Family Poeciliidae (Livebearers) -- Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America

Paulo Lucinda

Gambusia quadruncus n. sp., the llanos mosquitofish, is described from east-central M´exico. The region inhabited by the species represents a hotspot of diversity of Gambusia, and G. quadruncus sometimes coexists with at least three congeners. The species differs from its closest relative, Gambusia affinis, in several characteristics with plausible effects on reproductive isolation, e.g. body size, body and fin morphology, male genital morphology (distal tip of gonopodium) and female anal spot morphology (colouration near the urogenital sinus). Moreover, combined analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence data (c. 2158 total base pairs) indicates reciprocal monophyly of G. quadruncus and its sister species G. affinis, with levels of genetic divergence suggesting the two species diverged from one another over a million years ago. The origin of G. quadruncus may reflect a vicariant event associated with Pliocene orogenesis in the Tamaulipas Arch and a frontal section of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Lleran Mesas). Gambusia quadruncus inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats across several river drainages, with its range spanning at least 350 km from north to south, covering over 25 000 km2. A key to aid identification of the species is provided.

The Grijalva River basin is one of the largest hydrological systems in Central America. Despite its importance, an inventory of its ichthyofauna remains incomplete. We provide a systematic checklist of fishes recorded in the Grijalva River basin based on surveys performed from 2002 to 2015. The systematic list includes 92 species, belonging to 13 orders, 25 families and 50 genera, of which 83 species are native and nine are exotics. This checklist includes three range expansions (Profundulus hildebrandi, Poecilia sphenops and Paraneetroplus hartwegi). Fifteen species are endemic to the basin. The most diverse families are Cichlidae and Poeciliidae with 25 and 23 species, respectively. Secondary freshwater fish diversity is high with 65.1%, the remaining species are primary freshwater (13.3%) and peripheral (21.7%) fishes.

Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Family Poeciliidae (Livebearers) Paulo H. F. Lucinda Poeciliids can be characterized by: (1) a highly-inserted pectoral fin, (2) pelvic fins that migrate anteriorly during growth, (3) recessed supraorbital pores 2b through 4a, and (4) pleural ribs on the first several haemal arches as well as a series of other internal synapomorphies (see details in Parenti, 1981; Costa, 1998; Ghedotti, 2000). Poeciliids are small and laterally compressed cyprinodontiform fishes. Body form ranges from extremely elongate (e.g. Tomeurus) to deep-bodied (e.g. Phallichthys, Carlhubbsia). Size is extremely variable ranging from the tiny Fluviphylax palikur (maximum adult recorded size: 13.9 mm) to the giant of the group, Belonesox belizanus, which reaches 200 mm. Poeciliids comprise 299 valid species inhabiting the fresh and brackish waters of American and African continents (but are reported to occur in salt waters in coastal areas). Species of Poeciliidae occur in North and Middle America, Caribbean, South America to Northern Argentina, Congo basin and the African rift lakes, Dar es Salaam and Madagascar (Parenti, 1981). Following Ghedotti (2000), fishes of the family Poeciliidae are included in three subfamilies: Poeciliinae (220 valid species), Procatopodinae (78 valid species) Aplocheilichthyinae (one species). The subfamily Poeciliinae is broadly distributed throughout the Americas. Poeciliines are characterized by: (1) the uniquely derived possession of a gonopodium formed by the modified male anal-fin rays 3, 4, and 5 (Parenti, 1981), (2) internal fertilization, (3) viviparity (Tomeurus gracilis possess facultative viviparity). Some species with all-female individuals, their eggs capable of developing when stimulated by the sperm of another species without fertilization. Poeciliinae is the sister group of the Procatopodinae, a group composed of the South-American Fluviphylax and the African procatopodines. The clade Poeciliinae plus Procatopodinae is the sister group of the Aplocheilichthyinae (Costa, 1996; Ghedotti, 2000). These three subfamilies compose the family Poeciliidae. The Poeciliinae includes well-known aquarium fishes such as the guppies, mosquito fishes, swordtails, platys and the mollies, being very familiar to the non-scientific public. On the other hand, poeciliines are well known from several biological standpoints, being object of study for ecologists, anatomists, embryologists and many others biologist researchers. Notwithstanding, this fish assemblage is disappointingly ill-studied from the perspective of systematics. Intrageneric diversity and intergeneric relationships of the Poeciliinae are poorly known, regardless of its huge distribution range and notoriety. Similarly, phylogenetic hypotheses for most of genera are still wanting. Taxonomic revisions and phylogeny hypotheses have provided insights into the relationships of smaller groups of the Poeciliinae (e.g., Rosen, 1967, 1979; Rauchenberger, 1989; Rosa & Costa, 1993; Meyer et al., 1994; Mojica et al., 1997; Rodriguez, 1997; Ghedotti, 2000) or have dealt with higher taxa (Costa, 1996 and 1998; Parenti, 1981). The only comprehensive study is the classic revision of “Poeciliidae” by Rosen & Bailey (1963), which did not deal with cladistic methodology. Nonetheless, Rosen & Bailey (1963) is the basis for current inner classification of Poeciliinae. Later, Parenti & Rauchenberger (1989) modified the classification of Rosen & Bailey (1963) in order to accommodate it into the taxonomic rank of subfamily proposed by Parenti. Following Rosen & Bailey (1963) and Parenti & Rauchenberger (1989), Tomeurus alone is the supertribe Tomeurini. The remaining genera form the supertribe Poeciliini, which is subdivided in the tribes Poeciliini, Cnesterodontini, Gambusini, Scolichthyini, Girardinini, Heterandrini and Xenodexini. Later, Ghedotti (2000) proposed another Poeciliinae classification based in his phylogenetic study of the Poecilioidea despite the fact that only 12 genera have been used in his cladistic analysis. ALFARO Petalosoma Regan, 1908: 458. Type species: Petalosoma cultratum Regan, 1908. Preoccupied in Coleoptera. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter. Alfaro Meek, 1912: 72. Type species: Alfaro acutiventralis Meek, 1912. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Petalurichthys Regan, 1912: 494 (footnote). Type species: Petalosoma cultratum Regan, 1908. Type by being a replacement name for Petalosoma preoccupied in Coleoptera. Gender: masculine. Furcipenis Hubbs, 1931: 1. Type species: Priapichthys huberi Fowler, 1923. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Alfaro cultratus (Regan, 1908) Petalosoma cultratum Regan, 1908: 458. Type locality: Rio Iroquois [Costa Rica]. Holotype: BMNH 1909.3.13.58. 558 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Petalosoma amazonum Regan, 1911: 659, fig. (p. 660). Type locality:Obidos. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.10.28.1-2 (2). Alfaro acutiventralis Meek, 1912: 72. Type locality: Guapilis, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7679 [not FMNH 7579]. Maximum length: 7.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica, Panama and Nicaragua. Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Alfaro huberi (Fowler, 1923) Priapichthys huberi Fowler, 1923: 27. Type locality: Marceligo Creek, tributary of the Tunky River, at Miranda, Nicaragua. Holotype: ANSP 51220. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Southern Guatemala through Honduras to Nicaragua. Countries: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua BELOESOX Belonesox Kner, 1860: 419, 422. Type species: Belonesox belizanus Kner, 1860. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Belonesox belizanus Kner, 1860 Belonesox belizanus Kner, 1860: 419, pl. Type locality: Belize. Possible types: USNM 117504 (2). Belonesox belizanus maxillosus Hubbs, 1936: 228, pl. 7 (fig. 5). Type locality: roadside pool 3 km. south of Progreso, Yucatan. Holotype: UMMZ 102137. Maximum length: 20 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: From Laguna San Julian, northeast of Ciudad Veracruz in Mexico to Costa Rica. Southern Gulf of Mexico, southern Yucatán and along Central American coast south to Nicaragua. Introduced in freshwater in Florida. Countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua BRACHYRHAPHIS Brachyrhaphis hartwegi Rosen & Bailey, 1963 Brachyrhaphis hartwegi Rosen & Bailey, 1963: 87, fig. 41. Type locality: stream tributary to Río Jalapa, which in turn flows into an independent Pacific drainage, the Río Zintalapa, at Finca Esperanza, 450 feet in elevation, longitude 92°36’ W., latitude 15°20’ N., about 6 km north-northeastern of Escuintla, Soconusco District, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 179539. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Mexico to Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Brachyrhaphis hessfeldi Meyer & Etzel, 2001 Brachyrhaphis hessfeldi Meyer & Etzel, 2001a: 34, fig. 1. Type locality: ditch near Palenque, 40 km NE from Portobelo (79’23ºW. 9’35ºN), Colon, Panama. Holotype: MTD F 22534. Maximum length: 5.5 cm TL Distribution: Waters west of Canal Zone, Coclé. Countries: Panama. Brachyrhaphis holdridgei Bussing, 1967 Brachyrhaphis holdridgei Bussing, 1967: 223, fig. 4. Type locality: Río Madre de Dios, Río Sarapiquí, and Río Arenal drainages on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica between 50 and about 600 meters elevation [100 miles E of Quebrada los Murcielagos near Arenal,Guanacaste, Costa Rica]. Holotype: LACM 9240-1. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica Brachyrhaphis parismina (Meek, 1912) Gambusia parismina Meek, 1912: 71. Type locality: Parismina, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7678 [not 7578]. Maximum length: 7 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica punctifer (Hubbs, 1926) Brachyrhaphis Regan, 1913a: 997. Type species: Brachyrhaphis Trigonophallus punctifer Hubbs, 1926: 49. Type locality: Guibari Gambusia rhabdophora Regan, 1908. Type by Creek, a tributary of the Rio Cricamola below Conquantu, on the monotypy. Gender: feminine. See Mojica et al. Caribbean slope of western Panama. Holotype: UMMZ 72573. (1997) for phylogenetic relationships inferred Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Panama. from DNA sequences. Countries: Panama Trigonophallus Hubbs, 1926: 48. Type species: Trigonophallus punctifer Hubbs, 1926. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Plectrophallus Fowler, 1932: 384. Proposed as new subgenus of Panamichthys Hubbs. Type species: Panamichthys tristani Fowler, 1932. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Brachyrhaphis cascajalensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Gambusia cascajalensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 86. Type locality: Rio Cascajal, Porto Bello, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7594. Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Southern Costa Rica to Panama. Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Brachyrhaphis episcopi (Steindachner, 1878) Gambusia episcopi Steindachner, 1878: 387, pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type locality: Streams near Obispo Station, Canal Zone, Panama. Syntypes: NMW 14705 (5). Gambusia latipunctata Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 87. Type locality: Arrijan, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7595. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Panama. Countries: Panama Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora (Regan, 1908) Gambusia rhabdophora Regan, 1908: 457. Type locality: Volcano of Tenorio and Rio Grande de Terraba [Costa Rica]. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.3.13.48-53 (6), 1909.3.13.54-56. Priapichthys olomina Meek, 1914: 114. Type locality: Orotina, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7827. Panamichthys tristani Fowler, 1932: 384. Type locality: Escobal, at 400 meters, Costa Rica. Holotype: ANSP 53935. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica Remarks and references: Reznick et al (1993): life history. Brachyrhaphis roseni Bussing, 1988 Brachyrhaphis roseni Bussing, 1988: 81, fig. 1. Type locality: Quebrada la Palma (elevation 90 m), 3 km W of Paso Canoas. [Costa Rica]. Holotype: LACM 44220-1 [ex UCR 103-4]. Maximum length: 4.42 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica and Panama. Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Brachyrhaphis roswithae Meyer & Etzel, 1998 Brachyrhaphis roswithae Meyer & Etzel, 1998: 157, fig. 1. Type locality: brook near El Valle (80°22’W, 08°58’N), Coclé, 559 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Panama. Holotype: MTD F 17046. Maximum length: 5 cm TL. Distribution: Waters west of Canal Zone, Coclé. Only known from type locality. Countries: Panama Brachyrhaphis terrabensis (Regan, 1907) Gambusia terrabensis Regan, 1907a: 260. Type locality: Rio Grande de Térraba, Pacific Slope. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.2.11.31-32 (2), 1907.2.11.33-36 (4). Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica and Panama. Countries: Costa Rica, Panama CARLHUBBSIA Allophallus Hubbs, 1936: 232. Name preoccupied in Diptera.Type species: Allophallus kidderi Hubbs, 1936. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Carlhubbsia Whitley, 1951: 67. Type species: Allophallus kidderi Hubbs, 1936. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Carlhubbsia kidderi (Hubbs, 1936) Allophallus kidderi Hubbs, 1936: 236, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rio Champoton, near a savanna about 18 km. from mouth at Champoton, Campeche. Holotype: UMMZ 102199. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Champotón River, Campeche, Mexico, and the drainages of San Pedro de Mártir River, El Petén, and de la Pasión River and Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico Carlhubbsia stuarti Rosen & Bailey, 1959 Carlhubbsia stuarti Rosen & Bailey, 1959: 5, pl. 1; fig. 1. Type locality: Río Polochic at the “playa,” about 0.5 km. east of Panzós, Alta Vera Cruz, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 146084. Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Polochic River and Lake Izabal basins. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Panama CESTERODO Cnesterodon Garman, 1895: 43. Type species: Poecilia decemmaculata Jenyns, 1842. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. See Rosa & Costa (1993) for taxonomic revision. Gulapinnus Langer, 1913: 207. Type species: Poecilia decemmaculata Jenyns, 1842. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Cnesterodon brevirostratus Rosa & Costa, 1993 Cnesterodon brevirostratus Rosa & Costa, 1993: 704, fig. 17. Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Cambará do Sul, Parque Nacional dos Aparados da Serra, Arroio Camisa, tributary to Rio das Antas. Holotype: MZUSP 41399. Maximum length: 4.39 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Pelotas and Canoas River basins in Uruguay River drainage; Jacuí River as well as the headwaters of the Maquiné River in the Tramandaí River basins and the headwaters of Itajaí-Açu River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Maximum length: 2.97 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Iguaçu River and its upper tributaries. Countries: Brazil. Remarks and references: See Lucinda & Garavcllo (2001) for discussion on types and type locality. Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) Poecilia decem-maculata Jenyns, 1842: 115, pl. 22 (figs. 1, 1a). Type locality: Maldonado [Uruguay]. Syntypes: (2) BMNH 1917.7.14.25-26. Poecilia gracilis Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846: 133. Type locality: environs de Montevidéo. Syntypes: MNHN B-0939 (3) Maximum length: 3.55 cm SL Distribution: South America: Lower Uruguay, Laguna dos Patos, Negro, and Salado River basins; western drainages of Argentina and small coastal drainages of Uruguay and Argentina. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile (introduced) Remarks and references: Jenyns (1842) stated that the types of Poecilia decemmaculata were collected by Charles Darwin in a lake in Maldonado. In the same paper, Jenyns also described Lebias lineata (= Jenynsia lineata) and cited its type-locality as the same as for Poecilia decemmaculata. Based on the color pattern of recent samples of J. lineata and based on localities from which Darwin made collections, Ghedotti & Weitzman (1996) concluded that Darwin did not actually collect the types in Maldonado, but in the Cebollati River drainage, a tributary of the Mirim Lagoon. Darwin did make a ten-day incursion to the arroyo Polanco, a tributary of Cebollati River: “I stayed ten weeks at Maldonado, in which a nearly perfect collection of the animals, birds, and reptiles, was procured. Before making any observations respecting them, I will give of a little excursion I made as far as the river Polanco, which is about seventy miles distant, in a northerly direction (...)” (Darwin, 1839). As Poecilia decemmaculata and Lebias lineata have the same type-localities, the same remarks should be applied to the type-locality of Poecilia decemmaculata. Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Cnesterodon hypselurus Lucinda & Garavello, 2001 Cnesterodon hypselurus Lucinda & Garavello, 2001: 129, fig. 5. Type locality: Brasil, Paraná, rio Cilada, brigde of road BR 151, rio Paranapanema drainage, Jaguariaíva. Holotype: MCP 22741. Maximum length: 3.05 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paranapanema River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Cnesterodon omorgmatos Lucinda & Garavello, 2001 Cnesterodon omorgmatos Lucinda & Garavello, 2001: 126, fig. 3. Type locality: Brasil, Paraná, rio das Torres, rio Iguaçu basin, Pinhão. Holotype: MCP 22741. Maximum length: 3.05 cm SL Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Cnesterodon carnegiei Haseman, 1911 Cnesterodon raddai Meyer & Etzel, 2001 Cnesterodon raddai Meyer & Etzel, 2001b: 248, fig. 1. Type locality: swamp near Resistencia, Rio Paraná basin, Argentina. Holotype: MTD F 25416. Maximum length: 2.32 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraguay and lower Paraná River basins. Countries: Argentina, Paraguay Cnesterodon carnegiei Haseman, 1911: 385, pl. 83. Type locality: Serrinha, Paraná..Holotype: FMNH [ex CM 2868] (missing). Cnesterodon septentrionalis Rosa & Costa, 1993 560 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Cnesterodon septentrionalis Rosa & Costa, 1993: 706, fig. 18. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso,Município de Alto Araguaia, swamp near the Córrego do Rancho fountainhead. Holotype: MZUSP 41380. Maximum length: 3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Araguaia River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) FLUVIPHYLAX Potamophylax Myers & Carvalho in Myers, 1955: 7. Type species: Potamophylax pygmaeus Myers & Carvalho, 1955. Type by monotypy. Preoccupied in Insecta. Gender: masculine. Fluviphylax Whitley, 1965: 25. Type species: Potamophylax pygmaeus Myers & Carvalho, 1955. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: masculine. Fluviphylax obscurus Costa, 1996 Fluviphylax obscurum Costa, 1996: 122, fig. 13. Type locality: Brazil: Estado do Amazonas: Barcelos, rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 49208; erroneusly published as MZUSP 49207. Maximum length: 1.73 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Negro River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Fluviphylax palikur Costa & Le Bail, 1999 Fluviphylax palikur Costa & Le Bail 1999: 1029, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil: Estado do Amapá: rio Taparabu, a right tributary of rio Oiapoque, Juminán, 03°58’35”N, 51°41’06”W. Holotype: MZUSP 52941 Maximum length: 1.2 cm SL. Distribution: South America: Lower Oyapock River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Fluviphylax pygmaeus (Myers & Carvalho, 1955) Potamophylax pygmaeus Myers & Carvalho in Myers, 1955: 7. Type locality: Middle Amazon [Borba, lower Madeira River], 4°24’S, 59°35’W, Amazonas, Brazil. Maximum length: 2 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin. Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Fluviphylax simplex Costa, 1996 Fluviphylax simplex Costa, 1996: 126, fig. 15. Type locality: Brazil: Estado do Amazonas: igarapé of lago José-Açu, Parintins. Holotype: MZUSP 49209. Maximum length: 1.45 cm SL Distribution: South America: Solimões-Amazonas River, between Miuá Lake (Codajás) and mouth of the Tapajós River, and lower Trombetas and Tapajós Rivers. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Fluviphylax zonatus Costa, 1996 Fluviphylax zonatus Costa, 1996: 124, fig. 14. Type locality: Brazil: Estado do Amazonas: Anavilhanas, Rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 49207. Maximum length: 1.53 cm SL Distribution: South America: Lower Negro River, between Anavilhanas Archipelago and Manaus. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) See Greenfield et al. (1982) for taxonomy and distribution of the species in Belize, Rauchenberger (1989) and Rauchenberger et al. (1990) for systematics and biogeography. Paragambusia Meek, 1904: 133. Type species: Gambusia nicaraguensis Günther, 1866. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Heterophallus Regan, 1914b: 65. Type species: Heterophallus rachovii Regan, 1914. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Arthrophallus Hubbs, 1926: 38. Proposed as subgenus of Gambusia. Type species: Heterandria patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Heterophallina Hubbs, 1926: 26. Proposed as subgenus of Gambusia. Type species: Gambusia regani Hubbs, 1926. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Schizophallus Hubbs, 1926: 40. Proposed as subgenus of Gambusia. Type species: Gambusia holbrookii Girard, 1859. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Dicerophallus Alvarez, 1952: 95. Type species: Dicerophallus echeagarayi Alvarez, 1952. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Flexipenis Hubbs in Rivas, 1963: 334. Type species: Gambusia vittata Hubbs, 1926. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Orthophallus Rivas, 1963: 339. Type species: Gambusia lemaitrei Fowler, 1950. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Heterandria affinis Baird & Girard, 1853: 390. Type locality: Rio Medina and Rio Salado [Texas, USA]. Syntypes: ANSP 6974-75 (2); MCZ 41141 (1), 41150 (1). Heterandria patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853: 390. Type locality: Rio Sabinal; Rio Leona and Rio Neuces, and Elm Creek [Texas, USA]. Syntypes: MCZ 1300 (6). Gambusia holbrooki Girard 1859a: 62. Type locality: Palatka, e. Florida; Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Syntypes: ANSP 6976-77 (2) Palatka, MCZ 35999 [ex USNM 8301] (5) Charleston, USNM 8301 (45). Name taken from Agassiz manuscript (as Heterandria holbrookii), but author of description is Girard. Gambusia gracilis Girard, 1859a: 121. Type locality: Matamoras [Mexico]. Syntypes: ANSP 6973 (1), MCZ 1309 (1), MNHN [ex USNM 3506] (1), ?USNM 3506 (7, not found). Gambusia humilis Günther, 1866: 335. Type locality: Matamoras [Mexico]. Syntypes: ANSP 6973 (1), MCZ 1309 (1), MNHN [ex USNM 3506] (1). Haplochilus melanops Cope, 1870: 457. Type locality: in still waters of the Neuse basin, Wake Co., N. Ca. Syntypes: ANSP 7143-59 (17). Zygonectes atrilatus Jordan & Brayton, 1878: 84 [footnote]. Type locality: Neuse River, near Goldsboro´ [sic] [North Carolina, USA]. Syntypes: BMNH 1880.1.21.48 (1), USNM 23464 (1). Zygonectes brachypterus Cope, 1880: 34. Type locality: Trinity River at Fort Worth [Texas, USA]. Holotype: ANSP 20446. Zygonectes inurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882: 143. Type locality: Cache River [Southern Illinois, USA]. Holotype: USNM 29666. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Mississippi River basin from central Indiana and Illinois in USA south to Gulf of Mexico and Gulf slope drainages west to Mexico. One of the species with the widest range of introductions which acquired for itself a near pan-global distribution. Countries: Bolivia (introduced), Chile (introduced), Mexico, Peru (introduced), USA Gambusia alvarezi Hubbs & Springer, 1957 GAMBUSIA Gambusia Poey, 1854: 382. Type species: Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: feminine. Gambusia alvarezi Hubbs & Springer, 1957: 310, fig 14. Type locality: El Ojo de San Gregorio, Chihuahua, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 168979. 561 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Maximum length: 3 cm TL. Distribution: North America: Only known from El Ojo de San Gregorio, Chihuahua, Mexico, and the adjacent creek. Countries: Mexico Holotype: USNM 204865. Maximum length: 5.18 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Gambusia atrora Rosen & Bailey, 1963 Gambusia hurtadoi Hubbs & Springer, 1957 Gambusia atrora Rosen & Bailey, 1963: 102, fig. 43. Type locality: ferry acrosss Río Axtla to a shallow area 150 yards upstream, Xilitla, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 179999. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia hurtadoi Hubbs & Springer, 1957: 307, fig. 13. Type locality: El Ojo de la Hacienda Dolores, seven miles south of Jiminez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 168975. Maximum length: 3.1 cm TL Distribution: North America: Chihuahua (only known from type locality and proximities). Countries: Mexico Gambusia aurata Miller & Minckley, 1970 Gambusia krumholzi Minckley, 1963 Gambusia aurata Miller & Minckley, 1970: 249, fig. 1. Type locality: lateral canal flowing north off the main canal from Río Mante, about 4 km west of Highway 85 on road at south end of park on south side of Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas. Holotype: UMMZ 188736. Maximum length: 3.02 cm SL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia krumholzi Minckley, 1963: 154, fig. 2. Type locality: a small stream (called the Río de Nava by local residents) 5.6 miles SSW of Nava, Coahuila, Mexico, along Mexican Highway 57. Holotype: UMMZ 180320. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia beebei Myers, 1935 Gambusia lemaitrei Fowler, 1950: 2, fig. 2. Type locality: Totumo Lake, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 71938. Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL Distribution: South America: Colombia. Countries: Colombia Gambusia beebei Myers, 1935: 305, fig. 274. Type locality: Étang de Miragoâne, Haiti, S. W. end of lake, from Aux Cayes road. Neotype: USNM 203161. Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Étang de Miragoane in Tiburon Peninsula, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti Gambusia bucheri Rivas, 1944 Gambusia bucheri Rivas, 1944b: 42. Type locality: Rio Jicotea, of the Moa system, at the bridge of the road between Aserrio de Moa and Punta Gorda, Province of Oriente [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203149 [ex Rivas coll. 132]. Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Oriente Province, Cuba. Countries: Cuba Gambusia dominicensis Regan, 1913 Gambusia dominicensis Regan, 1913a: 989, pl. 99 (fig. 7); Fig. 169c. Type locality: Haiti. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.1.22.10-11 (3 or 4). Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Gambusia echeagarayi (Alvarez, 1952) Dicerophallus echeagarayi Alvarez, 1952: 95, fig. 1. Type locality: Palenque, Chis., Río Michol, em el cruce com la carretera que va de la población a las ruinas. Cuenca del Usumacinta. [Chiapas, Mexico]. Holotype: ENCB-IPN-P 279 Maximum length: 2.94 cm TL Distribution: North America: Michol River in Chiapas, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia eurystoma Miller, 1975 Gambusia eurystoma Miller, 1975: 19, fig. 5. Type locality: Arroyo del Azufre at Baños de Azufre, 10 km W of Teapa, Tabasco [Mexico] 93° 01’ W Long., 17° 34’ N Lat., elevation about 150 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 197600. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia hispaniolae Fink, 1971 Gambusia hispaniolae Fink, 1971a: 57, fig. 4. Type locality: Haiti, Source Trou-Caiman, Cul-de-Sac Plain, Dept. de l’Quest. Gambusia lemaitrei Fowler, 1950 Gambusia longispinis Minckley, 1962 Gambusia longispinis Minckley, 1962: 391, fig. 1. Type locality: a small marsh adjacent to La Angostura Canal, ca. 4 miles S, 6 miles W of Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila [Mexico]. Holotype: UMMZ 179620. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Cuatro Ciénegas basin in northern Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia luma Rosen & Bailey, 1963 Gambusia luma Rosen & Bailey, 1963: 99, fig. 42. Type locality: Puerto Barrios, Izabal, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 143565. Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Guatemala and Honduras. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras Gambusia manni Hubbs, 1927 Gambusia manni Hubbs, 1927: 61. Type locality: fresh-water lake on New Providence, one of the Bahamas. Holotype: UMMZ 72183. Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Known only from the Bahamas. Countries: Bahamas Gambusia marshi Minckley & Craddock, 1962 Gambusia marshi Minckley & Craddock in Minckley, 1962: 393, fig. 6. Type locality: Río Salado de los Nadadores, near its junction with Río Salado de Monclova, 1 mile S of Hermanas, Coahuila [Mexico]. Holotype: UMMZ 179167. Maximum length: 2.4 cm SL Distribution: North America: Northeastern Mexico. Countries: Mexico Remarks and references: Meffe (1985): life history. Gambusia melapleura (Gosse, 1851) Poecilia melapleura Gosse, 1851: 84, pl. 1 (fig. 3). Type locality: Bluefields, Jamaica. Syntypes: BMNH 1849.12.27.90-95 (7). Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Jamaica Island. 562 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Jamaica Gambusia monticola Rivas, 1971 Gambusia punctulata monticola Rivas, 1971: 7, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Yao, a left subtributary of Rio Cauto, 15 km upstream from Bueycito, Municipality of Bayamo, Province of Oriente, Cuba. Holotype: USNM 203913. Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Southeastern Cuba. Countries: Cuba Gambusia myersi Ahl, 1925 Gambusia modesta Ahl, 1923: 220. Type locality: Mexico. Syntypes: ZMB 21004 (8). Permanently invalid, preoccupied by Gambusia modesta Troschel 1865, replaced by Gambusia myersi Ahl 1925. Gambusia myersi Ahl, 1925: 36, fig.. Type locality: Mexico. Syntypes: ZMB 21004 (8). Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia nicaraguensis Günther, 1866 Gambusia nicaraguensis Günther, 1866: 336. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1952.12.31.1-5 (5), USNM 151451 (1), ZMB 6069 (1). Gambusia dovii Regan, 1913a: 986. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1952.12.31.7. Gambusia mcnieli Fowler, 1916a: 433, fig. 5. Type locality: Panama. Holotype: ANSP 6818. Gambusia aestiputeus Fowler, 1950b: 87, fig. 42. Type locality: Freshwater well 1/2 mile from San Andres. Holotype: ANSP 71772. Maximum length: 3 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Guatemala to Panama. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Panama Gambusia panuco Hubbs, 1926 Gambusia panuco Hubbs, 1926: 30. Type locality: Valles, San Luis Potosí, Mexico: in the Rio Valles, a tributary to the Rio Panuco. Holotype: FMNH 14060. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Panuco River basin. Countries: Mexico Gambusia pseudopunctata Rivas, 1969 Gambusia pseudopunctata Rivas, 1969: 784, fig. 1D. Type locality: spring at Roseaux, off the road from Les Cayes to Jéremie, 15 km E of Jéremie, Départément du Sud, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 203163. Maximum length: 3.2 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Haiti Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854 Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854: 384, pl. 32 (fig. 5). Type locality: not mentioned. Syntypes or Poey specimens: ANSP 6978 (1); MCZ 6424 (3), 6393-94 (5, 53); USNM 4867 (9), 120411 [ex MCZ 6394] (1), plus other USNM lots. Gambusia finlayi Santa Maria, 1956: 96. Type locality: Camagüey, Cuba. No types known. Apparently not available, name assigned to figures only (one male and one female), and based on an unpublished manuscript by Torre; no text or distinguishing features included (see also Rosen & Bailey 1963:101). Maximum length: 4.8 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854: 386, pl. 31 (fig. 6). Type locality: en el foso de las murallas de la Habana [Cuba]. Lectotype: MCZ 46568 [ex MCZ 6401], designated by Fink 1971b:18. Gambusia picturada Poey, 1868: 410. Type locality: San Diego de las Banos, Cuba. No types known. Gambusia melanosticta Regan, 1913: 987. Type locality: Cuba. Syntypes: BMNH 1884.7.7.158-160 (3). Gambusia nigropunctata Regan, 1913a: 987, fig. 168f. Type locality: Fermina, Bemba, Cuba. Syntypes: BMNH 1879.10.20.2-4 (3). Gambusia caymanensis Regan, 1913a: 990. Type locality: Grand Cayman. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.3.2.3-4 (2). Gambusia oligosticta Regan, 1913a: 988, pl. 99 (fig. 1-2); Fig. 169b. Type locality: Jamaica. Syntypes: BMNH 1897.7.1.17-19 (3), 1905.8.16.3-12 (10, now 8); USNM 151460 [ex BMNH 1905.8.16.3-12] (2). Gambusia hubbsi Breder, 1934: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Southern part of Andros Island, Bahamas. Holotype: AMNH 12454. Gambusia howelli Rivas, 1944b: 44. Type locality: brackish-water lagoon near Punta del Este, Isle of Pines [Cuba]. Holotype: UHMP 454. Maximum length: 3.58 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Throughout Cuba, Jamaica, Cayman Islands and Bahamas. Countries: Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Jamaica Gambusia rachovii (Regan, 1914) Heterophallus rachovii Regan, 1914: 66, fig. A. Type locality: Vera Cruz [Mexico]. Syntypes: BMNH 1914.3.23.16-21 (6). Gambusia atzi Rosen & Gordon, 1951: 267, fig. 2. Type locality: “Laguna de la Sapote”, about one kilometer northwest of Jesus Carranza, Veracruz. Holotype: UMMZ 167098. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Arroyo Santiago Vasques near Jesus Carranza and Laguna de la Sapote in Veracruz, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia regani Hubbs, 1926 Gambusia regani Hubbs, 1926: 28. Type locality: Forlon, Tamaulipas, Mexico; in the Rio Forlon, tributary to the Panuco. Holotype: FMNH 14033. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Tamaulipas, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia rhizophorae Rivas, 1969 Gambusia rhizophorae Rivas, 1969: 791, fig. 2D. Type locality: mangrove swamp at Matheson Hammock, Miami, Dade Co., Florida. Holotype: USNM 203223. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America and Caribbean Islands: Southeastern Florida and Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba, USA Gambusia senilis Girard, 1859 Gambusia senilis Girard, 1859a: 122. Type locality: Chihuahua River [Grande River drainage, Mexico]. Syntypes: ?MNHN 0418 [ex USNM 3503] (1). Maximum length: 5.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Devils River basin in Grande River drainage, in Texas and Mexico. Countries: Mexico, USA Gambusia sexradiata Hubbs, 1936 Gambusia nicaraguensis sexradiatus Hubbs, 1936: 225. Type locality: main Rio Papaloapan at Papaloapan, Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102989. Maximum length: 2.6 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Nautla River, northern Veracruz, along the Atlantic slope of Campeche, Atlantic 563 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America drainage of inland Mexico in the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, presumably across the base of the Yucatan Peninsula to Quintana Roo, south to southern Belize (Moho River drainange). Also found in the Usumacinta River drainage in Guatemala, and in isolated islands in the Petén region. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Gambusia speciosa Girard, 1859 Gambusia speciosa Girard, 1859a: 121. Type locality: Rio San Diego, one of its affluents, near Cadereita, New León [Mexico]. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico and USA. Countries: Mexico, USA Gambusia vittata Hubbs, 1926 Gambusia vittata Hubbs, 1926: 26. Type locality: Forlon, Tamaulipas, Mexico; in the Rio Forlon, tributary to the Panuco. Holotype: FMNH 14046. Maximum length: 4.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Gambusia wrayi Regan, 1913 uninotatus Poey, 1861. Type by being a replacement name for Glaridodon Garman, 1895 preoccupied in fossil Reptilia. Gender: masculine. Toxus Eigenmann, 1903: 226. Type species: Toxus riddlei Eigenmann, 1903. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Allodontium Howell Rivero & Rivas, 1944: 17. Type species: Heterandria cubensis Eigenmann, 1904. Type by original designation. Gender: neuter. Dactylophallus Howell Rivero & Rivas, 1944: 15. Type species: Girardinus denticulatus Garman, 1895. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Girardinus creolus Garman, 1895 Girardinus creolus Garman, 1895: 47, pl. 5 (fig. 9). Type locality: Cuba. Syntypes: MCZ 6399 (2), 100254 [ex MCZ 6399a] (8). Toxus riddlei Eigenmann, 1903: 226, fig. 6. Type locality: San Cristobal [Cuba[. Holotype: CAS 78944 [ex IU 9656] (1 of 2). Toxus serripenis Rivas, 1958: 283, figs. 1 (5-6). Type locality: Rio Taco Taco at Rangel, Province of Pinar del Río [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203151 [ex Rivas coll. 69]. Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Remarks and references: Rodriguez et al (1992): phylogenetic position. Gambusia wrayi Regan, 1913a: 988, pl. 99 (fig. 3-4); fig. 168b. Type locality: Jamaica. Lectotype: BMNH 1912.12.20.7, designated by Fink (1971a: 61). Gambusia gracilior Regan, 1913a: 989, pl. 99 (fig. 5-6); Fig. 168c. Type locality: Jamaica. Syntypes: (13) BMNH 1969.9.8.1-14 (14 now 6). Maximum length: 3.22 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Jamaica Island. Countries: Jamaica Heterandria cubensis Eigenmann, 1903: 227, fig. 8. Type locality: Los Palacios [Cuba]. Holotype: MCZ 32958 [ex IU 7663]. Maximum length: 2.6 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Gambusia xanthosoma Greenfield, 1983 Girardinus denticulatus Garman, 1895 Gambusia xanthosoma Greenfield, 1983: 459, fig. 1. Type locality: a mosquito control ditch (Herringbone system 25) constructed through mangroves along a road opposite the Taraquin Manor at West Bay, Grand Cayman, BWI. Holotype: FMNH 94188. Maximum length: 3.44 cm SL Distribution: Caribean Islands: Grand Cayman Island. Countries: Cayman Islands Girardinus denticulatus Garman, 1895: 47. Type locality: Remedios, Cuba. Syntypes: MCZ 1412 (now 4), 36037 (2), 100255 [ex MCZ 1412a] (11); ?USNM 120265 [ex MCZ 1412a] (3), 206325 [ex MCZ 1412a] (1). Dactylophallus ramsdeni Rivas, 1944b: 48. Type locality: Rio Guaso, at the city of Guantánamo, Province of Oriente [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203152 [ex Rivas coll. 73]. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Gambusia yucatana Regan, 1914 Gambusia yucatana Regan, 1914b: 67, fig. B. Type locality: Progreso, Yucatán [Mexico]. Lectotype: BMNH 1914.3.23.12, designated by Fink, 1971:23. Gambusia yucatana australis Greenfield, 1985: 375. Type locality:Belize, Saint George’s Cay, Barrier Reef. Holotype: FMNH 94901. Maximum length: 5.5 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Species inquirenda Heterophallus milleri Radda, 1987a: 127, Fig. 2. Type locality: Río Teapa at Teapa, W side of river, under bridge; Tabasco state [Mexico]. Holotype: UMMZ 184705. GIRARDIUS Girardinus Poey, 1854: 383. Type species: Girardinus metallicus Poey, 1854. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Glaridodon Garman, 1895: 40. Type species: Girardinus uninotatus Poey, 1861. Type by original designation. Not available name preoccupied in fossil Reptilia. Gender: masculine. Glaridichthys Garman, 1896: 232. Type species: Girardinus Girardinus cubensis (Eigenmann, 1903) Girardinus falcatus (Eigenmann, 1903) Glaridichthys falcatus Eigenmann, 1903: 224, fig. 3. Type locality: San Cristobal [Pinar del Río, Cuba]. Holotype: CAS 22548 [ex IU 9664]. Glaridichthys atherinoides Rivas, 1944a: 3, fig. 2. Type locality: Arroyo Banco de Mabuya, provincia de Camagüey [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203155 [ex Rivas coll. 130]. Maximum length: 3.7 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Girardinus metallicus Poey, 1854 Girardinus metallicus Poey, 1854: 387, pl. 31 (fig. 8). Type locality: jardin botánico de la Habana y en la zanja de Güines [Cuba]. Possible syntypes: ANSP 6971 (1); MCZ 6407 (11); USNM 652 (7, not found). 120263 [ex MCZ 6407] (4), 37422 (4), 37481 (2), 130031 (3). Girardinus garmani Eigenmann, 1903: 226, fig. 5. Type locality:Pinar del Rio [Cuba]. Holotype: MCZ 32780 [ex IU 9661, ex CAS]. Girardinus pygmaeus Rivas, 1944b: 49. Type locality: Rio Negro, of the Hatiguanico system (Ciénaga de Zapata), at Los Cristales, Porvince of Matanzas [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203153 [ex 564 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Rivas coll. 128]. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Girardinus microdactylus Rivas, 1944 Girardinus microdactylus Rivas, 1944b: 51. Type locality: springfed creek, tributary to Rio Taco Taco, of the San Cristobal system, at Jardin de Blain, north-west of Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Province of Pinar del Rio [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203154 [ex Rivas coll. 110]. Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (lost). Pseudoxiphophorus pauciradiatus Regan, 1904: 256. Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1894.1.27.19-26 (8). Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus taeniatus Regan, 1905: 363. Type locality: San Domingo de Guzman. Syntypes: (5) BMNH. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus peninsulae Hubbs, 1936: 230, pl. 8 (fig. 1). Type locality: somewhere near Progreso. Holotype: UMMZ 102078. Maximum length: 7 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Mexico to Belize, Honduras and Guatemala. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Heterandria cataractae Rosen, 1979 Girardinus uninotatus Poey, 1860 Girardinus uninotatus Poey, 1860: 309. Type locality: dans la rivière de Tacotaco, près de Santa-Cruz, plus de vingt lieues de la Havane. Syntypes and or Poey specimens: MCZ 6243 (6); USNM 120264 [ex MCZ 6406] (6), 37432 (2), 37465 (24). Glaridichthys torralbasi Eigenmann, 1903: 225, fig. 4. Type locality: Pinar del Rio [Cuba]. Holotype: Apparently MCZ 32957, not CAS [ex CM 9662]. Maximum length: 4.7 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Heterandria cataractae Rosen, 1979: 328, fig. 12. Type locality: large jungle stream, the Arroyo Sachicha (tributary to, but isolated above a fall from, the Río Senizo), about 20 km. northwest of Cobán, 6-8 km north of Cancal, Río Salinas drainage, Río Usumacinta system, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 36381. Maximum length: 6 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Arroyo Sachicha, one of two tributaries to the Senizo River, which flows to the upper Chixoy River (Salinas River) at Chamá, Alta Verapaz, and isolated from all other flowing water by a downstream ribbon fall. Countries: Guatemala HETERADRIA Heterandria dirempta Rosen, 1979 Heterandria Agassiz, 1853: 135. Type species: Heterandria formosa Girard, 1859. Gender: feminine. Type by subsequent designation by Bailey (1952). Pseudoxiphophorus Bleeker, 1860: 440. Type species: Xiphophorus bimaculatus Heckel, 1848. Gender: masculine. Poeciliodes Steindachner, 1863: 176. Type species: Poeciliodes bimaculatus Steindachner, 1863. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Heterandria dirempta Rosen, 1979: 329, fig. 13. Type locality: clear meandering tributary to Río Chajmaic, 15 km. (by road) south of Sebol, Río de la Pasión drainage, Río Usumacinta system, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 36380. Maximum length: 6.4 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Chajamaic River in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala Heterandria anzuetoi Rosen & Bailey, 1979 Heterandria jonesii (Günther, 1874) Heterandria anzuetoi Rosen & Bailey in Rosen, 1979: 324, fig. 11. Type locality: Río Achuelo, south side of Gualán, Río Motagua drainage, Zacapa, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 36319. Mollienesia jonesii Günther, 1874: 371. Type locality: in a volcanic lake, Alcohuaca, near Huamantla, in Mexico, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1873.1.13.1. Maximum length: 4.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Guayalejo River in southern Tamaulipas to Tehuacan River in Pueblo. Countries: Mexico Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Basin of Motagua River in Departments of El Progreso, Zacapa, Chiquimula, and Izabal, Guatemala, and Copán, Honduras, and basin of Lempa River in the Departments of Chiquimula and Jutiapa, Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Honduras Heterandria attenuata Rosen & Bailey, 1979 Heterandria attenuata Rosen & Bailey in Rosen, 1979: 315, fig. 8. Type locality: Río Candelaria Yalicar about halfway between source and mouth, Río Usumacinta system via an unknown subterranean connection, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 36332. Maximum length: 6.2 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Candelaria Yalicar River in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala Heterandria bimaculata (Heckel, 1848) Xiphophorus bimaculatus Heckel, 1848: 297, pl. 9 (figs. 1-2). Type locality: Veracruz, Mexico. Poeciliodes bimaculatus Steindachner, 1863: 176 [15], pl. 4 (figs. 2-2a). Type locality: Kleine, kalte Gebirgsbäche bei Tepeaca (Tepeyacae) [corrected to Teapa, boundary between Chiapas and Tabasco, Mexico]. Syntypes: NMW Pseudoxiphophorus reticulatus Troschel in Müller, 1865: 633. Heterandria litoperas Rosen & Bailey, 1979 Heterandria litoperas Rosen & Bailey in Rosen, 1979: 320, fig. 9. Type locality: tributary to Río Cahabón, 1 km. north-northwest of Lanquín, Río Polochic system, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 36328. Maximum length: 5.8 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Polochic River basin, including both Polochic River and Cahabón River as far as streams flowing into Izabal Lake, Departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal. Countries: Guatemala Heterandria obliqua Rosen, 1979 Heterandria obliqua Rosen, 1979: 321, fig. 10. Type locality: Upper Río San Ramón basin, 2-3 km. (by air) above suterranean channel, Río Lacantún drainage, Río Usumacinta system, Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 36311. Maximum length: 6.2 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Usumacinta River basin: Dolores River System (with a subterranean connection to Salinas River, in Department Alta Vera Paz; and Ramón River System (with a subterranean connection to Ixcan River – Lacantún River). 565 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Guatemala LIMIA Limia Poey, 1854: 383. Type species: Limia cubensis Poey, 1854. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: feminine. The genus Limia originally proposed by Poey (1854), was later listed as a subgenus of Poecilia by Rosen and Bailey (1963) and Parenti and Rauchenberger (1989). Rivas (1978; 1980) ressurected the genus. spliting in sugenera and species-groups. Farr (1984) survey of courtship display behavior. Chambers (1987) studied the structural variation of gonopodium. Hamilton (2001) studied the intrageneric relationships based on molecular data. Rodriguez (1997) discussed the phylogentic position. Acropoecilia Hilgendorf, 1889: 52. Type species: Poecilia tridens Hilgendorf, 1889. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Odontolimia Rivas, 1980: 29. Type species: Limia grossidens Rivas, 1980. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Limia caymanensis Rivas & Fink, 1970 Limia caymanensis Rivas & Fink, 1970: 271, fig. 1. Type locality: Coastal lagoon 2 miles west of Old Man Bay, Grand Cayman. Holotype: USNM 203511. Maximum length: 3.18 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Grand Cayman Island. Countries: Cayman Islands Limia dominicensis (Valenciennes, 1846) Poecilia dominicensis Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846: 131, pl. 525-526, top. Type locality: Saint-Domingue]. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.1.25.1-2 [ex MNHN] (2); MNHN 1893 (13), 4390 (20), B-2882 [ex 4390] (1); USNM 94584 [ex MNHN] (2). Platypoecilus dominicensis Evermann & Clark, 1906: 852, fig. 2. Type locality: small stream in San Francisco Moutains in the interior of Santo Domingo, some 40 miles from Santo Domingo city [Dominican Republic]. Holotype: USNM 53277. Secondarily preoccupied in Poecilia by Poecilia dominicensis Valenciennes, 1846, replaced by Poecilia montana Rosen & Bailey, 1963. Poecilia montana Rosen & Bailey, 1963: 48. Type locality: Small stream in San Francisco Mts., Santo Domingo [Dominican Republic]. Holotype: USNM 53277. Replacement name for Platypoecilus dominicensis Evermann & Clark 1906, secondarily preoccupied in Poecilia by Poecilia dominicensis Valenciennes 1846. Maximum length: 2.6 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Limia fuscomaculata Rivas, 1980 Limia fuscomaculata Rivas, 1980: 31. Fig 1c. Type locality: Southwest bight of Lake Miragoane, Dept. de l’Ouest, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 220525. Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Lake Miragoâne, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti. Limia garnieri Rivas, 1980 Limia garnieri Rivas, 1980: 31, fig. 2b. Type locality: North end of Lake Miragoane, Dept. de l’Ouest, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 220527. Maximum length: 2.6 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Lake Miragoâne, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti of Lake Miragoane, Dept. de l’Ouest, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 220523. Maximum length: 3.92 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Lake Miragoâne, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti Limia heterandria (Regan, 1913) Limia heterandria Regan, 1913a: 1017, pl. 101 (figs. 3-4). Type locality: La Guayra [Guaíra], Venezuela. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.4.2.30-32 (3). Maximum length: 1.95 cm TL Distribution: South America: Venezuela. Countries: Venezuela Limia immaculata Rivas, 1980 Limia immaculata Rivas, 1980: 32, fig. 2d. Type locality: North end of Lake Miragoane, Dept. de l’Ouest, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 220529. Maximum length: 2.13 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Lake Miragoâne, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti Limia melanogaster (Günther, 1866) Poecilia melanogaster Günther, 1866: 345. Type locality: __________? North America ? Jamaica ? [sic] Syntypes: BMNH 1848.1.12.1546-1550 (5). Maximum length: 4 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Jamaica Island. Countries: Haiti, Jamaica Limia melanonotata Nichols & Myers, 1923 Limia melanonotata Nichols & Myers, 1923: 1. Type locality: Las Lagas [Lajas], on Étang Saumâtre, San Domingo [Haiti, West Indies]. Holotype: AMNH 8220. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Limia miragoanensis Rivas, 1980 Limia miragoanensis Rivas, 1980: 33, fig. 3b. Type locality: North. end of Lake Miragoane, Dept. de L’Ouest, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 220531. Maximum length: 3.02 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Lake Miragoâne, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti Limia nigrofasciata Regan, 1913 Limia arnoldi Regan, 1913a: 1016, pl. 101 (fig. 5). Type locality: Miragoâne, Haiti. Syntypes: BMNH 1912.8.30.2-3 (3), 1912.9.4.15-21 (9); USNM 151462 [ex BMNH 1912.9.4.21] (1). Limia nigrofasciata Regan, 1913: 1015, pl. 101 (figs. 1-2). Type locality: Miragoâne, Haiti. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.3.6.21 (1), 1913.3.6.30-31 (2), 1912.7.25.15 (1). Maximum length: 5.2 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Haiti Limia ornata Regan, 1913 Limia grossidens Rivas, 1980 Limia ornata Regan, 1913a: 1016, pl. 101 (fig. 7). Type locality: Haiti. Syntypes: (5) BMNH 1912.9.4.12-14 plus BMNH 1913.3.6.34 (6, in 1 jar). Maximum length: 4 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Lake Miragoane, southwestern Haiti. Countries: Haiti Limia grossidens Rivas, 1980: 29, fig. 1b. Type locality: North end Limia pauciradiata Rivas, 1980 566 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Limia pauciradiata Rivas, 1980: 34, fig. 3d. Type locality: Grand Riviere du Nord at town of Grand Riviere, Dept. du Nord, Haiti. Holotype: USNM 220533. Maximum length: 3.5 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Grand Rivière du Nord, northeastern Haiti. Countries: Haiti Limia perugiae (Evermann & Clark, 1906) Platypoecilus perugiae Evermann & Clark, 1906: 851, fig. 1. Type locality: small stream in San Francisco Moutains, Santo Domingo [Dominican Republic]. Holotype: USNM 53278 (poor condition). Maximum length: 10 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic Limia rivasi Franz & Burgess, 1983 Limia (Limia) rivasi Franz & Burgess, 1983: 51, figs. 1-3. Type locality: 1 km southeast of Anse à Galet, Ile de la Gonave, Dépt. de l’Ouest, Haiti, West Indies. Holotype: UF 31434. Maximum length: 3.1 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Western Hispaniola Island. Countries: Haiti Limia sulphurophilia Rivas, 1980 Limia sulphurophila Rivas, 1980: 36, fig. 4d. Type locality: Balneario (spa) La Zurza, a sulfur spring 5 km WNW of Duverge, Prov. of Independencia, Dominican Republic. Holotype: MCZ 54401. Maximum length: 3.92 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic Limia tridens (Hilgendorf, 1889) Poecilia (Acropoecilia) tridens Hilgendorf, 1889: 52. Type locality: Port-au-Prince. Lectotype: ZMB 30958 [ex ZMB 12758], designated in Paepke & Seegers 1986:175. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Limia versicolor (Günther, 1866) Girardinus versicolor Günther, 1866: 352. Type locality: San Domingo. Syntypes: (at least 2) BMNH 1857.10.28.64 (?2). Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic Limia vittata (Guichenot, 1853) Poecilia vittata Guichenot, 1853: 146, pl. 5 (fig. 1). Type locality: Cuba. Syntypes: MNHN 4398 (now 4), B-2883 [ex MNHN 4398] (1). Limia cubensis Poey, 1854: 388, pl. 31 (fig. 12). Type locality: not mentioned. Syntypes: (apparently 2 of following were basis of description) ANSP 6814 (1), MCZ 6403 (now 55), plus some to L. Rivas; USNM 649 (6, missing) Limia pavonina Poey, 1876: 184 [142]. Type locality: Havana, Cuba. Holotype: MCZ 6400. Maximum length: 8 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba Limia yaguajali Rivas, 1980 Limia yaguajali Rivas, 1980: 35, fig. 4b. Type locality: Rio Yaguajal at Santiago Rodriguez (Sabaneta), Prov. of Rodriguez, Dominican Republic. Holotype: USNM 220535. Maximum length: 3.75 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Yaguajal River, Dominican Republic. A series from Riviere du Limbe at Limbe, Departement du Nord, northeastern Haiti may also be referred to this species. Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti (?) Limia zonata (Nichols, 1915) Heterandria zonata Nichols, 1915: 603, fig. 3. Type locality: San Juan River (freshwater) at Samana, Santo Domingo [Dominican Republic]. Holotype: AMNH 5232. Maximum length: 3 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: San Juan River in eastern Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic MICROPOECILIA Micropoecilia Hubbs, 1926: 73. Type species: Poecilia vivipara parae Eigenmann, 1894. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Micropoecilia branneri (Eigenmann, 1894) Poecilia branneri Eigenmann, 1894: 629. Type locality: Santarem. Syntypes: (23) SU 2158 (2), 22550 [ex IU 5082] (2), 22551 [ex IU 5084] (2). Poecilia heteristia Regan, 1909: 235. Type locality: Para [Pará, Brazil]. Syntypes: BMNH 1908.12.5.23-24 (2). Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Micropoecilia bifurca (Eigenmann, 1909) Acanthophacelus bifurcus Eigenmann, 1909: 52. Type locality: Christianburg. Holotype: FMNH 53539 [ex CM 1088]. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Micropoecilia parae (Eigenmann, 1894) Poecilia vivipera parae [sic] Eigenmann, 1894: 628. Type locality: in the ditches of the Rua das Mongubas of Para. Syntypes: (about 150) CAS 22552 [ex IU 5079] (25). Acanthophacelus melanzonus Eigenmann, 1909: 51. Type locality: Georgetown trenches. Holotype: FMNH 52717 [ex CM 1086]. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: South America: Guyana to the Amazon River delta. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Micropoecilia picta (Regan, 1913) Poecilia picta Regan, 1913a: 1007, pl. 100 (fig. 1-2); Fig.173a. Type locality: Demerara. Syntypes: (many) BMNH 1872.6.11.11 (?), MNHN 1913-0226 [ex BMNH] (2), USNM 151459 (4). Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: South America: From Trinidad to the Amazon River delta. Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Micropoecilia minima (Costa & Sarraf, 1997) Poecilia minima Costa & Sarraf, 1997: 186, fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil: Estado do Pará: stream (igarapé) in Ourém, rio Guamá basin. Holotype: MPEG 3393. Maximum length: 2.36 cm SL Distribution: South America: Guamá River basin (only known from type locality). Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) 567 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America EOHETERADRIA Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) eoheterandria Henn, 1916: 117. Type species: eoheterandria elegans Henn, 1916. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Allogambusia Hubbs, 1924: 8 [footnote]. Type species: Gambusia tridentiger Garman, 1895. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Pamphorichthys hollandi (Henn, 1916) eoheterandria cana (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Gambusia cana Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 87. Type locality: Rio Satiganti, Cana [Darién], Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7596. Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Panama. Countries: Panama eoheterandria elegans Henn, 1916 eoheterandria elegans Henn, 1916: 118, pl. 19 (fig. 4). Type locality: Rio Truando, a tributary of the Lower Atrato, in Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 57007 [ex CM 5823]. Maximum length: 2 cm TL Distribution: South America: Truando River, a tributary of the Atrato River basin. Countries: Colombia eoheterandria tridentiger (Garman, 1895) Gambusia tridentiger Garman, 1895: 89, pl. 4 (fig. 10). Type locality: Isthmus of Panama, fresh waters. Syntypes: MCZ 6389 (orig. 10, now 7), 100253 [ex MCZ 6389a] (11); USNM 120260 [ex MCZ 6389a] (3). Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Toro Point, Fort Sherman, Canal Zone, and Chame and Arrijan Rivers. Countries: Panama PAMPHORICHTHYS Pamphoria Regan, 1913a: 1003. Type species: Cnesterodon scalpridens Garman, 1895. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Pamphorichthys Regan, 1913a: 1003. Type species: Heterandria minor Garman, 1895. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Parapoecilia Hubbs, 1924: 11 [footnote]. Type species: Limia hollandi Henn, 1916. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Pamphorichthys araguaiensis Costa, 1991 Pamphorichthys araguaiensis Costa, 1991: 40, fig. 1. Type locality: Brésil: Goias: lagune près d’Aruana, bassin de l’Araguaia. Holotype: MZUSP 42313. Maximum length: 2.45 cm SL Distribution: South America: Araguaia-Tocantins and Xingu River basins. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Pamphorichthys hasemani (Henn, 1916) Heterandria hasemani Henn, 1916: 116, pl. 20 (fig. 1). Type locality: Puerto Suarez, Bolivia (Paraguay Basin). Holotype: FMNH 55874 [ex CM 4663]. Maximum length: 1.38 cm SL Distribution: South America: Paraguay River drainage. Countries: Bolivia (probably), Brazil Remarks and references: Pamphorichthys hasemani occurs in the Pantanal Brasileiro (upper portions of drainage of the Paraguay River in Mato Grosso. Although its type-locality is Puerto Suárez (Bolivia), no record from the west side of Paraguay River basin is available. The absence of records is probably related to the lack of collecting efforts (Figueiredo, 1997). Limia hollandi Henn, 1916: 138. Pl. 19 (fig. 3). Type locality: Penedo, Rio San Francisco. Holotype: FMNH 55861 [ex CM 4643a]. Maximum length: 2.1 cm SL Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin and one record from the Parnaíba River basin (Figueiredo, 1997). Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Pamphorichthys minor (Garman, 1895) Heterandria minor Garman, 1895: 92, pl. 4 (fig. 8). Type locality: Villa Bella [Parintins], Brazil. Syntypes: AMNH 22647 [ex MCZ 6254] (5, c&s); MCZ 6254 [not 6294] (orig. 33, now 20); USNM 120268 [ex MCZ 6254] (6). Maximum length: 1.7 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, between Santarém and Manaus. Countries: Brazil Remarks and references: Rosen & Bailey (1963) have misinterpreted the type locality as Vila Bela at Mato Grosso. Actually, Villa Bella or Villa Bella da Imperatriz corresponds to the city of Parintins, Amazonas.Syntypes were labelled from Villa Bella da Imperatriz (Agassiz, 1855). See Figueiredo (1997) Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Pamphorichthys scalpridens (Garman, 1895) Cnesterodon scalpridens Garman, 1895: 45, pl 8 (fig. 17). Type locality: Amazon basin: Santarem; Obidos; Tapajos; Villa Bella; Trombetas. Syntypes: MCZ 6261 (1), 6355 (1), 6830 (1), 6839 (6). Maximum length: 2.48 cm SL Distribution: South America: Amazon River channel and Tapajós River basin. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) PHALLICHTHYS Phallichthys Hubbs, 1924: 10 [footnote]. Type species: Poeciliopsis isthmensis Regan, 1913. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Phallichthys amates (Miller, 1907) Poecilia amates Miller, 1907: 108, fig. 1. Type locality: Pond and its outlet at Los Amates. Holotype: CAS 22554 [ex IU 11375]. Poecilia pittieri Meek, 1912: 71. Type locality: La Junta, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7680 [not 7580]. Poeciliopsis isthmensis Regan, 1913a: 997, pl. 100 (fig. 3-4); Fig.171b. Type locality: Colon, Panama. Syntypes: (12) BMNH 1913.1.22.14-16. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic drainages, from southern Guatemala to Costa Rica and Panama. Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama Phallichthys fairweatheri Rosen & Bailey, 1959 Dextripenis evides Turner, 1940: 89 (nomen nudum). Phallichthys fairweatheri Rosen & Bailey, 1959: 24. Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, or a branch, about ¼ mile below Laguna de Yalác, some 6 leagues (by river) from El Passo de los Caballos, in the Usumacinta River basin, El Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 172456. Maximum length: 3.75 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico 568 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Phallichthys quadripunctatus Bussing, 1979 Phallichthys quadripunctatus Bussing, 1979: 3, fig. 2. Type locality: small tributary of the Rio Sixaola, 0.5 km NE of Chase on road between Puerto Viejo and Bratsi, Limón Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: LACM 36018-1. Maximum length: 1.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Sixaola River basin. Countries: Costa Rica Phallichthys tico Bussing, 1963 Phallichthys tico Bussing, 1963: 3, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Puerto Viejo 5,5 kilometers downstream from junction with the Río Sarapiquí and 6.5 kilometers SE of the Pueblo of Puerto Viejo, Sarapiquí drainage, Provincia de Heredia, Costa Rica. Holotype: LACM 2780. Maximum length: 2.5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Upper San Juan River in Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica PHALLOCEROS Mündung des Rio Camaquam” [= in the mouth of Camaquã River]. Syntypes: BMNH 1886.1.21.73-82; SU 1132 (1). Maximum length: 3.41 cm SL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul States. Countries: Brazil. Remarks and references: Boulenger (1889) described Girardinus iheringii in honour of Hermann von Ihering who collected and sent him the specimens on which the description was based (Ihering, 1893). This name has subsequently been used by Eigenmann & Eigenmann (1891) referring to Rio Grande do Sul specimens. Boulenger originally cited the type-locality as “Rio Grande do Sul”, probably because it was the only collection information he had. Ihering (1893) states that type-specimens has been collected “an der Mündung des Rio Camaquam” [=in the mouth of the Camaquã River], thus restricting the type-locality. In the same paper, however, Ihering claimed that G. iheringii should be regarded as a junior synonym of G. januarius, based on information provided in letter by Hingeldorf. Presumably, for this reason, subsequent authors have considered both names synonyms. Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Phalloceros Eigenmann, 1907: 431. Type species: Girardinus caudimaculatus Hensel, 1868. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. PHALLOTORYUS Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) Phallotorynus Henn, 1916: 126. Type species: Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, 1916. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Girardinus caudimaculatus Hensel, 1868: 362. Type locality: Costa da Serra bei S. Leopoldo in Brunnen und Gräben gesammelt. Syntypes: (41) ZMB 7425-26 (2, 5), 31496 (25). Phalloceros caudomaculatus var. reticulata Stoye 1935: 61, pl. 10 (top fig.). No locality. Nomen nudum. Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Tocantins drainage, Atlantic coastal river drainages from Bahia State, southward to Uruguay Argentina and Paraguay. Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Remarks and references: Phalloceros caudimaculatus probably is a species complex of several similar species. PHALLOPTYCHUS Phalloptychus Eigenmann, 1907: 430. Type species: Girardinus januarius Hensel, 1868. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Phalloptychus eigenmanni Henn, 1916 Phalloptychus eigenmanni Henn, 1916: 121, pl. 20 (fig. 2). Type locality: Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, Bahia. Holotype: FMNH 55876 [ex CM 4665]. Maximum length: 2.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Catu River in Alagoinhas, Bahia State. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Phalloptychus januarius (Hensel, 1868) Girardinus januarius Hensel, 1868: 360. Type locality: Rio de Janeiro. Syntypes: (41) ZMB 7422-24 (2, 4, 1), 31479 (20). Maximum length: 2.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages from Rio de Janeiro to Paraná States. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Phalloptychus iheringii (Boulenger, 1889) Girardinus Iheringii Boulenger, 1889: 266. Type locality: Rio Grande do Sul. Restricted by Ihering (1893: 29) to “an der Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, 1916 Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, 1916: 129. Pl. 21 (fig. 1). Type locality: One mile north of Jacarehy, São Paulo, Brazil, from the basin of the Rio Parahyba. Holotype: FMNH 55061 [ex CM 3752]. Maximum length: 2.5 cm SL Distribution: South America: Rio Paraíba do Sul basin in São Paulo State. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Phallotorynus jucundus Ihering, 1930 Phallotorynus jucundus Ihering, 1930: 98, fig. 9. Type locality: Corrego de Rincão, Est. de São Paulo, affluente do rio Mogyguassú. Holotype. Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, probably lost. Maximum length: 3 cm SL Distribution: South America: Upper Pardo River basin in Grande River drainage. Countries: Brazil. Remarks and references: Ihering (1930) original description does not explicitly designate the type-material of P. jucundus. Ihering probably described P. jucundus based on material housed in the Instituto Biológico de São Paulo. Although, Ihering did not expressly designate the type specimens, the material from which he made the description, should be regarded as the type series on the basis of the Article 72.4.1.1 of the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). However, our effort to locate the type-material was unfruitful. The Instituto Biológico de São Paulo had a small collection of fishes, now belonging to MZUSP. This collection has been transferred to the MZUSP a long time ago (Oyakawa, in litt., 1999). However, we were not able to locate the types in MZUSP. The type catalogues of Britski (1969) and Oyakawa (1996) do not mention this type-material. Similar situation occurs with the three other Siluriformes species described by Ihering in the same paper: Pseudostegophilus scarificator, Glanidium neivai and Bunocephalus larai. Mees (1989) states based in a letter from Britski that the types of B. larai are probably lost. So, it let us to conclude that the types of P. jucundus are probably lost as well. 569 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Countries: Guatemala, Mexico, Panama Phallotorynus victoriae Oliveros, 1983 Poecilia catemaconis Miller, 1975 Phallotorynus victoriae Oliveros, 1983: 19, fig 2. Type locality: madrejón El Negro, isla Los Mellados (Santa Fe). Holotype: Inst. Nac. Limnología 10. Maximum length: 2.3 cm SL. Distribution: South America: Lower and middle Paraná River drainage in Caaguazú, Misiones and Alto Paraná Departments (Paraguay), in Santa Fé and Corrientes Provinces (Argentina), and Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil). Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Common names: Madrecita (Argentina), Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil), Piky (Paraguay). Poecilia catemaconis Miller, 1975: 13, fig. 4. Type locality: Laguna Catemaco at Playa Azul, about 3.2 km E of Catemaco, Veracruz [Mexico] 95° 05’ W. Long., 18° 25’ N Lat., elevation about 340 m. Holotype: UMMZ 195953. Maximum length: 8 cm TL Distribution: orth America: Laguna Catemaco basin. Countries: Mexico POECILIA Poecilia Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 452. Type species: Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: feminine. Mollienesia Lesueur, 1821: 3. Type species: Mollienesia latipinna Lesueur, 1821. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Originally spelt Mollinesia but emmendation is justified (Bailey & Miller, 1950). Taxonomy and phylogenetic hypotheses of subgenus Mollienensia: Hubbs (1933); Schultz & Miller (1971); Miller (1975, 1983); Rauchenberger (1989). Alazon Gistel, 1848: X. Type species: Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: masculine. Lebistes De Filippi, 1861: 69. Type species: Lebistes poecilioides De Filippi, 1861. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907: 426 [footnote]. Type species: Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Allopoecilia Hubbs, 1924: 11 [footnote]. Type species: Girardinus caucanus Steindachner, 1880. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. eopoecilia Hubbs, 1924: 11 [footnote]. Type species: eopoecilia holacanthus Hubbs, 1924. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Psychropoecilia Myers, 1935: 311. Proposed as subgenus of Poecilia. Type species: Platypoecilus dominicensis Evermann & Clark, 1906. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Lembesseia Fowler, 1949: 267. Type species: Lembesseia parvianalis Fowler, 1949. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Curtipenis Rivas & Myers, 1950: 289. Type species: Mollienesia elegans Trewavas, 1948. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Recepoecilia Whitley, 1951: 68. Type species: Poecilia vivipara parae Eigenmann, 1894. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Poecilia amazonica Garman, 1895 Poecilia amazonica Garman, 1895: 64, pl. 4 (fig. 9). Type locality: Santa Cruz; Para. Syntypes: MCZ 27573 (128), 69635 (97); UMMZ 146750 [ex MCZ 27573] (6 or 5); USNM 120286 [ex MCZ 27573a] (6). Maximum length: 2 cm TL Distribution: South America: Santa Cruz, Pará State. Countries: Brazil Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) Poecilia caucana (Steindachner, 1880) Girardinus caucanus Steindachner, 1880: 87 [35], pl. 6 (fig. 4). Type locality:des Cauca und der Flüsse bei Guayaquil. Syntypes: NMW 81128 (3). Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: Central to South America: Pacific drainage basins from Darién, Panama to the Cauca River, Colombia, and Lake Maracaibo basin. Countries: Colombia, Panama, Venezuela Poecilia caudofasciata (Regan, 1913) Limia caudofasciata Regan, 1913a: 1017, pl. 101 (fig. 6). Type locality: Jamaica. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1905.8.16.13-21 (?21), MNHN 1913-0227 (2), USNM 151463 [ex BMNH 1905.8.16.22] (1). Limia caudofasciata tricolor Stoye, 1933: 12-14. Type locality: ? Distribution: Caribbean Islands. Jamaica Island. Countries: Jamaica Poecilia chica Miller, 1975 Poecilia chica Miller, 1975: 2, fig. 1. Type locality: tributary of Río Purificación about 2.5 km E of La Concepción (about 8.5 km E of La Herta), Jalisco [Mexico] 104° 34’ W Long., 19° 30’ N Lat., elevation about 305 m. Holotype: UMMZ 172134. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Jalisco. Countries: Mexico Poecilia dauli Meyer & Radda, 2000 Poecilia dauli Meyer & Radda, 2000: 77, fig. 1. Type locality: brook near Miranda, Venezuela. Holotype: NWM-94540. Maximum length: 3.9 cm TL Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of Venezuela Countries: Venezuela Poecilia elegans (Trewavas, 1948) Mollienesia elegans Trewavas, 1948: 409, pl. 1 (fig. 4); figs. 1-2. Type locality: Jarabocoa, San Domingo, Haiti, West Indies. Holotype: BMNH 1947.11.27.4-5 (1 of 2). Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic Poecilia gillii (Kner, 1863) Xiphophorus gillii Kner, 1863: 224, fig. 9. Type locality: Aus dem Rio Chagres in Panama, Nordseite. Syntypes: (33) NMW 21609 (2). Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Panama. Countries: Panama Poecilia hispaniolana Rivas, 1978 Poecilia butleri Jordan, 1889 Poecilia butleri Jordan, 1889: 330. Type locality: Rio Presidio, near Mazatlan [Sinaloa, Mexico]. Syntypes: USNM 37158 (orig. 6, now 4). Maximum length: 7 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Mexico to Panama. Poecilia hispaniolana Rivas, 1978: 101, figs. 1a-b, 2a, 3. Type locality: Río Mijo at road from Azua to San Juan, Prov. of Benefactor, Dominican Republic. Holotype: USNM 218706. Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. 570 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti Poecilia kykensis Poeser, 2002 Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866: 348. Type locality: Lake Peten [Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.375 (3), ZMB 6082 (1). Secondarily preoccupied by Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866; replaced by Poecilia kykesis Poeser, 2002. Peocilia kykensis Poeser, 2002: 244. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.375 (3), ZMB 6082 (1). Replacement for Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866, preoccupied in Poecilia by Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866. Distribution: Central America: Lake Peten. Countries: Guatemala Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) Mollinesia latipinna Lesueur, 1821: 3, pl. 3. Type locality: in the freshwater ponds in the vicinity of New Orleans [Louisiana, USA]. Lesueur specimens or syntypes: MNHN B-0929 (8). Poecilia multilineata Lesueur, 1821: 4, pl. 1. Type locality: East Florida [USA]. Limia poeciloides Girard, 1858: 170. Type locality: Indianola, Texas [USA]. Syntypes: USNM 670 (2, missing). Poecilia lineolata Girard, 1858: 170. Type locality: Brownsville, Texas, (…) and Fort Brown, Texas [USA]. Syntypes: MCZ 1296 [ex USNM 667] (1); USNM 667 (3) missing, 668 (4) missing. Limia matamorensis Girard, 1859a: 117. Type locality: Matamoros [Tamaulipas, Mexico]. Syntypes: AMNH 29833SW [ex USNM 3509] (3, c&s), USNM 3509 (now 67). Maximum length: 15 cm TL Distribution: North America: From Cape Fear drainage in North Carolina, USA to Veracruz, Mexico. Introduced to many countries. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Gulf of Mexico. Countries: Bahamas (introduced), Colombia (introduced), Mexico, USA Poecilia latipunctata Meek, 1904 Poecilia latipunctata Meek, 1904: 150, fig. 48. Type locality: Forlon, Tamaulipas, Basin of the Rio Panuco [Mexico]. Holotype: FMNH 4484. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Panuco River basin. Countries: Mexico Poecilia marcellinoi Poeser, 1995 Poecilia marcellinoi Poeser, 1995: 241, fig. 2a. Type locality: Lago de Ilopango [El Salvador]. Holotype: RMNH 31771. Maximum length: 6.3 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Ilopango Lake basin. Countries: El Salvador Poecilia maylandi Meyer, 1983 Poecilia maylandi Meyer, 1983: 56, fig. 2. Type locality: Mexique, Guerrero, Arroyo Chacambero près de Altamirano. Holotype: SMF 17855. Maximum length: 9.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Balsas River basin. Countries: Mexico Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863: 178, pl. 4 (figs. 1-1a). Type locality: Orizaba in Mexico. Syntypes: (16) NMW 61288 (14). Poecilia cuneata Garman, 1895: 62, pl. 5 (fig. 3). Type locality: Turbo, Gulf of Darien [Panama]. Syntypes: MCZ 6458 (now 10), USNM 120285 [ex MCZ 6458] (3). Poecilia limantouri Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 129, fig. 10. Type locality: Río Tamesoe near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: SU 6165. Maximum length: 11 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: From San Juan River, Mexico to Guatemala. At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama (?) Poecilia nicholsi (Myers, 1931) Limia nicholsi Myers, 1931: 1. Type locality: San Juan River (fresh water) at Samaná, Dominican Republic. Holotype: AMNH 5239a. Maximum length: ? Distribution: Caribbean Islands: San Juan River basin in eastern Hispaniola Island. Countries: Dominican Republic Remarks and references: Description and figures in Nichols (1915) referred to as Heterandria versicolor (Günther, 1874). Poecilia orri Fowler, 1943 Poecilia orri Fowler, 1943: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Lagoon and salt water ditch on Bonacca Island, Bay Islands, Honduras. Holotype: ANSP 70158. Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL Distribution: North and Central America: Southern Mexico (Quintana Roo) to northern Honduras and Colombia (Islas de Providencia). Countries: Belize, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866 Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866: 348. Type locality: Lake Peten [Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.375 (3), ZMB 6082 (1). Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866: 342. Type locality: Lake Peten [Guatemala]. Syntypes: (at least 5) BMNH 1864.1.26.375, 1864.1.26.376, 1864.1.26.379. Maximum length: 8 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Southeastern Mexico to Belize and Guatemala. Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859: 412. Type locality: Caracas; in dem Guayre-Flusse von Gollmer gesammelt [Venezuela]. Syntypes: BMNH 1866.6.6.3 [ex ZMB] (1); ZMB 3468 (9), 3469 (8, lost). Girardinus guppii Günther, 1866: 353. Type locality: Trinidad; Venezuela. Syntypes: BMNH 1847.7.18.9-11 (?3) Venezuela, 1865.11.30.8 (1) Trinidad; ZMB 6081 (2). Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: South America and Caribbean Islands: Venezuela, Barbados, Trinidad, northern Brazil and the Guianas. Widely introduced and established elsewhere, mainly for mosquito control, but had rare to non-existing effects on mosquitos, and negative to perhaps neutral effects on native fishes. Africa: Feral populations reported from the coastal reaches of Natal rivers from Durban southwards, as well as in the Kuruman Eye and L. Otjikoto in Namibia. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. Countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Brazil (introduced), Colombia (introduced), Cuba (introduced), Jamaica (introduced), Mexico (introduced), Peru (introduced), Puerto Rico (introduced), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil), Guppy (Brazil, USA) Poecilia salvatoris Regan, 1907 Poecilia salvatoris Regan, 1907: 65. Type locality: San Salvador, in warm springs. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.191 (6?), BMNH uncat. (5). Distribution: Central America: El Salvador. 571 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: El Salvador Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 Molinesia surinamensis Müller & Troschel, 1844: 36. Type locality: Mexico [Misantla River at the town of the same name and the Tacoluta River 6 hours riding above the sea and 13 hours from Papantla, Central Vera Cruz, Mexico. Not Suriname, corrected by Paepke & Meyer (1995)]. Holotype: ZMB 3473. Preoccupied in Poecilia by Poecilia surinamensis Valenciennes, 1821. Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846: 130, pl. 525-526, bottom. Type locality: près de Veracrux [same type locality of Molinesia surinamensis Müller & Troschel, 1844]. Syntypes: MNHN B-0930 (8). Poecilia thermalis Steindachner, 1863: 181, pl. 4 (figs. 3-3a). Type locality: in mexikanischen Staate Chiapas in der Schwefelquellle La Esperanza [sic] gefunden, deren Wasser 23º Réamur warm ist. Syntypes: (40) NMW 15153 (5), 59834 (4), 60645 (5), 76504-07 (7, 7, 7, 4). Gambusia modesta Troschel in Müller, 1865: 105. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (apparently lost). Gambusia plumbea Troschel in Müller, 1865: 106. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (missing). Poecilia spilurus Günther, 1866: 345. Type locality: Central America. Holotype: BMNH 1971.6.9.1. Poecilia chisoyensis Günther, 1866: 342. Type locality: River Chisoy, Vera Paz [Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.190 (3). Poecilia dovii Günther, 1866: 344. Type locality: Guatemala; Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1862.6.6.11-12 (2?) Mexico, 1863.12.16.77-92 (10) Lake Nicaragua, BMNH uncat. (?) Lake Amatitlan. Platypoecilus mentalis Gill, 1877: 335. Type locality: a stream on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus [of Panama]. Holotype: USNM 16675. Poecilia boucardii Steindachner, 1878: 386, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: Aspinwall (Colón), (Atlantic) Panama. Syntypes: (many) ?MCZ 32959 (10); NMW 14931-33 (1, 1, 1), 61266 (3), 77475-78 (2, 2, 2, 1), 22839-40 (1, 1), 10669-71 (1, 1, 1), 1067273 (1). Poecilia vandepolli arubensis van Lidth de Jeude, 1887: 138, pl. 2 (fig. 6). Type locality: Aruba. Syntypes: RMNH 5156 (6). Platypoecilus nelsoni Meek, 1904: 147, fig. 46. Type locality: Papayo, Guerrero [Balsas River basin, Mexico]. Holotype: USNM 51484. Platypoecilus tropicus Meek, 1907: 146. Type locality: Turrialba, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6027. Poecilia tenuis Meek, 1907: 147. Type locality: Tiribi, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6028. Poecilia spilonota Regan, 1908: 460 [footnote]. Type locality: San José [Costa Rica]. BMNH. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.2.11.44-50 (6 of 7). Poecilia caudata Meek, 1909: 209. Type locality: Turrubares, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6360. Mollienesia gracilis Regan, 1913a: 1012. Type locality: Lake Petén in Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.377 (3), 1864.1.26.379 (2). Mollienisia sphenops vantynei Hubbs, 1935: 11, pl. 2 (fig. 1, upper). Type locality: aguada at Uaxactun, Guatemala. Holotype: UMMZ 97874. Mollienisia sphenops macrura Hubbs, 1935: 12, pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, at El Paso de Los Caballos, Guatemala, in the stream system of Río Usumancita.. Holotype: UMMZ 95516. Mollienisia sphenops altissima Hubbs, 1936: 242, pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality: Miramar Spring, near Talcha, Yucatan. Holotype: UMMZ 102127. Mollienesia sphenops pallida de Buen, 1943a: 252, fig. 1. Type locality: em la Plaza La Bocana del río Marqués. Syntypes: (24). ?Lembesseia parvianalis Fowler, 1949: 267, fig. 70. Type locality: Oka, Congo system. [Lembesse River Basin; French Equatorial Africa; introduced]. Holotype: ANSP 71924. Poecilia veti-providentiae Fowler, 1950b: 77, fig. 12. Type locality: One quarter of mile south of Ironwood Hill, in freshwater stream called Huffington’s Creek at the Watering Place and above, east side of the island. Holotype: ANSP 71750. Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: North, Central and South America: Mexico to Colombia. Often confused with P. mexicana. Countries: Colombia, Cook Islands, Curaçao Island, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago (introduced), Venezuela Poecilia sulphuraria (Alvarez, 1948) Mollienisia sulphuraria Alvarez, 1948b: 276, fig. 1. Type locality: Baños del Azufre, a 12 Km de Teapa, Tab. Holotype: ENCBIPN-P-186. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Poecilia teresae Greenfield, 1990 Poecilia teresae Greenfield, 1990: 449, fig. 1. Type locality: Macal River on the Mountain Pine Ridge (trib. eastern branch of Belize River), Belize, Central America, 89°01’W, 16°52’N. Holotype: FMNH 82918. Maximum length: 5 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Belize. Countries: Belize Poecilia vandepolli van Lidth de Jeude, 1887 Poecilia vandepolli van Lidth de Jeude, 1887: 137, pl. 2 (fig. 4). Type locality: Curaçao. Syntypes: RMNH 5155 (6). Maximum length: 4.5 cm TL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Curaçao Island. Countries: Curaçao Remarks and references: Recenty redescribed by Poeser (1992). Poecilia velifera (Regan, 1914) Mollienisia velifera Regan, 1914a: 338. Type locality: Progreso, Yucatán. Syntypes: BMNH 1914.2.18.6-8 (3). Maximum length: 15 cm TL Distribution: North America: Southeastern Mexico. Countries: Colombia (introduced), Mexico, Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 452, pl. 86 (lower fig.). Type locality: aquis dulcibus Surinami bipollicaris. Holotype: ZMB 3465. Poecilia surinamensis Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 158, pl. 51 (fig. 1). Type locality: in aquis dulcibus Surinami. Holotype: ? Poecilia unimaculata Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 158, pl. 51 (fig. 2). Type locality: in aquis dulcibus Brasiliæ [Rio Janeiro]. Holotype: ? Poecilia schneideri Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 159. Unneeded replacement name for Poecilia vivipara. Molinesia fasciata Müller & Troschel, 1844: 36. Type locality: Suriname [not Mexico]. Holotype: ZMB 3472. Type-locality corrected by Paepke & Meyer (1995). eopoecilia holacanthus Hubbs, 1924: 11 [footnote]. Type locality: not stated in original description but referred to material recorded as Poecilia vivipara by Evermann & Marsh 1900 [Ponce and Fajardo; Arroyo and Hucares; Puerto Rico - an introduced stock]. Syntypes: FMNH 3240 (6). Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: South America: From Venezuela all along the coast to La Plata River in Argentina. Introduced in Puerto Rico. 572 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Countries: Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Puerto Rico (introduced), Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Common names: Barrigudinho (Brazil), Guaru (Brazil) POECILIOPSIS Hemixiphophorus Bleeker, 1860: 440. Type species: Xiphophorus gracilis Heckel, 1848. Type by subsequent monotypy. Gender: masculine. Appeared first in key, without included species. One species added by Bleeker (1860: 485). Senior synonym of Poeciliopsis Regan, 1913 but Poeciliopsis is placed in the official list of generic names in zoology (opinion 375) of the ICZN (see Rosen & Bailey, 1963:131 and Melville & Smith, 1987). Poeciliopsis Regan, 1913a: 996. Type species: Poecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver, 1895. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: feminine. Leptorhaphis Regan, 1913a: 998. Type species: Gambusia infans Woolman, 1895. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Aulophallus Hubbs, 1926: 69. Type species: Poecilia elongata Günther, 1866. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Poecilistes Hubbs, 1926: 68. Type species: Heterandria lutzi Meek, 1904. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Poeciliopsis baenschi Meyer, Radda, Riehl & Feichtinger, 1986 Poeciliopsis baenschi Meyer, Radda, Riehl & Feichtinger, 1986: 80, fig. 1. Type locality: ruisseau près de El Tuito, Jalisco, Mexico. Holotype: SMF 19988. Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Creek near El Tuito in Jalisco, as well as tributaries of the Purificación River near La Huerta. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis balsas Hubbs, 1926 Poeciliopsis balsas Hubbs, 1926: 66. Type locality: Balsas, on the Rio Balsas, Guerrero, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3702. Poeciliopsis anonas de Buen, 1943b: 263, fig. 1. Type locality:Arroyo de las Anonas de la cuenca del río Marqués, a 406 metros sobre el nível del mar. Holotype: Estación Limnológica Pátzcuaro. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Balsas River basin, Arteaga and Aguililla Rivers in Michoacan. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis catemaco Miller, 1975 Poeciliopsis catemaco Miller, 1975: 35, fig. 11. Type locality: a small beach on the west side of Laguna Catemaco, Veracruz [Mexico] 95° 07’ W Long., 18° 25’ N Lat., elevation about 340 m. Holotype: UMMZ 176977. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Laguna de Catemaco in Veracruz. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis elongata (Günther, 1866) Poecilia elongata Günther, 1866: 342. Type locality: Panama. Holotype: BMNH 1866.1.14.23. Maximum length: 11 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica and Panama. Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Poeciliopsis fasciata (Meek, 1904) Gambusia fasciata Meek, 1904: 129, fig. 37. Type locality:San Geronimo, Oaxaca [Mexico]. Holotype: FMNH 4715. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico in Laguna Coyuca near Acapulco, Guerrero as far as the Pijijiapan River in Chiapas and Coatzacoalcos River in Oaxaca. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis gracilis (Heckel, 1848) Xiphophorus gracilis Heckel, 1848: 300, pl. 9 (fig. 3). Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Syntypes: (13) NMW 59600 (3), 76512 (6), 76514 (2, dry), 81118 (4). Gambusia Heckeli [sic] Bleeker, 1860: 485. Type locality: Am. sept, Mexico. Unneeded substitute name for Xiphophorus gracilis Heckel 1848, not preoccupied by the later Gambusia gracilis Girard 1859. Girardinus pleurospilus Günther, 1866: 353. Type locality: Lake of Dueñas, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.180 (1?), ZMB 6078 (3). Priapichthys letonai Hildebrand, 1925: 258, fig. 12. Type locality: Río San Miguel, San Miguel, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87251. Maximum length: 5.1 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: From southern Mexico to Honduras. Countries: Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Venezuela (introduced) Poeciliopsis hnilickai Meyer & Vogel, 1981 Poeciliopsis hnilickai Meyer & Vogel, 1981: 358, fig. 1. Type locality: Mexico, Chiapas, Gebirgsbach 1 km W Ixtapa. Holotype: SMF 15526. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Salina River in Chiapas. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis infans (Woolman, 1895) Gambusia infans Woolman, 1895: 62, pl. 2. Type locality: Rio de Lerma at Salamanca, Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 45570, designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896: 680. Poeciliopsis porosus de Buen, 1943b: 273, fig. 9. Type locality: Lago de Camécuaro, Mich. Holotype: Estación Limnol. Pátzcuaro. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexican states of Jalisco and Michoacan in Grande de Santiago River basins, Lerma and Ameca River basins. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis latidens (Garman, 1895) Glaridodon latidens Garman, 1895: 42, pl. 5 (fig. 11). Type locality: Chihuahua, Mexico. Syntypes: MCZ 1307 (4). Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Del Fuerte River to San Blas in Nayarit. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis lucida Miller, 1960 Poeciliopsis lucida Miller, 1960: 2, pl. 1 (fig. A). Type locality: small tributary of the Río Mocorito, 0.9 mile N of San Benito, Sinaloa; 107°, 46’W Long., 25°, 32’N Lat. Holotype: UMMZ 177266. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mocorito River basin and del Fuerte River on the Gulf of California in Sinaloa. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis lutzi (Meek, 1902) Heterandria lutzi Meek, 1902: 106, pl. 20, lower. Type locality: Río Quiotepec at Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3718. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis monacha Miller, 1960 573 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Poeciliopsis monacha Miller, 1960: 3, pl. 1 (fig. C). Type locality: Arroyo San Benito, about 1.5 miles ESE of Rancho Guirocoba, Sonora; 108° 40’W Long., 26° 56’N Lat. Holotype: UMMZ 177268. Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis occidentalis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Heterandria occidentalis Baird & Girard, 1853: 390. Type locality: Rio Santa Crux of the Rio Gila [Mexico - not Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, USA.]. Syntypes: ANSP 6972 (1). Girardinus sonoriensis Girard, 1859: 120. Type locality: san Bernardino creek, Mex. [tributary of Río Yaqui, Sonora, Mexico]. Syntypes: MCZ 1310 (1), 1461 (1). Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: North America: Gila River system in New Mexico and Arizona and streams south to western Mexico. Occurs naturally in the Colorado and Yaqui River basins at altitudes ranging from sea level to 1500 m. High altitude occurences are most commonly associated with outflows and springs. Countries: Mexico, USA Poeciliopsis paucimaculata Bussing, 1967 Poeciliopsis paucimaculata Bussing, 1967: 227, fig. 5. Type locality: tributaries to the Río General, a confluent of the Río Grande de Térraba [General River, by 1st steel bridge, 15 km South of San Isidro del General on Pan. Am. Hiway, San Jose, Costa Rica] Holotype: LACM 9236-1. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: General River basin. Countries: Costa Rica Poeciliopsis presidionis (Jordan & Culver, 1895) Poecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver in Jordan, 1895: 413, pl. 29. Type locality: in the clear waters of the Rio Presidio, about Presidio [Sinaloa, Mexico]. Lectotype: SU 2687 (not separated from paralectotypes), established as figured specimen in caption to Pl. 114, p. 3257 by Jordan & Evermann (1900). Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Sinaloa River in Sinaloa to San Blas in Nayarit. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis prolifica Miller, 1960 Poeciliopsis prolifica Miller, 1960: 5, pl. 2 C. Type locality: Arroyo Sonolona [tributary to Culiacán River] 18.5 miles by road E of Culiacán, Sinaloa, 107° 08’W Long., 24°48’N Lat. Holotype: UMMZ 177272. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Lower courses of Yaqui River in Sonora and along the coast to San Blas in Nayarit. The species enters brackish water. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis retropinna (Regan, 1908) Poecilia retropinna Regan, 1908: 458. Type locality: Boruca [Costa Rica]. Holotype: BMNH 1909.3.13.69. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica and Panama. Countries: Costa Rica, Panama Poeciliopsis scarlli Meyer, Riehl, Dawes & Dibble, 1985 Poeciliopsis scarlli Meyer, Riehl, Dawes, & Dibble, 1985: 26, fig. 1. Type locality: canal at El Bordqueral, 40 km N on HW 200 from state boundary Guerrero/Michoacán, Michoacán, Mexico. Holotype: SMF 19715. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Guerrero and Michoacan. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis turneri Miller, 1975 Poeciliopsis turneri Miller, 1975: 27, fig. 8. Type locality: Río Apamila, 4.5 km WNW of La Huerta, Jalisco [Mexico] 104° 39’ W Long., 19° 29’ N Lat., elevation about 280 m. La Huerta is a small town on Hwy 80 SW of Autlán. Holotype: UMMZ 183942. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: From the Purificacion River basin to the Resolana River and northeastern Cihuatlan. Countries: Mexico Poeciliopsis turrubarensis (Meek, 1912) Gambusia turrubarensis Meek, 1912 (18 Sep): 71. Type locality: Turrubares, Costa Rica [San José, Pacific slope]. Holotype: FMNH 7676 [not 7576]. Heterandria colombianus Eigenmann & Henn in Eigenmann, 1912 (23 Dec): 27. Type locality: Brackish water, mouth of Rio Dagua, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56047 [ex CM 4837]. Priapichthys fosteri Hildebrand, 1925: 260, figs. 14-15. Type locality: Río Lempa, San Marcos, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87263. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North, Central and South America: Jalisco, Mexico to the Dagua River in Colombia. Countries: Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico Poeciliopsis viriosa Miller, 1960 Poeciliopsis viriosa Miller, 1960: 4, pl. 2 (fig. A). Type locality: Greenbank, from a spring-fed creek about 4.5 miles SW of Las Palmas, on the road Ixtapita, Jalisco; 105° 10’W Long., 20°48’N Lat. Holotype: UMMZ 177270. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Ameca River basin in Jalisco and south Nayarit to the Mocorito River in Sinaloa. Countries: Mexico PRIAPELLA Priapella Regan, 1913a: 992. Type species: Gambusia bonita Meek, 1904. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Priapella bonita (Meek, 1904) Gambusia bonita Meek, 1904: 132, fig. 39. Type locality: Refugio, Vera Cruz. [Mexico]. Holotype: FMNH 4630. Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Priapella compressa Alvarez, 1948 Priapella compressa Alvarez, 1948a: 335, fig. 2. Type locality: Ruinas de Palenque, Chis. Holotype: ENCB-IPN-P-188. Maximum length: 4.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Grijalva River basin to the lower Usumacinta River basin in Chiapas. Countries: Mexico Priapella intermedia Alvarez & Carranza, 1951 Priapella intermedia Alvarez & Carranza, 1951: 284. Type locality: Santa María Chimalapa, em el Arroyo El Zacatal. Holotype: ENCB-IPN-P-188. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Priapella olmecae Meyer & Espinoza Pérez, 1990 Priapella olmecae Meyer & Espinosa Pérez, 1990: 122, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio de la Palma, about 10 km NNW Sontecomapan, 25 km NNE Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Méxiko. Holotype: SMF 21157. 574 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: La Palma and Agua Fria Rivers and a lagoon called Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. Countries: Mexico PRIAPICHTHYS Priapichthys panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1916 Priapichthys panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1916: 322. Type locality: Chame Point, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 8950. Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Panama. Countries: Panama. Priapichthys Regan, 1913a: 991. Type species: Gambusia annectens Regan, 1907. Gender: masculine. Diphyacantha Henn, 1916: 113. Type species: Diphyacantha chocoensis Henn, 1916. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Darienichthys Hubbs, 1924: 8 [footnote]. Type species: Gambusia darienensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Panamichthys Hubbs, 1924: 8 [footnote]. Type species: Priapichthys panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1916. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Alloheterandria Hubbs, 1924: 9 [footnote]. Type species: Gambusia nigroventralis Eigenmann & Henn, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Priapichthys puetzi Meyer & Etzel, 1996 Priapichthys annectens (Regan, 1907) Pseudopoecilia austrocolumbiana Radda, 1987 Pseudopoecilia austrocolumbiana Radda, 1987b: 173, fig. 10. Type locality: bei Sammelort Nr. 10, einem Bach im Regenwald, 25 km W El Diviso, an der Strasse von Tuquerres nach Tumaco, Seehöhe 475 m, in der Küstenebene der Provinz Nariño, Kolubien. Holotype: NMW 85922. Maximum length: 2 cm TL Distribution: South America: Colombia. Countries: Colombia Gambusia annectens Regan, 1907a: 259. Type locality: Costa Rica, Carullo and Juan Veñas; Irazu. Syntypes: (numerous) BMNH 1907.2.11.5-14 (10), 1907.2.11.15-23 (9), 1907.6.28.3842 (5); MNHN 1913-0228 [ex BMNH] (2). Priapichthys annectens hesperis Hubbs, 1924: 22. Type locality: Río María Aguilar, upper trib. to Río Grande de Tárcoles, San Jóse, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 14106. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica Priapichthys caliensis (Eigenmann & Henn, 1916) Gambusia caliensis Eigenmann & Henn in Henn, 1916: 113. Type locality: Cali, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 57721 [ex CM 6700a]. Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL. Distribution: South America: Colombia. Countries: Colombia Priapichthys puetzi Meyer & Etzel, 1996: 4. Type locality: a small brook of the upper Rio Guarumo system, 20 km on the road from Punta Peña towards Gualaca, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Holotype: MTD F16250. Maximum length: 6.72 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Panama. Countries: Panama PSEUDOPOECILIA Pseudopoecilia Regan, 1913a: 995. Type species: Poecilia festae Boulenger, 1898. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Pseudopoecilia festae (Boulenger, 1898) Poecilia festae Boulenger, 1898: 13. Type locality: Sources thermales de S. Vicenta, canton de Santa Elena. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.4.80-85 (6), MSNG [ex Mus. Torino] 36549 (19), MZUT 1496 (1). Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: South America: Chico Chaune River in Ecuador to Peru. Countries: Ecuador, Peru Pseudopoecilia fria (Eigenmann & Henn, 1914) Priapichthys chocoensis Henn, 1916 Diphyacantha chocoënsis Henn, 1916: 114, pl. 19 (fig. 1). Type locality: small creek near mouth of Rio Calima, a tributary of the lower San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 22547 [ex IU 13618]. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: South America: Colombia. Countries: Colombia Priapichthys darienensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) Gambusia darienensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 88. Type locality: Rio Capeti [Tuira River basin, Panama]. Holotype: FMNH 7597. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Tuira River basin. Countries: Panama Priapichthys nigroventralis (Eigenmann & Henn, 1912) Gambusia nigroventralis Eigenmann & Henn in Eigenmann, 1912: 26. Type locality: Rio San Juan at Itsmina, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56045 [ex CM 4835]. Gambusia caudovittata Regan, 1913b: 471. Type locality: Rio Condoto [Colombia]. Holotype: BMNH 1913.10.1.68. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: South America: San Juan River basin. Countries: Colombia Poecilia fria Eigenmann & Henn in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson, 1914: 13. Type locality: Vinces, Ecuador. Holotype: FMNH 56603 [ex CM 5420]. Distribution: South America: Ecuador. Countries: Ecuador QUITAA Quintana Hubbs, 1934: 2. Type species: Quintana atrizona Hubbs, 1934. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Quintana atrizona Hubbs, 1934 Quintana atrizona Hubbs, 1934: 4, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: uncertain [tentatively Baracoa, Cuba]. Holotype: UMMZ 106459 (descendant of aquarium stock. Label states Vic. of Baracoa aquarium bred fish from female of Everglades Aquatic Nursery stock). Maximum length: 2.5 cm SL Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. Countries: Cuba SCOLICHTHYS Scolichthys Rosen, 1967: 2. Type species: Scolichthys greenwayi Rosen, 1967. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Scolichthys greenwayi Rosen, 1967 575 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Scolichthys greenwayi Rosen, 1967: 4, fig. 2. Type locality: clear, jungle headwater stream of the Río Salbá, a tributary to the Río Chixoy-Río Salinas (Río Usumacinta basin), 20 kilometers northwest of Cobán and 6 to 8 kilometers north of Cancal, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 22713. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Chixoy and Salinas River basins. Countries: Guatemala Xiphophorus Heckel, 1848: 291. Type species: Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: masculine. Platypoecilus Günther, 1866: 350. Type species: Platypoecilus maculatus Günther, 1866. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Scolichthys iota Rosen, 1967 Xiphophorus alvarezi Rosen, 1960 Scolichthys iota Rosen, 1967: 9, fig. 7. Type locality: tiny, clear creek emptying into the Río Chajmayic, the true headwater source of the Río de la Pasión (Río Usumacinta Basin) 15 kilometers by road south of Sebol, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 22716. Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Chajmaic River basin. Countries: Guatemala Xiphophorus helleri alvarezi Rosen, 1960: 126, fig. 23. Type locality:Mexico Chiapas Rio Usumacinta system Rio Santo Domingo, a tributary of Rio Jatate, upper Rio Usumacinta system, 90 km E Comitan. Holotype: UMMZ 177304. Distribution: North and Central America: Chiapas in Mexico and Huehuetenango, El Quiche and Alta Veracruz in Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala, Mexico TOMEURUS Tomeurus Eigenmann, 1909: 53. Type species: Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann, 1909. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann, 1909 Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann, 1909: 53. Type locality: Mud Creek in Aruka River. Holotype: FMNH 53541 [ex CM 1093]. Maximum length: 3.3 cm TL Distribution: South America: Small coastal drainages of the Venezuelan departments Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Territorio Federal and in Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará; Guamá and Tocantins River basins; Cuyuni, Mazaruni, Essequibo Corantijn River basins. Countries: Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela XEODEXIA Xenodexia Hubbs, 1950: 8. Type species: Xenodexia ctenolepis Hubbs, 1950. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. Xenodexia ctenolepis Hubbs, 1950 Xenodexia ctenolepis Hubbs, 1950: 9, pl. I (fig. 1). Type locality: Río Seniso (Río Salba), at Finca Chamá, Guatemala, from the hacienda to the mouth of the stream. [Usumancita drainage, Quiche, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala]. Holotype: UMMZ 105460. Maximum length: 4.1 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Finca River basin, 30 km NW of Cóban, Alta Vera Paz, in the Salbá River, tributary to the Negro River (Chixoy River) which becomes the Salinas River of the Usumacinta basin. Countries: Guatemala XEOPHALLUS Xenophallus Hubbs, 1924: 10 [footnote]. Type species: Gambusia umbratilis Meek, 1912. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Xenophallus umbratilis (Meek, 1912) Gambusia umbratilis Meek, 1912: 70. Type locality: Guapilis [Limón], Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7684 [not 7584]. Poeciliopsis maculifer Fowler, 1916a: 390, fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Guapilis at Guapilis [Guapiles], Costa Rica. Holotype: ANSP 45391. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica. Countries: Costa Rica XIPHOPHORUS Xiphophorus andersi Meyer & Schartl, 1980 Xiphophorus andersi Meyer & Schartl, 1980: 148, fig. 1. Type locality:Mexiko, Veracruz, Rio Atoyac bei Finca St. Anita, nahe Chico. Holotype: SMF 15118. Maximum length: 4.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Atoyac River near Chico in Veracruz, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus birchmanni Lechner & Radda, 1987 Xiphophorus montezumae birchmanni Lechner & Radda, 1987: 191, fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Talol/Rio Tempoal- subsystem des Rio Panuco-Systems, Ortschaft Orizatlán (400 m ü. M.)/Hidlago, Mexiko. Holotype: SMF 21154. Maximum length: 7 cm TL Distribution: North America: Panuco River basin in Hidalgo, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus clemenciae Alvarez, 1959 Xiphophorus clemenciae Alvarez, 1959: 69. Type locality:em el arroyo de La Cascada, afluente del río Sarabia, muy proximo a la confluencia de éste com el Coatzacoalcos; en el Rancho San Carlos, 24 Km al E de Palomares (Oax.). Holotype: ENCB-IPNP-403. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Oaxaca. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus continens Rauchenberger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990 Xiphophorus continens Rauchenberger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990: 9, fig. 5. Type locality: nacimiento of the Río Ojo Frío at El Quince, north of Rascón, Río Gallinas-Río Pánuco drainage, SLP, Mexico. Holotype: AMNH 88335. Maximum length: 2.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Panuco River drainage in San Luis Potosi. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus cortezi Rosen, 1960 Xiphophorus montezumae cortezi Rosen, 1960: 96, fig. 13. Type locality: Mexico, San Luis Potosi Rio Panuco system Rio Moctezuma Arroyo Matlapa at Comoca, 2 mi. N of Axtla. Holotype: UMMZ 177302. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Panuco River basin. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus couchianus (Girard, 1859) Limia couchiana Girard, 1859a: 116. Type locality: in the waters 576 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America of the Rio San Juan, at Caderecta and Monterey, in the Province of New Leon [Mexico]. No types known. Poecilia couchii Günther, 1866: 347. Type locality: Rio San Juan (Province of New Leon).Unjustified emendation of (and objective synonym of) Limia couchiana Girard 1859. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico (now restricted to vicinity of Monterrey, formerly more widespread). Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus evelynae Rosen, 1960 Xiphophorus variatus evelynae Rosen, 1960: 87, fig. 7. Type locality: Mexico, Puebla Rio Tecolutla, side branch of the Rio Xaltepuztla where it meets the Rio Necaxa at Tepexic. Holotype: UMMZ 177306. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Tecolutla (Necaxa) River bain. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus gordoni Miller & Minckley, 1963 Xiphophorus gordoni Miller & Minckley, 1963: 538, fig. 1. Type locality: Laguna Santa Tecla, about 20 airline miles southsoutheast of the town of Cuarto Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 179866. Maximum length: 3.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Cuatrociénegas River basin. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848: 291, pl. 8 (figs. 1-3). Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Syntypes: NMW 60543 (8). Xiphophorus guntheri Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 702. Type locality: Río Chisoy, basin of Río Usumacinta, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.185 (1), 1894.1.26.193 (1). Xiphophorus jalapae Meek, 1902: 107, pl. 26. Type locality: Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3724. Xiphophorus strigatus Regan, 1907b: 65. Type locality: southern Mexico, Veracruz and Oaxaca. Syntypes: BMNH. Xiphophorus brevis Regan, 1907b: 65. Type locality: British Honduras, Stann Creek. Syntypes: BMNH 1890.9.8.18-19 (2). Xiphophorus rachovii Regan, 1911b: 373. Type locality: Porto Barrios, on the Atlantic coast of Guatemala, between Lake Yzabal and Río Motagua. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.8.14.4-8 (6). Maximum length: 14 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: From Nantla River, Veracruz in Mexico to northwestern Honduras. Africa: Feral populations reported from Natal and eastern Transvaal as well as in Lake Otjikoto, Namibia. Countries: Belize, Brazil (introduced), Colombia (introduced), Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica (introduced), Mexico, Puerto Rico (introduced) Xiphophorus kosszanderi Meyer & Wischnath, 1981 Xiphophorus kosszanderi Meyer & Wischnath, 1981: 130, figs. 13. Type locality: Arroyo Chapultepec, 7 km northeast of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Holotype: SMF 16200. Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866) Platypoecilus maculatus Günther, 1866: 350. Type locality: Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1857.7.31.11-12 (2). Platypoecilus nigra Brind, 1914: 22. Type locality: Mexico. No types known. Platypoecilus pulchra Brind, 1914: 22, fig. Type locality: Mexico. No types known. Platypoecilus rubra Brind, 1914: 22. Type locality: Mexico. No types known. Platypoecilus maculatus cyanellus Meinken, 1935: 261, fig. unnumbred Type locality: in der Nähe der Stadt Tancasnequi, an einen Nabenflusse des Rio Panuco [Mexico]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Platypoecilus maculatus sanguinea Stoye, 1935: 51. Type locality: No locality. No types known. Platypoecilus maculatus aurata Stoye, 1935: 51. Type locality: No locality. No types known. Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: North and Central America: Ciudad Veracruz, Mexico to northern Belize. Countries: Bahamas (introduced), Belize, Brazil (introduced), Colombia (introduced), Guatemala, Jamaica (introduced), Puerto Rico (introduced) Xiphophorus malinche Rauchenberger, Kallman & Mozirot, 1990 Xiphophorus malinche Rauchenberger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990: 10, fig. 7. Type locality: Río Claro at Tlatzintla, Río Pánuco drainage, HID, Mexico. Holotype: AMNH 88336. Maximum length: 5.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Pánuco River drainage in Hidalgo, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus mayae Meyer & Schartl, 2002 Xiphophorus mayae Meyer & Schartl, 2002: 60, fig. 1. Type locality: Guatemala: Castillo de San Felipe, near hotel Marimonte, Lago de Izabal. Holotype: SMF 28885. Maximum length: 7.8 cm SL Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in Lake Izabal, and the Polochic, Dulce, and Motagua River basins. Countries: Guatemala Xiphophorus meyeri Schartl & Schröder, 1988 Xiphophorus meyeri Schartl & Schröder, 1988: 312, fig. 1. Type locality: near Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: SMF 21192. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus milleri Rosen, 1960 Xiphophorus milleri Rosen, 1960: 89, fig. 8. Type locality:Mexico, Veracruz Rio Papaloapan System. A small tributary of Laguna Catemaco about 2 mi. SE Catemaco. Holotype: UMMZ 177308. Maximum length: 3 cm TL Distribution: North America: Catemaco in Veracruz, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus montezumae Jordan & Snyder, 1899 Xiphophorus montezumae Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 131, fig. 11. Type locality: Río Verde near Rascon, San Luis Potosi, e. Mexico. Holotype: SU 6145. Maximum length: 5.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas, northern Veracruz, San Luis Potosí). Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus multilineatus Rauchenberger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990 Xiphophorus multilineatus Rauchenberger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990: 15, fig. 13. Type locality: Río Coy near confluence with the Río Tampaón, Río Pánuco drainage, SLP, Mexico. Holotype: AMNH 88337. Maximum length: 4.5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Coy River of Panuco River basin in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Countries: Mexico 577 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl Kallman & Morizot, 1990 Rauchenberger, Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl Rauchenberger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990: 6, fig. 4. Type locality: Arroyo Gallitos, 0.5 km west of Gallitos, an internal drainage, TAMPS, Mexico. Holotype: AMNH 88334. Maximum length: 5 cm TL Distribution: North America: Tamasi River drainage in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Countries: Mexico GEERA IQUIREDAE Arizonichthys Nichols, 1940: 1. Type species: Arizonichthys psammophilus Nichols, 1940. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Gambusia (Toluichthys) Dahl in Dahl & Medem, 1964: 80. Type species: Gambusia (Toluichthys) meadi Dahl, 1964. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. Hubbsichthys Schultz, 1949: 95. Type species: Hubbsichthys laurae Schultz, 1949. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. Xiphophorus nigrensis Rosen, 1960 Xiphophorus pygmaeus nigrensis Rosen, 1960: 100, fig. 15. Type locality:Mexico San Luis Potosi Rio Panuco system Rio Choy Nacimiento del Rio Choy, 4 km. N Hotel Taninul, 3 km. N of road from Route 110 (Valles-Tampico Highway). Holotype: UMMZ 177301. Maximum length: 6 cm TL Distribution: North America: Choy River, in the Pánuco River drainage in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus pygmaeus Hubbs & Gordon, 1943 Xiphophorus pygmaeus Hubbs & Gordon, 1943: 31, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: Río Axtla of the Río Panuco system, at Axtla, San Luis Potosí, México. Holotype: UMMZ 124365. Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Pánuco River system, northeastern Mexico. Countries: Mexico Xiphophorus roseni Meyer & Wischnath, 1981 Xiphophorus roseni Meyer & Wischnath, 1981: 133, fig. 4. Type locality: Arroyo Cahpultepec, 7 km northeast of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Holotype: SMF 16204. Distribution: North America: Mexico. Countries: Mexico. Xiphophorus signum Rosen & Kallman, 1969 Xiphophorus helleri signum Rosen & Kallman, 1969: 5, fig. 1B. Type locality: Río Semococh, tributary to the Río Chajmaic, a headwater source of the Río de la Pasión (Río Usumacinta Basin)15 kilometers by road south of Sebol, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 27675. Maximum length: 7.5 cm TL Distribution: Central America: Chajmaic and de la Pasion River drainages in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Countries: Guatemala Xiphophorus variatus (Meek, 1904) Platypoecilus variatus Meek, 1904: 146, pl. 10. Type locality: Valles, San Luis Potosí [Mexico]. Holotype: FMNH 4501. Maximum length: 7 cm TL Distribution: North America: From southern Tamaulipas to northern Veracruz. Countries: Colombia (introduced), Mexico Xiphophorus xiphidium (Gordon, 1932) Platypoecilus xiphidium Gordon, 1932: 287. Type locality: Río Corona at La Corona, 15 mi. north of Ciudad, Victoria, Río Soto la Marina system, Tamualipas, Mexico. Lectotype: UMMZ 97573, designated by Rosen (1960: 83). Maximum length: 4 cm TL Distribution: North America: Soto La Marina River drainage in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Countries: Mexico SPECIES IQUIREDAE Arizonichthys psammophilus Nichols 1940: 1. Type locality: 3 1/2 miles east of Tanque Verde, Pima County, Arizona, altitude 2750 ft. Holotype: AMNH 15373 (not found in 1996). Fundulus capensis Garman 1895: 113, Pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa [apparently in error]. Holotype: MCZ 6454. Gambusia (Toluichthys) meadi Dahl in Dahl & Medem, 1964: 80, fig. pg. 81. Type locality: vecindad de Tolú. Holotype: not located. Gambusia baracoana Rivas, 1944b: 46. Type locality: small freshwater pond, near the mouth of Rio Miel, in the vicinity of the city of Baracoa, Province of Oriente [Cuba]. Holotype: USNM 203150 [ex Rivas coll. 134]. Girardinus januarius var. reticulatus Hippius 1910: 392, Figs. 3132. Unknown type locality. No types known. Girardinus microdactylus rivasi Baruš & Wohlgemuth, 1994: 250, fig. 1. Type locality: small man-made freshwater pool near Rancho Tesoro Hotel, Nueva Gerona, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. Holotype: Inst. Landscape Ecol., Acad. Sci. Czech Republic ILE 11993. Girardinus zonatus Schreiner & Miranda Ribeiro, 1903: 73. Type locality: Brazil ? Syntypes: MNRJ (10) uncatalogued and missing. Hubbsichthys laurae Schultz, 1949: 96, fig. 13. Type locality: Near Pampán, Estado de Trujillo, Venezuela, and probably in Río Motatán drainage. Holotype: USNM 120999. Lebistes poecilioides De Filippi, 1861: 70, pl. 4 (figs. 6, 6a-d). Type locality: Barbados, West Indies. No types known. Probable synonym of some species of Poecilia, but not P. reticulata. Lebistes reticulatus aurata Schreitmüller, 1934: 242. No type localilty. Syntypes: ZMB 21084 (7). Name found in Eschmeyer (1998) without reference to a publication. Availability of name undetermined. Mollienesia sphenops petersi Schindler, 1959: 1, fig. 1. Type locality:Yojoa-See (NW–Honduras, atlantisches Einzugsgebiet). Holotype: ZSM 15639. Poecilia mexicana De Filippi in Tortonese, 1940: 142. type locality: Città di Messico. Not available: nomen nudum also preoccupied by Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863. Poecilia unipunctata Guérin-Méneville, 1829-38: 28, pl. 47 (fig. 3). Type locality: les eaux douce de l’Amérique Méridionale, a Rio-Janeiro. No types known. Xiphophorus elegans Paepke & Seegers, 1986: 175. Type locality: ?. Syntypes: ZMB 31510 (2)? Xiphophorus heckelii Weyenbergh, 1874: 292, pls. 1-2 (= figs. 131). Type locality: La Plata. Syntypes: MSNG 33704 (4) Xiphophorus marmoratus Obregon-Barboza & ContrerasBalderas, 1988: 95, fig. 2. Type locality: Cascada La Alberca, sw of Múzquiz, road to airport, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: UANL 8077. Xiphophorus minor Weyenbergh, 1877: 20, pl. 4 (fig. 19). Type locality: Catamarca, Argentina. Syntypes: (several) Mus. Nacional Argentina, Buenos Aires. Xiphophorus obscurus Weyenbergh, 1877: 18, pl. 4 (figs. 17-18). 578 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Type locality: La Plata, Argentina. Syntypes: (several) Museo Nacional Argentina, Buenos Aires. Syntypes: (several) MSNG 33705 (3) Xiphophorus pseudomontezumae Ahl, 1938: 53, figs. 1-2. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: ZMB 21083. References Agassiz, L. 1853. Recent researches of Prof. Agassiz. [Extract from letter to J. D. Dana dated Cambridge, June 9th, 1853.]. Am. J. Sci. Arts (Ser. 2) 16 (46): 134-136. Agassiz, L. 1855. [Remarks on Dr. B. Dowler’s paper “Discovery of viviparous fish in Louisiana.”]. Am. J. Sci. Arts (Ser. 2), 19: 133-136. Ahl, E. 1923. Gambusia modesta sp. n. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde, 34: 220-221. Ahl, E. 1925. Gambusia Myersi E. Ahl nom. nov. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde, 36 (2): 42-43. Ahl, E. 1938. Beschreibung neuer Zahnkarpfen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 124: 5358. Alvarez, J. 1948a. Contribución al conocimiento del genero Priapella y descripción de una nueva especie (Pisces, Poeciliidae.). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 9 (3/4): 331-340. Alvarez, J. 1948b. Descripción de una nueva especie de Mollienisia capturada en Baños del Azufre, Tabasco (Pisces, Poeciliidae). Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, 5 (1/2): 275-281. Alvarez, J. 1952. Dicerophallini nueva tribu de Poeciliidae de Chiapas (Pisc., Cyprinodont.). Ciencia (Mexico City), 12: 9597. Alvarez, J. 1959. Nuevas especies de Xiphophorus e Hyporamphus procedentes del Río Coatzacoalcos (Pisc., Poeciliidae y Hemiramphidae). Ciencia (Mexico DF), 19: 69-73. Alvarez, J. and J. Carranza. 1951. Cuatro especies nuevas de peces dulceacuícolas del sureste de México. Ciencia (Mexico DF), 11: 281-289. Bailey, R.M. 1952. Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate a type species for the genus “Heterandria” Agassiz, 1853 (Class Osteichthyes, Order Cyprinodontida) in harmony with current usage. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, 6: 263-265. Bailey, R.M.and R.R. Miller. 1950. Mollienesia versus Mollienisia as the name for a genus of poeciliid fishes. Copeia, 1950 (4): 318. Baird, S.F. and C. Girard. 1853. Descriptions of new species of fishes collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 387-390. Baruš, V. and E. Wohlgemuth. 1994. Two proposed subspecies in Girardinus microdactylus (Pisces: Poeciliidae) from Isla de Cuba and Isla de la Juventud. Folia Zoologica, 43 (3): 245-254. Bleeker, P. 1860. Conspectus systematis Cyprinorum. Natuurkd. Tijdschr. Neder. Indië, 20: 421-441. Bleeker, P. 1860. De visschen van den Indischen Archipel, Beschreven en Toegelicht. Deel II. [Also: Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, Auct., Volumen II]. Cyprini. Ordo Cyprini. Karpers.]. Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 7 (N. S., v. 2): 1-492 + i-xiii. Bloch, M.E. and J.G. Schneider 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. i-lx + 1-584, pls. 1-110. Boulenger, G.A. 1889. Descriptions of a new snake and two new fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering in Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 6), 4 (22): 265-267. Boulenger, G.A. 1898. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell’ Ecuador e regioni vicine. Poissons de l’Équateur. [Première Partie]. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, 13 (329): 1-13. Breder, C.M., Jr. 1934. A new Gambusia from Andros Island, Bahamas. Am. Mus. Novit. 719: 1-3. Brind, W.L. 1914-1915. Domesticated fish. 40 p. Britski, H.A. 1969. Lista dos tipos de peixes das coleções do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agricultura de São Paulo. Papéis Avulsos do Depto. Zool., São Paulo, 22 (19): 197-215. Bussing, W.A. 1963. A new poeciliid fish, Phallichthys tico from Costa Rica. Contrib. Sci. Los Ang eles County, 77: 1-13. Bussing, W.A. 1967. New species and new records of Costa Rican freshwater fishes with a tentative list of species. Rev. Biol. Trop., 14 (2): 205-249. Bussing, W.A. 1979. A new fish of the genus Phallichthys (Family Poeciliidae) from Costa Rica. Contrib. Sci. Natur. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, 301: 1-8. Bussing, W.A. 1988. A new fish, Brachyrhaphis roseni (Poeciliidae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Rev. Biol. Trop., 36 (1): 81-87. Chambers, J. 1987. The Cyprinodontiform gonopodium, with an atlas to gonopodia of the fishes of the genus Limia. J. Fish Biol., 389-418. Cope, E.D. 1870. Partial synopsis of the fishes of the fresh waters of North Carolina. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 11: 448-495. Cope, E.D. 1880. On the zoological position of Texas. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,17: 1-51. Costa, W.J.E.M. 1991. Description d’une nouvelle espèce du genre Pamphorichthys (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) du bassin de l’Araguaia, Brésil. Rev. Fr. Aquariol., 18 (2): 39-42. Costa, W.J.E.M. 1996. Relationships, monophyly and three new species of the Neotropical miniature poeciliid genus Fluviphylax (Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontoidei). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 7 (2): 111-130. Costa, W.J.E.M. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of the Cyprinodontiformes (Euteleostei: Atherinomorpha): a reappraisal. Pp. 537-560, In: L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M.S. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena (eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre. Costa, W.J.E.M. and A. Sarraf. 1997. Poecilia (Lebistes) minima, a new species of Neotropical poeciliid fish from the Brazilian Amazon. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 8 (2): 185-191. Costa, W.J.E.M. and P-Y. Le Bail. 1999. Fluviphylax palikur: a new poeciliid from the Rio Oiapoque basin, Northern Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontoidei), with comments on miniturization in Fluviphylax and other Neotropical freshwater fishes. Copeia, 1999 (4): 1027-1034. Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes. 1846. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome dix-huitième. Suite du livre dix-huitième. Cyprinoïdes. Livre dix-neuvième. Des Ésoces ou Lucioïdes. ixix + 2 pp. + 1-505 + 2 pp., pls. 520-553. Dahl, G. and F. Medem. 1964. Informe sobre la fauna acuatica del Rio Sinu. I Parte. Los Peces y la Pesca del Rio Sinu. Corporacion Autonoma Regional de los Valles del Magdalena y del Sinu -CVM-. Departamento de Investigaciones Ictiologicas y Faunisticas. 1-109. Darwin, C. 1839. The voyage of the Beagle, xiv + 496 pp., figs, J. M. Dent & Sons, LTD. London. de Buen, F. 1943a. Mollienisia sphenops pallida de Buen, nov. subsp. (Pisces - Poeciliidae). An. Inst. Biol. Mex., 14 (1): 251259. de Buen, F. 1943b. Poeciliopsis en las cuencas de los rios Lerma y Marques con descripción de dos nuevas especies (Pisces Poeciliidae). An. Inst. Biol. Mex., 14 (1): 261-283. De Filippi, F. 1861. Note Zoologiche. IV. Lebistes nuovo genere di pesce della famiglia dei Ciprinodonti. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. (Genova), 1: 69-70, pl. 4. 579 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Eigenmann, C.H. 1894. Notes on some South American fishes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 7 (art. 5): 625-637. Eigenmann, C.H. 1903. The fresh-water fishes of western Cuba. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 22 [1902]: 211-236, pls. 19-21. Eigenmann, C.H. 1907. The Poeciliid fishes from the Rio Grande do Sul and the La Plata basin. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 32:425433. Eigenmann, C.H. 1909. Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report no. 1. Some new genera and species of fishes from British Guiana. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6 (1): 4-54. Eigenmann, C.H. 1912. Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part I. Indiana Univ. Studies, 16 [sic No. 8]: 1-27. Eigenmann, C.H. and R.S. Eigenmann 1891.A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 14 (842): 1-81. Eigenmann, C.H., A.W. Henn and C. Wilson. 1914. New fishes from western Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Indiana Univ. Studies 19: 1-15. Evermann, B.W. and H.W. Clark. 1906. New fishes from Santo Domingo. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 30 (1478): 851-855. Evermann, B.W. and M.C. Marsh. 1900.The fishes of Porto Rico. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 20 (1): 49-350, pls. 1-49. Farr, J.A. 1984. Premating behavior in the subgenus Limia (Pisces: Poeciliidae): sexual selection and evolution of courtship. Z. Tyerpsycol., 65: 152-165. Figueiredo, C.A.A. 1997. Revisão taxonômica e filogenia de Pamphorichthys Regan 1913 (Cyprinodontiformes; Poeciliidae). Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 108 p. Fink, W.L. 1971a. A revision of the Gambusia nicaraguensis species group (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Publ. Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus., 2: 47-77. Fink, W.L. 1971b. A revision of the Gambusia puncticulata complex (Pisces: Poecilidae). Publ. Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus., 2: 11-46. Fowler, H.W. 1916a. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Costa Rica and the Canal Zone. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 68: 389-414. Fowler, H.W. 1916b. Notes on fishes of the orders Haplomi and Microcyprini. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 68: 415-439. Fowler, H.W. 1923. Fishes from Nicaragua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 75: 23-32. Fowler, H.W. 1932. Notes on fresh water fishes from Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84: 379-385. Fowler, H.W. 1943. A new poeciliid fish from Honduras. Not. Nat. (Phila.), 117: 1-3. Fowler, H.W. 1949. Results of the two Carpenter African expeditions, 1946-1948. Pt. II-The fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 101: 233-275. Fowler, H.W. 1950a. Colombian Zoological Survey, Pt. VI.-Fishes obtained at Totumo, Colombia, with descriptions of two new species. Not. Nat. (Phila.), 222: 1-8. Fowler, H.W. 1950b. Results of the Catherwood-Chaplin West Indies Expedition, 1948. Part III. The fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 102: 69-93. Franz, R. and G.H. Burgess. 1983. A new poeciliid killifish, Limia rivasi, from Haiti. Northeast Gulf Sci., 6 (1): 51-54. Garman, S. 1895. The cyprinodonts. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 19 (1): 1-179, pls. 1-12. Garman, S. 1896. Cross fertilization and sexual rights and lefts among vertebrates. Am. Nat., 30: 232. Ghedotti, M.J. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the poecilioid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 130: 1-53. Ghedotti, M.J. and S.H. Weitzman. 1996. A new species of Jenynsia (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from Brazil with comments on the composition and taxonomy of the genus. Occas. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Univ. Kansas, 179: 1-25. Gill, T.N. 1877. Notes on fishes from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by Dr. J. F. Bransford, U. S. N. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 28 (for 1876): 335-339. Girard, C. 1858. Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Major William Emory, Commissioner. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 167-171. Girard, C. 1859a. Ichthyological notices. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 56-68, 100-104, 113-122. Girard, C. 1859b. Ichthyology. In: United States and Mexican boundary survey, under the order of Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory, Major First Cavalry and United States commissioner. 1-85, fishes pls. 1-41. Gistel, J. 1848. Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, für höhere Schulen. Stuttgart. xvi + 216 p., 32 pl. Gordon, M. 1932. Dr. Myron Gordon going on expedition. Aquatic Life v. 15: 287-288. Gosse, P.H. 1851. A naturalist’s sojourn in Jamaica. London. ixxiv + 1-508. Greenfield, D.W. 1983. Gambusia xanthosoma, a new species of poeciliid fish from Grand Cayman Island, BWI. Copeia, 1983 (2): 457-464. Greenfield, D.W. 1985. Review of the Gambusia yucatana complex (Pisces: Poeciliidae) of Mexico and Central America. Copeia, 1985 (2): 368-378. Greenfield, D.W. 1990. Poecilia teresae, a new species of poeciliid fish from Belize, Central America. Copeia, 1990 (2): 449-454. Greenfield, D.W., T.A. Greenfield and D.M. Wildrick. 1982. The taxonomy and distribution of the species of Gambusia (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in Belize, Central America. Copeia, 1982 (1): 128147. Guérin-Méneville, F.E. 1829-38. Iconographie du Règne animal de Cuvier (mamifères, oiseaux, reptiles et poissons) pour servir d´atlas a tous les traités de zoologie (1829-44). I. Planches des Animaux Vertébrés. Paris. 1-44, pls. 1-70. Guichenot, A. 1853. Poissons. In: Sagra, R. de la, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba. Vol. 2. Paris. 1-206, Pisces pls. 1-5. Günther, A. 1866. Catalogue of fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Salmonidae, Percopsidae, Galaxidae, Mormyridae, Gymnarchidae, Esocidae, Umbridae, Scombresocidae, Cyprinodontidae, in the collection of the British Museum. i-xv + 1-368. Günther, A. 1874. Descriptions of new species of fishes in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 4), 14 (47): 368-371. Hamilton, A. 2001. Phylogeny of Limia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) based on NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol.v. 19 (2): 277-289. Haseman, J.D. 1911. Some new species of fishes from the Rio Iguassú. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7 (3-4) (19): 374-387, pls. 50, 58, 73-83. Heckel, J.J. 1848. Eine neue Gattung von Poecilien mit rochenartigem Anklammerungs-Organe. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1 (1-5): 289-303, pls. 8-9. Henn, A.W. 1916. On various South American poeciliid fishes. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10 (1-2) (9): 93-142, pls. 18-21. Hensel, R. 1868. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Wirbelthiere Südbrasiliens. Arch. Naturgeschichte, 34 (1): 323-375. Hildebrand, S.F. 1925. Fishes of the Republic of El Salvador, Central America. Bull. Bur. Fish., 41 (985): 237-287. Hilgendorf, F.M. 1889. Über eine Fischsammlung von Haiti, welche 2 neue Arten, Poecilia (subg. n. Acropoecilia) tridens 580 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America und Eleotris maltzani, enthält. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1889: 51-55. Hippius, K. 1910. Girardinus retikulyatus Girardinus januarius var. reticulatus Peters and petsiliya retikulyata Poecilia reticulata Peters. Akvarium Komnatnye Rasteniya, Moskva, 2 (4) [1909]: 392-396. [In Russian.] Howell-Rivero, L. and L.R. Rivas. 1944. Studies of the Cyprinodont fishes, two new genera of the tribe Girardinini, from Cuba. Torreia,, 12: 3-19, 2 pls. Hubbs, C.L. 1924. Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 13: 1-31, pls. 1-4. Hubbs, C.L. 1926. Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. VI. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 16: 186, pls. 1-4. Hubbs, C.L. 1927. Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. VII. Gambusia manni, a new species from the Bahamas. Copeia, 164: 61-66. Hubbs, C.L. 1931 Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. IX. A new and primitive genus of Poeciliidae from Central America. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 230: 1-3. Hubbs, C.L. 1933. Species and hybrids of Mollienesia. Aquarium, 1: 263-268. Hubbs, C.L. 1934. Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. XIII. Quintana atrizona, a new poeciliid. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 301: 1-8, pl. 1. Hubbs, C.L. 1935. Fresh-water fishes collected in British Honduras and Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 28: 1-22, pls. 1-4. Hubbs, C.L. 1936. XVII. Fishes of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ., 457: 157-287, pls. 1-15. Hubbs, C.L. 1950. Studies of cyprinodont fishes. XX. A new subfamily from Guatemala, with ctenoid scales and a unilateral pectoral clasper. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 78: 1-28, pls. 1-4. Hubbs, C.L. and M. Gordon. 1943. Studies of cyprinodont fishes. XIX. Xiphophorus pygmaeus, new species from Mexico. Copeia, 1943 (1): 31-33, pl. 1. Hubbs, C.L.and V.G. Springer. 1957. A revision of the Gambusia nobilis species group, with descriptions of three new species, and notes on their variation, ecology and evolution. Tex. J. Sci., 9 (3): 279-327. Humboldt, F.H.A. von and A. Valenciennes. 1821. Recherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l’Amérique Équinoxiale. In: Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, Deuxième partie. Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée. Paris. 145-216, pls. 45-52. Ihering, H. von. 1893. Die Susswasser-fische von Rio Grande do Sul. Kozeritz Deutscher Volkkalander für Brasilien, Porto Alegre, Gundlach, p. 95-128. Ihering, R. von. 1930. Notas ecologicas referentes a peixes d’agua doce do Estado de S. Paulo e descripção de 4 especies novas. Arch. Inst. Biol. São Paulo, 3: 93-103, pl. 13. ICZN [International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature]. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The Natural History Museum, London. Jenyns, L. 1840-42. Fish. In: The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith, Elder, and Co. Issued in 4 parts. i-xvi + 1-172, pls. 1-29. Jordan, D.S. 1889. List of fishes collected by Alphonse Forrer about Mazatlan, with descriptions of two new species - Heros beani and Poecilia butleri. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 11 (719): 329-334. Jordan, D.S. 1895. The fishes of Sinaloa. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 2), 5: 377-514, pls. 26-55. Jordan, D.S. and A.W. Brayton. 1878. Contributions to North American ichthyology. No. 3. A. On the distribution of the fishes of the Allegany region of South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little known species. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 12: 3-95. Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 47: i-lx + 1-1240. Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1900. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part IV. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 47: i-ci + 3137-3313, pls. 1-392. Jordan, D.S. and C.H. Gilbert. 1882. Description of a new cyprinodont (Zygonectes inurus), from southern Illinois. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 5 (273): 143-144. Jordan, D.S. and J.O. Snyder. 1899. Notes on a collection of fishes from the rivers of Mexico, with description of twenty new species. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 19 [1899]: 115-147. Kner, R. 1860. Über Belonesox belizanus, nov. gen. et spec., aus der Familie der Cyprinodonten. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 40 (10): 419-422, pl. Kner, R. 1863. Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsber. Koningl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen, 2: 220230. Langer, W.F. 1913. Beiträge zur Morphologie der viviparen Cyprinodontiden. Morph. Jahrb. Leipzig, 47 (1-2): 193-307. Lechner, P. and A.C. Radda. 1987. Revision des Xiphophorus montezumae/cortezi - Komplexes und Neubeschreibung einer Subspezies. Aquaria (St Gallen), 34 (12): 189-196. Lesueur, C-A. 1821. Description of a new genus, and of several new species of fresh water fish indigenous to the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2 (1): 2-8, pls. 1-3. Lucinda, P.H.F. and J.C. Garavello. 2001. Two new species of Cnesterodon Garman, 1895 (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from the upper rio Paraná drainage. Comum. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS, sér. Zool., 13 (2): 119-138. Meek, S.E. 1902. A contribution to the ichthyology of Mexico. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser., 3 (6): 63-128, pls. 14-31. Meek, S.E. 1904. The fresh-water fishes of Mexico north of the isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser., 5: ilxiii + 1-252, pls. 1-17. Meek, S.E. 1907. Notes on fresh-water fishes from Mexico and Central America. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser., 7 (5): 133157. Meek, S.E. 1909. New species of fishes from tropical America. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser., 7 (7): 207-211. Meek, S.E. 1912. New species of fishes from Costa Rica. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 163. Zool. Ser., 10 (7): 69-75. Meek, S.E. 1914. An annotated list of fishes known to occur in the fresh-waters of Costa Rica. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Zool. Ser., 10 (10): 101-134. Meek, S.E. and S.F. Hildebrand. 1913. New species of fishes from Panama. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Zool. Ser., 10 (8): 77-91. Meek, S.E. and S.F. Hildebrand. 1916. The fishes of the fresh waters of Panama. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Zool. Ser., 10 (15): 1-374, pls. 6-32. Mees, G.F. 1989. Notes on the genus Dysichthys, subfamily Bunocephalinae, family Aspredinidae (Pisces, Nematognathi). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen,, 92 (2): 189-250. Meffe, G.K. 1985. Life history patterns of Gambusia marshi (Poeciliidae) from Cuatro Ciénegas, Mexico. Copeia, 1985 (4): 898-905. Meinken, H. 1935. Ueber einige in letzter Zeit eingefürte Fische. Blätt. Aquar. Terrarienkunde, 45 (14): 261-262. 581 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Melville, R.V. and J.D.D. Smith, 1987. Official lists and indexes of names and works in zoology. The international Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 1-366. Meyer, A., J.M. Morrissey and M. Schartl. 1994. Recurrent origin of a sexually selected trait in Xiphophorus fishes inferred from a molecular phylogeny. Nature, 368: 539-542. Meyer, M.K. 1983. Une nouvelle espèce de Poecilia du Guerrero, Mexique (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Rev. Fr. Aquariol., 10 (2): 5558. Meyer, M.K. and H. Espinosa Pérez. 1990. Priapella olmecae sp. n., a new species from Veracruz (México) Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 45 (12): 121-126. Meyer, M.K. and V. Etzel. 1996. Notes on the genus Priapichthys Regan (1913), sensu Radda (1985), with description of P. puetzi spec. nov. from the Atlantic slope of northern Panama (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 49 (1): 1-11. Meyer, M.K. and V. Etzel. 1998. Notes on the genus Brachyrhaphis Regan 1913, with the description of a new species from Panama (Pisces: Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Senckenb. Biol., 77 (2): 155-160. Meyer, M.K. and V. Etzel, 2001a. Additional notes on the genus Brachyrhaphis Regan, 1913, with description of a new species from Panama (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 51 (4): 33-39. Meyer, M.K. and V. Etzel. 2001b. Description of Cnesterodon raddai sp. n. from a swamp near Resistencia, Rio Paraná basin, Argentina (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 51 (17): 247-252. Meyer, M.K. and A.C. Radda, 2000. Notes on the subgenus Mollienesia Lesueur, 1821, with a description of a new species of Poecilia Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae) from Venezuela. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien., 102B: 75-81. Meyer, M.K., A.C. Radda R. Riehl and W. Feichtinger. 1986. Poeciliopsis baenschi n. sp., un nouveau taxon de Jalisco, Mexique (Teleostei, Poeciliidae). Rev. Fr. Aquariol., 12 (3) (1985): 79-84. Meyer, M.K., R. Riehl, J.A. Dawes and I. Dibble. 1985. Poeciliopsis scarlli spec. nov., a new taxon from Michoacán, Mexico, (Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Rev. Fr. Aquariol., 12 (1): 2326. Meyer, M.K. and M. Schartl. 1980. Eine neue Xiphophorus-Art aus Vera Cruz, Mexiko (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Senckenb. Biol., 60 (3/4): 147-151. Meyer, M.K. and M. Schartl. 2002. Xiphophorus mayae, a new species of swordtail from Guatemala (Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 13: 59-66. Meyer, M.K. and D. Vogel. 1981. Ein neuer Poeciliopsis aus Chiapas, Mexico (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Senckenb. Biol., 61 (5/6): 357-361. Meyer, M.K. and L. Wischnath. 1981. Zwei neue Xiphophorus Arten aus Nuevo Leon, Mexiko (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Aquaria, 28 (8): 129-134. Miller, N. 1907. The fishes of the Motagua River, Guatemala. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 23 (2): 95-123. Miller, R.R. 1960. Four new species of viviparous fishes, genus Poeciliopsis, from northwestern Mexico. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 619: 1-11, pls. 1-2. Miller, R.R. 1975. Five new species of Mexican poeciliid fishes of the genera Poecilia, Gambusia, and Poeciliopsis. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 672: 1-44. Miller, R.R. and W.L. Minckley. 1963. Xiphophorus gordoni, a new species of platyfish from Coahuila, México. Copeia, 1963 (3): 538-546. Miller, R.R. and W.L. Minckley. 1970. Gambusia aurata, a new species of poeciliid fish from northeastern Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 15 (2): 249-259. Minckley, W.L. 1962. Two new species of fishes of the genus Gambusia (Poeciliidae) from northeastern Mexico. Copeia, 1962 (2): 391-396. Minckley, W.L. 1963. A new poeciliid fish (genus Gambusia) from the Rio Grande drainage of Coahuila, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 8 (3): 154-161. Mojica, C.L., A. Myer and G.W. Barlow. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of species of the genus Brachyrhaphis (Poeciliidae) inferred from partial mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia, 1997 (2): 298-305. Müller, J.W. von. 1865. Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1864-65. Müller, J. and F.H. Troschel. 1844. Bericht über die zur Behanntmachung geeigneten. Verdhandlungen der Konigl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin im Monat Februar 1844. Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1844: 35-36. Myers, G.S. 1931. Poeciliid fishes of the genus Mollienisia in Hispaniola, with notice of a new Limia from the Samaná Peninsula. Am. Mus. Novit., 503: 1-2. Myers, G.S. 1935. An annotated list of the cyprinodont fishes of Hispaniola, with descriptions of two new species. Zoologica (N. Y.), 10 (3): 301-316. Myers, G.S. 1955. Notes on the classification and names of cyprinodont fishes. Trop. Fish Mag. Mar. 1955: 7. Nichols, J.T. 1915. On Heterandria zonata sp. nov. and Heterandria versicolor (Günther) from the Island of Santo Domingo. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34 (art. 20): 603-604. Nichols, J.T. 1940. Results of the Archbold expeditions. No. 28. A new tooth-carp from Arizona. Am. Mus. Novit., 1084: 1-2. Nichols, J.T. and G.S. Myers. 1923. A new Limia from San Domingo. Am. Mus. Novit., 79: 1-2. Obregon-Barboza, H. and S. Contreras-Balderas. 1988. Una nueva especie de pez del genero Xiphophorus del grupo couchianus en Coahuila, México (Poeciliidae). Publ. Biol. Univ. Auton. Nuevo León, 2 (3): 93-124. Oliveros, O.B. 1983. Phallotorynus victoriae sp. nov. de la cuenca del río Paraná Medio, Argentina (Pisces, Poeciliidae). Rev. Asoc. Cienc. Nat. Litoral, 14: 17-27. Oyakawa, O.T. 1996. Catálogo dos tipos de peixes recentes do Museu de Zoologia da USP. I. Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 39 (23): 443-507. Paepke, H.-J. and L. Seegers. 1986. Kritischer Katalog der Typen und Typoide der Fischsammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 62 (1): 135-186. Paepke, H.-J. and M.K. Meyer. 1995. On the identity of Molinesia fasciata Müller & Troschel, 1844 and M. surinamensis Müller & Troschel, 1844 (Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 6 (3): 283-287. Parenti, L.R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 168: 335-557. Parenti, L.R. and M. Rauchenberger. 1989. Systematic overview of the Poeciliines. Chapter 1. Pp. 1-14. In: Meffe, G. K., and F. F. Snelson, Jr. (eds.). Ecology and evolution of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae). Prentice Hall. 453 pp. Peters, W.C.H. 1859. Eine neue vom Herrn Jagor im atlantischen Meere gefangene Art der Gattung Leptocephalus, und über einige andere neue Fische des Zoologischen Museums. Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 411-413. Poeser, F.N. 1992. Re-establishment and redescription of Poecilia vandepolli van Lidth de Jeude, 1887 (Pisces: Poecilinae), with 582 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America comments on related species. Stud. Nat. Hist. Caribbbean Region, 71: 79-98. Poeser, F.N. 1995. Nonrandom variation in Poecilia marcellinoi n. sp. and P. salvatoris Regan, 1907 in El Salvador (Pisces, Poeciliidae). Bijdragen tot der Dierkunde, 64 (4): 239-252. Poeser, F. N. 2002. Poecilia kykesis nom. nov., a new name for Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866, and redescription, revalidation and the designation of a lectotype for Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866 (Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Bijdr. Dierkd., 70 (4): 243-246. Poey, F. 1851-54. Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba, acompañadas de sumarios latinos y extractos en francés. Tomo 1o. Habana, pp. 1-463. Poey, F. 1858-61. Memorias sobra la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba, acompañadas de sumarios latinos y extractos en francés. Tomo 2o. Habana, pp. 1-96 (1858), 97-336 (1860), 337-442, (1861). Poey, F. 1868. Synopsis piscium cubensium. Catalogo Razonado de los peces de la isla de Cuba. Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, 2: 279-484. Poey, F. 1876. Enumeratio piscium cubensium (Parte Segunda). An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Madrid, 5: 131-176 (3 May) 177-218 (4 Oct.), pls. 4-9. Radda, A.C. 1987a. Beschreibung von Heterophallus milleri n. sp. (Teleostei, Poeciliidae, Gattungsgruppe Gambusiini). Aquaria (St Gallen), 34 (8): 125-132. Radda, A.C. 1987b. Poeciliiden - Studien in Ecuador und Kolumbien. Aquaria (St Gallen), 34 (11): 169-177. Rauchenberger, M. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Am. Mus. Novit., 2951: 1-74. Rauchenberger, M., K.D. Kallman and D.C. Morizot. 1990. Monophyly and geography of the Río Pánuco Basin swordtails (Genus Xiphophorus) with descriptions of four new species. Am. Mus. Novit., 2975: 1-41. Regan, C.T. 1904. Descriptions of new or little-known fishes from Mexico and British Honduras. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7), 13 (76): 255-259. Regan, C.T. 1905. A collection of fishes made by Dr. H. Gadow in southern Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7), 16 (93): 361-363. Regan, C.T. 1907a. Descriptions of six new freshwater fishes from Mexico and Central America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7), 19 (111): 258-260. Regan, C.T. 1907b. Diagnoses of new Central-American freshwater fishes of the families Cyprinodontidae and Mugilidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7), 19 (109): 64-66. Regan, C.T. 1908. A collection of freshwater fishes made by Mr. C. F. Underwood in Costa Rica. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8), 2 (11): 455-464. Regan, C.T. 1909. Descriptions of three new freshwater fishes from South America, presented to the British Museum by Herr J. Paul Arnold. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8), 3 (14): 234-235. Regan, C.T. 1911a. A new Poeciliid fish from the Amazon, with notes on the genera Petalosoma and Tomeurus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8), 8 (47): 659-660. Regan, C.T. 1911b. On some fishes of the family Poeciliidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser 8), 8 (45): 373374. Regan, C.T. 1912. A revision of the Poeciliid fishes of the genera Rivulus, Pterolebias, and Cynolebias. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser 8), 10 (59): 494-508. Regan, C.T. 1913a. A revision of the cyprinodont fishes of the subfamily Poeciliinae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913 (4): 9771018, pls. 99-101. Regan, C.T. 1913b. The fishes of the San Juan River, Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8), 12 (71): 462473. Regan, C.T. 1914a. Description of a new cyprinodont fish of the genus Mollienisia from Yucatan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8), 13 (75): 338. Regan, C.T. 1914b. Descriptions of two new cyprinodont fishes from Mexico, presented to the British Museum by Herr A. Rachow. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser 8), 14 (79): 65-67. Reznick, D., A. Meyer and D. Frear. 1993. Life history of Brachyraphis rhabdophora (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Copeia, 1993: 103-111. Rivas, L.R. 1944a. Contribuciones al estudio de los peces Cubanos de la familia Poeciliidae. II - Glaridichthys atherinoides, nueva especie de la Provincia de Camaguey. Contr. Occas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Col. “La Salle” Vedado, 2: 1-7. Rivas, L.R. 1944b. Contributions to the study of the Poeciliid fishes of Cuba. I. Descriptions of six new species of the subfamily Gambusiinae. Proc. New England Zool. Club, 23: 41-53. Rivas, L.R. 1958. The origin, evolution, dispersal, and geographical distribution of the Cuban poeciliid fishes of the tribe Girardinini. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 102 (3): 281-320. Rivas, L.R. 1963. Subgenera and species groups in the Poeciliid fish genus Gambusia Poey. Copeia, 1963: 331-347. Rivas, L.R. 1969. A revision of the poeciliid fishes of the Gambusia punctata species group, with descriptions of two new species. Copeia, 1969: 778-795. Rivas, L.R. 1971. A new subspecies of poeciliid fishes of the genus Gambusia from eastern Cuba. Publ. Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus., 2: 5-9. Rivas, L.R. 1978. A new species of poeciliid fish of the genus Poecilia from Hispaniola, with reinstatement and redescription of P. dominicensis (Evermann and Clark). Northeast Gulf Sci., 2 (2): 98-112. Rivas, L.R. 1980. Eight new species of poeciliid fishes of the genus Limia from Hispaniola. Northeast Gulf Sci., 4 (1): 28-38. Rivas, L.R. and W.L. Fink. 1970. A new species of poeciliid fish of the genus Limia from the island of Grand Cayman, B.W.I. Copeia, 1970 (2): 270-274. Rivas, L.R. and G.S. Myers, 1950. A new genus of Poeciliid fishes from Hispaniola, with notes on the genera allied to Poecilia and Mollienesia. Copeia, 1950 (4): 288-294. Rodriguez, C.M. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Poeciliini (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Copeia, 1997 (4): 663-679. Rodriguez, L.H., A. Du-Bauchet and M.L. Smith. 1992. Phylogenetic position of the Cuban poeciliid fish, Girardinus creolus (Cyprinodontiformes). Copeia, 1992 (2): 474-477. Rosa, R.S. and W.J.E.M. Costa. 1993. Systematic revision of the genus Cnesterodon (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) with the description of two new species from Brazil. Copeia, 1993 (3): 696-708. Rosen, D.E. 1960. Middle-American poeciliid fishes of the genus Xiphophorus. Bull. Fla. State Mus. Biol. Sci., 5 (4): 57-242. Rosen, D.E. 1967. New poeciliid fishes from Guatemala, with comments on the origins of some South and Central American forms. Am. Mus. Novit., 2303: 1-15. Rosen, D.E. 1979. Fishes form the uplands and intermontane basins of Guatemala: revisionary studies and comparative geography. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 162 (art. 5): 267-376. Rosen, D.E. and R.M. Bailey. 1959. Middle-American poeciliid fishes of the genera Carlhubbsia and Phallichthys with descriptions of two new species. Zoologica (N. Y.), 44 (pt 1, no. 1): 1-44, pls. 1-6. Rosen, D.E. and R.M. Bailey. 1963. The poeciliid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes), their structure, zoogeography, and systematics. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 126: 1-176. 583 Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America Rosen, D.E. and M. Gordon. 1951. A new fish of the genus Gambusia from southern Veracruz, Mexico, with a discussion of the tribe Gambusiini Hubbs. Zoologica (N. Y.), 36 (pt 4, 21): 267-272. Rosen, D.E. and K.D. Kallman. 1969. A new fish of the genus Xiphophorus from Guatemala, with remarks on the taxonomy of endemic forms. Am. Mus. Novit., 2379: 1-29. Santa Maria, M.A. 1956. Album de Don Carlos de la Torre y Huerta. Acuario, 2 (4):94-97. Schartl, M. and J.H. Schröder. 1988. A new species of the genus Xiphophorus Heckel 1848, endemic to northern Coahuila, Mexico (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Senckenb. Biol., 68 (4/6): 311321. Schindler, O. 1959. Mollienisia sphenops petersi nov. subsp. eine neue Poeciliiden-Unterart aus Nordwest-Honduras. Opusc. Zool., 31: 1-6. Schreiner, C. and A. Miranda Ribeiro. 1903. A collecção de peixes do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de J., 12 (1902): 67-110. Schultz, L.P. 1949. A further contribution to the ichthyology of Venezuela. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 99 (3235): 1-211, pls. 1-3. Schultz, R.J. and R.R. Miller. 1971. Species of the Poecilia sphenops complex (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in Mexico. Copeia, 1971 (2): 282-290. Steindachner, F. 1863. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Sciaenoiden Brasiliens und der Cyprinodonten Mejicos. Sitzungsber. Math.Naturwiss. Classe K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 48: 162-185, pls. 1-4. Steindachner, F. 1878. Ichthyologische Beiträge. VI. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 77: 379-392, pls. 1-3. Steindachner, F. 1880. Zur Fisch-Fauna des Cauca und der Flüsse bei Guayaquil. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 42: 55-104, pls. 19. Stoye, F.H. 1933. Einige neueingeführte Zahnkarpfen, I. Blätter Aquar. Terrarienkunde, 44 (18): 305-309. Stoye, F.H. 1935. Tropical fishes for the home: their care and propagation. Second edition. Carl Mertens, New York. Tropical Fishes: 284 pp. Tortonese, E. 1940. Elenco dei tipi esistenti nella collezione ittiologica del R. Museo di Torino. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, 48 (Ser. 3) (111): 133-144. Trewavas, E. 1948. Cyprinodont fishes of San Domingo, Island of Haiti. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 118 (2): 408-415, pl. 1. Turner, C.L. 1940. Superfetation in viviparous cyprinodont fishes. Copeia, 1940 (2): 88-91. van Lidth de Jeude, T.W. 1887. On a collection of reptiles and fishes from the West-Indies. Notes Leyden Mus., 9: 129-139, pl. 2. Weyenbergh, H. 1874. Bijdrage tot de kennis van het visschengeslacht Xiphophorus Heck. Versl. Akad. Amsterdam (Ser. 2), 8: 291-308, pls. 1-2. Weyenbergh, H. 1877. Algunos nuevos pescados del Museo Nacional, y algunas noticias ictiológicas. Actas Acad. Nacional Cien. Exactas, 3 (1): 1-21, pls. 1-4. Whitley, G.P. 1951. New fish names and records. Proc. R. Zool. Soc. N. S. W. v. for 1949-50: 61-68. Whitley, G.P. 1965. Some fish genera scrutinized. Proc. R. Zool. Soc. N. S. W. v. for 1964-65: 25-26. Woolman, A.J. 1895. Report on a collection of fishes from the rivers of central and northern Mexico. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 14 [1894]: 55-66, pl. 2. 584

Log In

Family Poeciliidae (Livebearers) -- Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America

Family Poeciliidae (Livebearers) -- Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS