]. Holotype MLP. Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná River drainage in Argentina, known only from the Arroyo Urugua-í. Countries: Argentina Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870) Geophagus pygmaeus Hensel, 1870: 68. Type locality: Rio Guahyba bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: ZMB 7469 (2). Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel, 1870: 61. Type locality: Gebirgsbachen des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Lectotype: ZMB 7465. Geophagus camurus Cope, 1894: 104, pl. 9 (fig. 17). Type locality: Jacuhy river. Syntypes: (7) ANSP 21749-50 (2), 21885-88 (4). Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim drainages in Brazil and Uruguay. Countries: Brazil, Uruguay Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba (1988). Type locality of Geophagus camurus restricted to Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989). Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) Geophagus bucephalus Hensel, 1870: 63. Type locality: Rio Cadea und seinen Zuflussen. Lectotype: ZMB 31373 [ex ZMB 7466], designated by Reis & Malabarba (1988: 280). Geophagus labiatus Hensel, 1870: 64. Type locality: Rio Santa Maria des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: ZMB 7467. Geophagus scymnophilus Hensel, 1870: 65. Type locality: [None stated]. Lectotype: ZMB 22293, designated by Reis & Malabarba (1988: 280). Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim drainages in Brazil. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba (1988). Type locality of Geophagus scymnophilus restricted to Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989). Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988 Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 282, fig. 24. Type locality: Lagoa da Cerquinha at Pinhal, Tramandai, RS, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28462. Maximum length: 14.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages in northern Rio Grande do Sul State. Countries: Brazil Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988 Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 273, fig 19. Type locality: Headwaters of Rio Negro at road at BR-153, (Uruguay River system), Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28461. Maximum length: 8.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay and Brazil, and smaller drainages in nearby Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Geophagus rhabdotus Hensel, 1870: 60. Type locality: Cadea. Lectotype: ZMB 7461. Geophagus brachyurus Cope, 1894: 105, pl. 9 (fig. 18). Type locality: Jacuhy River. Syntypes: ANSP 21751 (1), 21880-83 (4). Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay, and the Laguna dos Patos basin. Countries: Brazil, Uruguay Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba (1988). Type locality of Geophagus brachyurus restricted to Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989). Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992 Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992: 267, fig. 2. Type locality: Río Iguazú reservoir at Juan E. O’Leary, Rio Paraná drainage, Province of Alto Paraná, Paraguay (approximately 55°30’S 25°20’W). Holotype: MHNG 2518.19. Maximum length: 9.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of the Paraná River between the Monday River and Guaíra, Paraguay and Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Paraguay HERICHTHYS Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type species: Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) Acara bartoni Bean, 1892: 286, pl. 44 (fig. 3). Type locality: Hauzteca Potosina, a region situated north of the State of Guanajuato, in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 43765, designated by Jordan & Evermann (1900, pl. 232, p. 3281). Maximum length: 18 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to the upper Verde River and the Laguna de la Media Luna systems of the Panuco River basin, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Common names: Mojarra caracolera (Mexico) Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 146, fig. 22. Type locality: Laguna del Carpinte, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: SU 6162. Heros teporatus Fowler, 1903: 321. Type locality: Victoria, Victoria Río, trib. of the Río Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: ANSP 24242. Cichlosoma laurae Regan, 1908c: 223. Type locality: Tampico. Syntypes: BMNH 1908.7.6.20-21 (2). Maximum length: 17 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Panuco River drainage, and Soto La Marina River. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983). The status of Heros teporatus needs further analysis. Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854 Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type locality: Brownsville, Texas (freshwater). Syntypes: ANSP 9097 (1); MCZ 15415 [ex USNM 852]; UMMZ 92113 (1); USNM 851 (?), 852 (now 4). Heros pavonaceus Garman, 1881: 93. Type locality: Spring near Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. Syntypes: MCZ 24877 (5), UMMZ 95837 (1). 635 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Parapetenia cyanostigma Hernández-Rolón, 1990: 4, fig. p. 7. Type locality: Playa Bruja, Tequesquitengo [Mexico]. Holotype: MNHN 1990-465. Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: North America: Originally restricted to the lower Rio Grande drainage in Texas, USA and south to northeastern Mexico. Introduced on Edwards Plateau of central Texas and central peninsular Florida, USA, and Verde River basin (La Media Luna region), Mexico Countries: Mexico, USA Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983). Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840) Heros Montezuma Heckel, 1840: 383. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: NMW 17359. Heros Deppii Heckel, 1840: 382. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: NMW, lost. Maximum length: 12 cm TL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Nautla and Misantla River basins. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Implied identification of material in ZMB collected with the holotype, suggests that H. deppii is valid, according to Stawikowski & Werner (1998: 333). The status of Heros montezuma is uncertain, pending examination of the holotype. Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903) Heros (Cichlasoma) labridens Pellegrin, 1903: 122. Type locality: Huasteca Potosina (Mexique). [=Verde River drainage near Rioverde, San Luís Potosí]. Syntypes: MNHN 1889-19-20. Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Panuco River basin. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: See Miller (1956: 15) for information on type locality. Common names: Mojarra (Mexico) Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983) Cichlasoma minckleyi Kornfield & Taylor, 1983: 254, fig. 1. Type locality: Posos de la Becerra, 15.7 km by road SSW of Cuatro Ciénegas de Carranza, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 209434. Maximum length: 17.5 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to Cuatro Ciénegas. Countries: Mexico Common names: Mojarra caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas (Mexico) Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983) Cichlasoma pantostictum Taylor & Miller, 1983: 15, fig. 5. Type locality: Laguna de Chairel at the mouth of the Río Tamesí, Tampico, lat. 22°15’N., long. 96°04’W., elevation ca. 2 m near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 207699. Maximum length: 12.6 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico, in the Panuco River drainage from the Sabinas River to the coastal Laguna Tamiahua. Countries: Mexico Common names: Mojarra (Mexico) endemic to the Tamasopo, Gallinas, and Ojo Frio Rivers in the Panuco River basin. Countries: Mexico Common names: Mojarra (Mexico) Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993 Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993: 66, fig. p. 67. Type locality: Type locality: “Las Cascadas” (99°23’47” W. Long., 21°56’47” N. Lat.) in the Río Tamasopo. Holotype: UMMZ 221577. Maximum length: 18 cm TL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Tamasopo River of Panuco River basin. Countries: Mexico HEROINA Heroina Kullander, 1996b: 151. Type species: Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996 Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996b: 153, fig. 3. Type locality: Ecuador, Provincia Napo, Río Napo drainage, upper Río Tiputini upstream of bridge on road to Coca (0°44.5’S 76°53’W). Holotype: FMNH 105181. Maximum length: 10.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo (Ecuador), Caquetá (Colombia), and Tigre, Corrientes, and Pastaza (Peru) River basins. Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru HEROS Heros Heckel, 1840: 362. Type species: Heros severus Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan & Gilbert 1883: 608. Gender: masculine. Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840: 372. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 33341. Chromys appendiculata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 7 (fig. 3). Type locality: l’Ucayali, (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9483. Chromys fasciata Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality: l’Araguay. No types known. Uarus centrarchoides Cope, 1872: 253, pl. 11 (fig. 2). Type locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 9049. Cichlasoma severum perpunctatum Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 18, pl. 16. Type locality: Manáos. Holotype: MNRJ 1263. Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers in Peru, and Solimões-Amazon River in Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription, as Heros appendiculatus, in Kullander (1986: 219), based on Peruvian material, with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustration. Oldest available name now applied. Status of the included nominal species needs further analysis. Common names: Acará-peba (Brazil), Acará-preto (Brazil), Bujurqui acha vieja (Peru) Heros notatus Jardine, 1843 Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 143, fig. 20. Type locality: Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Holotype: SU 6164. Maximum length: 40 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico, Centrarchus notatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 160, pl. 13. Type locality: [Locality not stated]. No types known. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil 636 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Heros severus Heckel, 1840 Heros severus Heckel, 1840: 362. Type locality: bei Marabitanas im Rio-negro. Syntypes: ?NMW 17354 (1), ?17638 (1), ?17656 (1). Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper Orinoco River drainage in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon River basin, in the upper Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Heros spurius Heckel, 1840 Heros spurius Heckel, 1840: 368. Type locality: Rio Guaporè ... Sümpfen. Syntypes: ?NMW 17656 (1), 17939 (1). Heros coryphaeus Heckel, 1840: 364. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé ... Morästen um Matogrosso. Holotype: NMW 17358. Heros modestus Heckel, 1840: 366. Type locality: Rio Guaporé. Syntypes: NMW 17354 (1), ?92454 (1). Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River drainage, Brazil and Bolivia. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil HEROTILAPIA Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904: 247. Type species: Heros multispinosus Günther, 1869. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Herotilapia multispinosa (Günther, 1867) Heros multispinosus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.34. Maximum length: 9 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Patuca River (Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope, from the Guasaule River (Nicaragua) to the Tempisque and Bebedero Rivers (Costa Rica). Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther (1868: 453, pl. 74, fig. 2). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 351), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Cholesca (Costa Rica), Mojarrita (Costa Rica), Zarzapala (Costa Rica) HOPLARCHUS Hoplarchus Kaup, 1860: 128. Type species: Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: masculine. Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840) Heros psittacus Heckel, 1840: 369. Type locality: Rio-negro, nördlich von Marabitanas am Fusse des Berges Cocui. Syntypes: ?NMW 17641-42 (1, 1). Centrarchus cychla Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 157, pl. 11. Type locality: Rio Negro. No types known. Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860: 129, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type locality: ? Südamerika. Holotype in ZSM, lost. Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro, Preto da Eva, Urubu, and Jamari Rivers in Brazil; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River basin. Countries: Brazil, Venezuela HYPSELECARA Hypselecara Kullander, 1986: 232. Type species: Heros temporalis Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840) Heros coryphaenoides Heckel, 1840: 373, pl. 29 (fig. 9-12). Type locality: Rio-negro ... bei Maribitana. Holotype: NMW 17376. Heros niger Heckel, 1840: 375. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 17358. Centrarchus niger Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 159, pl. 12. Type locality: Rio Negro. No types known. Cichlasoma arnoldi Ahl, 1936a: 138. Type locality: Amazonas. Holotype: ZMB 32382. Chuco axelrodi Fernández-Yépez, 1972: 15, fig. 16. Type locality: Aguaro River, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 206097. Maximum length: 16 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro, Trombetas, Tapajós, Maués, and Uatumã Rivers; Orinoco River basin in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River, and in the Aguaro River basin. Countries: Brazil, Venezuela Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862) Heros temporalis Günther, 1862: 286. Type locality: No locality. Holotype: BMNH 1855.12.26.638 [ex Zool. Soc.]. Acara (Heros) crassa Steindachner, 1875: 88, pl. 5. Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Tonantins, Cudajas, Coary, Villa bella und Obidos, im See Hyanuary und Saraca, so wie im Rio Hyutay. Syntypes: (several) NMW 17373-17374 (2) Codajás, 33617 (1) Silves, 33618 (1) Villa Bella. Heros goeldii Boulenger, 1897: 298. Type locality: Upper Cunani River, French Guiana, south of the Oyapok River. Syntypes: BMNH 1897.7.17.9 (1), NMB 2488 (1). Cichlasoma Hellabrunni Ladiges, 1942: 199, fig. 1. Type locality: Gefangenschaftsnachzucht Hellabrunn (originally: entweder die Umgebung von Rockstone am Essequibo in Britisch-Guiana oder aber die Umgebung von Leticia. Lectotype: ZMH H70, designated by Ladiges et al. (1958: 164). Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali and Amazon River drainages in Peru, the Amazon River drainage in Colombia, the Solimões-Amazon River in Brazil, east to Cametá, also rivers of Amapá State and the Oyapock River basin in Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru Common names: Acará açai (Brazil), Bufurque (Peru), Bujurqui (Peru) HYPSOPHRYS Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Copora Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864. Type species by original designation. Gender: feminine. Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864) Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, not found. Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1867.9.23.37. Heros balteatus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 184. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.27.3 [ex USNM] (1). Cichlasoma spilotum Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7686. Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the San Juan drainage, including Lake Nicaragua, in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, to the Matina River drainage in Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Species monograph by López (1974), well illustrated. Kullander & Hartel (1997) discussed the nomenclature of Hypsophrys unimaculatus. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 354), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. 637 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Common names: Moga amarilla (Costa Rica) KROBIA Krobia Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 148. Type species: Acara guianensis Regan, 1905. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. the upper Solimöes and Juruá River basins in Brazil. Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 328), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Common names: Bujurqui (Peru) Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875) Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905) Acara guianensis Regan, 1905b: 340. Type locality: Guiana. Holotype: BMNH 1851.5.2.8 [ex ZMB]. Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages, from the Demerara River in Guyana, eastward to the Cottica River in Suriname. Countries: Guyana, Suriname Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 151), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Common names: Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe wefi (Suriname), Ouwe wefi (Suriname) Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943) Aequidens itanyi Puyo, 1943: 146, fig. 4. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R. system, kreek on left bank of Marowijne R., W Manbari Val, 6 km N Stoelmanseiland (originally: crique du haut Itany). Neotype: ZMA 119531, designated by Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 166). Maximum length: 12.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage in Suriname and French Guiana. Countries: French Guiana, Suriname Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 166), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Common names: Prapra (French Guiana) Acara thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 68, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality: Im Amazonenstrom und dessen Ausständen bei Cudajas, in den See Hyanuary bei Manaos und im Lago Maximo bei Alemquer. Syntypes: (many) NMW 33723 (3), 33726-38 (13), 33739-45 (15), 33746 (?), 33752 (1). Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tigre, Ucayali, Yavarí and Amazon River basins in Peru, and along the Solimões, Amazon (to lower Trombetas River), and lower Negro River basins. Countries: Brazil, Peru MAZARUNIA Mazarunia Kullander, 1990b: 4. Type species: Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990 Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990b: 5, fig. 1. Type locality: Guyana: Upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang. Holotype: MHNG 1553.96. Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, in the upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang. Countries: Guyana MESONAUTA LAETACARA Mesonauta Günther, 1862: 300. Type species: Heros insignis Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Laetacara Kullander, 1986: 321. Type species: Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855) Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923) Acara curviceps Ahl, 1923: 44, fig. 5. Type locality: Amazonenstrom. Holotype: ZMB 31324. Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in lower portions of tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil. Countries: Brazil Laetacara dorsigera (Heckel, 1840) Chromys acora Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type locality: lacs de l’Araguay. No types known. Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins and Xingu River basins. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip (1991: 424), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991 Acara dorsiger Heckel, 1840: 348. Type locality: Sümpfe in der Nähe des Paraguay-Flusses bei Villa Maria. Holotype: NMW 33669. Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River drainage; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, middle Paraná River drainage in Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991: 429, fig. 21. Type locality: Colombia, Departamento Vichada, Rio Vichada drainage, laguna no. 1 on Finca Boca de Guarrojo at the mouth of the Rio Guarrojo. Holotype: ICN-MNH 1686. Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta and Vichada River basins. Countries: Colombia Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870) Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840) Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Near Pebas, Ecuador [currently Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 9156. Acara freniferus Cope, 1872: 255. Type locality: the Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9157. Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo and Putumayo river drainages in Ecuador, in the Huallaga, Ucayali, Amazon, Putumayo and Yavarí River basins in Peru, and in Heros festivus Heckel, 1840: 376. Type locality: Fluss Guaporè und dessen nahe gelegenen Moräste. No types known. Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay; Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé (Brazil and Bolivia), Madre de Dios (Peru), Mamoré (Bolivia), Jamari and Tapajós (Brazil) River drainages. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru 638 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip (1991: 420), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998 Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998: 5, fig. 2. Type locality: Rockstone, Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype: ZMB 32779. Maximum length: 10 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro River drainage, Brazil; Essequibo River drainage in Guyana. Countries: Brazil, Guyana Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840) Heros insignis Heckel, 1840: 379. Type locality: waldlache bei Marabitanas am Rio-negro. Lectotype: NMW 24415, designated by Kullander & Silfvergrip (1991: 420). Maximum length: 9.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Negro River drainage in Brazil; Orinoco River basin, along the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip (1991: 418), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991 Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991: 430, fig. 22. Type locality: Peru, Departamento Loreto, Rio Napo, Cayapoza, small laguna on left bank island. Holotype: NRM 20001. Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru and Colombia, in tributaries of the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers, from Yarina Cocha to Mocagua Island near Leticia. Countries: Colombia, Peru Common names: Bufurqui (Peru), Bujurqui (Peru) MIKROGEOPHAGUS Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen in Schiötz & Christensen, 1968: 370. Type species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977: 253. Type species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911) Crenicara altispinosa Haseman, 1911: 344, pl. 58. Type locality: Along a sand-bank in the Río Mamoré, below the mouth of the Río Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54090. Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River drainage in Brazil and Bolivia, and in the Mamoré River drainage in Bolivia. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil Remarks and references: Species reviewed by Kullander (1981c). Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948) Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948a: 77. Type locality: evidently from one of the tributaries of the Rio Apuré or Rio Meta in the states of Guárico, Portuguésa, or Apuré. Syntypes: CAS-SU 14845(2), 14846(1), 14847(1). Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the llanos of Venezuela and Colombia. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela Remarks and references: Species monographed by Kullander (1980c); also described by Myers & Harry (1948b). NANDOPSIS Nandopsis Gill, 1862: 238. Type species: Chromis tetracanthus Poey [=Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes, 1831]. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Parapetenia Regan, 1905a: 324. Type species: Acara adspersa Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann (1910: 476). Gender: feminine. Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935) Cichlasoma haitiensis Tee-Van, 1935: 294, fig. 270. Type locality: Étang Saumâtre, near Maneville, Cul-de-Sac Plain, Haiti, West Indies. Holotype: USNM 170907 [ex NYZS 7302]. Maximum length: 21.5 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831) Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831: 460. Type locality: Havane [=Habana, Cuba]. No types known; based on a drawing. Chromis fusco-maculatus Guichenot, 1853: 78, pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type locality: Cuba. Holotype: MNHN A.9482. Acara adspersa Günther, 1862: 282. Type locality: Barbadoes. Holotype: BMNH 1961.7.7.1. Heros tetracanthus cinctus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 16. Type locality: Paso Real. Holotype: CAS 78971 [ex IU 9671]. Heros tetracanthus latus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 15. Type locality: San Juan. Holotype: CAS 78972 [ex IU 9669]. Heros tetracanthus griseus Eigenmann, 1903: 233, fig. 14. Type locality: San Antonio. Holotype: CAS 78974 [ex IU 9670]. Heros tetracanthus torralbasi Eigenmann, 1903: 230, fig. 11. Type locality: Calabazar. Holotype: CAS 78975 [ex IU 9672] (1 of 2). Heros nigricans Eigenmann, 1903: 235, fig. 17. Type locality: Pinar del Rio. Holotype: CAS 78973 [ex IU 9668]. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Remarks and references: Hubbs (1920) presented a nomenclatural revision establishing the present synonymy. Nandopsis vombergi (Ladiges, 1938) Cichlosoma Vombergi Ladiges, 1938: 18, fig. 1. Type locality: Unterlauf des Rio Yague del Sur. Holotype: ZMH H401. Maximum length: 19.4 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola, in the Yaqui River basin. Countries: Dominican Republic NANNACARA Nannacara Regan, 1905b: 344. Type species: Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993 Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993: 359, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Amazonas, Igarapé do Cumaru, a tributary of Paraná Atauí, in the middle Rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 44685. Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905 Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905b: 344. Type locality: R. Essequibo [Guyana]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.21.27-28 (2). Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL 639 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Aruka River in Guyana east to the lower Marowijne River in Suriname. Countries: Guyana, Suriname Remarks and references: Redescribed in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 199), based on Surinamese material, with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 360), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Guapote (Costa Rica), Guapote blanco (Honduras), Lagunero (Nicaragua) Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983 Heros Friedrichsthalii Heckel, 1840: 381. Type locality: CentralAmerika. Holotype: NMW 35322. Cichlosoma multifasciatum Regan, 1905a: 335. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.65-66 (2). Maximum length: 28 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in Mexico (Usumacinta River), Belize, Honduras and Guatemala. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Guapote (Belize), Molula (Mexico), Mus mus (Belize), Yellowjacket cichlid (Belize) Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983: 13. Type locality: “Carière Chambaut” localité A. [French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN 1983-523. Maximum length: 6.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Approuague River basin. Countries: French Guiana Common names: Ti prapra (French Guiana) Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912 Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912: 488, pl. 66 (fig. 1). Type locality: Erukin [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53799 [ex CM 2304]. Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Potaro River and nearby in the Essequibo River basin. Countries: Guyana Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912 Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: the Amazon at Manaos. Holotype: BMNH 1912.2.2.15. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Near Belém, Pará State. Countries: Brazil Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840) Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989) Cichlasoma loisellei Bussing, 1989: 153, fig. 1. Type locality: Río San Miguel, a tributary of Río Matina on road to Puerto Limón, Limón (elevation 12 m), Limón Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: LACM 44405-1 [ex UCR 1126-8]. Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River (Honduras) to the Cricamola River (Panama); Pacific slope, in the Tamarindo River (Nicaragua). Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 364), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Guapote amarillo (Guatemala) Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867) NEETROPLUS Neetroplus Günther, 1867: 603. Type species: Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867 Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867: 603. Type locality: Lake Managua [Nicaragua]. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.35. Neetroplus nicaraguensis Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: (3). Neetroplus fluviatilis Meek, 1912: 74. Type locality: Costa Rica River near Guapilis, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7685 [not 7585]. Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and western Costa Rica, in the San Juan River drainage, including Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua. Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua Remarks and references: Neetroplus nematopus described in more detail in Günther (1868: 470, pl. 74 (fig. 4)). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 357), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Moga (Costa Rica) PARACHROMIS Parachromis Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Parachromis gulosus [=Heros managuensis Günther, 1867]. Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864) Heros dovii Günther, 1864c: 154. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.195-196 (2). Maximum length: 50 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Aguan River (Honduras) to the Moín River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope from the Yeguare River (Honduras) to the Bebedero River (Costa Rica). Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Lectotype: MCZ 16086, designated by Kullander & Hartel (1997: 196). Heros managuensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.32. Maximum length: 22 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River (Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica). Countries: Costa Rica, Cuba (introduced), El Salvador (introduced), Guatemala (introduced), Honduras, Mexico (introduced), Nicaragua, Panama (introduced) Remarks and references: Reviewed by Kullander & Hartel (1997), with redescription and photo, and lectotype designation of P. gulosus. Heros managuensis described in more detail in (Günther 1868: 463, pl. 77 (fig. 3)). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 367), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Guapote barcino (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), Guapote tigre (Costa Rica), Pinta (Mexico) Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867) Heros motaguensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Río Motagua. Syntypes: (5) BMNH 1865.4.29.68-70 (3 or 4), 1865.6.10.12 (1). Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and Honduras in the Motagua River basin; Pacific slope from Naranjo River (Guatemala) to Choluteca River (Honduras). Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther (1868: 462, pl. 77 (fig. 2)). Common names: False yellowjacket cichlid (Belize), Guapote (El Salvador), Moro (El Salvador), Pando (El Salvador) PARANEETROPLUS Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905a 436. Type species: Paraneetroplus 640 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America upper Orinoco River (Inírida and Atabapo Rivers) to Puerto Ayacucho. Countries: Colombia, Venezuela bulleri Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905 Paraneetroplus Bulleri Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Rio de Sarabia, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1890.10.10.94. Maximum length: 25.5 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos River drainage. Countries: Mexico Common names: Corrientero (Mexico) Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864) Heros gibbiceps Steindachner, 1864: 66, pl. 5 (fig. 1-2). Type locality: Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes: NMW 17360-61 (2), 17367 (1), 58799 (1). Cichlasoma teapae Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902: 156, fig. 6. Type locality: Rio Teapa at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 50005. Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer, 1988: 13, fig. p. 15. Type locality: près du pont, sur le Rio Tulija traversé par la route PalenquéOcocingo, Chiapas, Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1987-1474. Maximum length: 23 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River basin. Countries: Mexico Common names: Corrientero verde (Mexico), Roquera (Mexico) Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963) Plataxoides leopoldi Gosse, 1963: 4, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality: Furo du village de Cuia (rive gauche du Solimôes à environ 90 km en amont de Manacapuru). Holotype: IRSNB 459. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the Solimões-Amazon River between about Manacapuru and Santarém; Rupununi River in the Essequibo River drainage in Guyana. Countries: Brazil, Guyana Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823) PETENIA Zeus scalaris Schultze in Lichtenstein, 1823: 114. Type locality: Or. Brazil. Types: No types located with certainty, ZMB 1347 possibly part of type series; ZMB 2833 selected as lectotype by Paepke & Schindler (2002: 181). Platax scalaris Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831: 237. Type locality: None stated. Holotype: ZMB 1347. Plataxoïdes dumerilii Castelnau, 1855: 21, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type locality: Para. Holotype: MNHN A.254. Pterophyllum eimekei Ahl, 1928: 31, fig. p. 31. Type locality: Mündung des Rio Negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes: ZMB uncatalogued (4) and MNHN 29-12 (1). Maximum length: 7.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, along the Ucayali, Solimões and Amazon rivers; rivers of Amapá State, Oyapock River in French Guiana; Essequibo River in Guyana. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname (introduced) Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 210), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. Paepke & Schindler (2002) discuss the authorship and putative types of Z. scalaris Schultze. Common names: Acará bandeira (Brazil), Cara bandeira (Brazil), Pez angel (Peru), Poson lavwèl (French Guiana) Petenia Günther, 1862: 301. Type species: Petenia splendida Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. RETROCULUS Paraneetroplus nebuliferus (Günther, 1860) Chromis nebulifera Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Fresh waters of Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.17.31-33 (3). Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek, 1902: 119, pl. 30. Type locality: Rio Tehuacan, Venta Salada, Pueblo, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3712. Maximum length: 20 cm TL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán River basin. Countries: Mexico Common names: Chonga (Mexico), Playero (Mexico) Petenia splendida Günther, 1862 Petenia splendida Günther, 1862: 301. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.103-105 (3). Maximum length: 50 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Grijalva River to Usumacinta River (Mexico), Usumacinta River (Guatemala), and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Common names: Bay snook (Belize), Blanco (Belize), Tenguajagua (Mexico), Tenguayaca (Mexico) PTEROPHYLLUM Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840: 334. Type species: Platax scalaris Cuvier, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter. Plataxoïdes Castelnau, 1855: 21. Type species: Plataxoides dumerilii Castelnau, 1855. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903 Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903: 125. Type locality: Atabapo (Orénoque). Syntypes: BMNH 1904.6.28.2-3 [ex MNHN] (2 spms.); MHNLR P.261 (1); MNHN 1887-571 to 574 (4), 1887579 and 580 (14 spms.) Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Negro River drainage; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type species: Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855) Chromys lapidifera Castelnau, 1855: 16, pl. 12 (fig.1). Type locality: Rio das Mortes, Xaventina Island Matto Brosso Brazil (originally: la grande cascade de l’Araguay (Caxoeira grande)). Holotype: MNHN A.8321 (dry, lost). Name spelled lapidifera in text (pp. viii and 16) and index (p. 108); lapidifer in figure caption and list of figures (p. xi). Neotype BMNH 1970.10.28:58, designated by (Gosse 1971: 5). Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type locality: Brazil. Holotype: USNM 152111. Maximum length: 20.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins and Capim River basins. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Redescription in Gosse (1971) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, and illustration. Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971 Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971: 11, p. 5. Type locality: Guyane française dans le fleuve Oyapock à Saut-Alikoto (en amont du village de Camopi). Holotype: IRSNB 515. Maximum length: 19 cm SL 641 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in Brazil and French Guiana, Araguari River drainage in Brazil. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana Common names: Prapra (French Guiana) Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971 Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971: 7, pl. 4. Type locality: Brésil dans le Rio Xingu aux Cachoeira von Martius (à la limite Nord de l’Etat du Mato Grosso). Holotype: IRSNB 512. Maximum length: 14.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu and Tapajós River basins. Countries: Brazil SATANOPERCA Satanoperca Günther, 1862: 312. Type species: Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan & Evermann (1898, p. 1542). Gender: feminine. Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840) Geophagus acuticeps Heckel, 1840: 394. Type locality: Barra do Rio-negro [=Manaus]. Holotype: NMW 23429. Maximum length: 17 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco River, lower Negro River, and along the Solimões-Amazon River in Brazil between Tonantins and the lower Trombetas River. Countries: Brazil Common names: Acará bicudo (Brazil), Acará papa terra (Brazil) Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988 Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988: 344, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage, Urumari, praia (0°03’S, 63°30’W). Holotype: MZUSP 33003. Maximum length: 25.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the Solimões-Amazon River from the Japurá River to the Trombetas River, also Negro River from the Curicuriari River to the mouth, and in the Branco River basin. Countries: Brazil Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950) Geophagus mapiritensis Fernández-Yépez, 1950: 117, fig. p. 117. Type locality: Río Mapirito al Sur de Maturín, Estado Monagas, Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 153 [ex AFY 49422]. Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, along the lower Orinoco River and in rivers north of the lower Orinoco River. Countries: Venezuela Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840) Geophagus pappaterra Heckel, 1840: 396. Type locality: RioGuapore. Syntypes: 23684-23685 (2). Maximum length: 17.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé River in Brazil and Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and northern Paraguay (to the Aquidabán River). Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840) Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840: 389, pl. 29 (fig. 26-29). Type locality: Rio-Negro. Holotype: NMW 23123. Maximum length: 17 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin, in Colombia and Venezuela. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) Geophagus jurupari Heckel, 1840: 392. Type locality: an der Mündung des Rio-negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes: NMW 23580-81 (2). Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Peru, Ecuador and Colombia to the mouth of Amazon River in Brazil, in Amapá State and eastern French Guiana, also in the Bolivian Amazon drainage except Guaporé River. Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru Remarks and references: Redescription, based on Peruvian material, in Kullander (1986: 147), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustration. Common names: Acará-chibante (Brazil), Cara bicudo (Brazil), Prapra djab (French Guiana), Prapra roch (French Guiana), Prapra so (French Guiana) Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Geophagus leucostictus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 625. Type locality: See Amucu; Sümpfen der Savanne. Holotype: ZMB 2331. Satanoperca macrolepis Günther, 1862: 314. Type locality: Demerara, British Guiana. Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1962.1.8.1 (1). Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: South America: Essequibo River in Guyana and Nickerie River in Suriname. Countries: Guyana, Suriname Remarks and references: Redescription based on Surinamese material in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 66), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustration. SYMPHYSODON Symphysodon Heckel, 1840: 332. Type species: Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 250. Type locality: Teffé (Brésil); Santarém (Bresil). Syntypes: MNHN 1902-130 (1) Santarém, 1902-134 (1) and 1902-135 (1) Teffé. Symphysodon discus tarzoo Lyons, 1959: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: Leticia, Columbia. No types known. Symphysodon aequifasciata axelrodi Schultz, 1960: 14, fig. (p. 9). Type locality: Belem, Brazil, Amazon River. Holotype: USNM 179831. Symphysodon aequifasciata haraldi Schultz, 1960: 11, fig. (p. 8). Type locality: Benjamin Constant, Brazil in the Amazon. Holotype: USNM 179829. Maximum length: 13.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in tributaries along the Solimões-Amazon River from the Putumayo River in Colombia and Peru to the Tocantins River basin. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru Remarks and references: Popular review in Kullander (1996a). Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840: 333, pl. 30 (fig. 21). Type locality: bei Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaus], im Flusse selbst. Holotype: NMW 35612. Symphysodon discus willischwartzi Burgess, 1981: 37, fig. p. 37. Type locality: Rio Abacaxis (a tributary of the Rio Madeira), Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 15375. Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, near the mouth of the Negro River, in the lower Abacaxis River, and in the lower Trombetas River. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Popular review in Kullander (1996a). Common names: Acará-moreré (Brazil) 642 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Brazil TAENIACARA Taeniacara Myers, 1935: 11. Type species: Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935 Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935: 11. Type locality: in the Amazon (middle). Holotype: USNM 93579. Apistogramma weisei Ahl, 1936b: 268. Type locality: Santarem. Holotype: ZMB 32385. Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Negro River, and along the Amazon River to the Tapajós River. Countries: Brazil TAHUANTINSUYOA Tahuantinsuyoa Kullander, 1986: 308. Type species: Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988 Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988: 205, fig. 7. Type locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 647. Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius. Countries: Brazil Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988 Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988: 207, figs. 1, 8. Type locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 646. Maximum length: 6.3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius. Countries: Brazil Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991 Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988 Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991c: 4, fig. 2. Type locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, pools of unnamed creek close to lower Río Llullapichis, 1.8 km east of Panguana station (9°37’90”S, 74°55’90”W), 260 masl. Holotype: ROM 58275. Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea River basin in Peru. Countries: Peru Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988: 203, fig. 5. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajos, São Luis, acima de Itaituba, pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 36951. Maximum length: 5.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós River at São Luis. Countries: Brazil Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986 Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988: 201, fig. 4. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajós, São Luis, acima de Itaituba, pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 33065. Maximum length: 5.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós River at São Luis. Countries: Brazil Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986: 309, pl. 34 (fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Rio Aguaytía drainage system, Río Huacamayo. Holotype: MZUSP 16212. Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aguaytía River basin in Peru. Countries: Peru Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988 THERAPS TELEOCICHLA Teleocichla Kullander, 1988: 196. Type species: Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Theraps Günther, 1862: 284. Type species: Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987 Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002: 374, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil: Pará: rio Xingu: Furo do Zé Pinheiro (3°27’26”S 51°55’03”W). Holotype: INPA 14934. Maximum length: 4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River drainage around Altamira. Countries: Brazil Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987: 499, fig. p. 499. Type locality: einem kleinen Zufluss zum Rio Mizol Há bei Francesco Madero westlich der Strasse von Palenque nach Ocosingo, etwa 30 Kilometer südlich von Palenque. Holotype: ZFMK 15501. Maximum length: 12 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, upper Tulija River in the Usumacinta River drainage. Countries: Mexico Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988 Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862 Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988: 198, fig. 2. Type locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 649. Maximum length: 6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius. Countries: Brazil Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988 Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862: 284. Type locality: Guatemala. Holotype: BMNH 1861.8.12.15. Theraps belone Allgayer, 1989: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: “La Culebra” sur le Rio Chocolja, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype: MNHN 1989-581. Maximum length: 19 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico and Guatemala (Usumacinta, Sarstun, and Dulce River basins). Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988: 204, fig. 6. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará: R. Tocantins, Tucurui, jusante de represa, poços. Holotype: INPA 802. Maximum length: 5.4 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower Tocantins River basin. Heros lentiginosus Steindachner, 1864: 62, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type locality: Mejico. Syntypes: NMW 17381-82 (2). Theraps rheophilus Seegers & Staeck, 1985: 500, fig. p. 500-504. Type locality: etwa sechs Kilometer südlich von Palenque im Rio Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002 Theraps lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864) 643 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Nututun unter der Brücke der Strasse nach Ocosingo in Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: ZFMK 13928. Maximum length: 25 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva and Usumacinta River drainages in Mexico and Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996 Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996: 180, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Belleaire at CA 13 bridge (near Entelina), 8 km south of the Río Jutiapa crossing, in the Río Papaloteca drainage, Departmento de Atlantida; 15° 41’ 30” W. Lat., 86° 30’ N. Long. Holotype: UMMZ 231103. Maximum length: 8 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloteca River basin. Countries: Honduras THORICHTHYS Thorichthys Meek, 1904: 222. Type species: Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Thorichthys affinis (Günther, 1862) Heros affinis Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.83-86 (4). Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the upper Usumacinta River basin in Guatemala, and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala Thorichthys aureus (Günther, 1862) Heros aureus Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Guatemala. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.51. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Golden Creek (Belize) to Motagua River basin (Honduras). Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras Common names: Golden firemouth cichlid (Belize) Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904) Heros (Heros) callolepis Regan, 1904: 258. Type locality: Santo Domingo de Guzman, Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1890.10.10.112-113 (2). Maximum length: 14 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos River drainage, Mexico. Countries: Mexico east of the mouth, Yucatán, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102203. Maximum length: 14.5 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Coatzacoalcos River to the Usumacinta River drainage. Countries: Mexico Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918 Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918: 119. Type locality: Near Progreso, Yucutan, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 79243. Cichlasoma hyorhynchum Hubbs, 1935: 15, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 95519. Maximum length: 17 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River drainage, the Belize River drainage, and near Progreso, in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Countries: Belize, Colombia (introduced), Guatemala, Mexico Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Firemouth cichlid (Belize), Panya gial (Belize), Rojita (Mexico) Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962) Cichlasoma pasionis Rivas, 1962: 148, fig. 1. Type locality: Río de la Pasión, of the Río Usumacinta system, at Sayaxche, Department of El Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: USNM 203156 [ex UMIM 4872]. Maximum length: 17 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico and Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Common name: Mojarra amarilla (Mexico) Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984) Cichlasoma socolofi Miller & Taylor, 1984: 933, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Misalá (tributary ro R. Tulija of R. Grijalva basin) below bridge at Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (17°23 N lat., 92°01’W long.), on highway from Palenque to Agua Azul, 19.6 km S of the “Maya Head” turnoff to Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 210819. Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River basin. Countries: Mexico TOMOCICHLA Tomocichla Regan, 1908a: 463. Type species: Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002 Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904 Heros maculipinnis Steindachner, 1864: 69, pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type locality: Mejico im Xamapa-Flusse. Syntypes: NMW 1736817370 (3). Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904: 223, fig. 72. Type locality: Motzorongo, Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4627 [not 4727]. Maximum length: 15 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán River basin. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Identity of Heros maculipinnis and T. ellioti requires further analysis; whereas T. maculipinnis has priority, T. ellioti may be in prevailing usage. Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864) Heros Helleri Steindachner, 1864: 64, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes: NMW 17344-17349 (6). Cichlasoma champotonis Hubbs, 1936: 257, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type locality: Río Champoton, Janateya, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km) Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002b: 32, fig. p. 33. Type locality: Panama, Boca-del-Toro, Rio Guarumo. Holotype MNHN 20021093). Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, Laguna de Chiriqui basin in the Guarumo River. Countries: Panama Tomocichla sieboldii (Kner, 1863) Heros sieboldii Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama an der Südseeseite. Syntypes: (11) NMW 22012 (1). Herichthys underwoodi Regan, 1906a: 30, pl. 3 (fig. 5). Type locality: Costa Rica. Holotype: BMNH 1907.6.28.48. Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6478. Cichlasoma frontale Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Turrubales, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6358. Theraps terrabae Jordan & Evermann, 1927: 507. Type locality: [Buenos Aires de Terraba.] Holotype: FMNH 6478. Replacement for Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, preoccupied in Cichlasoma by 644 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Labrus punctatus Bloch. Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Esparza (Costa Rica) to Río Sta María (Panama). Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as Cichlasoma sieboldii. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 372), as Theraps sieboldii, with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Molecular analysis suggests that T. sieboldii is not closely related to T. tuba (Martin & Bermingham, 1998), but the species is maintained in Tomocichla pending a more general revision of heroin cichlids. Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912) Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908a: 463. Type locality: Rio Iroquois [Costa Rica]. Syntypes: (13) BMNH 1909.3.13.99-108 (10), UMMZ 167297 [ex BMNH] (1). Cichlasoma tuba Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7681 (missing). Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Escondido River (Nicaragua) to the Cricamola River (Panama). Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as Cichlasoma tuba. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 376, as Theraps underwoodi), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. UARU Uaru Heckel, 1840: 330. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Uarus Cope, 1872: 254. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Gender: masculine. Unjustified emendation of spelling of Uaru Heckel. Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840 Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840: 331, pl. 29 (fig. 13-16). Type locality: Rio-negro oberhalb Airao. Holotype: NMW 24808. Pomotis ? fasciatus Jardine, 1843: 169, p. 17. Type locality: Rios Padauri and Negro. No types known. Uaru obscurum Günther, 1862: 302. Type locality: River Cupai [=Cupari River, Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.39. Acara (Heros) imperialis Steindachner, 1879a: 161. Type locality: Ausstände des Amazonenstromes zunächst der Mündung des Rio Negro. Syntypes: (several) NMW 79185-86 (7). Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the Amazon-Solimões River drainage from the Japurá River to the Tapajós River, and in the middle and lower Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989 Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989: 21, fig. 1. Type locality: Seitenarm des Río Atabapo, fünt Kilometer oberhalb dessen Mündung in den Rio Orinoco. Holotype: ZFMK 15757. Maximum length: 19 cm SL Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Atabapo River basin. Countries: Venezuela Common names: Run Runá (Venezuela) VIEJA Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907. Type species by original designation. Gender: neuter. Paratheraps Werner & Stawikowski, 1989: 10. Type species: Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987. Type species by original designation. Gender: masculine. Vieja argentea (Allgayer, 1991) Cichlasoma (Theraps) argentea Allgayer, 1991: 3. Type locality: Rio San Roman à l’embouchure avec le Rio Salinas, Chiapas, Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1991-6831. Maximum length: 27 cm TL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River basin. Countries: Mexico Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner, 1864) Heros bifasciatus Steindachner, 1864: 60, pl. 2. Type locality: Mejico. Holotype: NMW 74138. Maximum length: 30 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins, Mexico and Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Common names: Colorada (Mexico) Vieja breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987) Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987: 20, fig. p. 20. Type locality: Presa von Angostura, unterhalb der Staumauer, in Chiapas/Südmexiko. Holotype: ZFMK 15524. Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL, Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River basin. Countries: Mexico Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860) Chromis fenestrata Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Rio de la Lana (Mexico). Syntypes: BMNH 1857 [or 1887].7.31.13-14 (2). Heros parma Günther, 1862: 285. Type locality: Mexico, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH (7). Cichlosoma sexfasciatum Regan, 1905a: 230. Type locality: Guapote, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1894.12.19.2. Cichlosoma gadovii Regan, 1905a: 232. Type locality: Motozorongo. Syntypes: BMNH 1906.6.1.402-403 (2). Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Papaloapán River to the Chachalacas River basin. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Regan (1905a) removed 4 syntypes of Heros parma to become syntypes of his Cichlosoma maculicauda; remaining 3 syntypes were referred to the synonymy of Vieja fenestrata; no lectotype has been selected. Common names: Mojarra negra (Mexico), Testa colorada (Mexico) Vieja godmanni (Günther, 1862) Heros godmanni Günther, 1862: 296. Type locality: River of Cahabon [=Cajabon River, Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26 [or 2].49-50 (2). Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Polochic River basin. Countries: Guatemala Vieja guttulata (Günther, 1864) Heros guttulatus Günther, 1864c: 152. Type locality: Pacific coast of Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.348 (1), MSNG 13009 [ex BMNH] (1, poor condition, not found in 1995). Maximum length: 30 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala 645 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Vieja hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980) Cichlasoma hartwegi Taylor & Miller, 1980: 8, fig. 2. Type locality: Río Grande de Chiapa, between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, lat. 16°44’N, long. 93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 207701. Maximum length: 13.1 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River basin. Countries: Mexico Vieja heterospila (Hubbs, 1936) Cichlasoma heterospilum Hubbs, 1936: 255, pl. 10, (fig. 3). Type locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, in southern Mexico. Holotype: USNM 52959. Maximum length: 24 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Candelaria and Usumacinta Rivers, Mexico and Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Common names: Colorado (Mexico), Pozolera (Mexico) Vieja intermedia (Günther, 1862) Heros intermedius Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: Guatemala. Syntypes: (orig. at least 3) BMNH 1864.1.26.87-91. Heros angulifer Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: River de Santa Isabel, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.60-61 (2). Acara rectangularis Steindachner, 1864: 57, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: Mejico. Holotype: NMW 33346. Maximum length: 20 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva and Usumacinta drainages in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Remarks and references: Pellegrin (1904), as first reviser, gave priority to Heros intermedius over H. angulifer. Common names: Northern checkmark cichlid (Belize) River and Lake Petén basins. Countries: Guatemala Vieja microphthalmus (Günther, 1862) Heros microphthalmus Günther, 1862: 295. Type locality: Río Motagua, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.275 (1), 1865.6.10.8-9 (2); ZMB 6839 (1). Heros oblongus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Rio Motagua. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2). Cichlasoma Güntheri Pellegrin, 1904: 215. Type locality: As for Heros oblongus Günther, 1867. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2). Replacement name for Heros oblongus Günther 1869 [= H. oblongus Günther, 1867], secondarily preoccupied in Heros by Chromys oblonga Castelnau 1855. Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907a: 142. Type locality: El Rancho, Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5529. Cichlasoma caeruleogula Fowler, 1936: 525, fig. 43. Type locality: Tributary of Rio Motagua about 20 miles west of El Rancho. Holotype: ANSP 64148. Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Motagua River basin in Guatemala and Honduras. Countries: Guatemala, Honduras Vieja regani (Miller, 1974) Cichlasoma regani Miller, 1974: 466, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Almoloya where crossed by the Trans-Isthmian Highway about 33 km north of southern terminus of that road, at 95°01” long., 16°45’N lat., Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 184756. Maximum length: 23 cm SL Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos River basin. Countries: Mexico Common names: Mojarra pinto (Mexico) Vieja synspila (Hubbs, 1935) Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905) Cichlosoma maculicauda Regan, 1905a: 227. Type locality: Lake Yzabal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.56-69 (4). Cichlasoma globosum Miller, 1907: 114, fig. 4. Type locality: brackish water, Puerto Barrios. Holotype: CAS [ex IU 11382] not present in 1995. Cichlasoma nigritum Meek, 1907b: 128. Type locality: Lago Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5979. Cichlasoma mañana Miller, 1907: 115, fig. 5. Type locality: Tenedores River, Tenedores. Holotype: CAS 78970 [ex IU 11385]. Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [5], fig. 9. Type locality: Panama. Holotype: MCZ 33281. Maximum length: 25 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Usumacinta River drainage in Guatemala to the Chagres River in Panama. Countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 380), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. Common names: Blackbelt cichlid (Belize), Boca colorada (Honduras), Machaca (Honduras), Palometa (Nicaragua), Pis pis (Costa Rica), Vieja (Costa Rica) Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862) Heros melanurus Günther, 1862: 288. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.78-82 (5). Heros melanopogon Steindachner, 1864: 72, pl. 1 (fig. 3). Type locality: Central-Amerika. Syntypes: NMW 17351 (1), 17353 (1). Maximum length: 19 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the De la Pasión Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935: 13, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El Paso de Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 95518. Cichlaurus hicklingi Fowler, 1956: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Central Farm, Baking Pot, Belize River, British Honduras. Holotype: ANSP 73891. Maximum length: 35 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Common names: Redhead cichlid (Belize) Vieja tuyrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 89. Type locality: Rio Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7599. Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra and Bayano River basins). Countries: Panama Common names: Mojarra (Panama) Vieja zonata (Meek, 1905) Cichlasoma zonatum Meek, 1905: 245. Type locality: Niltepec, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 3776. Maximum length: 25 cm TL Distribution: North America: Pacific slope, Tehuantepec River basin. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Listed as a synonym of Vieja guttulata (as Cichlasoma guttulatum) by Miller (1966). The validity of V. zonata rests uncertain. 646 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Common names: Mojarra prieta (Mexico) GENUS INQUIRENDUM Baiodon Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species by monotypy: Baiodon fasciatus Agassiz, 1859. SPECIES INQUIRENDAE Perca bimaculata Bloch, 1792: 82, pl. 310, fig. 1. Type locality: Flüssen von Brasilien [rivers of Brazil]. Types: No types known, based on ‘Acara brasiliensibus’ in Marcgravius (1648) Sparus acara La Cepède, 1802: 156. Substitute name for Perca bimaculata Bloch Acara margarita Heckel, 1840: 338. Substitute name for Perca bimaculata Bloch Pomotis ? bono Jardine, 1843: 171 [pl. 18; apparently not published]. Type locality: all the rivers of Guiana, and in pools and marshes. Types: No types known. Baiodon fasciatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Types lost. Kullander & Hartel (1997) examined Agassiz’ description and searched in vain for type material. The name is available but the species cannot be identified on the basis of the description. Hoplarchus planifrons Kaup, 1860: 131. Type locality: [unknown]. Holotype: ZSM, probably lost. References Agassiz, L. 1859. [Remarks on new fishes from Lake Nicaragua.]. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 6 (18561859): 407-408. Ahl, E. 1923. Eine neue Cichlidenart aus dem Amazonenstrom, In: Ichthyologische Mitteilungen, V. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 11: 44-45. Ahl, E. 1928. Übersicht über die Fische der südamerikanischen Cichliden-Gattung Pterophyllum. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 76: 251-255. Ahl, E. 1931. Neue Süsswasserfische aus dem Stromgebiet des Amazonenstromes. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1931: 206-211. Ahl, E. 1935. Ueber eine Fischsammlung aus Mexiko. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1935: 107-112. Ahl, E. 1936a. Beschreibung dreier neuer Fische der Familie Cichlidae aus Südamerika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1936: 138-142. Ahl, E. 1936b. Ueber eine kleine Sammlung von Süsswasserfischen aus dem Gebiet des Amazonas. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 21: 264-269. Ahl, E. 1938. Über einen neuen südamerikanischen Fisch der Familie Cichlidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 123: 246-247. Ahl, E. 1939. Über zwei neue Fische der Familie Cichlidae aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127: 80-82. Allgayer, R. 1983. Nannacara aureocephalus, espèce nouvelle de Guyane française (Pisces, Cichlidae). Revue Française des Cichlidophiles, 1983 (33): 13-16. Allgayer, R. 1988. Redescrition du genre Paraneetroplus Regan 1905, et description d’une espèce nouvelle du Mexique. Revue Française des Cichlidophiles, 9 (75): 4-22. Allgayer, R. 1989. Révision et redescription du genre Theraps Günther 1862. Description de deux espèces nouvelles du Mexique (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae). Revue Française des Cichlidophiles, 10 (90): 4-30. Allgayer, R. 1991. Vieja argentea (Pisces, Teleostei, Cichlidaae) une espèce nouvelle d’Amérique centrale. Revue Française des Cichlidophiles, 1991 (114): 2-15. Allgayer, R. 1994. Description d’une espèce nouvelle du genre Archocentrus Gill & Bransford 1877 (Pisces: Cichlidae) du Panama. Revue Française des Cichlidophiles, 135 (1): 6-24. Allgayer, R. 2001. Description d’un genre nouveau, Cryptoheros, d’Amérique centrale et d’une espèce nouvelle du Panama (Pisces: Cichlidae). 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