D om e st ica t ion of Ce le be s r a in bow fish ( M a r osa t h e r in a la dige si) 1 Jayadi Jayadi, 1 Am rah Husm a, 2 Nursahran, 3 Ardiansyah, 3 Sriwahidah 1 Depart m ent of Aquacult ure, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, I ndonesia Muslim University, Makassar, I ndonesia; 2 Depart m ent of Aquacult ure, College of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Balikdiw a, Makassar, I ndonesia; 3 Depart m ent of Aquacult ure, Agricult ural Polyt echnic St ate of Pangkep, Pangkaj enne and Kepulauan, I ndonesia. Corresponding aut hor: J. Jayadi, j ayadi_fat rial@yahoo.com Abst r a ct . I n t his r esearch, dom esticat ion of Celebes r ainbow fish ( Mar osat herina ladigesi) was st art ed fr om t he br oodst ock r ear ing, spawning and lar val r ear ing. The pur pose of t his st udy was t o det er m ine t he sur vival r at e, fecundit y r at e, and gonad m at ur it y levels of t he br oodst ock t hat was fed live feed; Daphnia sp., Chir onom us sp., and Culex sp., wher eas dur ing t he spawning per iod, t he t ot al num ber of eggs; t he num ber of eggs hat ching; egg incubat ion t im e; t he num ber of unhat ched eggs; and hat ching r at e wer e evaluat ed. The aim of st udy in t he lar val r ear ing is t o det er m ine t he sur vival r at e of t he lar va. Br oodst ocks of M. ladigesi wer e collect ed fr om Bant im ur ung r iver and Pat unung Asue River of Mar os r egency; Jennae River and Gowalor ong River of Pangkaj enne Kepulauan r egency; Asanae River of Bone r egency. The r esult of r esear ch dem onst r at ed t hat sur vival r at es of br oodst ocks fed Dapnia sp., Chir onom us sp., and Culex sp. wer e 91% , 86% , 81% , r espect ively. Br oodst ocks of M. ladigesi t hat wer e fed Daphnia sp. pr oduced t he highest num ber of eggs ( 849) , wit h t he hat ching r at e of 70.77% , wher eas t he br oodst ocks t hat wer e fed Chir onom us sp. pr oduced 595 eggs, wit h t he hat ching r at e of 67.11% , and t he br oodst ocks t hat wer e fed lar vae of Culex sp. obt ained 565 eggs wit h t he hat ching r at e of 65.14% . The incubat ion per iod was 8- 9 days. The lar vae wer e given nauplius of Daphnia sp. can achieve t he sur vival r at e of lar vae was 38.31- 39.02% unt il age 5 days, 62.44- 71.67% at 10 days, 20- 30 days aft er hat ching, t he sur vival r at es r anged fr om 73.06- 99.84% . Ke y W or ds: Mar osat her ina ladigesi, br oodst ock r earing, spawning, lar val r ear ing, hat ching r at e, sur vival r at e. I n t r odu ct ion. I n Sout h Sulaw esi province of I ndonesia, several species of native freshw at er fish and endem ic fish of t he fam ily Telm at herinidae are found such as Marosat herina ladigesi, Telm at herina ant oniae, T. albolabiosus, T. bont i, T. celebensis, T. obscura, T. prognat ha, T. w ahj ui, T. sarasinorum , T. opudi, and T. abendanoni ( Parent i 2011) . One species t hat has been list ed in t he I nt ernat ional Union for Conservat ion of Nat ure ( I UNC) since 1990 due t o t he t hreat of extinction is M. ladigesi ( Kot t elat 1996; I UNC 1996) . Based on t he BLAST- N gene analysis w it h t he 99% sim ilarity index ( Jayadi et al 2015) , M. ladigesi is t he new valid synonim e nam e for form er Telm at herina ladigesi ( Kot t elat et al 1993; Parent i 2011) . The fish is locally know ns as "beseng- beseng" w hile t he t rade nam e is Celebes rainbow fish. This fish has been cat egorized as endangered fish in t heir nat ural habit at s ( Anonim 2012) . I n t he recent years, t he fish is only found in Bant im urung river at Maros regency, Saw ae river at Bone regency, Jenae river at Pangkaj enne and Kepulauan regency, Asanae river at Soppeng regency ( Jayadi et al 2016) , Pat t unung Asue River at Maros regency ( Karyant i et al 2014) . The fish scarcity in nat ure due t o t he cont inuous use of pest icides in t he paddy fields, overfishing, and dest ruction of t heir nat ural habit at s ( Said & Haryani 2011) . M. ladigesi t hat st ill survive in t he w ild have ext rem ely low levels of genet ic diversit y ( Jayadi et al 2015) . Thus t his condition m ay furt her exacerbat e it s exist ence in nat ure. M. ladigesi is know n as freshw at er ornam ent al fish t hat has im port ant econom ic value ( Kott ellat et al 1993; Andriani 2000; Said et al 2005; Nasut ion et al 2006; Said & Mayasari 2007; Parent i 2011; Jayadi et al 2013, 2015) , because it s highly at t ractive AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1067 appearance, especially t he m ales. Hence, M. ladigesi is still sought via online t rade ( Hardiat y 2007) . This fish is also still dem anded from businessm en of ornam ent al fish from t he int erview wit h fisherm en in Maros ( Jayadi et al 2013) . How ever, t hey cannot m eet t he dem and due t o declined population of t he w ild- caught fish from it s habit at ( Said & Haryani 2011; Kariyant i et al 2014; Jayadi et al 2013) . The exploit ation rat es ( E) of M. ladigesi have exceeded t he opt im um lim it of 0.0919 in Bant im urung river ( Bahrul 2014) , and in Jennae river and Gow a Lorong river of 0.935 ( Jayadi et al 2016) . M. ladigesi is an endem ic fish t hat m ay be extinct in t he wild because t he spread of t he fish is very lim it ed and only found in several rivers in Sout h Sulaw esi, I ndonesia ( Kot t elat et al 1993; Kot t elat 1996; Said et al 2005; Said & Haryani 2011; Jayadi et al 2013) . To ensure t he sust ainabilit y of fish st ocks in nat ure and t o m eet t he supply for ornam ent al fish, dom estication of M. ladigesi is required t o produce seeds (larvae and j uvenile), w hich in t urn can prevent t he extinction of t his fish in t he wild. St udies have been done on M. ladigesi such as bio- ecology, m orphology, and karyot ype ( Andriani 2000) ; fish reproduct ion ( Nasut ion et al 2006) ; reproduct ion t est on ex - sit u ( Said et al 2005) ; feeding habit s ( Jayadi et al 2013) ; infest at ions of ect oparasit es ( Am rullah et al 2013) ; analysis of fecundity and egg diam et er ( Kariyanti et al 2014) ; and gonadal m at uration w it h live feed ( Jayadi et al 2015). How ever, lim it ed inform at ion is available concerning t he dom estication of t he fish. The success of dom estication of M. ladigesi is generally dependent on t he m aint enance of broodst ock, spaw ning or breeding and rearing of larvae and j uvenile ( seed) in capt ivit y. The st udy aim ed t o det erm ine fecundit y, hat ching rate of t he broodst ock and survival rat e of t he larvae and j uvenile of M. ladigesi fed wit h different live feed. M a t e r ial a n d Me t h od. The st udy w as conduct ed at t he freshw at er ornam ent al fish hat chery at Manggala village, m unicipality of Makassar, sout h Sulaw esi, I ndonesia on January t o July 2016. Br oodst ock . Broodst ocks of M. ladigesi w ere collected from Bant im urung river and Pat unung Asue River of Maros regency; Jennae River and Gow a Lorong River of Pangkaj enne Kepulauan regency; Asanae River of Bone regency. The broodst ock w as collected using a landing net wit h a m esh size of 1 m m , and t ransport ed t o t he hat chery of freshw at er ornam ent al fish in Manggala, Makassar. Upon t he arrival, t he broodst ock w as acclim atized and im m ersed in 2 m g L- 1 pot assium perm anganat e ( KMnO4 ) solution for 10 m inut es. Pr e pa r a t ion of w a t e r. Wat er sources w ere obt ained from t he ground w at er, w hich pum ped int o 2 t anks. Before used, t he w ater was precipit at ed overnight, filtered, and circulat ed t o broodst ock rearing, spaw ning, and larval rearing t anks by gravity. Br oodst ock r e a r in g. The broodst ocks w ere m aint ained in a fiberglass t ank ( L x W x H; 200 x 150 x 75 cm ) , equipped wit h an aeration and filt ration syst em . The w at er volum e in t he fiberglass t ank w as kept at 350 lit ers. Before st ocking, t he broodst ocks w ere soaked in 1 m g L- 1 pot assium perm anganat e (KMnO4) for 10 m in. During t he rearing periods, t he broodst ocks w ere fed t hree t ypes of live food; Daphnia sp., Chironom us sp., and Culex sp. I n t he first group, t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed Daphnia sp., t he t ot al lengt h of t he fem ale and m ale broodst ock w ere from 4.5 t o 5.4 cm and from 5.1 t o 6.3 cm respectively. I n t he second group, t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed Chironom us sp., t he t ot al lengt h of fem ale and m ale broodst ock w ere from 4.8 t o 5.6 cm , and fr om 5.0 t o 6.4 cm , respectively, w hile in t he t hird group, t hat w ere fed Culex sp., t he t ot al lengt h of t he fem ale and m ale broodst ock w ere from 4.9 t o 5.5 cm and 4.9 t o 6.3 cm , respect ively. Feed w as given t wice daily ad libit um . Fifty percent ( 50% ) of w at er exchange w as done w eekly. Param et ers m easured w ere survival rat e, fecundity, and gonad m at urit y level. The w at er qualit y param et ers observed w eekly w ere dissolved oxygen ( DO) , pH, t em perat ure, and am m onia. Aft er 5 m ont hs of t he rearing period, 20 broodst ocks w ere used for sam pling t o det erm ine fecundit y and gonad m at urity level of t he broodst ock. AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1068 Spa w n in g. The broodst ocks w ere kept at a fiberglass t ank ( L x W x H; 130 x 80 x 60 cm ) , equipped wit h t he aeration system . The volum e of t he w at er in t he spaw ning t ank w as 100 lit ers. The ratio of m ales t o fem ales w as 1: 2 ( Said & Mayasari 2007) . The num ber fem ale t hat used w as 50 fem ales and 25 m ales. The feed w as given as previously described in t he broodst ock rearing. The at t achm ent subst rate of t he fish eggs w as m ade of t he r opes t hat st ret ched out t o resem ble t he plant root s. The subst rat e w as placed in t he m iddle of t he t ank. Aft er 24 h, t he at t ached eggs w ere collected and num bered. I ncubat ion t ank w as a plastic bucket filled wit h 10 liters of w ater. The at t achm ent subst rat e of t he eggs w as incubat ed in a plastic bucket . Param eters m easured w ere t he t ot al num ber of eggs; t he num ber of eggs hat ching; egg incubat ion t im e; t he num ber of unhat ched eggs; and hat ching rat e. Aft er t he eggs hat ched int o larvae, t hen t he larvae w ere t ransferred t o larval tanks. La r va l r e a rin g. The larvae w ere m aint ained in a fiberglass t ank ( L x W x H; 60 x 40 x 35 cm ) , equipped wit h t he aerat ion system . The volum e of t he w at er in t he t ank w as 20 lit ers. Rearing of fish larvae was divided int o t hree groups: t he first group w as t he larvae obt ained from t he broodst ock t hat fed Daphnia sp., t he second group w as t he larvae generat ed from broodst ock t hat fed Culex sp., and t he t hird group w as t he larvae obt ained from broodst ock t hat fed Chironom us sp. The num ber of larva used in each group w as 200 individuals t hat w ere random ly dist ribut ed t o 4 t anks, and each t ank consist ed of 50 larvae. Larval rearing w as carried out by spaw ning t im e at t he each group. The feed used in each group w as sim ilar; nauplii of Daphnia sp. The larvae w ere reared for 30 days. Feeding frequency w as t wice daily. Param et er m easured w as survival rat e. Num ber of dead larvae w as calculat ed daily. Wat er qualit y m easured every w eek such as dissolved oxygen, pH, t em perat ure, and am m onia. Re su lt s a n d D iscu ssion Br oodst ock r e a r in g. The survival rat es, fecundity and gonad m at urit y level of t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed t hree t ypes of live fish: Daphnia sp., larvae of Culex sp. and Chironom us sp. are show n in Table 1. The survival rat e of t he broodst ock fed Daphnia sp. w as t he highest , w hereas t he lowest w as observed in t he broodst ock feed larva Culex sp. These result s w ere different wit h t he previous st udy of Jayadi & Husm a ( 2015) t hat survival of t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed Daphnia sp. w as 83.33% , w hile Chironom us sp. and Culex sp. w ere 63.33% and 65.00% , respect ively. Table 1 Survival rat es, fecundit y and gonadal m at urity level ( GML) of M. ladigesi fed Dapnia sp., larvae of Culex sp. and Chironom us sp. for 5 m ont hs Treat m ent of feeding Survival rat e ( % ) Fecundit y ( ind.) Dapnia sp. Chironom us sp. Larva Culex sp. 91 86 81 65–281 49–172 37–154 Num ber ( ind.) GML I I I GML I V 4 16 9 11 8 12 Sim ilar t rend w as also observed in fecundit y, in which t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed wit h Daphnia sp. induced higher fecundit y com pared w it h ot her live feed. Fecundit y of M. ladigesi t hat w ere obt ained from t his st udy show ed low er levels com pared wit h t hose in t heir nat ural habit at as report ed by several researchers ( Andriani 2000; Nasut ion et al 2006; Karyant i et al 2014; Jayadi et al 2013) . The fecundit y of fish is affected by t he lengt h, w eight , age, genetic fact ors, environm ental fact ors, food, species of fish ( Effendie 1979; Mondal & Kaviraj 2010; Bindu & Padm akum ar 2014) . Likew ise, t he num ber of broodst ock t hat achieved t he highest gonadal m at urit y level ( GML) w as 16 in t he broodst ock fed Daphnia sp., w hile t he broodst ock fed Chironom us sp. and Culex sp. w as only 11 and 12 respect ively. The use of Dapnia sp., Chironom us sp. and larvae of Culex sp. as live feed for M. ladigesi can im prove gonadal developm ent int o t he GML I I I and I V, AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1069 because t he nut ritional value of feed given t hroughout t he rearing period ( Table 2) m et t he dem and of t he broodst ock. The feed given to t he broodst ock had sim ilar proxim ate analysis result s wit h M. ladigesi, in w hich t he prot ein cont ent w as 52.65% , fat w as 10.93% , and carbohydrat e w as 5.62% . Nut ritional value of t he feed given t o t he broodst ock affect ed gonad developm ent and fecundit y ( Fernandez- Palacios et al 1995) . During t he st udy, t he num ber of broodst ock t hat w ere used in each t reat m ent w as 100 individuals and reared for 5 m ont hs. Table 2 The proxim at e analysis of t he live feed Treat m ent of feeding Chironom us sp. Dapnia sp. Larva Culex sp. Wat er (% ) 8.4 4.9 13.3 Ash (% ) 10.00 6.26 8.47 Prot ein (% ) 44.22 53.12 49.07 Fat (% ) 8.69 20.13 13.17 Carbohydrat e (% ) 28.69 15.59 15.99 The range of w at er qualit y during t he t he broodstock rearing of M. ladigesi is present ed in Table 3. The range of w at er quality param et ers w ere w it hin t he lim its t hat can be t olerat ed by M. ladigesi. The result s w ere sim ilar wit h t he previous st udy of Jayadi et al ( 2013) t hat investigat ed t he w at er qualit y param et ers of M. ladigesi in t heir nat ural habit at s. The w at er qualit y param eters in t heir nat ural habit ats are as follow s: t em perat ures ranged from 28- 30 o C; DO w as 5.8 t o 8.2 m g L- 1 ; pH ranged from 6.2 t o 8.2; NH3 w as < 0.008 m g L- 1 ; and nit rit e w as < 0.0003 m g L- 1 Table 3 The range of w at er qualit y during t he rearing of M. ladigesi broodst ock Treat m ent of feeding Chironom us sp. Dapnia sp. Larva Culex sp. Tem perat ure ( o C) pH DO ( m g L- 1 ) NH3 ( m g L- 1 ) Nit rit e ( m g L- 1 ) 27.5–28.9 27.8–28.7 27.6–28.7 6.8–7.9 6.7–8.0 6.7–8.0 7.43–7.76 7.43–7.75 7.43–7.75 0.002–0.007 0.003–0.006 0.002–0.006 0.001–0.003 0.001–0.002 0.001–0.002 Spa w n in g. The results of M. ladigesi spaw ning obt ained on t he t ot al num ber of eggs; num ber of hat ched eggs; num ber of unhat ched eggs; hat ching rat e and hat ching per iod are depict ed in Tables 4, 5, and 6. Table 4 Tot al num ber of eggs; num ber of hat ched eggs; num ber of unhat ched eggs; hat ching rat e and hat ching per iod of M. ladigesi t hat were fed Daphnia sp. Spawning dat e 17 May 2016 19 May 2016 20 May 2016 21 May 2016 23 May 2016 24 May 2016 25 May 2016 27 May 2016 29 May 2016 Tot al Average Num ber of eggs ( ind.) 121 84 96 129 86 107 83 75 68 849 94.33 AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl Hat ched larvae ( ind.) 92 58 73 98 61 89 56 49 36 612 68 Num ber of unhat ched eggs ( ind.) 29 26 23 31 25 18 27 26 32 237 26.33 1070 Hat ching rat e ( % ) 76.03 69.05 76.04 75.97 70.93 83.18 67.47 65.33 52.94 70.77 Hat ching period ( days) 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 8.4 Table 5 Tot al num ber of eggs; num ber of hat ched eggs; num ber of unhat ched eggs; hat ching rat e and hat ching per iod of M. ladigesi t hat were fed larva Culex sp. Spawning dat e 19 May 2016 20 May 2016 22 May 2016 24 May 2016 26 May 2016 28 May 2016 30 May 2016 Tot al Average Num ber of eggs ( ind.) 112 76 106 83 73 62 53 565 80.71 Hat ched larvae ( ind.) 75 51 79 57 46 39 28 375 53.57 Num ber of unhat ched eggs ( ind.) 37 25 27 26 27 23 25 190 27.14 Hat ching rat e ( % ) 66.94 67.10 74.53 68.67 63.01 62.90 52.83 65.14 Hat ching period ( days) 9 9 9 8 9 9 8 8.7 Table 6 Tot al num ber of eggs; num ber of hat ched eggs; num ber of unhat ched eggs; hat ching rat e and hat ching per iod of M. ladigesi t hat were fed Chironom us sp. Spawning dat e 18 May 2016 19 May 2016 21 May 2016 23 May 2016 25 May 2016 26 May 2016 28 May 2016 30 May 2016 Tot al Average Num ber of eggs ( ind.) 102 92 114 98 61 78 42 38 625 78.13 Hat ched larvae ( ind.) 74 62 69 71 46 54 28 20 424 53 Num ber of unhat ched eggs ( ind.) 28 30 45 27 15 24 14 18 201 25.13 Hat ching rat e ( % ) 72.55 67.39 60.52 72.45 75.40 69.23 66.67 52.63 67.10 Hat ching period ( days) 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 8.6 M. ladigesi w as fed Dapnia sp. produced 849 eggs, wit h t he hat ching rat e of 70.77% , w hile t he num ber of eggs produced by t he broodst ock fed Chironom us sp. w as 625 eggs, w it h t he hat ching rat e of 67.10% . M. ladigesi were fed larvae Culex sp. produced 565 eggs wit h t he hat ching rat e of 65.14% . The use of t he t hree t ypes of feed on M. ladigesi caused different effect s on t he broodst ock ( Tables 4, 5 and 6) . The use of Daphnia sp. result ed in bet t er result s t han larva of Cules sp. and Chironom us sp. Daphnia sp. have high nut ritional values such as prot ein ( 53.12% ) and fat ( 20: 13% ) ( Table 2) w hich are equal wit h t he body com position of M. ladigesi ( 52.65% prot ein, and 10.93% fat ) ( Jayadi & Husm a 2015) . The qualit y of Pagrus m aj or eggs w as st rongly influenced by t he cont ent of prot ein, fat , phosphorous, pigm ent s and essent ial fat t y acids of t he feed ( Wat anabe et al 1984) . M. ladigesi eggs hat ched aft er 8- 9 days at t em perat ures of 27- 28 o C ( Tables 4, 5 and 6) . According t o Depeche & Billard ( 1994) t he lengt h of t he incubation tim e of fish eggs depends on t he fish species and environm ent al fact ors such as t em perat ure, light and oxygen. Based on t he result s of gonad m at urit y index of M. ladigesi, w e can conclude t his fish m ay spaw n t hroughout t he year ( Jayadi et al 2016) . Spaw ning m odels of som e fish species of t he genus Telm at herina have been report ed in several st udies such as T. ant oniae ( Sum aset iadi 2003) ; T. celebensis ( Nasut ion 2004) ; T. bont i ( Jayadi et al 2006) . Fact ors t hat affect spaw ning in fish have been report ed by Scot t (1979) . M. ladigesi m aint ained in captivity can spaw n aft er the availabilit y of spaw ning aggregation sites. M. ladigesi is a kind of fish t hat at t ach t heir eggs t o t he subst rat e, such as Clupeiform es ( Oht a 1984) ; Cypriniform es ( Long & Ballard 1976) ; Siluriform es ( Kobayakaw a 1985) . La r va l r ea r in g. Wat er qualit y param et ers during larval rearing are show n in Table 7. The w at er quality conditions w ere sim ilar t o t he fish nat ural habit at in t he wild ( Jayadi et AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1071 al 2013) . Broodst ock of M. ladigesi t hat w ere fed Dapnia sp. spaw ned 9 tim es and produced 612 t ot al num ber of larvae ( Table 8), while t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed Culex sp. spaw ned 7 tim es and generat ed 375 t ot al num ber of larvae ( Table 9) , and t he broodst ocks fed Chironom us sp. spaw ned 8 t im es and produced 424 larvae ( Table 10) . Table 7 The range of w at er qualit y during t he larval rearing of M. ladigesi Group Daphnia sp. Larvae Culex sp. Chironom us sp. Tem perat ure ( o C) 27.9–29.0 27.8–29.0 27.9–29.1 pH 6.8–8.1 6.8–8.0 6.8–8.0 DO ( m g L- 1 ) 7.64–7.78 7.63–7.77 7.63–7.78 NH3 ( m g L- 1 ) 0.002–0.005 0.003–0.004 0.002–0.005 Survival rat e of larvae obt ained from t he broodst ock t hat w ere fed Daphnia sp. w as 39.02 % at age 5 day, 71.67% at age 10 days. The survival rat e of larvae at age 20 days w as 78.18% , t he survival rat e at age 30 days w as 99.84 % ( Table 8) . Table 8 Survival rat e of M. ladigesi larvae obt ained from the broodst ock t hat w ere fed Dapnia sp. Dat e of spawning 17 19 20 21 23 24 25 27 29 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 Tot al Average Num ber of larvae ( ind.) 92 58 73 98 61 89 56 49 36 612 68 Survival rat e at 5 days (% ) 33.37 29.78 34.76 39.78 40.32 38.06 42.78 49.52 42.79 Survival rat e at 10 days (% ) 72.83 72.41 75.34 68.37 75.41 73.89 66.07 67.35 73.33 Survival rat e at 20 days (% ) 81.56 75.26 75.05 78.57 75.45 80.81 76.21 77.35 83.33 Survival rat e at 30 days (% ) 100 100 100 100 100 98.59 100 100 100 39.02 71.67 78.18 99.84 Survival rat e of larvae from t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed larva of Culex sp. w as 38.53% at age 5 days, 70.76% at age 10 days. The surv ival rat e of larvae at age 20 days w as 73.06% , t he survival rat e at age 30 days reached 96.92% ( Table 9) . Table 9 Survival rat e of M. ladigesi larvae obt ained from t he broodst ocks t hat were fed lar vae Culex sp. Dat e of spawning 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 Tot al Average Num ber of larvae ( ind.) 75 51 79 57 46 39 28 375 53.57 Survival rat e at 5 days (% ) 30.67 39.71 32.67 42.69 40.78 35.79 47.42 Survival rat e at 10 days (% ) 68.00 74.51 62.03 75.43 69.57 74.36 71.42 Survival rat e at 20 days (% ) 70.23 74.51 69.38 77.27 70.57 75.07 74.42 Survival rat e at 30 days (% ) 89.47 100 93.23 100 100 95.78 100 38.53 70.76 73.06 96.92 Survival rat e of larvae from t he broodst ocks t hat w ere fed Chironom us sp. w as 38.31% at age 5 days, 62.44% at age 10 days, t he survival rat e of larvae at age 20 days w as 87.89% , t he survival rat e of larvae at t he age of 30 days reached 96.14% ( Table 10) . AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1072 Table 10 Survival rat e of M. ladigesi larvae obt ained from t he broodst ocks t hat were fed Chironom us sp. Dat e of spawning 18 19 21 23 25 26 38 30 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 Tot al Average Num ber of larvae ( ind.) 74 62 69 71 46 54 28 20 424 53 Survival rat e at 5 days (% ) 35.24 31.21 45.23 44.38 31.34 42.56 29.43 47.07 Survival rat e at 10 days (% ) 59.62 60.74 55.21 56.23 65.22 69.37 62.57 70.55 Survival rat e at 20 days (% ) 81.54 79.23 82.12 79.63 81.51 100 100 99.12 Survival rat e at 30 days (% ) 92.35 97.32 89.23 98.74 91.45 100 100 100 38.31 62.44 87.89 96.14 The fish larvae abilities t o t ake food from out side det erm ine t he survival and subsequent developm ent of t he fish. Fish larvae st art ed t o consum e food aft er t he larvae can open it s m out h ( Hunt er 1981; Bagarinao 1986; Blaxt er 1988) . The result s of t his st udy show ed t hat t he larvae of M. ladigesi st art ed t o open t he m out h at 70- 72 hours aft er hat ching and t aking food from t he out side before t he endogenous w ere absorbed. Several types of fish t ook food before t he egg yolk run out as show n in Oxyeleot ris m arm orat a ( Wahyuningrum 1991) ; Myst us nem ur us ( Am or nsakun & Hasan 1997) ; Lat es calcarifer ( Kohno et al 1986) ; and several species of grouper such as Epinephelus fuscogut t at us ( Kohno et al 1990) ; E. m alabaricus ( Ruangpanit et al 1993) ; E. t auvina ( Husain & Higuchi 1980) and E. m icrodon ( Jayadi & Ardiansyah 2012) . Fish larvae t ook food from t he out side, w hich depended on t he t ype and am ount of food available ( Hunt er 1980) . Food select ed by t he larvae w as influenced by t he abundance, size, agility, and t he feasibility or easy invisible of t he food by t he larvae ( Noakes & Gordin 1988) . The fish larvae can t ake t he food t hat t hey can see in t he w at er ( Hunt er 1981) . As show n in Tables 8, 9 and 10, t he high m ort ality of larvae occurred at ages 1 t o 10 days aft er hat ching, t he feeding period from endogenous t o exogenous. This period is a critical period of fish larvae ( I w ai 1972; Bagarino 1986; Fukuhara 1988) . Wit h t he availabilit y of suit able food in t he t ransition, the larval m ort alit y could be reduced ( Noakes & Gordin 1988) . M. ladigesi larvae is able t o eat live food such as nauplius of Daphnia sp. ( size < 0.08 m m ) . Som e st udies report ed t hat alm ost all t ypes of fish larvae ut ilize plankt on for early feeding because t he plankt on fulfill t he size, com position, m ovem ent and digestion capacit y of larvae ( Watanabe et al 1983; Ahlgren et al 1990; Holt 1992; Arief et al 2009) . Selection of t he t ype of live feed for fish larvae is recom m ended by som e researchers for several reasons. Live food is easily digest ed by t he larvae because t he live food cont ains digestive enzym es. This can be seen from t he increased activit y of prot ease enzym es in t he digest ive t ract of w hitefish w ere fed nat ural rot ifer ( St roband & Dabrow ski 1979) . The use of live feed in roach fish result ed in a higher activit y of t he enzym e t rypsin ( Hofer 1985) . The second reason, because t he nut ritional value of nat ural feed is alm ost sim ilar wit h t he fish's body ( St roband & Dabrow ski 1979) , so t he nut rit ional needs of t he fish can be fulfilled from of live feed. The t hird reason is live feed does not quickly decom pose, so it does not pollute t he environm ent . Thus w ater quality param et ers w ere st ill kept in a good condition. Con clusion s. The use of live feed affect ed t he successfulness of rearing and spaw ning of t he broodst ock, and t he larval rearing of M. ladigesi. Live feed such as Daphnia sp., Culex sp. and Chironom us sp. are suit able for t he broodst ock. The incubation period w as 8- 9 days, w hereas t he hat ching rat e w as 65.14- 70.77% . Larvae of M. ladigesi st art ed t o open t he m out h at 70- 72 hours aft er hat ching and t ook food fr om t he out side before t he endogenous w ere exhaust ed. The size of t he nauplius of Daphnia sp. given t o t he larvae w as < 0.08 m m . The survival rate of larvae w as 38.31- 39.02% unt il age 5 days, 62.44- AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1073 71.67% at 10 days, 20- 30 days aft er hat ching t he survival rat e reached ranged from 73.06- 99.84% . Ack n ow le dge m e n t s. The aut hors w ould like t o t hank DP2M DI KTI I ndonesia for t he research funding t hrough SKI M com pet itive research grant s in 2016. We also t hank Muham m ad Raj im an Hasbi for t he use of freshw at er ornam ent al fish hat chery at Manggala village, m unicipalit y of Makassar. Re fe r en ce s Ahlgren G., Lundst edt L., Bret t M., Forsberg C., 1990 Lipid com position and food qualit y of som e freshw at er phyt oplankt on for cladoceran zooplankt ers. Journal of Plankt on Research 12( 4) : 809- 818. Am ornsakun A., Hassan A., 1997 [ Som e aspect in early life st ages in larval green cat fish ( Myst us nem urus) ] . I ndonesian Fisheries Research Jour nal 3: 64- 70. [ in I ndonesian] Am rullah A., Arifuddin A., Wahidah W., Saleh L., 2013 [ I nfest at ion endem ic fish parasites on rainbow Sulaw esi Telm at herina ladigesi in Maros w at ers] . Lut j anus 18( 1) : 37- 43. [ in I ndonesian] Andriani I ., 2000 [ Bio- ecology, m orphology, caryot ipe, and ornam ent al fish reproduct ion rainbow Sulaw esi (Telm at herina ladigesi) in t he River Maros, Sout h Sulaw esi] . MSc Thesis, Post Graduat e School, Bogor Agricult ural University, Bogor, 98 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Anonim , 2012 [ Freshw at er fish scarce in I ndonesia] . Minist ry of Maritim e Affairs and Fisheries, Direct orat e General of Marine, Coast al and Sm all I slands and Direct orat e for Conservat ion Areas and Fish Species, 75 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Arief M. I ., Triasih, Lokapim asih P. W., 2009 [ The effect of nat ural feed and art ificial feed on t he grow t h of Oxyeleot ris m arm orat a Bleeker) . Jurnal I lm iah Perikanan 2( 1) : 1015. [ in I ndonesian] Bagarinao T. U., 1986 Yolk absorpt ion, onset of feeding and survival pot ential of larvae of t hree t ropical m arine fish species reared in t he hat chery. Marine Biology 91: 449459. Bahrul M. Z., 2014 [ St udies of population dynam ics of rainbow sulaw esi ( Telm at herina ladigesi) in Bant im urung River Maros] . MSc Thesis, Depart m ent of Fisheries Resource Ut ilization, Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universit as Muslim I ndonesia, Makassar, 46 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Bindu L., Padm akum ar K. G., 2014 Reproduct ive biology of Et roplus surat ensis ( Bloch) from t he Vem banad w et land syst em , Kerala. I ndian Journal of Geo- Marine Sciences 43( 4) : 646- 654. Blaxt er J. H. S., 1988 Pat t ern and variety in developm ent . I n: Fish physiology, Vol XI , Part A. Hoar W. S., Randall D. J. ( eds) , Academ ic Press, London, pp. 1- 58. Depeche J., Billard R., 1994 Em bryology in fish, a review. Sociét é Française d’ I cht yologie, Paris, France, 123 pp. Effendie M. I .,1979 [ Fisheries biology m et hods] . Yayasan Dewi Sri, Bogor, 112 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Fernandez- Palacios H., I zquierdo S. M., Robaina L., Valencia A., Salhi M., Vergara J. M., 1995 Effect of n- 3 HUFA level in broodst ock diet s on egg qualit y of gilt head sea bream ( Sparus aurat a L.) . Aquacult ure 132( 3- 4) : 325- 337. Fukuhara O., 1988 Morphological and functional developm ent of larval and j uvenile Lim anda yokoham ae ( Pisces: Pleuronect idae) reared in t he laborat ory. Marine Biology 99: 271- 281. Hardiat y R. K., 2007 [ Scientific review of a rainbow fish, Marosat herina ladigesi ( Ahl 1936) an endem ic fauna of Sulaw esi] . Berit a Biologi 8( 6) : 473- 479. [ in I ndonesian] Hofer R., 1985 Effect s of art ificial diet s on t he digestive processes of fish larvae. I n: Nut rition and feeding in fish. Cowey C. B., Mackey A. M, Bell J. G. ( eds) , Academ ic Press, London, pp. 213- 216. Holt G. J., 1992 Experim ent al st udies of feeding in larval red drum . Journal of t he World Aquacult ure Society 23( 4) : 265- 270. AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1074 Hunt er J. R., 1980 The feeding behavior and ecology of m arine fish larvae. I n: Fish behavior and it s use in t he capt ure of fishes. Bardach J. E., Magnuson J. J., May R. C., Reinhart J. M. ( eds) , I CLARM, Conference Proceedings 5, 512 pp. Hunt er J. R., 1981 Feeding ecology and predation of m arine fish larvae. I n: Marine fish larvae: m orphology, ecology and relation t o fisheries. Lasker R. ( ed) , Washingt on Sea Grant , Seat t le, pp. 33–77. Husain N. A., Higuchi M., 1980 Larval rearing and developm ent of t he brow n- spot t ed grouper Epinephelus t auvina ( Forskal) . Aquacult ure 19: 339- 350. I UCN, 1996 I nt ernat ional Union for Conservat ion of Nat ure ( I UCN) red list of t reat ened anim als, Gland and Cam bridge. I w ai T., 1972 [ Feeding of t eleost larvae: a review] . La Mer ( Bulletin de la Sociét é francoj aponaise d’océanographie) 10: 71- 82. [ in Japanese] Jayadi, Ardiansyah, 2012 [ St udy of t he ont ogeny of Epinephelus m icrodon w it h nat ural food consum pt ion] . Aquahayat i 8( 2) : 69- 76. [ in I ndonesian] Jayadi, Husm a A., 2015 [ The m aint enance of broodst ocks of endem ic fish beseng- beseng ( Marosat herina ladigesi) w it h t he different nat ural foods] . I n: Proceeding nat ional sem inars and t he dissem ination of research result s, Rem m ang ( ed) , 23 Decem ber 2015, Makassar, pp. 50- 55. [ in I ndonesian] Jayadi, Arifuddin, Ham al R., 2006 [ St udy of species diversit y and genetic and reproduct ive st rat egies of endem ic fish in t he lake Mahalona, Mat ano Tow uti, sout h Sulaw esi] . Report of t he result s of fundam ent al research DI KTI , Agricult ural Polyt echnic of Pangkep, 55 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Jayadi, Tam sil A., Hadij ah S. T., 2013 [ St udy of genet ic diversity and bio- ecology of Celebes rainbow fish ( Telm at herina ladigesi) in Sout h Sulaw esi] . Fundam ent al Research report , I nst it ut e for Research and Resource Developm ent, University Muslim of I ndonesia, Makassar, 86 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Jayadi, Tam sil A., Hadij ah S. T., 2015 [ St udies of genet ic variation of Celebes rainbow fish ( Telm at herina ladigesi) wit h m et hod ram dom am plified polym orphism DNA ( RAPD) ] . I n: Proceedings of t he National Sem inar on Healt h and Environm ent al Microbiology. Hafsan, Nur F., Mut hiadin C., Wahida B. F., Aziz I . R. ( eds) , 29 January 2015, Makassar, pp 21- 27. [ in I ndonesian] Jayadi, Hasrun, Hadij ah, Must am in, 2016 [ Age st ruct ure, grow t h and m ort alit y of beseng- beseng fish ( Marosat herina ladigesi) in t he dist rict of Pangkaj ene Kepulauan] . I n: Sem inar and a nat ional sym posium I I I . Tresnat i ( ed) , 7 May 2016, Makassar. [ in I ndonesian] Kariyant i, Om ar S. B. A., Tresnati J., 2014 [ Analysis of fecundit y and egg diam eter of Celebes rainbow fish ( Marosat herina ladigesi Ahl, 1936) on t he river Bant im urung and t he river Pat t unuang Asue, Maros, Sout h Sulaw esi] . I n: Proceedings of t he Nat ional Sym posium on Marine and Fisheries. Om ar S. B. A., Met usalach, Naj am uddin, Tresnati J., Alam syah, I rm aw ati S. T., Ham zah, Um ar T. ( eds) , 3 May 2014, Makassar, pp. 1- 10. [ in I ndonesian] Kobayakaw a M., 1985 Ext ernal charact eristics of eggs of Japanese cat fishes ( Silurus) . Japanese Journal of I cht hyology 32: 104- 106. Kohno H., Hart a S., Taki Y., 1986 Early larval developm ent of seabass, Lat es calcarifer, w it h em phasis on t he t ransition of energy source. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 52( 10) : 1719- 1725. Kohno H., Diani S., Sunyot o P., Slam et B., I m ant o P. T., 1990 Early developm ent events associated wit h change of nut rient sources in t he grouper Epinephelus fuscogut t at us larvae. Bulletin Penelitian Perikanan, Special Edition 1: 51- 64. Kot t elat M., 1996 Telm at herina ladigesi. The I UCN Red List of Threat ened Species. Version 2014.3. Available at : ww w .iucnredlist .org. Accessed: March, 2015. Kot t elat M., Whit t en A. J., Kartikasari S. N., Wirj oat m odj o S., 1993 Freshw at er fishes of West ern I ndonesia and Sulaw esi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong, 221 pp. Long W. L., Ballard W. W., 1976 Norm al em bryonic st ages of t he w hit e sucker, Cat ost om us com m ersoni. Copeia 1976: 432- 351. AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1075 Mondal K. D., Kaviraj A., Saha S., 2010 Wat er qualit y param eters and fish biodiversity indices as m easures of ecological degradation: a case st udy in t w o floodplain lakes of I ndia. Journal of Wat er Resource and Prot ect ion 2( 1) : 85- 92. Noakes D. L. G., Gordin J. G. J., 1988 Ont ogeny of behavior and concurrent developm ent change in sensory syst em s in t eleost fishes. I n: Fish physiology, Vol. XI B. Hoar W. S., Randall D. J. ( eds), Academ ic Press I nc, New York, pp. 345- 395. Nasut ion S. H., 2004 [ Dist ribution and gonadal developm ent of endem ic celebensis rainbow fish ( Telm at herina celebensis Boulenger) at Tow ut i Lake in Sout h Sulaw esi] . MSc Thesis, Post Graduat e School, Bogor Agricult ural I nstit ut e, 87 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Nasut ion S. H., Said D. S., Lukm an, Triyant o, Fauzi H., 2006 [ Aspect s of reproduct ion of Celebes rainbow ( Telm at herina ladigesi Ahl) of various rivers in t he sout hern Sulaw esi] . I n: Proceedings of t he Nat ional Sem inar on Fish I V. Rahardj o M. F., Sim anj unt ak C. P. H., Zahid A. ( eds) , 29- 30 August 2006, Jat iluhur, I cht hyology Societ y of I ndonesia, pp. 83- 94. [ in I ndonesian] Oht a H., 1984 Elect ron m icroscopic st udy on adhesive m at erial of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) eggs. Japanese Journal I cht hyology 30: 404- 411. Parent i L. R., 2011 [ Endem ism and conservation of t he nat ive freshw at er fish fauna of Sulaw esi, I ndonesia] . I n: Proceedings of t he Nat ional Sem inar on Fish VI & Congress of I cht hyology Societ y I ndonesia I I I . Sim anj unt ak C. P. H., Zahid A., Rahardj o M. F., Hadiat y K. H., Krism ono, Haryono, Tj akrawidj aj a A. H. ( eds) , June 8- 9, 2010, Cibinong, pp. 1- 10. [ in I ndonesian] Ruangpanit N., Bunlipt anon P., Kongkum nerd J., 1993 Pr ogress in t he propagation and larval rearing of t he grouper, Epinephelus m alabaricus. I n: The Proceeding of Grouper Cult ure, Nov. 30- Dec. 1, 1993, Nat ional I nst it ut e of Coast al Aquacult ure, Songkhla, Thailand and Japan I nt er nat ional Cooperation Agency, pp. 32- 42. Said D. S., Mayasari N., 2007 [ Reproduct ion and grow t h of rainbow fish ( Telm at herina ladigesi) w it h a different sex rat io in ex- sit u habit at ] . Jurnal Akuakult ur I ndonesia 8( 1) : 41- 47. [ in I ndonesian] Said D. S., Haryani G. S., 2011 [ The m anagem ent syst em of ornam ent al endem ic fish in I ndonesian habit at ] . I n: Proceedings of t he Nat ional Sem inar on Environm ent Day 2011. Sast ranegara M. H., Lest ari W., Hart oyo B., Bagananda ( eds) , Novem ber 2011, Purw okert o, pp. 13- 23. [ in I ndonesian] Said D. S., Lukm an, Triyant o, Sulaem an, Syahrom a H. S., 2005 [ Condit ion of t he population, ecological, and st rat egy developm ent of Celebes rainbow , Telm at herina ladigesi.] . I n: Proceedings of t he National Conference on Aquacult ure 2005. Rachm ansyah, Sudaryono A., Yanihart o D., Nadj id M., Purnom o ( ed) , 23- 25 Novem ber 2005, Makassar, Sout h Sulaw esi, pp. 361- 367. [ in I ndonesian] Scot t D. B. C., 1979 Environm ent al tim ing and t he cont rol of reproduction in t eleost fish. I n: Fish phenology: anabolic adaptivennes in t eleost. Miller P. J. ( ed), The Zoological Societ y of London, Academ ic Press I nc., London, pp. 223- 244. St roband H. W. J., Dabrow ski K. R., 1979 Morphological and physiological aspect of t he digestive syst em and feeding in fresh w at er fish larvae. I n: La nut rition des poisons. Font aine M. ( ed), CNERNA, Paris, pp. 355–376. Sum aset iadi M. A., 2003 [ Several aspect s of reproduct ion of opudi fish ( Telm at herina ant onie) at Mat ano Lake in Sout h Sulaw esi] . MSc t hesis, Depart m ent of Managem ent of Fishing Resources, Facult y of Fishery and Marine Science, Bogor Agricult ural I nstit ut e, 55 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Wahyuningrum R. D., 1991 [ Developm ent of bet ut u fish ( Oxyeleot ris m arm orat a, Blkr) larvae reared in ponds and t anks] . MSc Thesis, Depart m ent of Aquat ic Science, Post Graduat e School, Bogor Agricult ural I nst it ut e, 94 pp. [ in I ndonesian] Wat anabe T., Kit aj im a C., Fuj it a S., 1983 Nut ritional values of live organism s used in Japan for m ass propagat ion of fish: a review . Aquacult ure 34: 115- 143. Wat anabe T., Ohhashi S., I t oh A., Kit aj im a C., Fuj it a S., 1984 Effect of nut rit ional com position of diets on chem ical com ponent s of red sea bream broodst ock and eggs produced. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 50( 3) : 503- 515. AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1076 Received: 24 August 2016. Accept ed: 30 Sept em ber 2016. Published online: 16 Oct ober 2016. Aut hor s: Jayadi Jayadi, Depar t m ent of Aquacult ur e, Facult y of Fisher y and Mar ine Scince, I ndonesia Muslim Univer sit y, Jl. Ur ip Sum ohar j o Km 05, Makassar 90231, I ndonesia, e- m ail: j ayadi_fat r ial@yahoo.com Am r ah Husm a, Depar t m ent of Aquacult ur e, Facult y of Fisher y and Mar ine Scince, I ndonesia Muslim Univer sit y, Jl. Ur ip Sum ohar j o Km 05, Makassar 90231, I ndonesia, e- m ail: am r ah_husm ah64@gm ail.com Nur sahr an, Depar t m ent of Aquacult ur e, College of Mar ine Sciences and Fisher ies, BALI KDI WA, Jl. Ur ip Sum ohar j o Km 11, Makassar 90231, I ndonesia, e- m ail: nur syahr an00@gm ail.com Ar diansyah, Depar t m ent of Aquacult ur e, Agr icult ur al Polyt echnic of Pangkep, Pangkaj enne and Kepulauan, Jl. Por os Makassar - Par e- Par e Km 83 Mandalle, Pangkep Sulawesi Selat an 90655, I ndonesia, e- m ail: ar di_kism an@yahoo.com Sr iwahidah, Depar t m ent of Aquacult ur e, Agr icult ur al Polyt echnic of Pangkep, Pangkaj enne and Kepulauan, Jl. Por os Makassar - Par e- Par e Km 83 Mandalle, Pangkep Sulawesi Selat an 90655, I ndonesia, e- m ail: sr iwahidah@gm ail.com This is an open- access ar t icle distr ibut ed under t he t er m s of t he Cr eat ive Com m ons At t r ibut ion License, which per m it s unr estr ict ed use, dist r ibution and r epr oduct ion in any m edium , pr ovided t he or iginal aut hor and sour ce ar e cr edit ed. How t o cit e t his ar t icle: Jayadi J., Husm a A., Nursahr an, Ar diansyah, Sr iwahidah, 2016 Dom est icat ion of Celebes r ainbow fish ( Mar osat her ina ladigesi) . AACL Bioflux 9( 5) : 1067- 1077. AACL Bioflux , 2016, Volum e 9, I ssue 5. ht t p: / / www.bioflux .com .ro/ aacl 1077