Updated checklist of the freshwater and estuarine ishes of French Guiana by Pierre-Yves Le BaiL* (1), Raphaël Covain (2, 3, 4), Michel Jégu (5, 6), Sonia FiSCh-MuLLeR (2), Régis vigouRoux (7) & Philippe Keith (6) ABSTRACT. - The ish fauna of French Guiana is among the best known of South America. Various ieldwork campaigns have been conducted since the publication of the “Atlas des poissons d’eau douce” de Guyane, particularly in poorly surveyed areas, leading to the discovery of new taxa, and numerous scientiic publications have provided new insights concerning this fauna. An updated checklist of the ishes of French Guiana, including all of this new information, is therefore desirable. The list contains 416 species, 367 of which are strictly freshwater. Fish diversity is strongly correlated with catchment size and is, on average, higher in French Guiana than in Suriname. The largest groups are the Characiformes (41%), Siluriformes (33%) and Perciformes (13%). The relative abundance of taxonomic groups differs between catchments, probably relecting the ecological character of the rivers. Eighty seven species, around a quarter of the ichthyofauna, are listed as endemic, but this may be an underestimate because a rather strict deinition of endemism is used. The rate of endemism is strongly correlated with catchment size, with some families showing higher than average rates. Comparison of the number of species shared by the different catchments suggests a highly complex pattern of dispersal as a function of the catchment size, topography, and species. The Oyapock River seems to belong to a relatively distinct biogeographic zone inluenced by the Amazon basin, but it is not possible to show a broader trend. These results provide an additional tool for environmental managers and decision makers. Résumé. - Liste actualisée des poissons d’eau douce et d’estuaire de Guyane française. L’ichtyofaune de Guyane française est probablement parmi les mieux connues d’Amérique du Sud. Depuis la publication de “l’Atlas des poissons d’eau douce de Guyane”, différentes campagnes de récoltes ont été menées, en particulier dans les régions encore peu explorées, amenant à la découverte de nouveaux taxa, et de nombreuses publications scientiiques ont fourni de nouvelles données sur cette faune. L’établissement d’une checklist des poissons de Guyane française prenant en compte ces nouveaux éléments était ainsi devenue nécessaire. Cette liste contient 416 espèces, dont 367 sont strictement dulçaquicoles. La diversité des poissons est fortement corrélée avec la taille du bassin et est en moyenne plus élevée pour la Guyane française que pour le Suriname. Les plus grands groupes sont les Characiformes (41%), les Siluriformes (33%) et les Perciformes (13%). L’abondance relative des groupes taxonomiques diffère entre bassins, relétant probablement la spéciicité écologique des rivières. Quatre-vingt-sept espèces, environ le quart de l’ichtyofaune, sont considérées endémiques. Ce chiffre pourrait néanmoins représenter une sous-estimation du taux effectif liée à l’utilisation d’une mesure stricte du taux d’endémisme. Il apparaît fortement corrélé à la taille des bassins et certaines familles présentent un taux plus élevé que la moyenne. La comparaison du nombre d’espèces partagées entre les différents bassins suggère un patron de dispersion très complexe qui serait fonction de la taille du bassin, de la topographie et des espèces. Si aucune tendance générale n’a pu être mise en évidence, l’Oyapock semble appartenir à une zone biogéographique distincte inluencée par le bassin de l’Amazone. Ces résultats fournissent un outil additionnel aux gestionnaires de l’environnement et aux décideurs. Key words. - Ichthyofauna - Guiana Shield - Distribution - Diversity - Neotropics - Conservation. Although the ichthyofauna of Guyana had already been extensively studied (Schomburgk, 1841; Eigenmann, 1912, 1917), our knowledge of the freshwater species of French Guiana remained fragmentary until the appearance of Puyo’s monograph (1949), which listed 76 freshwater species in French Guiana. Before him, Geay (1899) had referred to various species as being from “French Guiana”, including the Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), but these were collec- (1) SCRIBE-INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France. (2) Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Département d’herpétologie et d’ichtyologie, Route de Malagnou 1, Case postale 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Suisse. [Raphael.Covain@ville-ge.ch] [Sonia.Fisch-Muller@ville-ge.ch] (3) Université de Genève, Département de génétique et évolution, Sciences III, Quai E. Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Suisse. (4) Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de biométrie et de biologie évolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622Villeurbanne cedex, France. (5) IRD, UMR BOREA, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CP 026, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France. [jegu@mnhn.fr] (6) UMR MNHN-CNRS 7208-DMPA, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CP 026, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France. [keith@mnhn.fr] (7) Hydréco, Laboratoire environnement aménagement de Petit Saut, BP 823, 97388 Kourou, Guyane française. [regis.vigouroux@hydrecolab.com] * Corresponding author [Pierre-Yves.Lebail@rennes.inra.fr] Cybium 2012, 36(1): 293-319. Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana ted when French Guiana extended south as far as the Araguari River and west as far as the Branco River, along the southern edge of the Guiana Shield. Ichthyological surveys only really got underway in the late 1950s (for more details see Planquette et al., 1996). These collecting expeditions involved many research organisations, including the Institut français d’Amérique tropicale (IFAT), which later became the Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outremer (ORSTOM) and then the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (IRsNB), the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN) and the Institut national de la Recherche agronomique (INRA). Based on the information acquired, a highly comprehensive three-volume atlas was published, describing around 480 fresh and brackish water species (Planquette et al., 1996; Keith et al., 2000; Le Bail et al., 2000), which has remained the standard reference, even Le BaiL et al. though the taxonomic status of many taxa was uncertain or the species undescribed. Since then, further surveys have been carried out by these organisations and by others such as the Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la Ville de Genève (MHNG). Moreover, the information about ish diversity made available to consulting irms such as Hydréco and Ecobios by the “Atlas des poissons d’eau douce de Guyane” has facilitated the development of human impact studies and surveys, providing additional information on species distribution. The list of fish species has thus evolved, with the appearance of 36 publications dealing with new taxa (for references, see the recently described species in Tab. I), modiications and revisions of the taxonomic status of existing species (for references, see “Notes accompanying the Checklist of freshwater fishes from French Guiana”), and phylogenetic, ecological and biogeographical issues (e.g., Albert, 2001; de Mérona, 2005; Figure 1. - Map of French Guiana showing the main rivers and places mentioned in the list of estuarine and freshwater ish. 294 Cybium 2012, 36(1) Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Le BaiL et al. Reis et al., 2005; Vigouroux et al., 2005; Covain et al., 2006; Mol et al., 2007; Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos, 2009; Lucena and Malabarba, 2010; de Santana and Vari, 2010; Meunier et al., 2011). Since 2000, 60 new taxa have been identiied from French Guiana, with 26 species new to science and only recently described. It therefore became essential to update the current body of knowledge about ish diversity in French Guiana to improve the tools available to Government authorities for the management of freshwater ecosystems. Since checklists are not only aids for the identiication and correct naming of species, but also serve as essential resources for biodiversity estimates, and when reviewed by specialists often represent the most advanced state of knowledge available in the ield (Funk and Kelloff, in vari et al., 2009), we propose here an updated and annotated checklist of the freshwater and estuarine ishes of French Guiana. mateRial and methods The checklist (Tab. I) basically follows the classification adopted by Reis et al. (2003) in CLOFFSCA, while also taking into account Eschmeyer and Fricke (2011), and recent publications. It completes the list given in the “Atlas des poissons d’eau douce de Guyane” (Planquette et al., 1996; Keith et al., 2000; Le Bail et al., 2000) (hereafter the Atlas), and that more recently published by Vari et al. (2009), by adding observations not previously published by the authors, species whose taxonomic status is undecided (sp., cf., aff.) and their distribution in the largest river basins. The data on geographical distribution are updated based on authors’ own data, recent ieldwork, and collection database information (MNHN, MHNG, IRD, INRA, Hydréco). Species present in the frontier basins (Maroni and Oyapock), except for the highly endemic Harttiella crassicauda (Boeseman, 1953) (see Covain et al., 2012), have been included even if they have not been formally collected in French Guiana, as they are considered potentially present on both banks of the river. Fish do not observe administrative boundaries, but it is worth noting that certain Amazonian species present in Brazil in the swamps on the right bank of the lower Oyapock (Taparabu, Jumina) have not been found in the swamps on the opposite bank in French Guiana (Jégu and Keith, 1999). Uncertain locality information for some species has not been given in the current list. For the species living in brackish water, only those that have clearly been collected in the estuaries have been included, though we recognise the arbitrary nature of this choice. We have not, therefore, systematically included the species indicated from brackish water in French Guiana by the FAO (1978), as was done for the Atlas. The presence of species of marine origin in the list is therefore minimised. The Checklist (Tab. I) is an updated list of species present Cybium 2012, 36(1) in the large rivers of French Guiana (Fig. 1). It is presented in a table containing eight columns referring to the eight principal rivers of French Guiana, from west to east: Maroni, Mana, Iracoubo, Sinnamary, Kourou, Comté-Orapu basins, Approuague, and Oyapock (see de Mérona et al., 2012). A inal column indicates whether the species are also present on the coast. When the presence of a species is particularly linked to swamp zones or other precise localities (Fig. 1) these have been indicated in the column of their nearest catchment (Yiyi: pripri Yiyi and Trou poisson; Renner: Crique Renner near Sinnamary; Karouabo: crique Karouabo; Passoura: crique Passoura; Macouria: crique Macouria; Cayenne: lac des Américains at Cayenne or uncertain locality given by Valenciennes; Kaw: Kaw Swamp and River; Taparabu: Taparabu Swamp downstream on the Brazilian bank of the Oyapock; Tumuc-Humac: Tumuc-Humac Mountains, considered part of the Maroni catchment, though this is uncertain). Data concerning the area of the catchments and length of the rivers are taken from the Atlas des “Départements d’Outre-Mer” (Boyé et al., 1979). Species with a distribution area less than or equal to three adjacent catchments have been considered endemic (indicated in table I). Thus, for the Maroni these are species present in the Maroni, but whose distribution area extends no further than the Suriname River to the west and the Mana to the east. For the Oyapock, since we do not have a list of ish species from the adjacent rivers (e.g., the Uaça) or other information, we have taken the distribution area known for each species at the time of their description. This method of calculation makes it easier to see changes in the number of endemic species in French Guiana, and highlights the national importance of species with distribution areas that are restricted but larger than a single catchment. The latter point is particularly important for the implementation of a policy to protect species limited to a small area of French Guiana. A number of species cited by other authors have not been included in the Checklist. These are species placed in synonymy, or whose presence seems doubtful and has not been conirmed during the last 30 years of investigation by research organisations in French Guiana. Non-native species (marked with a triple asterisk in table I) were included when they were thought to be established in natural habitats (Cambou and Thonnel, 2010) and observed by the authors. Other species have changed status with respect to the list drawn up for the Atlas, in particular species that were not then formally described. New taxa have also been added, which had not yet been found when the Atlas was published. The main changes between the Checklist and the Atlas, excluding new discoveries, are indicated by an asterisk in table I and summarised in the section “Notes accompanying the Checklist of freshwater ishes from French Guiana.” Newly discovered species are also marked by a double asterisk in table I. 295 Taxa Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock + Coastline + t + Kaw Taparabu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + Cayennet + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayennet + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + Yiyi + + + + + + + + + Kaw + Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) order: Pristiformes Pristidae Pristis perotteti Müller & Henle, 1841 order: myliobatiformes Potamotrygonidae Potamotrygon marinae Deynat, 2006* Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855)** Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle, 1841) order: osteoglossiformes osteoglossidae Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Cuvier, 1829) order: elopiformes megalopidae Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, 1847 order: Clupeiformes Clupeidae Odontognathus mucronatus (Lacepède, 1800) engraulidae Anchoa spinifer (Valenciennes, 1848) Anchovia clupeoides (Swainson, 1939) Anchovia surinamensis (Bleeker, 1866) Anchoviella cayennensis (Puyo, 1946) Anchoviella guianensis (Eigenmann, 1912) Anchoviella lepidentostole (Fowler, 1911) Lycengraulis batesii (Günther, 1868) Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) Pterengraulis atherinoides (Linnaeus, 1766) Pristigasteridae Pellona lavipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836) order: Characiformes Parodontidae Parodon guyanensis Géry, 1959 Curimatidae Curimata cyprinoides (Linnaeus, 1766) Curimatopsis crypticus Vari, 1982 Cyphocharax biocellatus Vari, Sidlauskas & Le Bail, 2012** River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 296 Table I. - Updated checklist of ish species found in estuaries and fresh water in French Guiana, arranged by main river basin. An asterisk (*) indicates a change of name since the “Atlas des poissons d’eau douce de Guyane”, a double asterisk (**) indicates a new record since the same work, and a triple asterisk (***) indicates non native species. (+) indicates the presence of the species in the corresponding catchment. (locality name) indicates that the species was not found in the main watercourse but in adjacent rivers or aquatic zones, whose names are given in brackets. (T) indicates that the type specimen was captured in the corresponding catchment. Taxa Mana + + + t + + + t + Iracoubo Sinnamary + Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock + + Kaw + + + + + + + t + + + + + + t + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Coastline + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + + t t + + + + + + t + + Yiyi + t + Kourou + + + + + + + + + + + + Karouabo + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + 297 Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Cyphocharax helleri (Steindachner, 1876) Cyphocharax gouldingi Vari, 1992* Cyphocharax microcephalus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889)** Cyphocharax punctatus (Vari & Nijssen, 1986) Cyphocharax spilurus (Günther, 1864) Cyphocharax aff. spilurus Steindachnerina varii Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Prochilodontidae Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Jardine, 1841 Semaprochilodus varii Castro, 1988 anostomidae Anostomus brevior Géry, 1963 Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949 Hypomasticus despaxi (Puyo, 1943)* Leporinus acutidens (Valenciennes, 1837)* Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1794) Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)* Leporinus gossei Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912 Leporinus lebaili Géry & Planquette, 1983 Leporinus maculatus Müller & Troschel, 1844* Leporinus melanostictus Norman, 1926 Leporinus nijsseni Garavello, 1990 Leporinus pellegrini Steindachner, 1910* Schizodon fasciatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Chilodontidae Caenotropus maculosus (Eigenmann, 1912) Chilodus zunevei Puyo, 1946 Crenuchidae Characidium pellucidum Eigenmann, 1909 Characidium zebra Eigenmann, 1909* Characidium sp. 1* Characidium sp. 2** Crenuchus spilurus Günther, 1863 Melanocharacidium blennioides (Eigenmann, 1909)* Melanocharacidium dispilomma Buckup, 1993 Microcharacidium eleotrioides (Géry, 1960) River catchments and localities Maroni Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana + + + t + + + + + + + + Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou + Comté Orapu Approuague + + Oyapock t + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + t + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + + + t + t + + + Yiyi t + + + + + + t + + Kaw + + + Kaw + + Coastline + t + + Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) hemiodontidae Argonectes longiceps (Kner, 1858) Bivibranchia bimaculata Vari ,1985 Bivibranchia simulata Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Hemiodus huraulti (Géry, 1964) Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin, 1909 Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) Hemiodus aff. unimaculatus Gasteropelecidae Carnegiella strigata (Günther, 1864) Gasteropelecus sternicla (Linnaeus, 1758) Characidae taxa incertae sedis Aphyocharacidium melandetum (Eigenmann, 1912) Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Astyanax leopoldi Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1988 Astyanax validus Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991 Bryconamericus guyanensis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2010* Bryconamericus heteresthes Eigenmann, 1908* Bryconamericus aff. hyphesson Eigenmann, 1909* Bryconops afinis (Günther, 1864) Bryconops aff. afinis** Bryconops caudomaculatus (Günther, 1864) Bryconops aff. caudomaculatus Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman, 1926) Bryconops melanurus (Bloch, 1794) Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818 Creagrutus melanzonus Eigenmann, 1909 Creagrutus planquettei Géry & Renno, 1989 Ctenobrycon spilurus (Valenciennes, 1850) Hemibrycon surinamensis Géry, 1962 Hemigrammus aereus Géry, 1959** Hemigrammus bellottii (Steindachner, 1882) Hemigrammus boesemani Géry, 1959 Hemigrammus guyanensis Géry, 1959 Hemmigrammus aff. marginatus (Ellis, 1911)** Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner, 1882) Hemigrammus ora Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2006* River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 298 Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana + + + + + t + t + + Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne + + + + + t t + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + t + Yiyi + + + + Yiyi t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t t + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kaw t + Oyapock + + + Coastline + + + + + t + + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + + + Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 299 Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin, 1909 Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill, 1858* Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2006* Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin, 1908 Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882)*/*** Hyphessobrycon roseus (Géry, 1960)* Hyphessobrycon simulatus (Géry, 1960)* Hyphessobrycon takasei Géry, 1964 Jupiaba abramoides (Eigenmann, 1909)* Jupiaba keithi (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1996)* Jupiaba maroniensis (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1996)* Jupiaba meunieri (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1996)* Jupiaba ocellata (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1996)* Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther, 1864) Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner, 1882) Moenkhausia georgiae Géry, 1965 Moenkhausia grandisquamis (Müller & Troschel, 1845) Moenkhausia aff. grandisquamis Moenkhausia hemigrammoides Géry, 1965 Moenkhausia inrai Géry, 1992 Moenkhausia aff. intermedia Eigenmann, 1908 Moenkhausia lata Eigenmann, 1908* Moenkhausia moisae Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1995 Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther, 1864) Moenkhausia surinamensis Géry, 1965 Pristella maxillaris (Ulrey 1894) Pristella aff. maxillaris Roeboexodon guyanensis (Puyo, 1948) Thayeria ifati Géry, 1959 Triportheus brachipomus (Valenciennes, 1850)* iguanodectinae Iguanodectes aff. purusii (Steindachner, 1908)** Piabucus dentatus (Koelreuter, 1763) Bryconinae Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 Brycon pesu Müller & Troschel, 1845 serrasalminae Acnodon oligacanthus (Müller & Troschel, 1844) River catchments and localities Maroni Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana Iracoubo Yiyi t t + + + + + + + + + Sinnamary + Kourou + Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock + + + + t + + + + + + + + + Kaw Taparabu + + t + + Taparabu + + Cayenne t? + + + + + + + + + Tumuc-Humac + + + + + t t + + + t + + + + + + t + + + + + + t + Coastline Passoura + + + + + t Kaw + + + + + + Taparabu Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870)* Myleus knerii (Steindachner, 1881)** Myloplus planquettei Jégu, Keith & Le Bail, 2003** Myloplus rhomboidalis (Cuvier, 1818)* Myloplus rubripinnis (Müller & Troschel, 1844)* Myloplus ternetzi (Norman, 1929)* Pristobrycon eigenmanni (Norman, 1929)* Pristobrycon striolatus (Steindachner, 1908)* Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858** Pygopristis denticulata (Cuvier, 1819)* Serrasalmus maculatus Kner, 1858** Serrasalmus rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1766) Tometes lebaili Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu, 2002* Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850* Characinae Charax niger Lucena, 1989* Charax aff. pauciradiarus (Günther, 1864)* Cynopotamus essequibensis Eigenmann, 1912 Galeocharax aff. gulo (Cope, 1870) Phenacogaster aff. pectinatus (Cope, 1870)* Phenacogaster wayampi Le Bail & Lucena, 2010* Phenacogaster wayana Le Bail & Lucena, 2010* stethaprioninae Brachychalcinus orbicularis (Valenciennes, 1850)** Poptella brevispina Reis, 1989 tetragonopterinae Tetragonopterus chalceus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Tetragonopterus rarus (Zarske, Géry & Isbrücker, 2004)* Cheirodontinae Odontostilbe gracilis (Géry, 1960)* Odontostilbe littoris (Géry, 1960)* acestrorhynchidae Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794) Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Schomburgk, 1841)* Acestrorhynchus sp.** Cynodontidae Cynodon meionactis Géry, Le Bail & Keith, 1999 River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 300 Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Taparabu + + + + + + Kaw + Kaw + + t + Coastline + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Yiyi + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne t + + + + + + + + + Yiyi + t Yiyi + + + t + + + + + + Kaw + + Kaw + Karouabo + + + Kaw Kaw Kaw + + + + + 301 Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana erythrinidae Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider ,1801) Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Hoplias aimara (Valenciennes, 1847) Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) lebiasinidae Copella arnoldi (Regan, 1912)* Copella aff. arnoldi* Nannostomus beckfordi Günther, 1872 Nannostomus bifasciatus Hoedeman, 1954 Pyrrhulina cf. brevis Steindachner, 1876** Pyrrhulina ilamentosa Valenciennes, 1847 Pyrrhulina stoli Boeseman, 1953** Ctenoluciidae Boulengerella cuvieri (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) order: siluriformes Cetopsidae Cetopsidium orientale (Vari, Ferraris & Keith, 2003)* Helogenes marmoratus Günther, 1863 aspredinidae Aspredinichthys ilamentosus (Valenciennes, 1840) Aspredinichthys tibicen (Valenciennes, 1840) Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus, 1758) Bunocephalus aloikae (Hoedeman, 1961)* Bunocephalus coracoideus (Cope, 1874)* Bunocephalus verrucosus (Walbaum, 1792)* Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch, 1794* trichomycteridae Ituglanis amazonicus (Steindachner, 1882) Ituglanis nebulosus de Pinna & Keith, 2003* Ochmacanthus cf. alternus Myers, 1927 Ochmacanthus reinhardti (Steindachner, 1882) Callichthyidae Callichthyinae Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758) Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) Megalechis thoracata (Valenciennes, 1840) River catchments and localities Maroni Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana Iracoubo + Sinnamary + Kourou + Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + t Coastline + + Tumuc Humac + + + t + t + + + + t t + + + + + + + t t + + t + t t t + t t t + + + + + + + Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Corydoradinae Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858) Corydoras amapaensis Nijssen, 1972 Corydoras approuaguensis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983 Corydoras baderi Geisler, 1969 Corydoras aff. breei Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1992* Corydoras cf. brevirostris Fraser-Brunner, 1947 Corydoras condiscipulus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1980 Corydoras geoffroy Lacepède, 1803 Corydoras guianensis Nijssen, 1970 Corydoras nanus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967 Corydoras oiapoquensis Nijssen, 1972 Corydoras punctatus (Bloch, 1794) Corydoras sipaliwini Hoedeman, 1965 Corydoras solox Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983 Corydoras sp. 1** Corydoras sp. 2** Corydoras sp. 3** Corydoras sp. 4 ** Corydoras spilurus Norman, 1926 loricariidae hypoptopomatinae Gen. nov. aff. Parotocinclus Otocinclus mariae Fowler, 1940 loricariinae Cteniloricaria platystoma (Günther, 1868)* Farlowella reticulata Boeseman, 1971 Farlowella rugosa Boeseman, 1971 Harttia fowleri (Pellegrin, 1908)* Harttia guianensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001* Harttiella intermedia Covain & Fisch-Muller, 2012** Harttiella janmoli Covain & Fisch-Muller, 2012** Harttiella longicauda Covain & Fisch-Muller, 2012** Harttiella lucifer Covain & Fisch-Muller, 2012** Harttiella parva Covain & Fisch-Muller, 2012** Harttiella pilosa Covain & Fisch-Muller, 2012** Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus (Kner, 1853) Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, 1758 River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 302 Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana + Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t? + + + + + + + t t t + + Comté Orapu + Approuague Oyapock + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t t + + + t + + + + + + + + + + t + t + Coastline + t + + + + t + + + t + t? + + + + + + t t + + + + + + + + Cayenne t? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 303 Loricaria nickeriensis Isbrücker, 1979 Loricaria aff. parnahybae Steindachner, 1907 Metaloricaria paucidens Isbrücker, 1975 Rineloricaria platyura (Müller & Troschel, 1849)* Rineloricaria aff. stewarti (Eigenmann, 1909)* hypostominae Ancistrus aff. hoplogenys (Günther, 1864) Ancistrus cf. leucostictus (Günther, 1864) Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes, 1840) Ancistrus aff. temminckii Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983)* Guyanancistrus longispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983)* Guyanancistrus niger (Norman, 1926)* Hemiancistrus medians (Kner, 1854) Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman, 1926) Hypostomus nematopterus Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1984 Hypostomus plecostomus (Linneaus, 1758)* Hypostomus watwata Hancock, 1828 Lithoxus boujardi Muller & Isbrücker, 1993 Lithoxus planquettei Boeseman, 1982 Lithoxus stocki Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1990 Panaqolus koko Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012* Peckoltia otali Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012* Peckoltia capitulata Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012** Peckoltia simulata Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012** Pseudacanthicus serratus (Valenciennes, 1840) Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes, 1840) Pseudopimelodidae Batrochoglanis raninus (Valenciennes, 1840)* Batrochoglanis villosus (Eigenmann, 1912)** Cephalosilurus nigricaudus (Mees, 1974)* Microglanis poecilus Eigenmann, 1912 Microglanis secundus Mees, 1974 Pseudopimelodus bufonius (Valenciennes, 1840) heptapteridae Chasmocranus brevior Eigenmann, 1912* Chasmocranus longior Eigenmann, 1912* Heptapterus bleekeri Boeseman, 1953 River catchments and localities Maroni Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana + + t + + t + t + + + + + + + t + + + + t + + + + + + + + + Iracoubo Sinnamary + + Comté Orapu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne T + + + Cayenne T + + + + + + + + + Cayenne t + + + + Approuague + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kourou + + Cayenne T + Oyapock + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Coastline + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Heptapterus tapanahoniensis Mees, 1967 Imparinis pijpersi (Hoedeman, 1961)* Mastiglanis aff. asopos Bockmann, 1994* Phenacorhamdia tenuis (Mees, 1986)* Pimelodella cristata (Müller & Troschel, 1849) Pimelodella geryi Hoedeman, 1961 Pimelodella leptosoma (Fowler, 1914)* Pimelodella macturki Eigenmann, 1912 Pimelodella megalops Eigenmann, 1912 Pimelodella procera Mees, 1983 Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Pimelodidae Brachyplatystoma ilamentosum (Lichtenstein, 1819) Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castelnau, 1855)* Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Valenciennes, 1840) Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Valenciennes, 1840) Hypophthalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1840* Pimelabditus moli Parisi & Lundberg, 2009* Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes, 1840* Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1858 Propimelodus eigenmanni (Van der Stigchel, 1946)* Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Valenciennes, 1840) ariidae Amphiarius phrygiatus (Valenciennes, 1840)* Amphiarius rugispinis (Valenciennes, 1840) * Aspistor quadriscutis (Valenciennes, 1840)* Bagre bagre (Linnaeus, 1766) Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes, 1840)* Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829) Notarius grandicassis (Valenciennes, 1840)* Sciades couma (Valenciennes, 1840)* Sciades herzbergii (Bloch, 1794)* Sciades parkeri (Traill, 1832)* Sciades passany (Valenciennes, 1840)* Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840)* doradidae Acanthodoras cataphractus (Linnaeus, 1758) River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 304 Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana t + + + Iracoubo Sinnamary + + Kourou + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + t t + Approuague + + Oyapock + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Renner + + Karouabo + + Cayenne t + + Kaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t Coastline Taparabu + + Cayenne T? + + + + + + t + Comté Orapu + + + Kaw + + + + + Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 305 Anadoras weddellii Castelnau, 1855* Doras carinatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Doras micropoeus (Eigenmann, 1912)* Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Platydoras sp.* auchenipteridae Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus, 1766)* Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855* Auchenipterus dentatus Valenciennes, 1840 Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Glanidium leopardum (Hoedeman, 1961)* Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch, 1794) Tatia brunnea Mees, 1974 Tatia intermedia (Steindachner, 1877)* Trachelyopterus coriaceus Valenciennes, 1840 Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766)* order: Gymnotiformes Gymnotidae Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman, 1962 Gymnotus sp. sternopygidae Archolaemus blax Korringa, 1970 Distocyclus sp.** Japigny kirschbaum Meunier, Jégu & Keith, 2011* Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes, 1836) Rhabdolichops jegui Keith & Meunier, 2000** Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Rhamphichthyidae Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linnaeus, 1766) hypopomidae Brachyhypopomus beebei (Schultz, 1944) Brachyhypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner, 1868) Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (Hopkins, 1991) Hypopomus artedi (Kaup, 1856) Hypopygus lepturus Hoedeman, 1962 River catchments and localities Maroni Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana + + + t + Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu + Approuague Oyapock + + Coastline + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + t + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne + + + + + Taparabu T Kaw Kaw Kaw + + + + + Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) apteronotidae Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766) Apteronotus aff. albifrons Porotergus gymnotus Ellis, 1912 Sternarchorhynchus galibi (de Santana & Vari, 2010)** Sternarchorhynchus aff. oxyrhynchus (Müller & Troschel, 1849)* ordre des Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Batrachoides surinamensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) order: mugiliformes mugilidae Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Mugil incilis Hancock, 1830 Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 order: Cyprinodontotiformes Rivulidae Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880)* Kryptolebias sepia Vermeulen & Hrbek, 2005** Rivulus agilae Hoedeman, 1954 Rivulus cladophorus Huber, 1991 Rivulus gaucheri Keith, Nandrin & Le Bail, 2006** Rivulus geayi Vaillant, 1899 Rivulus holmiae Eigenmann, 1909 Rivulus igneus Huber, 1991 Rivulus lungi Berkenkamp, 1984 Rivulus xiphidius Huber, 1979 Poeciliidae Fluviphylax palikur Costa & Le Bail, 1999 Micropoecilia bifurca (Eigenmann, 1909) Micropoecilia cf. picta (Regan, 1913) Micropoecilia parae (Eigenmann, 1894) Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859**/*** Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann, 1909 anablepidae Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) Anableps microlepis Müller & Troschel, 1844 River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 306 Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana + + + + + + Iracoubo Sinnamary + + + + + + Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cayenne T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + t + + + + Coastline + + + + + + t + + + Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 307 order: Beloniformes Belonidae Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Jardine, 1843) Pseudotylosurus microps (Günther, 1866)** order: Gasterosteiformes syngnathidae Microphis lineatus (Bleeker, 1853)** order: synbranchiformes synbranchidae Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 order: Perciformes Centropomidae Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) serranidae Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) Carangidae Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766) Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831 Oligoplites saliens (Bloch, 1793) Trachinotus cayennensis Cuvier, 1832 Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758) lutjanidae Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) sciaenidae Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepède, 1801) Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Nebris microps Cuvier, 1830 Pachypops fourcroi (Lacepède, 1802) Plagioscion auratus (Castelnau, 1855) Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840)* Polycentridae Polycentrus schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, 1849* Cichlidae Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840) Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982 River catchments and localities Maroni Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Table I. - Continued. Taxa Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague + + + Kaw + + + + + + + + Kaw Kaw + + + + + + + + t t Kaw + t + + t t t + t + t t + + + t + + + + + + Yiyi + + + Yiyi + + + + t + Coastline Taparabu Taparabu Taparabu Taparabu + Kaw + Taparabu + + Taparabu Taparabu + + + + + + t + + + Oyapock + + + + + + + + + + Kaw + + + + + + Kaw + Yiyi + + + + Taparabu t + + + + Le BaiL et al. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward, 1907 Chaetobranchus lavescens Heckel, 1840 Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831 Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881) Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904 Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912 Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840 Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903 Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926 Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903 Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976 Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) Guianacara geayi (Pellegrin, 1902) Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Guianacara owroewei Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862) Krobia aff. guianensis sp. 1 Krobia aff. guianensis sp. 2 Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943) Laetacara cf. curviceps (Ahl, 1923) Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998 Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905 Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983 Nannacara sp. Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823) Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971 Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) Satanoperca rhynchitis Kullander, 2012* eleotridae Dormitator maculatus (Bloch, 1792) Eleotris amblyopsis (Cope, 1871)** Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin, 1789) River catchments and localities Maroni Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana 308 Table I. - Continued. Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Le BaiL et al. + + + + Kaw + + Macouria + + + + + + + + + + + Sinnamary + Kourou t Comté Orapu Approuague + + + Gobiidae Awaous lavus (Valenciennes, 1837)** Awaous tajasica (Lichtenstein, 1822)** Ctenogobius phenacus (Pezold & Lasala, 1987)** ephippidae Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) order: Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Syacium gunteri Ginsburg, 1933 achiridae Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758) Cynoglossidae Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) order: tetraodontiformes tetraodontidae Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758) order: lepidosireniformes lepidosirenidae Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837 Table I. - End. Taxa Maroni Mana Iracoubo River catchments and localities + + + Oyapock + Coastline Results and disCussion Cybium 2012, 36(1) Biodiversity The checklist (Tab. I) contains 416 species, of which 367 are strictly freshwater (Tab. II). The total number of species is therefore lower than the 480 given by Keith et al. (2000), mainly because the more restrictive deinition used in this list (see “Notes accompanying the Checklist of freshwater ishes from French Guiana”) means that fewer brackish water species are included. The number of freshwater species is slightly lower in French Guiana than in Suriname (367 vs. 394; Mol et al., 2012), although Suriname is much larger (84,000 vs. 163,820 km2), giving an appreciably higher diversity for French Guiana (4.1 vs. 2.4 species/1000 km2). This difference can be at least partly explained by the different topographical structure of the two regions. The coastal plain savannahs are much more extensive in Suriname than in French Guiana, where the Guiana Shield is increasingly close to the coast the nearer one gets to Cayenne. The estuarine zone of Suriname’s rivers is therefore much larger on average, reducing the area of rheophile habitats. These habitats host a particularly diversified and sometimes very specialized fauna, and regularly reveal new taxa (see, e.g., Covain et al., 2012; Fisch-Muller et al., 2012; Lundberg et al., 2012). Conversely, the savannah zone almost certainly encourages the exchange of non-territorial, biologically adaptable species between catchment areas, reducing the likelihood of endemic forms emerging. Furthermore, the Amazonian fauna of the Oyapock helps increase the species richness of French Guiana in comparison with Suriname. A catchment by catchment analysis (Tab. II) underlines the relative importance of different rivers in terms of species richness and contribution to the overall freshwater ichthyofauna of French Guiana. The Maroni River basin undoubtedly has largest number of strictly freshwater species (n = 242), two thirds (66%) of those known from French Guiana. This is largely explained by the size of its catchment area (65,830 km2), which is over twice that of the Oyapock (26,820 km2), the second largest river in this territory. The latter, like the Mana, contains just under half the species (46% and 47%), though the catchment of one is twice the size of the other (26,820 as against 12,090 km2). A third group of rivers, comprising the Approuague, the Sinnamary and the Comté-Orapu, supports around 40% of the species (40%, 37% and 39%, respectively) with catchment areas varying up to a factor of three 309 Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Le BaiL et al. Table II. - Species richness and diversity in French Guiana, arranged by river basin. Species are regarded as strictly freshwater if the entire life cycle takes place in fresh water. Diversity is expressed as the number of species per 1000 km2. Maroni Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté-Orapu Approuague Oyapock French Guiana Total number of species 279 176 78 156 108 160 188 204 416 Number of marine cycle species 37 5 2 19 14 17 39 34 50 Number of strictly freshwater species 242 170 76 137 94 143 149 170 366 Percentage of strictly freshwater species 66 47 21 37 26 39 40 46 100 Catchment area (km2) 65,830 12,090 1,470 6,565 2,000 3,255 10,250 26,820 84,000 Number of freshwater species per 1000 km2 3.68 14.06 51.70 20.87 47.00 43.93 14.54 6.34 4.07 Figure 2. - Relationship between the number of strictly freshwater fish in each catchment and the size of the catchment area. The number of species per site includes those of the main basin (e.g., the Approuague) and those of nearest sites (e.g., the Kaw River and Swamp). (10,250, 6,565 and 3,255 km2 respectively). The inal group comprises the two smallest rivers, the Kourou and the Iracoubo, and contains about a quarter of the species (26% and 21% respectively) for similar catchment areas (2,000 and 1,470 km2 respectively). Analysis of diversity (number of species for a given area) in the different catchments shows a classic reduction in species richness as a function of the size of the catchment area (Tab. II), with values (51.7 and 3.7 species per 1000 km2 for the Iracoubo and the Maroni respectively) that are globally lower but of the same order of magnitude as those previously published (Meunier et al., 1998). The relationship between the area of the rivers and the number of strictly freshwater species they support is given in igure 2. As expected (Albert et al., 2011), most of the rivers lie on an exponential regression curve (R2 = 0.90). In the Maroni, the slightly higher than expected number of species may indicate a zone of more marked exchanges between basins. The other two exceptions are the ComtéOrapu and the Oyapock. The higher than expected species richness of the Comté-Orapu can be explained partly by its connection with the Gabrielle Savannah, a large speciesrich swamp zone, and partly by its position on the boundary between the Amazonian inluence to the east and that of the Guiana Shield to the west. Conversely, the lower than expected number of species as a function of catchment area found in the Oyapock may be explained by the fact that certain biotopes have not been surveyed or sampled. These include wetland habitats such as swamp, pripri and looded savannah, which contain many species distinct from those of 310 the main watercourses. By incorporating the 15 species from the Taparabu Flooded Savannah (as yet poorly sampled), situated on the Brazilian bank of the Oyapock and connected in the estuarine zone, one can partially correct for the deviation with respect to the curve, but the fact remains that the Oyapock has not been explored to the same extent as other large rivers in French Guiana. Analysis of the relative importance of the large taxonomic groups (> 10 species) present in French Guiana (Tab. III) shows, as expected, that the two best represented taxonomic groups among the freshwater species are the Characiformes (n = 151, i.e., 41%, with the Characidae alone comprising 23%) and the Siluriformes (n = 120, i.e., 33%, with the Loricariidae alone comprising 11%). With the Perciformes, which represent 13% of the total number of species (10% being Cichlidae), these three groups account for almost 90% of the ish diversity of French Guiana. The Characiformes are almost as well represented as they are among the freshwater ichthyofauna of Suriname (n = 145, i.e., 37.1%), though the Siluriformes seem slightly more important in Suriname (n = 170, of which 157 are freshwater, i.e., 40.2%; Mol et al., 2012). These results corroborate the inding of Vari and Ferraris (2009) for the Guiana Shield (Characiformes: 41%, Siluriformes: 36%, and Perciformes: 11%). It may be observed that the relative abundance of each taxonomic group in the different river basins (to which have been added species from the same geographical zone, see table III) is not always proportional to the total number of species present in the catchment area. The Maroni is the most Cybium 2012, 36(1) Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Le BaiL et al. Table III. - Relative abundance of the principal strictly freshwater taxonomic groups (> 10 species) in the catchments of French Guiana. The relative abundance of each taxonomic group (orders and large families) in each catchment is expressed as a percentage of the total number of species of the same group for the whole of French Guiana. The number of species per site includes those of the main basin (e.g. the Approuague) and those of nearest sites (e.g., the Kaw River and Swamp). The comparisons are based on the number of strictly freshwater species present in French Guiana. Taxa Catchments + surrounding areas Maroni Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock Characiformes Characidae Anostomidae Curimatidae siluriformes Loricariidae Callichthyidae Heptapteridae Pimelodidae Auchenipteridae Gymnotiformes Cyprinodontotiformes Rivulidae Perciformes Cichlidae others 73.5 72.1 71.4 80.0 61.7 66.7 45.5 92.9 60.0 60.0 76.2 58.8 90.0 42.9 36.8 44.4 54.3 54.7 64.3 60.0 40.8 40.5 18.2 71.4 40.0 60.0 61.9 35.3 30.0 32.7 34.2 44.4 25.8 26.7 14.3 30.0 20.8 14.3 22.7 21.4 10.0 20.0 23.8 23.5 40.0 22.4 21.1 22.2 39.1 34.9 50.0 30.0 34.2 35.7 18.2 50.0 40.0 50.0 28.6 58.8 50.0 30.6 28.9 33.3 24.5 20.9 14.3 30.0 21.7 14.3 18.2 21.4 30.0 70.0 38.1 64.7 60.0 34.7 23.7 22.2 40.4 39.5 21.4 40.0 32.5 26.2 31.8 35.7 30.0 60.0 33.3 64.7 60.0 34.7 36.8 44.4 58.9 52.3 35.7 50.0 46.7 35.7 45.5 71.4 60.0 80.0 61.9 47.1 50.0 38.8 47.4 44.4 47.7 47.7 50.0 40.0 46.7 47.6 31.8 50.0 80.0 70.0 52.4 29.4 50.0 59.2 65.8 66.7 total 64.3 46.3 23.4 36.5 27.5 37.9 51.5 48.8 speciose river basin, supporting 64% of the total number of Guianese species. In the Maroni, the Characiformes (representing 74% of the total number of Characiformes species in the whole French Guiana, and in particular the Curimatidae at 80%), the Gymnotiformes (76%), the Heptapteridae (93%) and the Rivulidae (90%) are over-represented. Conversely, the Callichthyidae (45%) and the Cichlidae (37%) are under-represented. The same general trend is observed in the Mana, which connects with the Maroni in the coastal zone. In the small rivers (the Iracoubo, the Kourou and the Comté-Orapu) to which one can add the Approuague, which shows the same trend, the Anostomidae and the Loricariidae are under-represented, while the Auchenipteridae are overrepresented. This no doubt reflects the character of these rivers, which are predominantly lentic. The Oyapock (49% of the ichthyofauna of French Guiana) and the Sinnamary (37%) show a shortfall in the Callichthyidae (32% and 18%, respectively) and over-representation of the Auchenipteridae (70% and 50%, respectively). The over-representation of the Pimelodidae (80%) in the Oyapock may be partly explained by the presence of large representatives (Brachyplatystoma, Pseudoplatystoma) that one mainly inds in this river. Without reading too much into these indings, particularly where there are only a few species in the group, one observes an over-representation of the Cyprinodontiformes in the zone between the Iracoubo and the Comté-Orapu. This may be an artefact linked to better knowledge of biotopes favouring the Cybium 2012, 36(1) French Guiana Species % of total number number of species 151 41.1 86 23.4 14 3.8 10 2.7 120 32.7 42 11.4 22 6.0 14 3.8 10 2.7 10 2.7 21 5.7 17 4.6 10 2.7 49 13.4 38 10.4 9 2.5 367 100.0 Rivulidae in this zone where the human population is much denser than elsewhere. The lack of biotopes suitable for the Poecilidae in the costal zone of large rivers like the Mana, the Approuague and the Oyapock is another plausible explanation. Rates of endemism Most of the species without settled taxonomic status (n = 33) following initial morphological examination have been considered species new to science and included when calculating the rates of endemism. It is possible that cryptic species remain to be discovered, which could alter the number of endemic species and the analysis of their biogeographical distribution. The absolute value for the rate of endemism should therefore be treated with caution pending formal descriptions. There are 87 endemic species, giving French Guiana a rate of endemism of around 24% for the strictly freshwater species. This result is directly comparable to the rate obtained for Suriname (22.6%; Mol et al., 2012). Interestingly, both estimates are signiicantly lower than the one provided for the Eastern Guiana ecoregion corresponding to Suriname and French Guiana (38%; Albert et al., 2001). Only species with a geographical distribution less than or equal to three adjacent catchments have been considered endemic. However, there are species with larger distribution areas that are present only in French Guiana or only in the catchments adjacent to French Guiana (Astyanax vali­ 311 Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Le BaiL et al. Table IV. - Rates of endemism in the principal strictly freshwater taxonomic groups (> 10 species) in the catchments of French Guiana. Species with a distribution less than or equal to three adjacent catchments are considered as endemic. Results are expressed as number of species, unless otherwise stated. The number of species per site includes those of the main basin (e.g. the Approuague) and those of nearest sites (e.g. the Kaw River and Swamp). The comparisons are based on the number of strictly freshwater species present in French Guiana. Number of endemic species per catchment + surrounding areas French Guiana Characiformes Characidae Anostomidae Curimatidae siluriformes Loricariidae Callichthyidae Heptapteridae Pimelodidae Auchenipteridae Gymnotiformes Cyprinodontotiformes Rivulidae Perciformes Cichlidae others 18 12 1 2 13 10 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 6 6 0 10 6 1 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9 7 0 1 5 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 0 12 9 2 0 10 7 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 5 5 0 39 27 3 3 29 20 7 1 1 0 4 4 3 11 11 0 % of total number of species in taxa 25.8 31.4 21.4 30.0 24.2 47.6 31.8 7.1 10.0 0.0 19.0 23.5 30.0 22.4 28.9 0.0 total number per catchment % of the total number per catchment 40 16 3 3 4 10 19 30 87 23.7 16.9 9.4 3.5 2.2 4.0 7.2 10.1 16.8 23.7 Taxa Maroni Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock dus, Hemigrammus guianensis, Hyphessobrycon borealis, Moenkhausia inrai, etc.). Our calculation method, therefore, markedly reduces the rate of endemism for French Guiana as a whole. Catchment by catchment analysis (Tab. IV) indicates that the rates of endemism are strongly correlated with catchment size (r = 0.82; p = 0.013). Thus, the rate of endemism is highest, almost 17%, in the two largest basins, the Maroni and the Oyapock, while the lowest rate (2.2%) is found in the Sinnamary. If we consider the distribution of endemic species within their respective taxonomic groups we see that for the best represented orders (Characiformes, Siluriformes, Gymnotiformes, Cyprinodontiformes and Perciformes) there is little difference between their rates of endemism (25.8%, 24.2%, 19%, 23.5% and 22.4%, respectively) and that calculated for French Guiana as a whole (23.7%). However, the rates of endemism within families are much more variable. Rates of endemism among the Loricariidae (47.6%), the Characidae, the Curimatidae, the Callichthyidae, the Rivulidae and the Cichlidae (around 30%) are appreciably higher than the average value for French Guiana. Most of the species in these families are rheophile species inhabiting the upper sections of rivers, and/or territorial species that tend not to migrate. Conversely, the rates of endemism 312 Number of endemic species for the Heptapteridae (7.1%) and the Pimelodidae (10%) are considerably lower than the value for French Guiana. These families, especially the Heptapteridae, comprise numerous small and poorly known species, and this low value could be the outcome of our poor knowledge of these taxa. The Heptapteridae, includes many small species that occupy microhabitats such as holes in submerged trunks which are dificult to sample, and could therefore represent an important hidden diversity (e.g. cryptic species). Biogeographic relationships between the rivers The table V shows the number of species shared between the different catchments of French Guiana. After standardization of the data (relating them to the total surface of the two catchments compared following the method used in Albert et al., 2011) three trends are revealed: From a strictly quantitative point of view (i.e., without considering the species independently), all rivers display a regular pattern showing a decrease in the number of species shared with their successive neighbouring catchments. For example, taking the Maroni as the reference point, we see that the proportion of species shared between it and the other rivers follows a steadily declining gradient as far as the Oyapock (around 8.5 for the Mana, 6.0 for the Sinnamary, Cybium 2012, 36(1) Le BaiL et al. Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana list of freshwater fish of French Guiana show that considerable progress has been made over recent years in our knowledge of ish diversity in this region. They also show the gaps that need to be illed if we are to have a gloMaroni Mana Iracoubo Sinnamary Kourou Comté Orapu Approuague Oyapock bal vision of the diversity and Maroni 8.5 4.1 6.0 4.1 5.7 6.6 5.4 distribution of fish in French Mana 158 6.0 8.4 5.7 8.0 8.2 6.2 Guiana. First of all, it is necesIracoubo 74 71 6.9 7.5 8.3 6.2 4.7 sary to clarify the taxonomic Sinnamary 109 108 71 7.5 9.4 8.8 6.4 position of species whose status Kourou 73 68 62 79 9.2 6.9 4.9 remains uncertain and, in the case Comté-Orapu 103 98 75 102 85 9.8 6.7 of new species, to describe them. Approuague 123 111 71 110 80 116 7.8 This would allow legal protecOyapock 105 96 67 96 71 97 119 tion of these often rare taxa. We 6.6 for the Approuague and 5.4 for the Oyapock). also need to improve our knowledge about biodiversity by Larger rivers share more common species with more exploring zones that are dificult to access, little visited or numerous and distant drainages than smaller rivers (mostly poorly surveyed. Efforts over recent years to study the upper the rivers of central French Guiana: Iracoubo, Sinnamary, catchment areas have revealed the presence of taxa that had Kourou, Comté-Orapu). never been found in French Guiana, for example representaUsing a Mantel test to relate the number of shared species tives of the genus Harttiella, with the discovery of no fewer to the distance between basins (using distances between river than six new species (Covain et al., 2012). Investigations mouths to estimate the between-river distances) revealed no must be pursued in these areas, but also in the interior lentic correlation (Mantel = 0.2715; p = 0.095). zones, particularly of the Oyapock, which seems poorly surThese observations reveal a highly complex pattern of veyed, and in the Tumuc-Humac region, which is still little faunal exchanges between basins, with numerous alternative known. pathways used according to the species. For example, the At the request of the Direction régionale de l’environsmall coastal rivers share a relatively similar ichthyofauna, nement (DIREN) of French Guiana, a short report on introprobably due to easier exchanges in the coastal swamps and duced and potentially invasive species was produced (Camseasonally flooded savannahs. Exchanges via headwaters bou and Thonnel, 2010). This cites two activities as the cause were also highlighted in a species of Guyanancistrus (Car- of ish introductions. Since 1970, various attempts to devedoso and Montoya-Burgos, 2009) and could concern other lop pisciculture have led to the importation of exotic species species from headwaters. The Oyapock seems to belong to such as Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp), Cyprinus a relatively distinct biogeographic zone of French Guiana, carpio (common carp) and tilapia. The latter is most probstrongly influenced by the Amazon basin, as may be seen ably Oreochromis mossambicus, illegally imported from from the species found in the Taparabu savannahs (Pygo- Suriname, where it is commercially produced and is present centrus nattereri, Serrasalmus maculatus, Anadoras regani, in natural habitats (Kullander and Nijssen, 1989; FitzsimCichla monoculus, Hypselecara temporalis, Pterophyllum mons, 2000). These species, whose naturalisation in tropical scalare, etc.) or caught by American Indians living in the habitats is well attested, are liable to have a negative impact swamps (Arapaima gigas). The zone between the Oyapock on the native species (Lever, 1996). It is very likely that ish and the Approuague seems to act as a biogeographical bar- have escaped in French Guiana, in the Comté and Kourou rier for lowland species (but see also Kullander, 2012) due rivers, but recent investigations have not found evidence of to the lack of exchange zones (freshwater swamps, looded established populations. Guianese aquaria catering for amasavannahs), resulting from the palaeographic history of this teur fishkeeping import numerous tropical species, some landscape (Jégu and Keith, 1999). Nevertheless, due to the of them from other parts of South America. When amateur high complexity of the distribution patterns observed within aquarists leave the area they prefer to release the species they French Guiana, additional investigation of species using dif- have raised into the wild rather than killing them. Cambou ferent dispersal strategies is required for a better understan- and Thonnel (2010) report that Corydoras sp., Poecilia retiding of the different dispersion processes. culata (guppies) and Hyphessobrycon eques (serpae tetras) may be present in natural habitats. Only the two last named outlook species have been observed by the current authors. The staThe results obtained during this revision of the check- tus of the cichlid Heros efasciatus is ambiguous. Keith et al. Table V. - Number of species common to the different catchments and adjacent areas. The igures below the diagonal line represent the number of species shared between the catchments and adjacent areas, taken in pairs (see legend in table III). The igures above the diagonal line represent the standardized number of species shared between the catchments and adjacent areas using the equation: C = SC/Ab where SC represent the number of common species between pairwise compared rivers, A represents the sum of surfaces of the pairwise compared rivers, and b represents the species-area scaling exponent; b is obtained by the slope of the log-log species-area regression (see Fig. 2). Cybium 2012, 36(1) 313 Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana (2000) report its possible exotic origin following a release into the Kourou zone by an amateur aquarist in 1980-82. But since then the species has been reported from pripri Yiyi as far as the Kaw Swamp, with captures in the estuarine zones, showing its alarming capacity to extend its range. It cannot, therefore, be ruled out that the native population present in the Taparabu (a catchment east of the Oyapock; Jégu and Keith, 1999) is the source of the current extension in French Guiana. Genetic analysis of the populations in the different catchments should settle this question. Climate change has already been suggested as the cause of biodiversity changes in French Guiana. Over the last 50 years a rise of around 2°C in the average annual temperature has been observed in some zones, which may be the cause of deterioration in plant biodiversity (Fonty et al., 2009). This warming could alter the low rates and vegetation cover of the rivers. It could also have biological implications for some species, for example, altering the sex ratio of Hoplosternum littorale (Hostache et al., 1995), with the risk of disrupting population dynamics. It is important to extend genetic studies of populations of species common to different rivers, such as the work carried out on Guyanancistrus brevispinis by Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos (2009), in order to better understand the gene low and identify the exchange zones. The information gained from these various measures will enable us to better understand the potential risks to ish diversity and, where appropriate, take action to limit their impact. These approaches must be coupled with biological and ecological studies of the species. Tejerina-Garro et al. (2006) developed a river quality index based on species assemblages to help the monitoring of French Guiana rivers to meet the European Water Framework Directive recommendations (see de Mérona et al., 2012). These complementary studies and tools will help to highlight vulnerable stages of species life cycle and allow better management of the anthropic pressures (ishing by local populations, agriculture, urbanism, etc) in sensitive zones, and priority protection measures in the case of gold mining activities (Mol and Outboter, 2004; Mol et al., 2012) particularly for the most vulnerable species (Jégu and Keith, 2005; Covain et al., 2012; Mol et al., 2012). This will facilitate the implementation of sustainable exploitation of the ish stocks (Jégu et al., 2003; de Figueiredo Silva et al., 2012). The irst phases of this programme should, as a priority, be implemented in protected zones such as the Parc amazonien de Guyane and the regional reserves. notes aCComPanyinG the CheCklist oF FReshwateR Fishes oF FRenCh Guiana The main differences between the “Atlas des poissons d’eau douce de Guyane” (Planquette et al., 1996; Keith et al., 2000; Le Bail et al., 2000) and the present checklist 314 Le BaiL et al. (Tab. I, species names marked with an asterisk), excluding new discoveries and records (see Tab. I, species names marked with a double asterisk), are listed below. These notes also cover species cited for French Guiana but not included in the Checklist. Potamotrygonidae Some specimens previously identiied as Potamotrygon hystrix correspond to the recent description of P. marinae and have therefore been placed under the latter name. Other specimens have been retained under the name P. hystrix pending clariication of the taxonomic status of Potamotrygon in French Guiana. Parodontidae Apareiodon gransabana Starnes & Schindler, 1993, cited by Pavanelli (in vari et al., 2009), has not been observed in French Guiana during the last 30 years and has been excluded from the list pending more concrete data. Curimatidae Cyphocharax cf. gouldingi becomes Cyphocharax goul­ dingi. anostomidae The presence of Leporinus arcus Eigenmann, 1912 in French Guiana is considered doubtful as it has not been conirmed during the last 30 years (see also species distribution in Sidlauskas and Vari, 2012). Leporinus despaxi becomes Hypomasticus despaxi (Sidlauskas & Vari, 2008). The two subspecies Leporinus friderici acutidens and L. f. friderici were raised to species level. The two subspecies Leporinus maculatus maculatus and L. m. pellegrini were raised to species level. Leporinus badueli Puyo, 1948, listed for French Guiana by vari (in vari et al., 2009), was considered synonymous with L. granti by géry et al. (1991). A detailed comparison of material from across the Guianas is needed before considering the species valid (B. Sidlauskas, pers. comm.). Leporinus leschenaulti Valenciennes, 1850 was considered synonymous with L. friderici by Géry and Planquette (1983), and Leporinus spilopleura Norman, 1926 was considered synonymous with L. acutidens by géry et al. (1991). Both species, cited by Vari (in vari et al., 2009), are very similar to L. friderici and their validity needs to be conirmed (B. Sidlauskas, pers. comm.). Crenuchidae Characidium fasciadorsale is a junior synonym of C. zebra (Buckup, 1992). Characidium n. sp. becomes Characidium sp. 1. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Le BaiL et al. Melanocharacidium cf. blennioides is here M. blennioi­ des. Characidae Bryconamericus sp. 1 aff. stramineus is replaced by the recently described B. guyanensis. Knodus heteresthes reverts back to Bryconamericus heteresthes (Román-Valencia, 2002). Bryconamericus sp. 1 aff. hyphesson is replaced by Bryconamericus aff. hyphesson. Hemigrammus aff. schmardae has been described as H. ora. Hemigrammus unilineatus cayennensis is H. unilineatus. Hyphessobrycon aff. sovichthys has been described as H. borealis. Hyphessobrycon callistus is a junior synonym of H. eques (Weitzman and Palmer, 1997). Megalamphodus roseus becomes Hyphessobrycon roseus (Weitzman and Palmer, 1997). Pseudopristella simulata becomes Hyphessobrycon simulatus (Weitzman and Palmer, 1997). Astyanax abramoides, A. keithi, A. maroniensis, A. meunieri and A. ocellatus become Jupiaba abramoides, J. keithi, J. maroniensis, J. meunieri and J. ocellata (Zanata, 1997). Moenkhausia cf. lata is reidentiied as M. lata. Moenkhausia megalops (Eigenmann, 1907) cited by Lima (in vari et al., 2009) has never been confirmed in French Guiana and is excluded from the current checklist. Moenkhausia aff. simulata, described as M. rara, was changed to Tetragonopterus rarus (Melo et al., 2011). Triportheus brachipomus formerly placed in synonymy with T. rodontatus is a valid species (Malabarba, 2004). Metynnis cf. lippincottianus is conirmed as M. lippincottianus. Myleus rhomboidalis, Me. rubripinnis and Me. ternetzi become Myloplus rhomboidalis, Mo. rubripinnis and Mo. ternetzi (Orti et al., 2008). Serrasalmus humeralis becomes Pristobrycon eigenmanni (Meunier et al., 2004). Serrasalmus striolatus becomes Pristobrycon striolatus (Jégu in Reis et al., 2003). Serrasalmus denticulatus becomes Pygopristis denticulata (Jégu in Reis et al., 2003). Mylesinus ? sp. 1 has been described as Tometes lebaili. Myleus pacu was replaced by Tometes trilobatus (Jégu et al., 2002). Charax pauciradiatus is replaced partly by C. niger and partly by C. aff. pauciradiatus. Phenacogaster aff. megalostictus is replaced partly by P. aff. pectinatus, and partly by the two recently described P. wayampi and P. wayana. Roeboides thurni Eigenmann, 1912, considered a junior synonym of R. affinis (Günther, 1868) by Lucena (2007), Cybium 2012, 36(1) Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana was cited from French Guiana by Menezes and Lucena (in vari et al., 2009). It has not been observed in French Guiana by the authors and is therefore not included in the current list. Odontostilbe gracilis gracilis and O. g. littoris become Odontostilbe gracilis and O. littoris. acestrorhynchidae Acestrorhynchus guianensis is a junior synonym of A. microlepis (Toledo-Piza and Menezes, 1996). erythrinidae Hoplerythrinus gronovii (Valenciennes, 1847), the provenance of which is uncertain, is probably a synonym of H. unitaeniatus, to which the material we have collected in French Guiana is referable. Despite its citation for French Guiana (Oyakawa, in Reis et al., 2003), we have excluded H. gronovii from the current list pending more detailed studies. Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1907) cited by Oyakawa (in Reis et al., 2003) is a junior synonym of H. aimara (Mattox et al., 2006). Hoplias patana (Valenciennes, 1847), the provenance of which is uncertain, is probably synonymous with H. malabaricus, to which the material we have collected in French Guiana is referable. Despite its citation for French Guiana (Oyakawa, in Reis et al., 2003), we have excluded H. patana from the current list pending more detailed studies. lebiasinidae Copella cf. arnoldi becomes Copella aff. arnoldi. Copella carsevennensis is considered a junior synonym of C. arnoldi (M. Marinho, pers. comm.). Cetopsidae Pseudocetopsis cf. minutus has been described as Cetopsidium orientale. aspredinidae Dysichthys coracoideus is replaced partly by Bunocepha­ lus coracoideus, partly by B. aloikae and partly by B. verrucosus (A. Cardoso, pers. comm.). Aspredo cotylephorus reverts back to Platystacus cotylephorus (Friel in Reis et al., 2003). trichomycteridae Ituglanis sp. has been described as I. nebulosus. Callichthyidae Corydoras heteromorphus is replaced by C. aff. breei. 315 Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana loricariidae Cteniloricaria maculata is considered a junior synonym of C. platystoma (Covain et al., 2012). Cteniloricaria fowleri becomes Harttia fowleri following Rapp Py-Daniel and Oliveira (2001). Harttia surinamensis is replaced by H. guianensis. Loricaria parnahybae becomes L. aff. parnahybae. Rineloricaria cf. platyura becomes R. platyura. Rineloricaria stewarti becomes R. aff. stewarti. Hypostomus tapahoniensis Boeseman, 1969 is a junior synonym of H. gymnorhynchus (Weber et al., 2012). Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman, 1968 is a junior synonym of H. plecostomus (Weber et al., 2012). Lasiancistrus brevispinis, L. longispinis and L. niger become Guyanancistrus brevipinis, G. longispinis and G. niger (Covain and Fisch-Muller, 2012). Panaque cf. dentex is described in this volume as Pana­ qolus koko. Hemiancistrus aff. braueri is described in this volume as Peckoltia otali. Pseudopimelodidae Pseudopimelodus raninus raninus becomes Batrochoglanis raninus (Shibatta in Reis et al., 2003). Pseudopimelodus nigricauda becomes Cephalosilurus nigricaudus (Shibatta in Reis et al., 2003). heptapteridae Heptapterus brevior and H. longior reverts back to Chasmocranus brevior and C. longior (Bockmann and Guazzelli in Reis et al., 2003). Imparinis minutus is replaced by I. pijpersi. Megalonema cf. platycephalum is replaced by Mastiglanis aff. asopos. Heptapterus tenuis becomes Phenacorhamdia tenuis (Donascimiento and Milani, 2008). Rhamdella cf. leptosoma becomes Pimelodella leptosoma (Bockmann & Miquelarena, 2008). Pimelodidae Brachyplatystoma lavicans was reidentiied as B. rousseauxii (J. Lundberg, pers. comm.). Hypophthalmus edentatus is replaced by H. marginatus. It is placed in Pimelodidae based on unpublished molecular evidence (J. Lundberg, pers. comm.). Cheirocerus sp. has been described as Pimelabditus moli. Pimelodus cf. blochii is conirmed as P. blochii. Pimelodus eigenmanni becomes Propimelodus eigenmanni (Lundberg and Littmann in Reis et al., 2003). 316 Le BaiL et al. ariidae Arius phrygiatus and R. rugispinis become Amphiarius phrygiatus and A. rugispinis (Marceniuk and Menezes, 2007). Arius quadriscutis becomes Apistor quadriscutis (Marceniuk and Ferraris, in Reis et al., 2003). Cathorops issus is a synonym of C. arenatus (Marceniuk and Ferraris in Reis et al., 2003). Arius grandicassis becomes Notarius grandicassis (Marceniuk and Menezes, 2007). Arius couma, A. herzbergii, A. parkeri, A. passany, and A. proops become Sciades couma, S. herzbergii, S. parkeri, S. passany, and S. proops (Marceniuk and Menezes, 2007). doradidae Amblydoras hancockii is replaced by Anadoras weddellii (M. Sabaj Pérez, pers. comm.). Doras cf. micropoeus becomes D. micropoeus. Platydoras dentatus is reidentified as Platydoras sp. (Mark Sabaj, pers. comm.; see also Mol et al., 2012). auchenipteridae Ageneiosus breviilis is a junior synonym of A. inermis (Ferraris in Reis et al., 2003). Ageneiosus dentatus is a junior synonym of A. ucayalensis (Ferraris in Reis et al., 2003). Tatia cf. intermedia becomes Tatia intermedia. Parauchenipterus galeatus becomes Trachelyopterus galeatus (Ferraris in Reis et al., 2003). Gymnotidae Gymnotus anguillaris, known only from type specimens, is replaced by G. coropinae (W. Crampton and J. Mol, pers. comm.). sternopygidae Eigenmannia n. sp. was recently described as Japigny kirschbaum. apteronotidae Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus, for which the taxonomic status of the Oyapock material remains to be clariied, is temporarily called S. aff. oxyrhynchus. Rivulidae Rivulus ocellatus is replaced by Kryptolebias marmoratus (see Costa, 2006). syngnathidae The possible presence of a Pseudophallus species is reported from the Approuague River basin (Mol, 2012), but not included in the present list. Cybium 2012, 36(1) Checklist of freshwater ishes of French Guiana Le BaiL et al. sciaenidae Plagioscion surinamensis is considered a junior synonym of P. squamosissimus (Casatti, 2005). Polycentridae Polycentrus punctatus is replaced by P. schomburgkii (Britz and Kullander in Reis et al., 2003). Cichlidae Satanoperca aff. jurupari is described in this volume as S. rhynchitis. acknowledgements. - The current body of knowledge about the freshwater ish of French Guiana results from the work and skill of many scientists, habitat managers and enlightened amateurs. It is dificult to name them all without the risk of forgetting somebody. Nonetheless, we wish to thank the following for their support and collaboration: Belmont-Jégu E., Betancur R. (STRI), Bidaud C., Brosse S. (CICT), Cardoso A. (MCP), Cerdan P. (Hydreco), Commergnat R., Costa W.J.E.M. (UFRJ), Lucena Z.M. (MCP), de Mérona B. (IRD), de Pinna M., Fermon Y. (MNHN), Gaucher P. (CNRS), Gombauld P. (PNRG), Grenand P. (CNRS), Isbrücker I.J.H. (ZMA), Kullander S.O. (NRM), Lachenaud P. (Cirad), Lundberg J.G., (ANSP), Marinho M. (MCP), Meunier F. (MNHN), Mol J.H. (NZCS), Montoya-Burgos J.I. (Unige), Nijssen H. (ZMA), Ouboter P. (NZCS), Pagezy H. (CNRS), Parisi B.M. (MNHN), Pruvost P. (MNHN), Rapp Py-Daniel L.H. (INPA), Reis R.E. 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