THE F ISHES OF THE A MA ZON:
D ISTRIBUTION AND B IOGEOGR APHICAL
PATTERNS, WITH A C OMPREHENSIVE
L IST OF S PECIES
F E R N A N D O C . P. D A G O STA A N D M Á R I O D E P I N N A
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
THE FISHES OF THE AMAZON:
DISTRIBUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL
PATTERNS, WITH A COMPREHENSIVE
LIST OF SPECIES
FERNANDO C.P. DAGOSTA
Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais
Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
MÁRIO DE PINNA
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Number 431, 163 pp., 22 figures
Issued June 13, 2019
Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2019
ISSN 0003-0090
CONTENTS
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Patterns of Distribution of Amazonian Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Broadly Distributed Lineages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Amazon Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
South American Lowlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Amazon-only Lowland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco Lowland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Amazonas-Guiana-Orinoco Lowland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Other Cases of Amazonian Lowland Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Fossils of Lowland Amazonian Lineages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Eastern Lowland Amazon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Marine Derived Lineages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Deep Channel Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Guiana Mangrove Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Eastern Amazon (East of the Purus Arch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Amazon-core Uplands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Amazonian Uplands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Guiana Shield (Atlantic and Amazonian Versants). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Longitudinal Shield Correspondence among Amazonian Shield Versants. . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Brazilian Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Extreme Shield: Chapada dos Parecis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Exclusive Faunal Sharing between Neighboring Basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Tapajós and Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Tapajós and Xingu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Tapajós and Madeira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Xingu and Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Xingu and Tocantins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Tocantins and Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Tocantins and São Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Tocantins and Upper Paraná . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Madeira and Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Branco and Essequibo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Negro and Orinoco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Negro and Branco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Negro to Trombetas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Poorly Sampled Neighboring Basins in the Guiana Shield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Cis-Andean Foothills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Central Blackwater Amazon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Allopatric Branco-Tocantins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
2
Absence Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Endemism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Appendix 1. Taxonomic list of Amazonian fish species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Appendix 2. Statistical test for species with distribution maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3
ABSTRACT
We provide a general compilation of the diversity and geographical distribution of Amazonian fishes, updated to the end of 2018. Our database includes documented distributions of
4214 species (both Amazonian and from surrounding basins), compiled from published information plus original data from ichthyological collections. Our results show that the Amazon
basin comprises the most diverse regional assemblage of freshwater fishes in the world, with
2716 valid species (1696 of which are endemic) representing 529 genera, 60 families, and 18
orders. These data permit a view of the diversity and distribution of Amazonian fishes on a
basinwide scale, which in turn allows the identification of congruent biogeographical patterns,
here defined as the overlapping distributions of two or more lineages (species or monophyletic
groups). We recognize 20 distinct distributional patterns of Amazonian fishes, which are herein
individually delimited, named, and diagnosed. Not all these patterns are associated with identifiable geographical barriers, and some may result from ecological constraints. All the major
Amazonian subdrainages fit into more than one biogeographical pattern. This fact reveals the
complex history of hydrographical basins and shows that modern basin-defined units contribute
relatively little as explanatory factors for the present distributions of Amazonian fishes. An
understanding of geomorphological processes and associated paleographic landscape changes
provides a far better background for interpreting observed patterns. Our results are expected
to provide a framework for future studies on the diversification and historical biogeography of
the Amazonian aquatic biota.
INTRODUCTION
its fish species and available estimates suggest a
number between 1300 and 3500 species (e.g.,
Géry, 1969; Lundberg et al., 2000, 2010; Junk et
al., 2007; Albert et al., 2011; van der Sleen and
Albert, 2017). Some studies have tried to correlate Amazonian fish distributions with underlying causal factors that might form the basis for a
historical biogeography of these fishes: Eigenmann (1909), Géry (1969), Vari (1988), Jégu
(1992a, 1992b), Hubert and Renno (2006),
Ribeiro (2006), Albert et al. (2011), Albert and
Carvalho (2011), Lima and Ribeiro (2011),
Ribeiro et al. (2013), and Dagosta and Pinna
(2017). Some other papers focused on only parts
of the Amazon are still relevant for the recognition of distribution patterns, including: Kullander (1986), Jégu and Keith (1999), Pearson
(1937), Crampton (2011), López-Fernández and
Albert (2011), and Lujan and Armbruster (2011).
The paradigm of vicariant biogeography
(Croizat et al., 1974; Rosen, 1978; Nelson and
Platnick, 1981) postulates that general distribution patterns demand general explanations, usually by associating lineage splitting with the
origin of wide-ranging geographical barriers.
Despite such conceptual clarity, in practice, the
The Amazon basin is the largest hydrographic
drainage on earth, covering ~6 × 106 km2 (larger
still if estuarine coastal areas are included) (Sioli,
1984; Milliman and Farnsworth, 2011), or about
one-third of South America. Its discharge is also
the largest in the world, with about one-fifth of
the entire freshwater volume on the surface of
the planet (Callede et al., 2004). Its vast size is
matched by an equally vast fauna and flora
(Webb, 1995; Patton et al., 2000; Hoorn and Wesselingh, 2010; Cardoso et al., 2017), comprising
the richest ecosystem on earth.
Fishes are one of the faunal elements whose
Amazonian biodiversity reaches superlative
numbers. Despite such megadiversity and the
attention it attracts, knowledge about the diversity and geographical distribution of Amazonian
fishes is still not synthesized into a general
framework that allows broad generalizations.
Most data are scattered within thousands of species descriptions, and attempts to synthesize that
information are inherently limited by the incomplete nature of their underlying databases. The
Amazon basin still lacks a comprehensive list of
5
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
association of biogeographical patterns with geographical barriers that contributed to taxonomic
diversification is difficult because of factors such
as dispersal across existing barriers, area coalescence (obliteration of preexisting barriers and
resulting biotic dispersal), extinction, and others
that make the detection and delimitation of historically cohesive areas (biogeographical units) a
complex process (Harold and Mooi, 1994; Szumik et al., 2002). One way to approach the issue
is to search for geographical homologies (i.e.,
biogeographical congruence) in the form of distributional congruence among unrelated taxa
(Patterson, 1981; Nelson, 1994; Morrone, 2009)
and the application of the notion of primary
homology (de Pinna, 1991) as adapted to biogeography (sensu Morrone, 2001, 2009). Despite
such caveats, there is ample consensus that the
formulation of robust historical biogeographical
hypotheses is critically important for understanding biotic diversification and in deciding
what conservation policies to adopt (Cracraft,
1994; Crisci, 2000; Whittaker et al., 2005; Guedes
et al., 2014).
Analytical considerations aside, the identification of repeated patterns of geographical distribution is the first step toward a formulation of
general biogeographical hypotheses. Such a task
in itself can be daunting when dealing with large
and complex taxonomic groups such as the
Amazonian fishes. Basic knowledge about their
taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution has long
been so irregularly scattered as to impede proper
synthesis. On the other hand, knowledge about
the systematics and distribution of Amazonian
fish taxa has now accumulated to a degree that
synthetic efforts are more enticing than ever
before, both at specific and supraspecific levels.
The purpose of this paper is to identify the
taxonomic patterns of distribution of Amazonian
fishes based on all data currently available in the
literature and in some of the largest ichthyological
collections with significant Amazonian holdings.
The list compiled for this report is an expansion
and refinement of the database published in
Dagosta and Pinna (2017), the largest previously
NO. 431
done on the distribution of Amazonian fishes and
provides the first comprehensive list of Amazonian fishes. It permits the identification and
delimitation of all repeated patterns of distribution. We also offer a discussion on the possible
underlying causes for each of the patterns and on
their potential as indicators of a general biogeographical history of the Amazon basin. We expect
our work will provide a general framework for the
categorization of forthcoming distributional data
(new records, new species, and new clades) and
facilitate future progress on the biogeography of
Amazonian freshwaters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Species distributions were compiled from all
the information available in the literature, in a
total of over 1500 references (see Dagosta and
Pinna, 2017: appendices 1–6; and appendix 1,
herein, for distributional data on fish species in
the Amazon and surrounding basins), including
taxonomic revisions, species descriptions, inventories and faunistic lists. Additionally, primary
data were obtained from the most relevant (in size
and Amazonian coverage) ichthyological collections, namely Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da
Amazônia, Manaus (INPA), Museu Nacional do
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ ), Museu
Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém (MPEG), Museu
de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo (MZUSP), and National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM). Two
smaller collections, LBP (Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Botucatu), and LIRP
(Laboratório de Icitiologia de Ribeirão Preto,
Ribeirão Preto), were also surveyed because of
their unique holdings of material from critical portions of the Brazilian Shield. Examined
material is listed in Dagosta and de Pinna,
2017: Supplementary Material 2, and includes
all information on source of data (citation, date
of publication, and catalog number, when based
on collections), institutional catalog, and sample
numbers along with published sources for each
species. All published information utilized was
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
qualified as to accuracy regarding species identification and locality. Identifications in collections were verified by direct examination of
specimens. Doubtful information was discarded.
Compilation of the composition and geographical distribution of Amazonian fishes is updated
to the end of 2018.
Maps presented are intended to represent
general patterns of distribution and individual
species plots can vary slightly within those limits.
Delimitation of the Purus Arch follows Sacek
(2014). Water type of Amazonian Rivers follows
Venticique et al. (2016) (SNAPP Western Amazon Group – Amazon Aquatic Ecosystem Spatial
Framework Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity. Usage is granted according to a Creative
Commons “CC BY 4.0”). Hydrographic shape
used in figures 5 through 22 is from Lehner et al.
(2008), courtesy from HydroSHEDS (hydrological data and maps based on shuttle elevation
derivatives at multiple scales: http://www.worldwildlife.org/hydrosheds). The shaded relief of
South America used in figures 5 through 22 is
courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech. The delimitation
of the Amazonian regions follows Dagosta and
Pinna (2017).
The taxonomic arrangement in appendix 1
follows Nelson (2006), except for the inclusion
of recently described family Tarumaniidae (de
Pinna et al., 2017), for considering Arapaimidae
and Serrasalmidae as valid families, for including the genus Chalceus in Alestidae, and for
adopting Cynolebiidae instead of Rivulidae.
Within each family, genera are organized in
alphabetical order. Species-level nomenclature
follows Fricke et al. (2019), except for the validity of Astyanacinus, which is maintained herein
since its synonymization within Astyanax is
considered unjustified.
In figure 1, estimates of the number of fish species in the Congo basin is from Snoeks et al.
(2011), in the Mekong from Poulsen et al. (2004),
in the Nile from Witte et al. (2009), in the Mississippi from Robinson and Buchanan (1988) and in
the Ganges from Sarkar et al. (2012). Figures for
other basins (Atrato, Capim, Cauca-Magdalena-
7
Sinú, Coppename-Suriname, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, Maracaibo, Maroni-Approuague,
Oiapoque, Paraná-Paraguay, and Parnaíba) are
compiled from the present work. Estimates of fish
diversity in continents follow Lévêque et al.
(2008), except for Europe, which is based on Kottelat and Freyhof (2007); South America, based on
Reis et al. (2016); and Central America, based on
Matamoros et al. (2015).
A distributional pattern is herein identified as
the overlap (or major overlap) of geographical
distributions of at least two species or monophyletic groups. Our definition of biogeographical
pattern is deliberately broad and based solely on
instantaneous geographical distributions of taxa.
Thus, the recognition of a pattern herein is
agnostic as to its causal reasons. It also does not
preclude the possibility that some of the patterns
are hierarchically arranged, i.e., that some patterns are actually subpatterns of larger ones. The
selection and the delimitation of the distributional patterns are based on a visual analysis of
map distributions of all Amazonian fishes, with
consideration for previously published proposals.
Repeated geographical distributions may be the
result of ecological conditions, historical factors
or both, and we consider that the identification
and characterization of distribution patterns are
relevant regardless of their underlying explanation and even without confirmation by rigorous
statistical modeling procedures (which would be
impossible at this point because of the heterogeneity of data sources).
Actual geographical distributions are a result
of past events and processes in combination with
present-day constraints not necessarily related to
the vicariant processes that generated that diversity. Many factors are brought into consideration
when untangling the nature and meaning of a
distribution pattern, and those are discussed
separately in the relevant sections. Our notion of
taxa assumes that they exist as empirically
backed biological entities, corresponding to
either species or monophyletic groups. Taxonomic entities that are demonstrably not monophyletic are not considered as valid evidence,
8
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
0
500
1000
1500
NO. 431
2000
2500
3000
Amazonas
2716
Congo
1250*
Mekong
1200*
Orinoco
1001
Nile
800*
Paraná-Paraguay
Essequibo
Yangtze
362
299
2716
287
Mississippi
260
Coppename-Suriname
253
Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Atrato
2954
293
Maroni-Approuague
Ganges
3500
1411
514
Corentyne-Demerara
Capim
546
740
233
176
143
118
Maracaibo
109
Parnaíba
108
Oiapoque
103
2434
260
SPECIES
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Asia
Africa
Amazonas Rest of S. N. America Europe
America
Central
America
Oceania
FIG. 1. Number of fish species in the Amazon basin and comparisons with other basins and continents. Left
graph: species numbers in the Amazon and other large world basins. Bottom graph and map: species numbers
in the Amazon basin compared to those in other continents. An asterisk indicates estimated numbers. For
sources of data, see Material and Methods.
even if formally named in classification, because
they are not empirically supported as a basis for
biogeographical inference.
A chi-square test was used to verify the association of species’ distributions with biogeographical patterns proposed (i.e., whether or not
the species has a random distribution) and to test
whether water type influences the distributions
of specific species (appendix 2). The test was
applied only to species shown in maps.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Our inventory shows that the Amazonian ichthyofauna is composed of 2716 valid species,
included in 529 genera, 60 families, and 18
orders. Such figures make the Amazon drainage,
by a wide margin, the basin with the richest fish
fauna in the world (fig. 1), with a diversity equivalent to that of some entire continents (fig. 1). As
a comparison, the estimated (i.e., not necessarily
described) number of species in the second most
diverse basin in the world (Congo) is less than
half that of the Amazon.
As in other Neotropical, African, and Asian
drainages, the majority of Amazonian fishes
belongs to the Otophysi (fig. 2), a group representing 80% (2193 spp.) of all Amazonian species. As in other Neotropical basins, the most
species-rich orders are Characiformes and Siluriformes. The third largest order in Amazonian
waters is the Perciformes, largely due to species
of the family Cichlidae. Of the least diverse
orders, 10 are from typically marine lineages that
secondarily invaded Amazonian waters.
The familial composition also follows that a
pattern typical of the majority of continental
waters in the neotropics, vastly dominated by
small body-size species. Five families (Characidae, Loricariidae, Cichlidae, Cynolebiidae, and
Callichthyidae) concentrate most of the diversity
(1528 spp. or 56% of Amazonian species), with
Characidae alone comprising nearly a quarter of
all Amazonian fish species.
2019
9
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
A Characiformes
B
1063
Siluriformes
Characidae
Perciformes
Gymnotiformes
Myliobatiformes
27
Clupeifomes
18
361
Cichlidae
286
Cyprinodontiformes
635
Loricariidae
956
166
Cynolebiidae
164
Callichthyidae
258
141
133
Anostomidae
91
Heptapteridae
87
Pleuronectiformes 9
Auchenipteridae
79
Beloniformes 9
Trichomycteridae
75
Osteoglossiformes 5
Curimatidae
74
Synbranchiformes 3
Doradidae
73
Pristiformes 2
Serrasalmidae
72
Batrachoidiformes 2
Apteronotidae
62
Tetraodontiformes 2
Pimelodidae
60
Anguiliformes 1
Lebiasinidae
49
Atheriniformes 1
Crenuchuidae
47
Carcharhiniformes 1
Sternopygidae
29
Ceratodontiformes 1
Potamotrygonidae
27
Species 0
200
400
600
800
1000
C
Corydoras
0
1200
200
300
400
500
600
700
111
Hyphessobrycon
82
Moenkhausia
74
Apistogramma
70
Leporinus
55
Hemigrammus
49
Crenicichla
49
Creagrutus
43
Anablepsoides
36
Astyanax
34
Ancistrus
34
Hypostomus
30
Pimelodella
28
Melanorivulus
27
Cyphocharax
26
Gymnotus
25
Sternarchorhynchus
25
Characidium
24
Species 0
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
FIG. 2. Richest lineages of Amazonian fishes in number of species: A, All orders; B, families; C, genera.
The most species-rich genera are those composed of small body-size species. Among the 10
richest genera, half are Characidae (fig. 2C),
demonstrating that the diversity of that family
in the Amazon is concentrated in few genera.
The same happens with Corydoras, the genus
with the most Amazonian species, comprising
111 of the 133 species of Callichthyidae in the
basin. Among the most diverse Amazonian
genera, three were the object of relatively recent
revisions (Creagrutus, Cyphocharax, and Ster
narchorhynchus). Such revisionary works
increased significantly the number of Amazonian species in the respective lineages: 42% of
the Amazonian species of Creagrutus were
described in Vari and Harold (2001); 28% of
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
0
A
Scoloplacidae (6/0)
Lepidosirenidae (1/0)
Tarumaniidae (1/0)
Gasteropelecidae (8/1)
Chilodontidae (7/1)
Hemiodontidae (26/5)
Rhamphichthyidae (23/6)
Cynodontidae* (10/3)
Doradidae (73/24)
Serrasalmidae (72/26)
Potamotrygonidae (27/10)
Acestrorhynchidae (10/4)
Ctenoluciidae (5/2)
Hypopomidae (24/10)
Lebiasinidae (49/26)
Apteronotidae (62/35)
Auchenipteridae (79/44)
Curimatidae (74/42)
Anostomidae (91/57)
Cetopsidae (26/17)
Callichthyidae (133/87)
Arapaimidae (3/2)
Polycentridae (3/2)
Gymnotidae (26/10)
Sternopygidae (29/22)
Pimelodidae (60/55)
Aspredinidae (23/22)
Characidae (635/657)
Crenuchuidae (47/48)
Pristidae (2/3)
20
40
60
80
100
100
89
11
88
13
84
16
79
21
77
23
75
25
73
27
73
27
71
29
71
29
71
29
65
35
64
36
64
36
64
36
61
39
60
40
60
40
60
40
60
40
57
43
57
52
43
48
51
49
49
51
49
40
* Roestes included in Cynodontidae
0
100
100
51
60
20
40
Heptapteridae (87/132)
38
Prochilodontidae (8/13)
37
Loricariidae (361/622)
33
Osteoglossidae (2/4)
33
Pseudopimelodidae (16/33)
32
Parodontidae (10/21)
31
Cynolebiidae (141/315)
28
Erythrinidae (5/13)
26
Achiridae (9/26)
24
Trichomycteridae (75/232)
21
Astroblepidae (17/64)
21
Belonidae (8/31)
15
Cichlidae (258/1459)
13
Pristigasteridae (5/33)
12
Synbranchidae (3/22)
Engraulidae (12/144) 8
Cyprinodontidae (7/96) 7
Poeciliidae (17/257) 6
Anablepidae (1/17) 6
Sciaenidae (15/278) 5
Eleotridae (9/163) 5
Alestidae (5/111) 4
Batrachoididae (2/82) 2
Carcharhinidae (1/58) 2
Hemiramphidae (1/60) 2
Tetraodontidae (2/189) 1
Atherinopsidae (1/109) 1
Clupeidae (1/203) <1
Ophichthidae (1/336) <1
Gobiidae (1/1887) <1
% of species ocurring in Amazon
NO. 431
40
60
80
100
60
62
63
67
67
68
69
72
74
76
79
79
85
87
88
92
93
94
94
95
95
96
98
98
98
99
99
100
100
100
% of species not ocurring in Amazon
FIG. 3. Proportion of species occurring in the Amazon versus not occurring in the Amazon, by higher taxon.
A. (above) By family. In green, percentage of species in the family occurring in the Amazon; in pink, percentage
of species not occurring in the Amazon. B. (opposite page) Per genera (only 50 most species-rich genera shown).
In green, percentage of species occurring in the Amazon; in blue, percentage of species not occurring in the
Amazon. Fractions in parentheses represent actual numbers of species occurring (numerator) and not occurring
(denominator) in the Amazon. Number of species in each family and genus follows Fricke et al. (2019).
Cyphocharax in Vari (1992a), and 72% of Ster
narchorhynchus in de Santana and Vari (2010).
Thus, the position of those genera among the
most diverse in the Amazon, especially in the
case of Cyphocharax and Sternarchorhynchus,
may be an artifact resulting from the lack of
taxonomic revisions in other potentially more
diverse yet poorly studied genera, for example,
Chaetostoma, Knodus, and Rineloricaria.
Interesting facts appear when the diversity of
the richest Amazonian lineages is compared with
equivalent data from outside the basin. The
Amazonian fish community is formed both by
typically Amazonian lineages (i.e., most or all of
their diversity is in the Amazon basin) and by
lineages that have greater diversity in other South
American basins or in the ocean (fig. 3A). At the
family level, it is clear that the Amazon dominates, by a wide margin, the alpha-diversity in
the vast majority of primary-division lineages
sensu Myers (1938), with relatively little diversity
in the secondary and peripheral divisions. The
only exclusively Amazonian family is the recently
described Tarumaniidae (Scoloplacidae and Lepidosirenidae occur also in the Paraguay basin).
Other interesting patterns are revealed by an
examination of intrageneric diversity. The first
one is that the most diverse genera in the Ama-
2019
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
0
B
20
40
Corydoras (111/64)
Hyphessobrycon (81/75)
52
Hemigrammus (49/10)
Crenicichla (49/46)
64
49
34
66
45
55
Cyphocharax (26/19)
58
Gymnotus (25/18)
58
Sternarchorhynchus (25/7)
Characidium (24/44)
85
19
71
36
29
31
% of species ocurring in Amazon
zon have the majority of their species in the
basin (fig. 3B). Also, some megadiverse Neotropical genera are relatively poorly represented in
the Amazon, such as Astyanax, Trichomycterus,
Bryconamericus, Characidium, and Hemibrycon.
This is probably related to the fact that the species of those genera in the Amazon are concentrated along its outer rims, which indicate that
their presence in the region is relatively recent,
caused by secondary geological events involving
adjacent basins. Two cases that stand out are
Astyanax and Trichomycterus, which have their
Amazonian diversity concentrated respectively
in the upper Tocantins and upper Ucayali, right
at the divide with other drainages.
The richest Amazonian tributary is the Rio
Madeira (fig. 4), a fact that is attributed not only
to its large size, but also to its hybrid nature
(Dagosta and Pinna, 2017). The Rio Madeira
drains one-third of the Amazonian lowlands and
25
58
65
35
70
30
93
Hypoptopoma (14/1)
93
7
30
46
54
67
33
55
Charax (12/5)
45
71
29
57
Aspidoras (11/13)
43
46
54
25
Curimata (11/2)
Hemibrycon (11/40)
7
70
Centromochlus (12/6)
Geophagus (11/20)
64
69
75
Cichla (14/1)
Brycon (11/33)
6
45
42
Peckoltia (12/9)
27
81
Brachyhypopomus (20/8)
Knodus (20/9)
15
54
73
Serrasalmus (22/5)
94
55
Cetopsis (12/10)
65
46
Potamotrygon (22/8)
Bryconamericus (20/35)
22
6
91
Ituglanis (13/15)
42
78
Jupiaba (23/4)
Chaetostoma (22/26)
9
Otocinclus (14/6)
42
35
79
Bryconops (14/6)
80
14
94
Steindachnerina (15/8)
51
20
21
Pimelodus (15/21)
80
Ancistrus (34/36)
Astroblepus (17/64)
Nannostomus (15/5)
36
20
100
100
Farlowella (16/13)
42
80
86
Pyrrhulina (18/0)
Trichomycterus (17/162)
60
71
Aequidens (16/1)
48
58
40
Bujurquina (17/1)
17
52
Anablepsoides (36/20)
Melanorivulus (27/33)
25
32
83
Creagrutus (43/31)
20
29
Hemiodus (18/3)
19
68
0
Rineloricaria (19/47)
48
75
Leporinus (55/26)
Pimelodella (28/54)
100
81
Apistogramma (70/23)
Hypostomus (30/121)
80
37
Moenkhausia (74/16)
Astyanax (34/132)
60
63
75
85
15
35
22
65
78
% of species not ocurring in Amazon
at the same time has tributaries associated with
the Andean range and the Brazilian Shield, both
areas particularly rich in fish endemics. The Rio
Negro is also one of the most diverse Amazonian
tributaries (fig. 4), despite its nutrient-poor and
extremely acidic waters, which represent ecological barriers to numerous fish species (Goulding
et al., 1988; Lima and Ribeiro, 2011). Despite
that, the Rio Negro also harbors a large number
of endemics (79 spp).
High levels of endemism are also seen in the
Marañon and Ucayali (25% and 16%, respectively; fig. 4), a likely result of the Andean range
in the diversification of the Amazonian biota.
The largest absolute number of endemic taxa (87
spp.) is found in the upper Rio Tocantins followed by the Marañon (81 spp.). Other basins
draining Amazonian Shield regions, such as
Juruena, Teles Pires, Jari, and Madeira Shield
tributaries, also show high levels of endemism,
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Amazonas main channel
Middle-lower Madeira
Negro
Branco
Mamoré
Beni-Madre de Dios
Guaporé
Arabuaia
Ucayali
Trombetas
Japurá
Lower Tocantins
Purus
Putumayo
Lower Xingu
Upper Tocantins
Upper Xingu
Tapajós
Marañon-Nanay
Madeira Shield tributaries
Teles Pires
Napo-Ambyiacu
Juruá
Urubu-Uatumã
Amazonas estuary
Jari
Iriri
Juruena
Jamanxim
Tefé
Xingu total
Tapajós total
Tocantins total
Negro total
Madeira total
71/8%
32/2%
79/12%
NO. 431
922
708
682
23/4%
601
20/4%
563
34/7%
509
22/4%
506
68/16%
424
66/16%
416
18/4%
35%
414
14/3%
410
19/5%
403
10/3%
379
5/1%
378
13/4%
367
87/24%
358
15/5%
333
18/5%
332
80/25%
326
28/8%
314
63%
2%
22/7%
298
22/9%
257
4/2%
251
8/4%
211
5/3%
182
Species endemic to Amazon basin (1696 spp.)
15/8%
174
Amazonian species also occurring in neighboring basins (959 spp.)
19/11%
169
23/15%
Poorly known species (61 spp.)
151
2/2%
109
1/1%
104
502
529
705
922
1062
0
200
400
600
800
1000
FIG. 4. Amazonian endemic species. Species richness (green) and endemic species (orange) for each of the
main Amazonian tributaries or parts thereof. Pie chart indicates the proportion of species occurring exclusively in the Amazon and those also present in other basins. Minor endemic regions not included in graph
are: Anapu (2 spp.), Coari-Urucu (1 sp.), Curuá-Paru do Oeste (2 spp.), Paru (2 spp.) and Javari (1 sp.).
although relatively low total numbers of species.
Such figures corroborate the hypothesis that
highlands have proportionally fewer taxa with
broad distributions and fewer cases of sympatry
when compared with lowland rivers (Dagosta
and Pinna, 2017).
The majority of Amazonian fish diversity is
exclusive, with 63% (1696 spp.) of its species
found nowhere else (fig. 4). That number alone
would place the Amazon as the richest basin in
the world in fish species.
listed is described as to its geographical (physical) boundaries and subsequently discussed as to
its historical significance, possible causes (if any
is identified) and any other relevant points. The
taxa supporting each pattern is provided in the
text. Patterns are arranged according to logical
sections and subsections, with each of them
given a name (when a pattern was already recognized in the literature by a widely used name,
that name was maintained here) and a number
reference, so as to provide an easy reference in
future publications.
PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION OF
AMAZONIAN FISHES
Broadly Distributed Lineages
Below we present the general patterns of distribution herein recognized on the basis of information compiled in appendix 1. Each category
This pattern includes lineages which are
broadly distributed in major South American
drainages such as Amazon, Coastal Atlantic,
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13
FIG. 5. Broadly distributed lineages. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Hoplias malabaricus
(red dots; records from MZUSP), Erythrinus erythrinus (green diamonds; records from MZUSP), Hopleryth
rinus unitaeniatus (yellow triangles; records from MZUSP). C. Synbranchus marmoratus, records from
MZUSP. D. Callichthys callichthys (data from Lehmann and Reis (2004) with additional records from MZUSP).
Parana-Paraguay, São Francisco, Orinoco, and
Guianan basins (fig. 5A). This is the most common pattern for the majority of families of fishes
in the Amazon and also includes a number of
genera such as Acestrorhynchus (see González,
2015), Brycon (see Lima, 2017), Characidium,
Crenicichla (see Ploeg, 1991), Corydoras, Eigen
mannia, Geophagus, Gymnotus (see Albert et al.,
2005), Hoplosternum (see Reis, 1997), Hyposto
mus, Leporinus, Megaleporinus (see Ramirez et
al., 2017), Pimelodella (see Slobodian, 2017),
Pimelodus, Prochilodus, Serrasalmus, Schizodon,
and Steindachnerina (see Vari, 1991).
As to species-level taxa with such wide distribution, three categories exist: (1) well-studied
ones that have been extensively revised and are
demonstrably a single taxonomic entity, such as
Acestrorhynchus falcatus (see González, 2015) and
Callichthys callichthys (fig. 5D; see Lehmann and
Reis, 2004); (2) species that have never been the
object of detailed revisions but that nonetheless
lack published evidence of comprising a complex
of species, such as Corydoras aeneus, Leporellus
vittatus, Leporinus fasciatus, Pinirampus piri
nampu; and (3) taxa recognized or suggested as
species complexes but that have not yet been disentangled, such as Eigenmannia virescens (L. Peixoto, personal commun.), Erythrinus erythrinus
(Martins et al., 2012), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
(Giuliano-Caetano et al., 2001), Hoplias malabari
cus (fig. 5B; see Dergam et al., 1998), Leporinus
friderici (Silva-Santos et al., 2018), Sternopygus
macrurus (Silva et al., 2008), and Synbranchus
marmoratus (fig. 5C; see Torres et al., 2005).
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Therefore, it is likely that this “pattern” may
not actually be a congruent biogeographical pattern among species, but simply the result of a
taxonomic artifact. More refined biogeographical
patterns may be hidden under incomplete or
deficient taxonomic definitions.
It is interesting that none of the migratory
fishes with notably vast living ranges, such as
Brachyplatystoma spp., Prochilodontidae spp., and
Curimatidae spp. include species with such broad
ranges as those listed above (see Barthem and
Goulding, 2007; Barthem et al., 2017). This is evidence that even species with extreme dispersal
abilities meet with effective ecological/geographical barriers that keep them from achieving such
broad ranges as defined in this pattern.
Amazon Core
The name given to this pattern has no relation
to the origin of its components, but simply
alludes to the region of greatest fish diversity in
South America. The Amazon Core pattern is
formed by fish lineages typical of the Amazonian
biota that may be found both in lowlands and
highlands of the Amazon basin and in adjacent
basins such as Guiana drainages, Parnaíba,
Capim, Orinoco, and Essequibo (fig. 6A) and
that are absent in coastal drainages of southeastern Brazil, São Francisco, and Paraná-Paraguay.
It is interesting to note that there is no species or
lineage of fishes that is widely distributed
throughout the high and low Amazonian lands
not also present in adjacent basins of the Amazon such as Orinoco, Essequibo, or Guiana
drainages. This is evidence that the Amazon
basin is not an area of endemism, but instead is
a historically composite area.
Examples of the Amazon Core pattern are
numerous and include supraspecific taxa such as
Chilodontidae, Anostominae, genera Argonectes
(see Langeani, 1996), Boulengerella (fig. 6B; see
Vari, 1995), Cichla (see Kullander and Ferreira,
2006), Jupiaba (see Zanata, 1997; presence of the
genus in Paraguay basin is hypothesized to be secondary according to Ribeiro et al., 2013), Mastigla
NO. 431
nis, Panaque (see Lujan et al., 2010), and
Semaprochilodus (see Castro and Vari, 2004). This
pattern of distribution is also reflected in some
individual species such as Moenkhausia collettii (fig.
6C), Moenkhausia oligolepis (fig. 6D) and Potamo
trygon orbignyi (see Da Silva and De Carvalho,
2015).
South American Lowlands
As the name suggests, taxa following this pattern occupy only the lower altitudes of cisAndean South America, not occurring in Guiana
and Brazilian Shield regions except in lowermost
sectors of some large rivers such as Tapajós,
Trombetas, and Xingu. Almost invariably, species with this pattern of distributions occur in
the main channel of the Amazon and the Rio
Madeira but exact limits vary according to taxon.
Eigenmann was the first author to recognize that
the ichthyofaunistic composition was different
between South American high- and lowlands
and named part of the latter as the “Amazon
Province”: “East of the Cordilleras, and therefore
east of the Magdalena basin, is found the most
extensive and intricate fresh water system in the
world. It forms a network of rivers practically
uninterrupted, extending from the mouth of the
Orinoco through the Casiquiare, Rio Branco, Rio
Negro, Rio Madeira, Rio Guapore, Rio Paraguay,
Parana and La Plata to Buenos Aires” (Eigenmann, 1909: 317).
Eigenmann (1909) correctly pointed out that
the pattern extrapolates the hydrographic limits
of the Amazon basin, and it is possible to list
countless other examples of species that occur in
the lowlands of the Amazon that are also present
in other lowland drainages such as Orinoco,
Paraná-Paraguay, Essequibo, and drainages east
of the mouth of the Amazonas, from the Capim
to the Mearim. Although this pattern is not
exclusively Amazonian, the highland/lowland
divide is the most widely discussed of all distributional patterns of Amazonian fishes (see
Menezes, 1969, 1976; Kullander, 1986; Jégu,
1992a, 1992b; Lima and Ribeiro, 2011).
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
15
FIG. 6. Amazon Core. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Boullengerella spp. (data from Vari
(1995) with additional records from MZUSP). C. Moenkhausia collettii (records from MZUSP). D. Moenkhau
sia oligolepis (records from MZUSP).
Lima and Ribeiro (2011) underscored a clear
dichotomy between two geomorphological
domains in northern cis-Andean South America:
lowlands and highlands. Besides differences in
historical-geomorphological parameters, highand lowland regions affect their associated biotas
differently (Albert et al., 2011; Lima and Ribeiro,
2011). Lowland drainages are more susceptible
to hydrogeological changes and are in general
more dynamic than highland drainages. Lowland
rivers tend to be more directly interconnected
than rivers draining other geomorphological
areas, due to the action of meanders, anastomoses, megafans and mouth-position changes during sea-level oscillations (Lundberg et al., 1988).
All those factors are less intense or nonexistent
in highland rivers, which are typically well fitted
in valleys of exposed crystalline rock and do not
undergo significant lateral movements (Lima
and Ribeiro, 2011). Thus, lowland rivers undergo
constant and much faster hydrogeographic
changes and, as a consequence, congregate more
taxa with broad distributions and more cases of
sympatry than highland rivers. In addition, habitat stability provided by an enormous living
space for lowland Amazonian fish species seems
to be an important factor in decreasing the
extinction rate of lineages (Lundberg et al., 1988;
2010), which in turn also results in increased
diversity. Therefore, those are the factors that
explain why most Amazonian fish species fit a
South American lowland pattern.
There are spatial differences among distinct
groups of lowland Amazonian fishes, with at least
five different subpatterns as explained below. The
examples and subpatterns recognized herein have
16
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NO. 431
FIG. 7. Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Moenkhausia
lepidura (data from Marinho and Langeani, 2016). C. Potamorhina altamazonica (data from Vari, 1984). D.
Vandellia cirrhosa (M.P., unpublished data).
a direct relation with the complex geomorphological history of the Western Amazon.
Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands
Eigenmann (1909) delimited his Amazonian
Province from a dispersionist perspective, where
present-day connections among drainages provided the explanation for faunal sharing among
basins. However, the correct interpretation for
most of such massive ichthyofaunal sharing
among different lowland South American basins
is directly related to a complex historical context
that began in the Upper Cretaceous, at least, with
the formation of the Sub-Andean Foreland basin
(Lundberg et al., 1998) and has little relation to
present (and rather ineffective) physical connections (e.g., Casiquiare canal).
The sub-Andean Foreland is a series of retroarc depressions lying to the east of the Andean
Cordilleras that served as the main drainage axis
of South America throughout the Upper Cretaceous to the Paleogene (Cooper et al., 1995;
DeCelles and Giles, 1996; Lundberg, 1998;
DeCelles and Horton, 2003; Albert and Reis,
2011; Lima and Ribeiro, 2011; Wesselingh and
Hoorn, 2011). For much of its existence, the SubAndean Foreland was drained mostly by the
proto-Amazon-Orinoco basin (Lundberg et al.,
1998), even though the latter has also drained
other areas of the South American platform further east.
Both the pattern described here and the
Amazon Province of Eigenmann (1909) match
mostly (exclusive of the La Plata basin included
in Eigenmann’s province) the spatial limits of
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
17
FIG. 8. Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Epapterus dispi
lurus (data from Vari and Ferraris, 1998). C. Hemigrammus lunatus (data from Ota et al., 2014). D. Mesonauta
festivus (data from Kullander and Silvergrip, 1991, and Schindler, 2005).
the proto-Amazon-Orinoco, which was a continuous basin until its fragmentation in the late
Miocene (ca. 10 Ma) as a result of the rise of the
Vaupes Arch in eastern Colombia that separated the modern Orinoco and Amazon basins
(Hoorn, 1994a; Cooper et al., 1995; Harris and
Mix, 2002; Albert and Carvalho, 2011; but see
Mora et al., 2010, for a more recent estimate).
That barrier may have prevented lineages that
diversified after its rise from increasing their
range throughout all lowland regions and may
also have caused the extinction of lineages in
some of those basins. Those two factors may
explain the absence of some typical Amazonian
lowland forms in the Orinoco basin (see examples in Amazon-only Lowland). On the other
hand, part of the faunal sharing between the
Amazon and Orinoco may result from broad
distributions before the modern separation
between those basins, i.e., from the proto-Amazon-Orinoco. Still another hypothesis to explain
the same pattern is megafan dynamics, geologically more recent (see Wilkinson et al., 2010).
As will be discussed in the section Negro and
Orinoco, the Canal Casiquiare does not seem to
be a relevant dispersal route to explain the
extensive list of taxa shared between the Amazon and Orinoco lowlands.
Some examples of exclusive taxon sharing
between the Amazon and Orinoco lowlands are:
Acanthicus hystrix (see Chamon, 2016), Acestro
rhynchus heterolepis (see González, 2015),
Brachyhypopomus sullivani (see Crampton et al.,
2016), Brycon amazonicus (see Lima, 2017), Bou
lengerella maculata (see Vari, 1995), Cetopsis
coecutiens (see Vari et al., 2005), Cynodon gibbus
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NO. 431
FIG. 9. Amazon-only Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Adontosternarchus balae
nops (data from Mago-Leccia et al., 1985). C. Cetopsis candiru (data from Vari et al., 2005). D. Curimatella
meyeri (data from Vari, 1992a).
(see Toledo-Piza, 2000a), Colossoma macropo
mum, Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (see Armbruster, 2005), Leptodoras paelongus (see Sabaj
Pérez, 2005), Metynnis guaporensis and M. luna
(see Ota, 2015), Moenkhausia comma, Moenkhau
sia lepidura (fig. 7B, see Marinho and Langeani,
2016), Mylossoma albiscopum (see Mateussi,
2015), Nemadoras cristinae (see Sabaj Pérez et al.,
2014), Paragoniates alburnus (see Quevedo,
2006), Peckoltia bachi (see Armbruster, 2008),
Potamorhina altamazonica (fig. 7C, see Vari,
1984), Sorubim elongatus (see Littmann, 2007),
Trachydoras brevis, T. gepharti, T. microstomus
and T. nattereri (see Sabaj and Arce, 2017), Van
dellia cirrhosa (fig. 7D), Adontosternarchus spp.
(see Mago-Leccia et al., 1985), Brachyrhamdia
spp. (see Slobodian, 2013), Chalceus spp. (see
Zanata and Toledo-Piza, 2004), Compsaraia (see
Bernt and Albert, 2017), Hassar spp. (see Birin-
delli et al., 2011), Laemolyta spp. (see Mautari
and Menezes, 2006), Liosomadoras spp. (see
Birindelli and Zuanon, 2012), Microphilypnus
spp. (see Caires and Figueiredo, 2011), Tenellus
spp. (sensu Birindelli, 2014; Sabaj Pérez et al.,
2014), and Sternarchogiton spp. (see de Santana
and Crampton, 2007).
Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands
There are many Amazonian Lowland fish
lineages that also occur in the Paraná-Paraguay
basin, which was not permanently connected to
the proto-Amazon-Orinoco. The location of the
watershed divide between the proto-AmazonOrinoco River basin and the La Plata changed
between the end of the Paleogene and the
beginning of the Neogene (see Tagliacollo et al.,
2015). Initially, it was the Chapare Buttress in
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
19
FIG. 10. Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Rhaphi
odon vulpinus (data from Toledo-Piza, 2000a, with additional records from MZUSP). C. Sorubim lima (data
from Littmann, 2007). D. Hypophthalmus oremaculatus (data from Littmann et al., 2015).
the Late Oligocene (ca. 30–20 Ma) (Lundberg,
1998) and subsequently the Michicola Arch,
starting during the Late Miocene (ca. 11.8–10
Ma) in the area of modern eastern Bolivia
(Lundberg et al., 1998; Montoya-Burgos, 2003;
Albert and Carvalho, 2011; Carvalho and
Albert, 2011a). Several events may have permitted biotic dispersal between the Amazon and
Paraguay: upper Paraguay captures of protoAmazonas-Orinoco headwaters (Lundberg et
al., 1998), Amazon capture of upper Paraguay
headwaters (Lundberg et al., 1998), river megafans involving the upper Río Mamoré and tributaries of the upper Río Paraguay (Wilkinson et
al., 2006, 2010; Ota et al., 2014) and capture of
upper Rio Paraguay into the upper Rio Guaporé
(Ota et al., 2014). Because all possible connections between the Amazon and the Paraná-Par-
aguay happened as a result of separate events of
different ages, it is very likely that many species
shared between those basins, despite their congruent distributions, lack temporal congruence.
They correspond instead to cases of pseudocongruence, sensu Donoghue and Moore (2003),
and are not biogeographically homologous.
Taxa shared between those basins include: Aces
trorhynchus abbreviatus (see González, 2015),
Acestrorhynchus gr. lacustris (see González,
2015), Brachyhypopomus bombilla (see Crampton et al., 2016), Epapterus dispilurus (see fig.
8B; Vari and Ferraris, 1998), Hemigrammus
lunatus (see fig. 8C; Ota et al., 2014), Mesonauta
festivus (see fig. 8D; Kullander and Silfvergrip,
1991; Schindler, 2005), Moema spp. (see Costa,
2004), and Prionobrama spp. (see Quevedo,
2006). A complete list of species shared exclu-
20
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
sively between the Madeira and the Paraguay is
presented in Madeira and Paraguay.
Amazon-only Lowland
Whitewater Amazonian rivers have high sediment and nutrient loads and a neutral pH,
draining a relatively young Andean range. Major
whitewater tributaries include the Marañón,
Purus, Madeira, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, and
Napo rivers. The whole Rio Amazonas system
exhibits whitewater, although it receives other
water types from various tributaries. There are
few investigations into the impact of such water
type changes on the biogeography of Amazonian fishes. Vari (1988) suggested that some
curimatids are restricted to whitewater rivers
and that their distribution may be more closely
linked to ecological rather than historical factors. While the pattern is correct in some cases,
we also agree with Lima and Ribeiro (2011: 157)
that “some ecological factors that clearly influence fish distribution patterns in northern cisAndean South America, such as water typology,
are, as mentioned previously, a consequence of
geomorphological processes and, as such, possess a historical component.” Thus, it is possible
that lowland species restricted to the Amazon
reached such distribution from different causes
and histories, either because they diversified
after separation of the Orinoco from the protoAmazon-Orinoco basin or because they are
whitewater dependent.
Evidence suggests that the interpretation of
Vari (1988) may be correct for a set of species
showing this pattern of distribution. Some of the
exclusively Amazonian lowland species are absent
in the Rio Tocantins basin, having their distributions limited to the region of the mouth of the
Madeira. This may indicate an association with
whitewater since tributaries with that type of
water become practically nonexistent downstream
of that part of the Amazon river. Some examples
of the Amazon-only Lowland pattern are: Adon
tosternarchus balaenops (see fig. 9B; Mago-Leccia
et al., 1985), Agoniates anchovia, Aphanotorulus
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horridus (see Ray and Armbruster, 2016), Apha
notorulus unicolor (see Ray and Armbruster,
2016), Apionichthys nattereri (see Ramos, 2003),
Brycon melanopterus (see Lima, 2017), Chalceus
erythrurus (see Zanata and Toledo-Piza, 2004),
Cetopsis candiru (see fig. 9C; Vari et al., 2005;),
Cetopsis oliveirai (see Vari et al., 2005), Chaeto
branchopsis orbicularis, Copella stigmasemion (see
Marinho and Menezes, 2017), Crenicara punctu
latum, Curimata aspera (see Vari, 1989a), C. kneri
(see Vari, 1989a), Curimatella meyeri (see fig. 9D;
Vari, 1992b), Cyphocharax spiluropsis (see Vari,
1992b), C. notatus (see Vari, 1992b), C. plumbeus
(see Vari, 1992b), Denticetopsis seducta (see Vari
et al., 2005), Hydrolycus scomberoides (ToledoPiza et al., 1999), Hypostomus pyrineusi (see Armbruster, 2003), Leporinus jamesi (see Garavello et
al., 2014), Protocheirodon pi (see Vari et al., 2016),
Mylossoma aureum (see Mateussi, 2015), Nemado
ras elongatus, N. hemipeltis, N. humeralis (see
Sabaj Pérez et al., 2014), Potamorhina latior (see
Vari, 1984), Prionobrama filigera (see Quevedo,
2006), Psectrogaster amazonica (see Vari, 1989b),
Pseudobunocephalus amazonicus (see Cardoso,
2008), P. bifidus (see Cardoso, 2008), Scoloplax
dicra (see Schaefer et al., 1989), Sorubim maniradii
(see Littmann, 2007), Steindachnerina bimaculata
(see Vari, 1991), S. leucisca (see Vari, 1991), Ster
narchella calhamazon (see Lundberg et al., 2013),
Trachydoras steindachneri (see Sabaj and Arce,
2017), Aphyolebias spp. (see Costa, 2004), and
Chaetobranchopsis spp.
The pattern of distribution described herein is
repeatedly supported as biogeographically coherent
in the analyses of Dagosta and de Pinna (2017).
Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco Lowland
This pattern is the least common one among
lowland species in the Amazon basin. Most cases
are also present in the Tocantins basin, but not in
Guianan drainages. Some examples of this pattern
are: Abramites hypselonotus (see Vari and Williams, 1987), Curimatella dorsalis (see Vari,
1992a), Hypophthalmus oremaculatus (see fig.
10D; Littmann et al., 2015), Rhaphiodon vulpinus
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FIG. 11. Amazonas-Guiana-Orinoco Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Crenuchus
spp. (data from MZUSP). C. Mesonauta spp. (records from Kullander and Silfvergrip, 1991; Schindler, 2003).
D. Hemigrammus ocellifer (red dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus unilineatus (yellow dots; data from
MZUSP).
(see fig. 10B; Toledo-Piza, 2000a), Roeboides affi
nis (see Lucena, 2007), Sorubim lima (see fig. 10C;
Littmann, 2007), and Mylossoma spp. (see Mateussi, 2015). The Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco
Lowland pattern comprises areas from the previously described Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands
as well as the Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands,
and thus the associated geological processes are
the same as discussed in the respective headings.
Amazonas-Guiana-Orinoco Lowland
Species with this pattern of distribution are
broadly distributed in the lowlands of the Rio
Amazonas and, in some cases, also of the Orinoco
and Essequibo, but they are also found in the lowlands of Guiana coastal drainages. The pattern differs from the Amazon Core pattern described
above because it is restricted to lowland lineages.
Some examples of this pattern here recognized
are: Iguanodectinae, Arapaima spp., Brachyplaty
stoma spp., Copella spp. (see Marinho and Menezes, 2017), Crenuchus spp. (see fig. 11B;
Campanario, 2002; Pires et al., 2016), Electropho
rus spp., Heros spp., Hypophthalmus spp. (also in
Paraguay basin, see Littmann et al., 2015), Meso
nauta spp. (also in Paraguay basin, see fig. 11C;
Kullander and Silfvergrip, 1991; Schindler, 2003),
Osteoglossum spp., Pachypops spp. (see Casatti,
2002), Ageneiosus dentatus (see Ribeiro et al.,
2017), Brachyhypopomus beebei, Brachyhypopo
mus brevirostris and Brachyhypopomus regani (see
Crampton et al., 2016), Caenotropus labyrinthicus
(see Vari et al., 1995), Gnathocharax steindachneri,
Hemigrammus unilineatus (fig. 11D), Hemigram
mus ocellifer (fig. 11D), and Serrasalmus rhombeus.
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
The geomorphological explanations associated with this pattern as the evolution of
the sub-Andean Foreland region (discussed
in Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands) and the
advance of the freshwater plume associated
with marine regressions (discussed in Guiana
Mangrove Province), which allowed contact the
regions of Amazonas-Orinoco Lowland and the
coastal drainages of Guiana.
Other Cases of Amazonian Lowland
Distribution
Fossils of Lowland Amazonian Lineages
Several Tertiary fossils belonging to typically
lowland Amazonian taxa are present in regions
currently lacking any Amazonian connection,
such as Magdalena and Caribbean coastal rivers
from the northern coast of Venezuela: Arapaima,
Brachyplatystoma, Colossoma, Doras, Hydrolycus,
and Phractocephalus (G. Ballen, personal communication; Lundberg et al., 1986, 1988, 2010;
Lundberg, 1997, 2005; Sabaj Pérez et al., 2007).
This demonstrates that such regions were in the
past also part of some other distributional patterns described herein. If such fossils were not
known, our understanding of the biogeographical history of the region would be severely
incomplete or incorrect. Besides, the absence of
extant representatives of the listed lineages in the
Caribbean coastal rivers from northern coastal
Venezuela and in Rio Magdalena basin is a clear
demonstration of the dynamic nature of biogeographical phenomena, which change drastically
over time and may bear little relationship to
present-day physical barriers that determine the
distribution of recent taxa.
Eastern Lowland Amazon
Some lowland distributional patterns comprise basins east of the mouth of the Rio Tocantins, beyond the eastern limit of the Amazon
basin itself (i.e., Capim, Gurupi, Turiaçu,
Mearim, Itapecuru, and Parnaíba). Interestingly,
NO. 431
each of those basins has fewer and fewer Amazonian lineages as they get progressively farther
from the mouth of the Amazon. Some of them
are poorly sampled, mainly the Gurupi, Turiaçu,
and Mearim, resulting in probably artifactual
discontinuous distributions between neighboring basins and blurring details of the pattern.
Species shared exclusively between the lower
Amazon and above-cited eastern basins include:
Brachychalcinus parnaibae (lower Tocantins and
Parnaíba, see Reis, 1989), Brachyhypopomus pin
nicaudatus (Amazon estuary, Capim, and
Mearim, see Crampton et al., 2016), Corydoras
jullii (lower Tocantins, Mearim, and Parnaíba,
see Dagosta and Pinna, 2017); Apistogramma
caetei (lower Tocantins, Capim, and Gurupi; see
Dagosta and Pinna, 2017) and Nannostomus niti
dus (Amazon estuary and Capim; see Dagosta
and Pinna, 2017).
Most examples of Amazonian lineages that
occur in drainages to the east of the Amazon
basin are also widespread in lowland waters of the
Amazon. Some examples are: Anablepsoides uro
phthalmus (Capim, Gurupi and Mearim, see
Costa, 2006), Brachyplatystoma spp. (Capim, cf.
Lundberg and Akama, 2005; Mearim and Parnaíba; see Ramos et al. Ramos et al., 2014), Cae
notropus labyrinthicus (Capim, see Vari et al.,
1995; Parnaíba; see Ramos et al., 2014), Curimata
spp. (Itapecuru, see Barros et al., 2011; Parnaíba,
see Ramos et al., 2014), Cynodon gibbus (Itapecuru, see Barros et al., 2011; Parnaíba, Toledo-Piza,
2000a), Gymnocorymbus thayeri (Gurupi, see
Benine et al., 2015; Parnaíba, see Benine et al.,
2015), Jupiaba polylepis (Parnaíba, see Ramos et
al., 2014), Poptella compressa (Capim, Mearim,
Parnaíba, and Turiaçu, see Reis, 1989; Itapecuru,
see Barros et al., 2011), Pseudoplatystoma puncti
fer (Itapecuru, Barros et al., 2011; Parnaíba, see
Buitrago-Suárez and Burr, 2007) and Vandellia
cirrhosa (Capim and Turiaçu, fig. 7D).
Marine Derived Lineages
A lowland Amazonian pattern is also seen in
typically marine lineages (peripheral division
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23
FIG. 12. Distribution of some typical marine lineages which invaded Amazonian waters. A. Achiridae. B.
Belonidae. C. Engraulidae. D. Pristigasteridae. E. Tetraodontidae. Data from MZUSP. Map intended to represent general patterns of distribution into Amazonian and adjacent waters, not including marine records and
from other basins.
sensu Myers (1938) that invaded Amazonian
waters, such as Achiridae (fig. 12A), Batrachoididae, Belonidae (fig. 12B), Clupeidae, Engraulidae
(fig. 12C), Gobiidae, Hemirhamphidae, Pristigasteridae (fig. 12D), and Tetraodontidae (fig. 12E)
(see Bloom and Lovejoy, 2017, for further details).
Bloom and Lovejoy (2017) convincingly demonstrate that different marine lineages colonized
South American rivers at different ages, influenced by separate events of marine transgression.
According to those authors, different groups
have biogeographical patterns consistent with
invasions during the Oligocene, Eocene, or Miocene marine incursions. The Amazonian halfbeak is the only lineage younger than the
Miocene to have invaded Amazonian freshwaters
24
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
less than a million years ago. These facts make it
clear that the lowland Amazonian pattern of
marine-derived lineages is pseudocongruent
(sensu Donoghue and Moore, 2003).
None of the marine-derived lineages is found
in the highest parts of Guianese and Brazilian
shields (see figs. 12A–E). Such fact suggests that
the invasion of peripheral groups in the Amazon occurred subsequently to the establishment
of the ichthyofauna in those upland regions.
The alternative hypothesis that such lineages
went extinct in the higher regions of the shields
has no evidential support, either paleontological or geomorphological.
Deep Channel Species
Another lowland Amazonian pattern is demonstrated by species restricted to the deep channel of large Amazonian rivers, mainly the
Amazonas itself (e.g., Sternarchella duccis, see
Evans et al., 2017; Sternarchella rex, see Evans et
al., 2017; Sternarchella sima, see Evans et al.,
2017; Leptodoras juruensis, see Sabaj Pérez, 2005;
Pariosternarchus amazonensis, see Albert and
Crampton, 2006). Benthic regions of many of
these large rivers contain specialized communities, mostly composed of electric fishes. Some of
those species are strictly associated with deepwater environments, though there are records also
in flooded beaches. Crampton (2007) listed at
least 64 species of the Gymnotiformes that
inhabit deep waters in the Amazon. Because
deepwater Amazonian samples are still few and
have been mostly focused on large Amazonian
rivers, it is possible that this apparent pattern is
the result of a sampling artifact of species actually belonging to some of the other South American lowlands patterns.
Guiana Mangrove Province
This pattern comprises the lower portions of
the Orinoco basin, the Guiana coastal drainages
and the lower Amazon (fig. 13A). Its western
limit for most taxa is usually the mouth of the
NO. 431
Orinoco, but in some cases it extends to the
small independent coastal Venezuelan drainages,
such as with Polycentrus schomburgkii (see
Coutinho and Wosiacki, 2014). The eastern limit
of this province is usually the mouth of the Amazon, with some species occurring also in the
lower sectors of the Rio Jari, Tocantins, and
Xingu and some reaching even further east to
the Brazilian State of Maranhão. This pattern was
first recognized by Myers (1960), in describing
distribution patterns in the subfamily Aspredininae, of Aspredinidae: “They [the Aspredininae]
are fishes of the lowland, muddy coast of Guiana
and Amazonia, where they occur in the sea, in
brackish water, and in the estuaries and tidal
portions of rivers. They do not seem to be found
far inland anywhere, except in the lower Amazon, where they apparently occur in many (or
all) parts of the vast, complicated delta area,
where the tides or tidal bores (pororoca) are felt”
(Myers, 1960: 133).
Myers (1960) describes the limits of the pattern
as from the Orinoco delta in Venezuela into the
Brazilian state Maranhão, and calls it the “Guyana
Mangrove Province,” a name adopted here. The
same pattern was later independently described
by Vari (1988: 355) on the basis of data from Curimatidae: “The Atlantic slopes of Guyana, Surinam
and French Guiana and Amapá in Brazil are
another area of endemism....” Vari (1988) notes
that some species in that area also occur in the
lower Amazon and in the Rio Tocantins, such as
Curimata cyprinoides. This pattern is strongly corroborated as a historical unit in the analyses of
Dagosta and de Pinna (2017).
Examples of Guiana Mangrove Province Pattern include: Anableps spp., Anablepsoides uroph
thalmus group (see Nielsen, 2016), Aspredinichthys
filamentosus (see Myers, 1960), Aspredinichthys
tibicen (see Myers, 1960), Aspredo aspredo (see
Myers, 1960), Copella arnoldi (see Marinho and
Menezes, 2017), Curimata cyprinoides (see fig.
13B; Vari, 1989a), Cyphocharax helleri (fig. 13C),
Hemigrammus rodway, Hemigrammus guyanensis,
Nannostomus beckfordi, Piabucus dentatus, Platy
stacus cotylephorus (see Myers, 1960), Poecilia
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25
FIG. 13. Guiana Mangrove Province. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Curimata cyprinoides
(data from Vari, 1989a). C. Cyphocharax helleri (data from Vari, 1992b) with additional records from MZUSP).
D. Polycentrus schomburgkii (see data from Coutinho and Wosiacki, 2014).
parae, P. picta, Poptella longipinnis, Polycentrus
schomburgkii (see fig. 13D; Coutinho and Wosiacki, 2014), Pristella maxillaris, Pseudauchenipterus
nodosus, Rhinosardina amazonica (see Whitehead,
1985), and Tomeurus gracilis (see Myers, 1960).
It seems unlikely that nonrheophilic species
such as those listed above have the pattern of distribution they do as a result of sequential stream
capture events or that they represent relictual
distributions of ancient and more widely distributed populations. Instead, their distribution pattern seems to be strongly correlated with events
of marine transgression and regression.
An immense freshwater plume is formed by
the discharge of the Amazon in the Atlantic
(Goulding et al., 2003; Rocha, 2003). Such volume of freshwater floats above the heavier saltwater and spreads northwestward carried by the
southern equatorial current (Jégu and Keith,
1999; Albert et al., 2006), resulting in turbid
waters and largely unconsolidated substrates
between the mouths of the Amazon and Orinoco
(Curtin, 1986; Rocha, 2003). The effect of that
plume varies seasonally and according to changes
in sea level over time (Rocha, 2003). The first
authors to propose the effect of the Amazonian
plume on freshwater fish distribution were Jegú
and Keith (1999). In their model, the plume
serves as a corridor permitting the advance of
species from the lower Amazon toward Guiana
coastal drainages, thus explaining the common
elements between those regions (see the distribution of Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus in
Crampton et al., 2016, for another example). It is
also likely that events of marine transgression
and regression have altered the hydrogeological
dynamics of the region affected by the plume,
isolating or uniting different coastal drainages.
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
It is not yet known whether the matching
distributions of strictly freshwater (as listed
above) and marine-tolerant species (e.g., Aspre
dinichthys filamentosus, Aspredinichthys tibicen,
Aspredo aspredo, Platystacus cotylephorus, Pseu
dauchenipterus nodosus, Rhinosardina amazo
nica, and Stictorhinus potamius) are congruent or
pseudocongruent (sensu Donoghue and Moore,
2003). Myers (1960) notes that Tomeurus and
Anableps have the same distribution pattern as
Aspredininae, even though the two former taxa
are not as tolerant to saltwater.
The salt-tolerant species are restricted to
lower portions of rivers, close to their mouths.
Their tolerance to marine water may have
allowed their range expansions without the need
of transgression-regression events. Population
phylogeographical studies may bring light to this
question, by comparing divergence times
between populations in the lower Amazon and
those in the Guiana coastal drainages, both in
strictly freshwater and marine-tolerant lineages.
Regardless of salt-tolerance considerations, it is
expected that the biogeographical pattern
described above is at most ~11 Ma, i.e., as old as
the age of the present connection between the
Amazonas and the Atlantic (Hoorn, 1994a,
1994b, 1996; Potter, 1997) and also coinciding
with the corresponding Andean uplift at that
latitude (Hoorn et al., 1995).
Eastern Amazon (East of the Purus Arch)
Structural arches like the Purus Arch are
basement structures located under sediments of
different ages that are not exposed superficially
in the eastern Amazon (Rossetti et al., 2005). As
a consequence, such structures cannot have
acted as biogeographical barriers from the end of
the Miocene to the present (Campbell et al.,
2006; Lima and Ribeiro, 2011). The Purus Arch
is thought to have acted as a crucial barrier until
the late Miocene, dividing the Eastern and Western Amazon (Figueiredo et al., 2009; Hoorn et
al., 2017), although its role in the formation of
the Amazon and its influence in the distribution
NO. 431
of the biota remain controversial (see Wesselingh
and Salo, 2006). Why and how two previously
disconnected aquatic systems, the eastern and
the western Amazon, merged is still unclear
(Hoorn, 1994a, 1994b; Wesselingh, 2006;
Figueiredo et al., 2009; Hoorn et al., 2017). Such
uncertainty impedes proper understanding of
the consequences of the event for the biogeography of Amazonian fishes. It is certain nonetheless that several lineages of fishes display
distributions spatially congruent with a western/
eastern Amazon divide, with their limit coinciding exactly with the Purus Arch.
The Eastern Amazon pattern may represent
the distribution of species historically associated
with the region lying east to the Purus Arch, for
the most part cratonic and draining clear or
black waters (Harris and Mix, 2002; Wesselingh
and Hoorn, 2011). This pattern comprises the
drainages of the Rio Negro, Orinoco, Essequibo,
and Amazonian versants of the Brazilian and
Guianan shields (fig. 14A). Some examples of
this pattern are: Aphanotorulus emarginatus (see
fig. 14B; Ray and Armbruster, 2016), Baryancis
trus spp., Bivibranchia fowleri, Colomesus tocan
tinensis (see Ruiz, 2015), Caquetaia spectabilis,
Geophagus altifrons, Gnathodolus bidens, Hydro
lycus tatauaia (see Toledo-Piza et al., 1999), Lep
orinus brunneus (see Lima and Ribeiro, 2011),
Pachyurus junki (fig. 14C) and Synaptolaemus
latofasciatus (see fig. 14D; Britski et al., 2011).
There are at least two examples of lineages distributed also in parts of the Atlantic drainages in
the Guiana Shield, Brycon gr. pesu (see Planquette et al., 1996) and Hoplias curupira (see
Oyakawa and Mattox, 2009).
Water type and drainage relief are not enough
to explain why the Rio Negro basin, for example,
shares such a great number of lineages with
highland drainages, despite the Negro´s small
shield coverage. The existence of so many shared
taxa exclusively between the Negro and shield
rivers indicates a shared history.
The East of the Purus Arch pattern may be
directly related to the hydrogeological dynamics of the Amazon basin during the Miocene.
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
27
FIG. 14. Eastern Amazon. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern (wavy line represents position of
Purus Arch). B. Aphanothorolus emarginatus (data from Ray and Armbruster, 2016). C. Pachyurus junki
(records from MZUSP). D. Synaptolaemus latofasciatus (data from Britski et al., 2011).
The uplift of the central and north portions of
the Andes created an overload on the South
American plate that caused a lithospheric flexion, which in turn opened space for the formation of a sub-Andean Foreland basin (Sacek,
2014). Between ~24 and 16 Ma, this foreland
basin received sediments from rivers draining
west of the Purus Arch and east of the Andes,
carrying them northward toward the Caribbean (Crampton, 2011; Sacek, 2014). At least
since the Eocene, the Purus Arch (fig. 14A)
was a divide between the basins draining east
(eastern Amazon basin) and those draining
westward (Lundberg et al., 1998; Costa et al.,
2001; Crampton, 2011; Lujan and Armbruster,
2011). At that time, the eastern Amazon basin
was formed by rivers draining shield areas,
sediment poor and probably clear- or blackwater (Harris and Mix, 2002; Wesselingh and
Hoorn, 2011). That phase was followed by the
formation of an immense lacustrine system
known as Pebas (~16 to 10.5 Ma), probably
separated from the eastern Amazon system
also by the Purus Arch (Figueiredo et al., 2009;
Crampton, 2011; Sacek, 2014). The accumulation of sediments, mostly Andean in origin, in
the foreland basin and the continuing Andean
uplift (Crampton, 2011; Lima and Ribeiro,
2011) resulted in a breaching of the Purus
Arch and a connection between that drainage
and the eastern Amazon, forming a transcontinental basin and starting the Andean sedimentary deposition in the Brazilian equatorial
margin, which extends to the present
(Figueiredo et al., 2009; Sacek, 2014).
Andean sediments in large amounts in the
mouth of the Amazon begin approximately by
7 Ma, indicating that the west-east water divide
28
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
was effective until that date (Hoorn, 1994b;
Figueiredo et al., 2009; Crampton, 2011; for
more recent estimates, see Roddaz et al., 2005;
Rossetti et al., 2005; Campbell et al., 2006;
Espurt et al., 2007). As a consequence, the pattern East of the Purus Arch pattern described
herein is at least between 2.6 and 7 Ma, but in
reality, it is probably far older because that time
interval marks only the last instant before lineages south and north of the Amazonian tributaries were separated. A biogeographical
pattern similar to the one described here was
mentioned by both Eigenmann (1909) and
Lima and Ribeiro (2011) under the highlands
designation. However, for both authors relief is
the decisive factor explaining the spatial distribution of fish species, rather than the past
influence of the Purus Arch as proposed here.
It is important to note that the Purus Arch
today has no influence as a barrier on species
distributions. Its role is relevant as a past barrier, when it formed the water divide between
eastern and western Amazon. The reason why
most lineages on each side of the divide do not
expand their distributions is a mystery, perhaps
related to historical-ecological factors independent of any present-day physical remains of the
Purus Arch. The fish lineages east of the Purus
arch are mostly ecologically restricted to fastflowing and sediment-poor tributaries, not
entering the main Amazonian channel. The
westward dispersion of those species was once
limited by the Purus Arch when it was an effective barrier. The demise of the Purus Arch as a
significant barrier is synchronous with the formation of the main channel of the Amazon.
Slightly upstream of the mouth of the Rio
Negro, approximately at the site of the ancient
Purus Arch barrier, the main channel of the
Amazon becomes significantly deeper (Geritana and Paiva, 2013). That factor, in combination with the simultaneous massive input of
acidic waters from the Rio Negro, probably
makes the region impervious to many taxa narrowly adapted to conditions of western Amazon waters.
NO. 431
This region then started acting as an ecological barrier to those species west of the former
Purus Arch, effectively replacing it. This provides
an example that distributional patterns may have
been determined by past barriers having no relation to current geographical boundaries, but
nonetheless linked by a causal chain of different
yet overlapping barriers. Of course, the number
of fish species showing this pattern may seem
small in view of the potential importance of the
Purus Arch. However, the congruent distributions of unrelated lineages despite the absence of
any apparent physical or ecological barriers cannot be ignored and may represent the last remnants of a common biogeographical history.
Amazon-Core Uplands
This pattern comprises species endemic to
basins that drain the Brazilian and Guiana
shields both in Atlantic and Amazonian versants.
As mentioned above in South American Lowlands, Eigenmann (1909) was the first author to
identify faunistic differences between South
American lowlands and highlands. That author
also inferred ages for those regions, implying
that they have distinct biogeographical histories.
Eigenmann (1909: 318) correctly proposes that
both the Guianan and Brazilian shields are older
than lowland regions: “The parts that first arose
out of the sea and became populated with freshwater fishes were probably two land areas. The
one embraces the highlands of Guiana and
Northern Brazil, the other the highlands of Brazil east of the Araguay and south of the falls of
the Tapajos.” The pattern described here is very
similar to the one described by Eigenmann
(1909) and differs from the Eastern Amazon pattern in excluding predominantly lowland drainages such as the Rio Negro and by including
Guiana coastal basins (fig. 15A). Fishes displaying the Amazon-Core Highlands pattern are in
general rheophilic: Acnodon spp., Anostomus ter
netzi (see Lima and Ribeiro, 2011), Cetopsidium
spp. (also in upper Rio Negro, see fig. 15B; Vari
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FIG. 15. Amazon-core uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. (B) Cetopsidium spp. (data
from Vari et al., 2005, with additional records from MZUSP and LIRP). C. Hemigrammus ora (data from Jerep
et al., 2011, with additional records from MZUSP). D. Hoplias aimara (data from Mattox et al., 2006).
et al., 2005), Centromochlus schultzi, Hemibrycon
surinamensis (see Bertaco and Malabarba, 2010),
Hemigrammus ora (see fig. 15C; Jerep et al.,
2011), Hoplias aimara (see fig. 15D; Mattox et al.,
2006), Jupiaba essequibensis, J. gr. meunieri and J.
polylepis, Krobia spp., Leporinus maculatus, Lepo
rinus gr. granti, Moenkhausia grandisquamis,
Mylesinus spp., Petulanos spp., Retroculus spp.,
Roeboexodon guianensis (see Lima and Ribeiro,
2011), and Tometes spp. (see Andrade, 2013;
Andrade et al., 2016). The five categories
described below are sub-patterns within the
larger Highland Amazon Core pattern.
Amazonian Uplands
This pattern comprises exclusively Amazonian
rivers draining both shields, Brazilian and Guianan
(fig. 16A). Exact limits of this pattern are yet somewhat vague because known examples are species or
lineages that occur in very narrow sectors of rivers,
forming fragmented distributions based on sparse
records. Species following this pattern are typically
rheophilic and include: Archolaemus luciae (see
Vari et al., 2012), Baryancistrus niveatus, Cetop
sidium orientale (see Vari et al., 2005), Doras higu
chii (see Sabaj Pérez et al., 2008), Hypomasticus
julii, Leporinus britskii (see Feitosa et al., 2011),
Leporinus microphysus (see Birindelli and Britski,
2013), Leporinus pachycheilus (also in Rio Araguari
basin, see Santos et al., 1996), Metynnis anisurus
(also in upper Rio Paraná basin, see Ota, 2015),
Moenkhausia celibela (see Marinho and Langeani,
2010), Mylesinus schomburgkii, Sartor spp. (fig.
16B), and Teleocichla spp. (fig. 16C) and Tocantin
sia piresi (fig. 16D).
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
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FIG. 16. Amazonian uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Sartor spp. (records from
MZUSP). C. Teleocichla spp. (records from MZUSP). D. Tocantinsia piresi (records from MZUSP).
Guiana Shield
(Atlantic and Amazonian Versants)
This pattern includes lineages shared exclusively between Amazonian and Atlantic versants
of rivers draining the Guiana Shield (fig. 17A). It
possibly results from ichthyofaunistic exchange
caused by stream capture events (see Cardoso
and Montoya-Burgos, 2009). The pattern as a
whole is probably not temporally congruent, but
instead formed by independent events that
caused faunistic mixing in the region, a common
phenomenon between neighboring headwaters
in shield rivers. Nijssen (1970) was the first
author to propose that the headwater regions of
north and south Guianan rivers might serve as a
corridor for fish distribution. Subsequent
authors, such as Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos
(2009) and Lujan and Armbruster (2011), proposed additional examples of this pattern and its
role as a faunistic connection between the Guianas and the Amazon.
There are few examples of this pattern, in
part as a result of the yet incipient knowledge
on the fish fauna of upper reaches of Amazonian versants of the Guiana Shield. Some
examples include: Corydoras baderi (Paru do
Oeste and Maroni, see Nijssen and Isbrücker,
1980), Cteniloricaria spp. (Paru do Oeste,
Maroni, Suriname, Corentyne, and Essequibo,
see Covain et al., 2012), Hypomasticus megal
epis (Trombetas, Uatumã and Guianese rivers,
see Mol et al., 2012; J. Birindelli, personal
commun.), Lithoxus spp. (Fisch-Muller, 2003),
Microglanis secundus (Trombetas and
Saramacca, see Ruiz and Shibatta, 2010), Par
odon guyanensis (Paru do Oeste, Maroni, Suriname, C orentyne, and Essequibo),
Parotocinclus halbothi (Trombetas and Maroni,
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FIG. 17. Guiana Shield (Atlantic and Amazonian versants). A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern.
B. Pseudancistrus brevispinis (data fom Cardoso and Montoya-Burgos, 2009).
see Lehmann et al., 2014), Pseudancistrus
brevispinis (Paru do Oeste, Jari and Guianese
rivers, see fig. 17B; Cardoso and MontoyaBurgos, 2009), Stenolicmus ix (Curuá and
Maroni, see Wosiacki et al., 2011; G. Dutra,
personal commun.), and the clade Hypomasti
cus despaxi + H. lineomaculatus (Paru, Jari,
and Maroni, see Birindelli et al., 2013).
Longitudinal Shield Correspondence among
Amazonian Shield Versants
This pattern is characterized by lineages that
are present in both shields and follow a longitudinal correspondence among basins (fig. 18A).
The pattern is expressed as lineages shared
among the westernmost and easternmost parts
of the cratonic region. In the western basins
(Trombetas and Tapajós) examples include Sar
tor gr. elongatus (fig. 18B), Bryconexodon spp.
(fig. 18C), Laimosemion dibaphus (see Costa,
2006) and Hypoptopoma elongatum (see Aquino
and Schaefer, 2010). In the eastern basins, as the
Jari, Xingu, and Tocantins, some examples are
Acnodon spp., Anablepsoides urophthalmus (see
Costa, 2006), Bivibranchia velox (Fig 18D),
Hypomasticus multimaculatus (see Birindelli et
al., 2016), and Sternarchella sima (Ivanyisky III
and Albert, 2014). The first author to recognize
this pattern was Jégu (1992a), on the basis of
some shared characiform taxa.
Brazilian Shield
This distribution pattern is defined by lineages
occurring exclusively in the area corresponding
to Amazon-draining Brazilian Shield rivers,
formed by the Tocantins, Xingu, Tapajós basins,
and some shield tributaries of the Rio Madeira
(fig. 19A). Those are all highland rivers draining
the ancient crystalline basement of the Brazilian
Shield and most of them possess major rapids
and/or waterfalls (Innocencio, 1989; Lima and
Ribeiro, 2011). This pattern is recovered, in part,
in the analyses of Dagosta and de Pinna (2017).
Known examples of this pattern are typically
rheophilic species. Probably the ecological conditions prevailing in lowland Amazonian environments act as barriers to their distributions
(Géry, 1969). Géry (1962) proposes the circumferential pattern (lateral interbasin migration) for
some species, suggesting that this pattern (encircling lowland South American lands, but never
entering them) results from the ecological limitations of taxa restricted to fast-flowing rivers with
high oxygen levels. This seems to be the explanation for the distributions of many Amazonian
taxa restricted to the Brazilian Shield.
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FIG. 18. Longitudinal correspondence among Amazonian Shield versants. A. Red area delimits the distribution pattern of western basins (Trombetas and Tapajós); yellow area the western basins pattern (Jari, Xingu,
and Tocantins). B. Sartor gr. elongatus (records from MZUSP). C. Bryconexodon spp. (records from MZUSP).
D. Bivibranchia velox (records from MZUSP).
Géry (1962) used a dispersalist paradigm to
explain lateral movements between basins. The
author, however, actually adopted the notion of
biotic dispersal (sensu Platnick and Nelson, 1978)
rather than a true dispersalist framework. In that
sense, his argument was essentially correct, because
elements shared between neighboring basins have
been associated with rearrangements of the hydrographic network (e.g., stream capture) resulting
from neotectonic activity (see Lima and Ribeiro,
2011; Ribeiro et al., 2013). This interpretation of
Géry´s hypothesis is clear in the following passage,
where he proposes that the suppression of a barrier,
even if momentarily, would have allowed the spread
of a lineage: “Characids show a tendency to invade
laterally their adjacent basins (by means of these
temporary or permanent connections)” (Géry,
1962: 68). Another instance that demonstrates that
the author did not follow pure dispersalism is: “The
speciation (or subspeciation) occurred after the passage of the forms from one basin to another in ‘circumferential’ progression, rather than after having
propagated along each great river” (Géry, 1962: 78).
Examples of this pattern include: Acestroceph
alus nigrofasciatus (Xingu, Juruena, and
Jamanxim), Acestrocephalus stigmatus (Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós), Ancistrus ranunculus
(Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós), Baryancistrus
longipinnis (Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós), Bry
conadenos tanaothoros (Xingu, Teles Pires, and
Juruena), Caiapobrycon spp. (Tocantins, Xingu,
and Tapajós, fig. 19B), Crenicichla acutirostris
(Xingu, Tapajós, and shield portions of the
Madeira; see Ploeg, 1991), Jupiaba apenima
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33
FIG. 19. Brazilian Shield. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Caiapobrycon spp. (records from
MZUSP). C. Jupiaba apenima (records from MZUSP). D. Moenkhausia gr. pankilopteryx/pirauba (records
from MZUSP).
(Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós, fig. 19C), Jupi
aba iasy (Xingu, Tapajós, and shield portions of
the Madeira), Leporinus tristriatus (Tocantins,
Xingu, and Tapajós; see Birindelli and Britski,
2013), Moenkhausia gr. pankilopteryx/pirauba
(Tocantins, Xingu, Tapajós, and shield tributaries
of the Rio Madeira, fig. 19D), Panaque arm
brusteri (Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós; see
Lujan et al., 2010), Petulanos intermedius (Xingu,
Tapajós, and shield portions of the Madeira),
Thayeria boehlkei (Tocantins, Xingu and, Tapajós; see Lima and Ribeiro, 2011), Rhinopetitia
spp. (Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós) and Scobi
nancistrus spp. (Tocantins, Xingu, and Tapajós).
Some species occur both in the Amazonian sector of the Brazilian Shield and in the headwaters
of the Rio Paraguay, a pattern discussed by
Ribeiro et al. (2013) for Jupiaba acanthogaster.
Additional examples include: Hyphessobrycon gr.
vilmae, Moenkhausia gr. phaeonota, Moenkhau
sia gr. lopesi, and the genus Utiaritichthys.
Barring the unlikely possibility that all the
taxa listed above became extinct in the Guiana
Shield, then their age of diversification is maximally ~12–10 Ma. (Dobson et al., 2001;
Figueiredo et al., 2009; Mora et al., 2010), when
the Amazon river began depositing sediments on
the Brazilian equatorial margin (Sacek, 2014),
thus impeding rheophilic lineages from spreading their ranges to Guiana Shield regions.
Extreme Shield: Chapada dos Parecis
The Chapada dos Parecis is an elevated geomorphological formation located in the western
portion of the Brazilian Shield, in central South
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
America. It includes headwaters of various drainages, such as Rio Machado, Rio Guaporé, Paraguay, and mostly the Juruena. Many papers have
proposed the Chapada dos Parecis as an area of
endemism (Carvalho and Bertaco, 2006; Britski
and Lima, 2007; Lima et al., 2007; Pastana and
Dagosta, 2014; Ohara and Lima, 2015a). Yet, there
are other noteworthy characteristics that must be
noted for the ichthyofauna in that region. The
portion of the Chapada dos Parecis drained
(mostly) by the Juruena is the extreme case of the
pattern expected for shield composition, with an
extremely high level of endemism (Carvalho and
Bertaco, 2006; Britski and Lima, 2007). Cases of
closely related lineages coexisting are rare, diversity is low and there are very few taxa broadly distributed in the rest of the Amazon.
East of the Rio Juruena in the Chapada dos
Parecis, through the basins of the Rio Arinos, Rio
Teles Pires, Rio Xingu, and Rio Tocantins-Araguaia, there is a trend toward reduction in endemism and an increase in the number of sympatric
congeneric species, in species diversity, and in
widely distributed species. The Rio Juruena, like
other basins in that formation, contains no members of typically marine lineages (Myers’ 1938
peripheral division) (figs. 12A–E) and very few
lowland Amazonian components. For example,
Arapaima, Osteoglossum, Colossoma, and large
pimelodids (Brachyplatystoma, see Barthem et al.,
2017; Phractocephalus) are all absent. More relevant still is the fact that dozens of lineages present
in other Brazilian Shield drainages are absent in
the Rio Juruena at Chapada dos Parecis, such as
Acestrocephalus acutus, Acestrorhynchus micrope
lis (see González, 2015), Anostomoides passionis,
Archolaemus luciae (see Vari et al., 2012), Argo
nectes robertsi, Astyanax multidens (see Marinho
and Birindelli, 2013), Bivibranchia notata, Bry
conadenos tanaothoros (present only in Rio Arinos basin), Cyphocharax stilbolepis, Electrophorus
electricus, Harttia dissidens, Hemigrammus levis,
H. ora (see Jerep et al., 2011), Hyphessobrycon
loweae + H. pegeouti clade (see Ingenito et al.,
2013), H. moniliger, H. vilmae, H. pulchripinnis,
Jupiaba apenima, J. anteroides, J. apenima, J. iasy,
NO. 431
J. paranatinga, J. polylepis, Laetacara araguaiae,
Leporinus britskii, L. julii, L. microphysus, Lepto
doras oyakawai, Leptorhamdia schultzi, Macropso
brycon xinguensis, Megadontognathus
kaitukaensis, Moenkhausia celibela, M. collettii,
Otocinclus hasemani, Panaque armbrusteri, Petu
lanos intermedius, Pseudanos spp. (see Birindelli
et al., 2012), Pimelodus tetramerus, Rhinopetitia
spp., Roeboexodon guyanensis, Serrasalmus
rhombeus, Sorubim trigonocephalus, Spectracan
thicus murinus, Teleocichla spp. (fig. 16C), and
Tocantinsia piresi (fig. 16D).
Among all basins of the Amazonian versant of
the Brazilian Shield, the portion of the Rio Juruena draining the Chapada dos Parecis has the
most rapids and waterfalls. Britski and Lima
(2007) suggest this factor as the reason for the
high endemism in the region. We add that the
same factor may serve as barriers in the opposite
direction and explains also the absence of many
lineages common in other Brazilian Shield
basins. Thus, the abundance of rapids and waterfalls provides a threefold explanation: for the lack
of specific lineages, for reduced sympatry and for
decreased species richness. The Rio Iriri and Rio
Teles Pires draining the Serra do Cachimbo and
the upper Tocantins at the Chapada dos
Veadeiros are two additional regions that can be
classified as Extreme Shield. Both of them also
drain the ancient crystalline basement of the
Brazilian Shield and are dotted with rapids and
waterfalls. Thus, they show pronounced faunal
regionalization and are very poor in diversity
when compared to other sectors of the Tapajós,
Xingu e Tocantins basins.
Exclusive Faunal Sharing
between Neighboring Basins
The sharing of exclusive faunal elements
between two basins does not imply that such
lineages are broadly distributed in both basins.
This fact is evident in the eastern Amazon
basins. Geographical distributions tend to be
more restricted in highlands (see Albert and
Crampton, 2005; Ribeiro, 2006; Maxime and
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Albert, 2009), where species have smaller
ranges and most cases of broader distributions
involve species or clades shared with neighboring basins. Such faunal similarities are in
most instances associated with river captures
caused by reactivation of faults or headward
erosion (Ribeiro, 2006; Lima, 2017). Below we
list and discuss stereotypical cases of exclusive
faunal sharing between neighboring basins in
the Amazon:
Tapajós and Paraguay
The fish fauna shared between Tapajós and
Paraguay basins has been repeatedly recognized
in the literature (see Lima et al., 2007; Carvalho
and Albert, 2011a; Ribeiro et al., 2013) and some
examples include: Aequidens rondoni (see Lima
et al., 2007), Leporinus octomaculatus (fig. 20, see
Birindelli and Britski, 2009), and Crenicichla
ploegi. Additional examples are: Moenkhausia
cosmops (also present in Guaporé basin, fig. 20),
Moenkhausia gr. lopesi (also present in Rio Araguaia basin) and the genus Utiaritichthys (also
present in shield tributaries of the Madeira).
Tapajós and Xingu
Taxa shared between the Tapajós and Xingu
basins are: Anostomoides passionis, Archolaemus
janeae (see Vari et al., 2012), Bryconadenos spp.
(fig. 20, see Menezes et al., 2009), Cichla mir
ianae (fig. 20, see Kullander and Ferreira, 2006),
Creagrutus cracentis (see Dagosta and Pastana,
2014), Hopliancistrus spp., Hyphessobrycon
cachimbensis (fig. 20), Hyphessobrycon cyanotae
nia (fig. 20, see Dagosta et al., 2016; also in Guaporé basin), Leptodoras oyakawai (see Birindelli
et al., 2008), Lebiasina melanoguttata (fig. 20),
Leporinus villasboasorum (see Burns et al., 2017),
Leptorhamdia schultzi, Megadontognathus kaitu
kaensis (see Campos-da-Paz, 1999), Peckoltia
feldbergae, Pyrrhulina marilynae (fig. 20, see
Netto-Ferreira and Marinho, 2013), Retroculus
xinguensis, Spatuloricaria tuira (see Fichberg et
al., 2014), and Teleocichla prionogenys.
35
Tapajós and Madeira
Different subdrainages that compose the Rio
Madeira basin variably share exclusive ichthyofaunistic elements with the Rio Tapajós. Most shared
elements are between the Aripuanã and the Juruena, such as Ancistrus parecis (see De Oliveira et
al., 2016), Hemigrammus silimoni (fig. 20, see
Dagosta, 2016), Inpaichthys spp. (fig. 20, see
Dagosta, 2016), Moenkhausia levidorsa (fig. 20,
see Dagosta, 2016), the clade Crenicichla chicha +
C. hemera (see Varella et al., 2012), and genus
Utiaritichthys (also present in upper Paraguay, fig.
20). There are also at least four examples of exclusive sharing between the Rio Juruena and the Rio
Guaporé basin (Hyphessobrycon psittacus, fig. 20;
Hyphessobrycon hexastichos, fig. 20; Moenkhausia
rubra, fig. 20; Moenkhausia uirapuru, fig. 20) and
three with the Rio Machado: Bryconops piracolina
and Hyphessobrycon melanostichos (see Dagosta,
2016), and Corydoras hephaestus. Some taxa have
wider distributions in the Tapajós and the
Madeira, but are shared exclusively between the
two basins (Steindachnerina fasciata, see NettoFerreira and Vari, 2011).
Most importantly, virtually all cases listed
above involve shield tributaries of the Madeira,
and no known case of a species or clade that
occurs in the main channel of the Madeira that is
also shared exclusively with the Rio Tapajós basin.
Recently, Tencatt and Ohara (2016) proposed a
distribution pattern of Amazonian fishes delimited by interfluvial region between the Rio
Madeira and the Rio Tapajós. Their arguments on
fish species distributed in both systems are the
same examples previously listed in Dagosta (2016)
as evidence for the historical connections between
the Tapajós and Madeira basins. However, Tencatt
and Ohara claim the existence of congruence
between the distribution of freshwater fishes and
terrestrial organisms (birds, butterflies, primates
and vascular plants) in the region between the Rio
Madeira and the Rio Tapajós. However, freshwater
fish distributions are limited by land tracts (save
rare exceptions, e.g., Géry, 1964; 1969, for the Rio
Amazonas and Goulding et al., 1988, for the Rio
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Negro). The ichthyofaunal sharing between the
Madeira and Tapajós results from a recent and
localized history, influenced by geomorphological
processes that resulted in stream capture events
across the region that separates those basins and
which caused biotic dispersal. Stream capture is a
phenomenon entirely independent of the geographical isolation of terrestrial animals as
inferred by Tencatt and Ohara. The rivers Tapajós
and Madeira are the obvious barriers for the distribution of other terrestrial animals (e.g., birds,
see Fernandes et al., 2014; Oppenheimer and Silveira, 2009). Species of fish are limited by waterfalls and land tracts. The patterns result from
entirely different biogeographical phenomena and
we believe there is no spatial or temporal homology between such apparent coincidences.
37
2015), Hemiancistrus spilomma, Hemiodus tocanti
nensis, Hyphessobrycon loweae (see Ingenito et al.,
2013), Hypostomus faveolus (see Zawadzki et al.,
2008), Laemolyta fernandezi, Melanocharacidium
auroradiatum, Mesonauta acora (see Kullander and
Silfvergrip, 1991), Moenkhausia loweae (see
Marinho, 2009), Moenkhausia pyrophthalma, Rhyn
chodoras xingui (see Birindelli et al., 2007),
Semaprochilodus brama (see Castro and Vari,
2004), Sternopygus xingu, and Tometes ancylorhyn
chus (see Andrade et al., 2016).
Tocantins and Paraguay
Only Cyphocharax vanderi (see Claro-García
and Shibatta, 2013), Hasemania hanseni, and
Knodus chapadae (see Ferreira, 2007) are exclusively shared between these basins.
Xingu and Paraguay
There are few examples of species or clades
shared exclusively between these basins: Hypopto
poma inexspectatum (see Aquino and Schaefer,
2010), Steindachnerina brevipinna (see Netto-Ferreira and Vari, 2011), and the clade Characidium
nupelia + C. xavante (see da Graça et al., 2008).
Xingu and Tocantins
Examples of this pattern here recognized are:
Acnodon normani, Aspidoras poecilus (see Nijssen
and Isbrücker, 1976), Astyanax argyrimarginatus,
Bivibranchia velox (see Langeani, 1996), Centro
mochlus simplex, Creagrutus britskii (see Meza-Vargas, 2015), Creagrutus mucipu (see Meza-Vargas,
Tocantins and São Francisco
Although examples of taxa shared exclusively
between the Tocantins and São Francisco are few,
they have received considerable attention in the
literature (see Lima and Caires, 2011; Dagosta et
al., 2014). The cases recognized here are: Cichla
soma sanctifranciscense (see Lima and Caires,
2011; Dagosta et al., 2014), Hyphessobrycon dia
statos (see Dagosta et al., 2014), and some lineages
of Cynolebias and Hypsolebias (see Costa, 2010).
The species Astyanax novae was previously considered as one more example of this pattern
(Garutti and Venere, 2009; Lima and Caires, 2011;
Dagosta et al., 2014), but in reality has a wider
distribution (see Freitas et al., 2015).
FIG. 20. Distribution of some lineages in Rio Tapajós basin and neighboring drainages. Dots are records in
Rio Tapajós basin; stars are records in neighboring drainages. Data from MZUSP with additional records from
literature. Each color represents a different lineage: light blue (Hemigrammus silimoni, see Dagosta et al.,
2016); dark blue (Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia, see Dagosta et al., 2016); light violet (Hyphessobrycon hexas
tichos); dark violet (Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis); white (Hyphessobrycon melanostichos); light yellow
(Hyphessobrycon psittacus, see Dagosta et al. 2016); dark yellow (Moenkhausia levidorsa, see Dagosta et al.,
2016); light green (Bryconadenos tanaothoros); dark green (Inpaichthys spp., see Dagosta et al., 2016); red
(Moenkhausia cosmops, see Ohara and Lima, 2015b); orange (Moenkhausia rubra); dark pink (Moenkhausia
uirapuru, see Ohara and Lima, 2015b); light pink (Utiaritichthys spp); light brown (Leporinus octomaculatus,
see Birindelli and Britski, 2009); dark brown (Pyrrhulina marylinae, see Netto-Ferreira and Marinho, 2013);
black (Cichla mirianae, see Kullander and Ferreira, 2006); grey (Lebiasina melanoguttata).
38
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Tocantins and Upper Paraná
Some confirmed examples of lineages shared
between those regions are: Characidium xan
thopterum (see Silveira et al., 2008), Corumbataia
spp. (see Britski, 1997; Carvalho, 2008), Hasema
nia crenuchoides (see Serra and Langeani, 2015),
and Rhinolekos spp. (see Martins and Langeani,
2011; Roxo et al., 2015). Additional species are
shared exclusively between the Tocantins and
upper Paraná plus the São Francisco: Brycon nat
tereri (see Lima, 2017), Moenkhausia aurantia,
Hyphessobrycon coelestinus (see Aquino and Carvalho, 2014), and Cetopsorhamdia iheringi.
Madeira and Paraguay
As discussed above in South American Lowlands, there are many events of biotic dispersal
between the Amazon and the upper Paraguay,
with all cases involving only part of the Rio
Madeira basin. It is therefore not surprising that
several taxa are shared between the Madeira and
the Paraguay and that such congruent distributions are for the most part temporally decoupled,
i.e., pseudocongruences (sensu Donoghue and
Moore, 2003). Different subbasins of the Rio
Madeira drainage share taxa exclusively with the
Paraná-Paraguay, with most of such cases being
from the Rio Guaporé and the Rio Mamoré.
Many studies have discussed a common biogeographical history between those two regions (see
Pearson, 1937; Hubert and Renno, 2006; Carvalho and Albert, 2011b; Ota et al., 2014). Some
examples are: Aequidens plagiozonatus, Aphyoch
arax anisitsi (see Souza-Lima, 2003), Apisto
gramma trifasciata (see Kullander, 2003),
Astyanacinus moorii, Astyanax lineatus, Cetopsis
starnesi (see Vari et al., 2005), Corydoras polyst
ictus, Gymnogeophagus balzanii (see Reis and
Malabarba, 1988), Hemigrammus machadoi (see
Ota et al., 2014), H. mahnerti (see Ota, 2010), H.
tridens, Hyphessobrycon elachys, H. megalopterus
(see Lima and Malabarba, 2003), Imparfinis gut
tatus (see Queiroz et al., 2013), Laetacara dorsig
era (see Linke and Staeck, 1994), Markiana
NO. 431
nigripinnis, Megalonema platanum (see Queiroz
et al., 2013), Odontostilbe paraguayensis (see
Bührnheim, 2006), Oligosarcus pintoi (see
Ribeiro and Menezes, 2015), Parodon carrikeri
(see Schaefer, 2011), Piabucus melanostomus (see
Britski et al., 1999; Queiroz et al., 2013), Pimelo
della mucosa (see Queiroz et al., 2013), Psectro
gaster curviventris (see Vari, 1989b), Rineloricaria
aurata (see Vera-Alcaraz et al., 2012), Scoloplax
empousa (see Schaefer et al., 1989), and Trachy
doras paraguayensis (see Sabaj and Arce, 2017).
Branco and Essequibo
Those two basins have a common geomorphological history resulting from a series of capture events of the proto-Berbice by the Rio
Branco drainage during the Pleistocene (Crawford et al., 1985; Gibbs and Barron, 1993; Souza
et al., 2012). Such events may account for the
conspicuous elements shared between the two
basins (see Lujan and Armbruster, 2011; Souza et
al., 2012). Some examples include: Apistogramma
rupununi (see Kullander, 2003), Astyanax rupu
nuni (see Souza et al., 2012), Cetopsidium roae
(see Souza et al., 2012), Denticetopsis iwokrama
(see Souza et al., 2012), Guianacara dacrya
(Arbour and López-Fernández, 2011), Hyposto
mus macushi (see Armbruster and Souza, 2005),
Parodon bifasciatus (see Souza et al., 2012), Pseu
dancistrus nigrescens (see Souza et al., 2012), Rhi
nodoras armbrusteri (Sabaj Pérez et al., 2008),
and Sturisoma monopelte (see Souza et al., 2012).
Negro and Orinoco
A number of contributions have explored the
common biogeographical history of these two
basins (see Winemiller et al., 2008; Willis et al.,
2010; Winemiller and Willis, 2011). Examples
of fish species shared exclusively between the
Negro and the Orinoco are numerous and
include: Acestridium dichromum (see Retzer et
al., 1999), Acestridium martini (see Retzer et al.,
1999), Creagrutus phasma (see Vari and Harold,
2001), Creagrutus runa, C. vexillapinnus and C.
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
zephyrus (see Vari and Harold, 2001), Geopha
gus abalios and G. dicrozoster (see LópezFernández and Taphorn, 2004), Hemiancistrus
subviridis (see Wernecke et al., 2005), Hemi
grammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bleheri (see
Géry and Mahnert, 1986), Heterocharax lepto
grammus (see Toledo-Piza, 2000b), Hoplarchus
psittacus, Hyphessobrycon epicharis (see
Weitzman and Palmer, 1997), Hypostomus
sculpodon (see Armbruster, 2003), Laetacara
fulvipinnis (see Staeck and Schindler, 2007),
Leporinus enyae (see Burns et al., 2017), Micro
characidium gnomus (see Buckup, 1993),
Neblinichthys pilosus (see Ferraris et al., 1986),
Odontostilbe pulchra (see Bührnheim and Malabarba, 2007), Phenacogaster prolatus (see
Lucena and Malabarba, 2010), Prochilodus mar
iae (see Castro and Vari, 2004), Pseudancistrus
pectegenitor (see Lujan et al., 2007), Pseudancis
trus sidereus (see Armbruster, 2004), Pseudanos
varii (see Birindelli et al., 2012), Pseudolithoxus
nicoi (see Lujan and Birindelli, 2011), Pterophyl
lum altum (see Schultz, 1967), Ptychocharax
rhyacophila (see Weitzman et al., 1994), Raceni
sia fimbriipinna (see Mago-Leccia, 1994), Rhi
nobrycon negrensis (see Lasso et al., 2004),
Serrabrycon magoi (see Lasso et al., 2004), and
Tometes makue (see Andrade, 2013).
The Casiquiare Canal is a portion of the Rio
Orinoco that was redirected to flow part of the
year to the Rio Negro basin (Albert and Carvalho, 2011) and that now connects the two
drainages by a permanent waterway with minimal gradient. Such a connection was mentioned
by Eigenmann (1909) in his description of his
Amazon Province in a dispersalist context and
later proposed by Vari (1988) as the factor
responsible for some curimatid species shared
between the Amazon and Orinoco. Albert et al.
(2006) and Winemiller et al. (2008) questioned
the relevance of the physical Casiquiare connection as a species-dispersion route, because there
are rapids on both sides of the divide (e.g., in
Porto Ayacucho and in São Gabriel da
Cachoeira) and possible chemical barriers (pH,
temperature, and conductivity). It is possible
39
that part of the fish fauna shared between the
Orinoco and Negro is in fact derived from the
proto-Amazon-Orinoco and predates their
hydrological separation.
Negro and Branco
The Rio Negro basin provides a clear example
that hydrographic limits do not necessarily imply
historical connections. Although the Rio Branco
is the largest tributary of the Negro and the two
are not separated by any physical barriers, each of
them shares more species with adjoining nonAmazonian basins than with each other (with the
Orinoco in the case of the Negro and with the
Essequibo in the case of the Branco). In addition
to the different geomorphological history of each
basin, markedly different physicochemical parameters may also in part explain the small number of
taxa exclusively shared between them. As pointed
out by Ferreira et al. (2006), the Rio Negro predominantly drains lowland soils poor in cations
with exceptionally low rates of mineral erosion,
while the Rio Branco drains highland soils of an
older landscape, richer in cations derived from the
erosion of relatively stable igneous rocky beds.
There are very few examples of species reliably
restricted to the Negro and Branco: Physopyxis
cristata (see Sousa and Py-Daniel, 2005), Apisto
gramma gibbiceps (see Kullander, 1980), and
Crenicichla virgatula (see Ito, 2013).
Negro to Trombetas
This pattern refers to the fish fauna common
to the left-bank Amazonian tributaries east of
the Rio Negro: Urubu, Uatumã, Nhamundá, and
Trombetas. Together, they share some taxa exclusively with the Rio Negro or with the NegroOrinoco: Acestridium discus (Negro, Branco, and
Trombetas), Ageneiosus polystictus (Negro,
Urubu, and Trombetas; see Ribeiro et al., 2017),
Asterophysus batrachus (Orinoco-Negro and
Uatumã), Anduzedoras oxyrhynchus (OrinocoNegro, Branco, Urubu, and Trombetas),
40
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Auchenipterichthys punctatus (Negro, Branco,
and Urubu), Nemuroglanis pauciradiatus (Negro,
Branco, Urubu, and Trombetas), Pygidianops
amphioxus (Negro and Nhamundá; see de Pinna
and Kirovsky, 2011), and Poecilocharax weitzmani
(Orinoco-Negro, Branco, Urubu).
Poorly Sampled Neighboring
Basins in the Guiana Shield
Some basins draining the Guiana Shield into
the Amazon, such as the Urubu, Uatumã, Trombetas, and Paru, are relatively poorly known as to
their ichthyofaunal composition, with comparatively few reported species, rare cases of endemism and few species shared among each other.
Such precarious knowledge precludes a clear
understanding of the connections of the fish faunas in those basins and few relevant examples
deserve note: the Uatumã and Trombetas exclusively share Cetopsidium ferreirai (see Vari et al.,
2005) and Cichla vazzoleri (see Kullander and
Ferreira, 2006), while the Paru and Jari exclusively have Hypomasticus lineomaculatus (see
Birindelli et al., 2013).
Cis-Andean Foothills
Another pattern related with the circumferential pattern of Géry (1962) is the cis-Andean Foothills distribution. The name refers to the highland
region surrounding the cis-Andean lowlands,
mostly around the Western Amazon (fig. 21A). As
in the Brazilian Shield pattern, the present one
comprises rheophilic species, restricted to fastflowing, highly oxygenated waters. This pattern
was first identified by Vari (1988: 360): “Other species ranges appear to be associated with the more
swiftly flowing piedmont streams of the western
margins of the Amazon basin, and those species
extend north into the western and northern margins of the Río Orinoco system.” Shortly thereafter,
a similar pattern was described by Ibarra and
Stewart (1989) for the Rio Napo, where the altitudinal gradient decisively influenced species com-
NO. 431
position (see Lujan et al., 2013, for a more complex
scenario). The pattern described here differs from
the shield patterns in being not only wider, but also
associated with rivers draining the eastern versant
of the Andean range, and sometimes the western
versant as well. Because the examples known are
absent in the Amazonian versants of the Brazilian
and Guiana shields, this pattern seems to be strictly
associated with the history of the foreland basin
and with the Andean uplift.
Some of the known examples include species
with both narrow and wide distributions. Examples in the former category include Acrobrycon
ipanquianus (see Arcila et al., 2013), Attonitus
(see Vari and Ortega, 2000), Creagrutus flaves
cens, C. gephyrus, C. kunturus, and C. muelleri
(see Vari and Harold, 2001). Cases of wide distributions in the Andean Foothills pattern comprise the family Astroblepidae (see Schaefer and
Arroyave, 2010), Astyanacinus spp. (see fig. 21B;
Dagosta, 2011), Ernstichthys spp. (see Stewart,
1985), Rhyacoglanis (see Shibatta and Vari, 2017),
Xyliphius spp. (see Carvalho et al., 2017), Lepori
nus striatus (see fig. 21C; Birindelli and Britski,
2013), Steindachnerina dobula (fig. 21D) and S.
guentheri (see Vari, 1991), a clade composed of
Creagrutus muelleri, C. ouranonastes, and C.
peruanus (see Vari and Harold, 2001), and putative sister relationship between Brycon hilarii and
B. whitei (see Lima, 2017). Another notable
example is the entire genus Hemibrycon (excepting H. surinamensis, sole species in the genus
with an Amazon-core Highlands pattern; see
Bertaco and Malabarba, 2010).
Lima and Ribeiro (2011) discuss a pattern similar to the one described here, in which lineages are
restricted to upper portions of the foreland basin
due to ecological requirements. As done here,
those authors also distinguish this highland of the
Foreland Basin pattern from that of the Brazilian
Shield highland pattern. Wilkinson et al. (2010), in
a discussion of the action of the megafans, also
propose a pattern similar to the one advanced
here, although not distinguishing shield highlands
from the foreland-basin highlands.
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
41
FIG. 21. Cis-Andean foothills. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Astyanacinus spp. (data
from Dagosta, 2011). C. Leporinus striatus (data from Birindelli and Britski, 2013). D. Steindachnerina dobula
(data from Vari, 1991).
Central Blackwater Amazon
The name of this pattern refers to the most
common (although by no means exclusive)
water type of the rivers within its limits. Its
position is approximately at the central portion
of the Amazon (fig. 22A), although its western
limits are not precisely defined. The distribution
of most examples extends to the mouth of the
Rio Negro, with some going farther, to the
lower Japurá, lake Tefé, or into Peru. To the
east, the pattern is almost always delimited by
the mouth of the Rio Tapajós. Northward, most
examples are restricted to the Negro/Orinoco,
with some lineages found also in the Essequibo.
To the south, species extend to the middle portion of the Tapajós, but may be more broadly
distributed in the Rio Madeira, to tributaries of
Mamoré/Guaporé.
The first author to propose this pattern of distribution was Kullander (1986), in discussing
congruent areas between species of cichlids and
characids of the genus Paracheirodon (see Kullander, 1986: figs. 5, 6). Independently, Vari
(1988: fig. 7) inferred that a then-undescribed
species of Curimata had a pattern of distribution
indicative of a preference for acidic waters, not
exclusively in the Rio Negro basin, but also in
other Central Amazonian localities.
This biogeographical pattern also has surfaced
occasionally in the literature, where it has been
indicative of possible taxonomic problems. The
first paper to notice something noteworthy in
such distributions was Vari and Harold (2001),
in the redescription of Creagrutus maxillaris.
That species is broadly distributed in the Orinoco and the upper Rio Negro. The authors then
had only a single lot with few poorly preserved
42
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NO. 431
FIG. 22. Central Blackwater Amazon. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Biotoecus spp. (data
fom Kullander, 1989). C. Dicrossus spp. (data fom Kullander, 2011). D. Hemigrammus analis (blue dots;
records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus coeruleus (red dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus stictus (yellow dots; records from MZUSP).
specimens from the Rio Madeira (AMNH 39855)
and stated that the presence of C. maxillaris in
that basin required confirmation by additional
material (later reported by Queiroz et al., 2013).
A similar situation happened with Chalceus
macrolepidotus in Zanata and Toledo-Piza
(2004), whose sole sample from the Madeira
basin was considered questionable because of its
location widely disjunct from that of other
known lots of the species. Likewise, Kullander
and Ferreira (2006: 377) disregarded two samples of Cichla temensis from the Rio Madeira, not
including them in the map or material examined
of the species because “there is nearly no other
Cichla material available from the Brazilian portion of the Madeira drainage to permit an understanding of the distribution of C. temensis in this
region.” Clearly, in all examples the odd disjunct
nature of such distributions influenced the
respective authors´ hesitation about their own
results. Our recognized pattern, however, shows
that such distributions joining the Negro and
Madeira are not at all abnormal. This pattern of
distribution is recovered, in part, in the analyses
of Dagosta and de Pinna (2017).
Examples of lineages with a Central Blackwater Amazon pattern include: Aequidens mauesa
nus (Madeira and Tapajós, see Kullander, 2003),
Acestridium spp. (Orinoco/Negro, Madeira, and
Tapajós), Astyanax ajuricaba (Negro, Tapajós,
see Marinho and Lima, 2009), Boulengerella
lucius (Orinoco/Negro, Tapajós, and Trombetas,
see Vari, 1995), Brachyhypopomus hendersoni
(Tefé, Negro, and Essequibo, see Crampton et al.,
2016), Bryconops inpai (Orinoco/Negro, Tapajós,
Madeira, and Trombetas), Chalceus spilogyros
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
(Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas, see Zanata
and Toledo-Piza, 2004), C. macrolepidotus (Orinoco/Negro/Essequibo and Madeira, see Zanata
and Toledo-Piza, 2004), Charax condei (Negro
and Tapajós, see Menezes and Lucena, 2014),
Cichla temensis (Orinoco/Negro and Madeira,
see Kullander and Ferreira, 2006), clade Creagru
tus maxillaris + C. cracentis (Orinoco/Negro,
Madeira, and Tapajós, see Vari and Harold,
2001), Copella nattereri (Orinoco/Negro, Tapajós, Madeira, Trombetas, and some records in
the Amazon above the mouth of Rio Negro, see
Marinho and Menezes, 2017), Cynodon septena
rius (Essequibo/Orinoco/Negro, Uatumã, Tapajós, Trombetas, and Tefé), Curimata incompta
(Orinoco/Negro, Madeira, see Vari, 1988),
Cyphocharax abramoides (Negro, Tapajós, and
Trombetas, see Vari, 1992b), C. nigripinnis
(Negro, Tapajós, and Amazonas, see Vari, 1992b),
Elachocharax junki (Negro and Madeira, see
Weitzman and Géry, 1981), Biotoecus spp. (Orinoco/Negro, Uatumã, and Trombetas, fig. 22B;
see Kullander, 1989), Dicrossus spp. (Orinoco/
Negro, Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas, fig.
22C; see Kullander, 2011), Gnathocharax (Orinoco/Negro/Essequibo, Madeira, Tapajós, and
Trombetas), Hemigrammus analis (Purus, Jutaí,
Negro, Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas, fig.
22D), H. coeruleus (Orinoco/Negro/Essequibo,
Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas, fig. 22D), H.
hyanuary (Orinoco/Negro, Madeira, and Tapajós), H. stictus (Orinoco/Negro, Madeira, and
Tapajós, fig. 22D), H. vorderwinkleri (Orinoco/
Negro, Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas), Het
erocharax virgulatus (Orinoco/Negro, Madeira,
and Tapajós, see Toledo-Piza, 2000b), Hoploch
arax goethei (Orinoco/Negro, Madeira, Tapajós,
and Trombetas), Hyphessobrycon sweglesi (lower
Purus, Negro, and Madeira), Iguanodectes geisleri
(Orinoco/Negro and Madeira), Jupiaba gr. atyp
indi (Negro and Madeira), Leporinus altipinnis
(Orinoco/Negro, Madeira, and Tapajós, see
Britski and Birindelli, 2016), L. aripuanaensis
(Branco, Madeira, and Trombetas), Leporinus
gomesi (Madeira and Negro), L. klausewitzi
(Negro and Madeira), Metynnis hypsauchen
43
(Orinoco/Negro/Essequibo, Madeira, Tapajós,
and Trombetas, see Ota, 2015), M. melanogram
mus (Orinoco/Negro, Uatumã, Trombetas, Tapajós, and Sucunduri (Madeira), see Ota et al.,
2016), Moenkhausia hemigrammoides (Maroni,
Suriname, Corentyne, Negro, Madeira, Tapajós,
and Trombetas), M. lata (Orinoco/Negro,
Madeira, and Tapajós, M. Marinho personal
commun.), Nannostomus marilynae (Orinoco/
Negro and Madeira), Oxyropsis acutirostra (Orinoco/Negro and Tapajós), Poecilocharax spp.
(Orinoco/Negro and Madeira), Pygidianops spp.
(Orinoco/Negro and Madeira), Rhinobrycon neg
rensis (Orinoco/Negro and Madeira), Satanoperca
lilith (Negro, Uatumã, Trombetas, and Madeira,
see Ota, 2013), Steindachnerina planiventris
(Negro, Japurá, and Madeira, see Vari, 1991),
Symphysodon discus (Negro, Madeira, and Trombetas, see Bleher et al., 2007; Farias and Hrbek,
2008; Amado et al., 2011), Taeniacara candidi
(Negro, Tapajós, and Trombetas) and Hypoptopomatinae new genus (Negro, Madeira, and
Tapajós, see Delapieve, 2014). Other potential
examples are Moenkhausia diktyota (Madeira)
and Hemigrammus pretoensis (Amazonas and
Negro), which despite their current separate
generic assignments are actually close relatives,
perhaps even synonyms (F.C.P.D., personal obs.).
The sharing of so many lineages clearly indicates strong historical connections among the
Orinoco/Negro, Madeira and Tapajós. More
importantly, all lineages with this distribution
pattern are absent in the Brazilian Shield (except
for some rare cases in the middle to lower Tapajós, at the periphery of the Shield, see fig. 22C).
Despite such strong signal, no independent geomorphological history was identified that could
explain this pattern. While Cretaceous deposits
from those regions are well known, the Cenozoic
sedimentary history is still very poorly known
(Soares, 2007). The lack of such critical data does
not allow a more precise evaluation of the biogeographically relevant processes and events in
the region. It is clear that the lower sectors of
those rivers (Negro, Purus, and Madeira), and
even the portion of the Rio Amazonas in that
44
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
region, underwent course changes during the
Pleistocene as demonstrated by paleocanals
(Latrubesse and Franzinelli, 2002; Almeida-Filho
and Miranda, 2007; Irion et al., 2010; Teixeira
and Soares, 2011; Hayakawa and Rossetti, 2015;
but see Albert et al., 2018, for reservations about
the accuracy of optically stimulated luminescence, or OSL, method for dating sediments of
this type and age). However, details about the
dynamics and timing of those events are unavailable at present.
One exception is the work of Ruokolainen et
al. (2018). The authors present evidence of river
captures and avulsions during the late Pleistocene–Holocene in central Amazon, involving
rivers Negro, Madeira, Purus and Juruá. Ruokolainen et al. demonstrate that the river network
in the region has been anything but stable.
According to them, during the past 50,000 years
there have been many cases of river avulsions,
with consequent changes in the historical connections among major tributary rivers of the
central Amazon. The latest major river capture
event converted the Japurá from a tributary of
the Rio Negro to a tributary of the Amazon,
only 1000 years ago. Such broad-scale lability
implies that lowland rivers cannot have been
efficient biogeographical dispersal barriers to
terrestrial biota, and even less so for fishes. In
such a scenario, river captures and avulsions in
that region may have contributed, at least in
part, to the origin of the pattern of distribution
discussed here.
As another relevant point, the Central Blackwater Amazon pattern follows remarkably closely
the range of blackwater Amazonian rivers recently
compiled by Venticinque et al. (2016) (see fig.
20A–D). Those authors demonstrate that there are
numerous blackwater rivers scattered throughout
the central Amazon, confirming Fink and Fink
(1979: 18): “the Rio Negro is the major ‘black’
water river in Amazonia; however, similar conditions have a spotty distribution through much of
central Amazonia and many igarapés and rios of
the terra firma consist of this type of water.” Such
a network provides ample opportunity for species
NO. 431
restricted to blackwater to inhabit regions of the
upper Amazon, approximately up to the mouth of
the Rio Marañon in the Ucayali. A hypothesis that
blackwater is the determining factor in the pattern
herein described must be tested against a refinement of the species’ locality data. The small-scale
mosaic physical distribution of blackwater tributaries in that region makes it very difficult to
extract such information from usual museum
data. For example, the Rio Madeira, although
widely recognized as a whitewater river, is abundantly irrigated by tributaries of all water types
(fig. 20). Therefore, the provenance of a sample
from the Madeira says little about water type preferences unless associated with very precise locality
information. Despite such limitations, it is remarkable that many of the species in the Central Blackwater Amazon pattern that occur in the Rio
Madeira or Tapajós are restricted to the lower sectors of those basins, exactly where their blackwater tributaries are most abundant. Again, we
highlight the fact that water type is not a random
variable, but instead closely related to the geological history of the terrain it drains. Therefore, a
distribution pattern determined by water type is
also indirectly associated with a historical component and cannot be taken at face value as a purely
ecological determinant.
Allopatric Branco-Tocantins
There are few examples of Amazonian fish species with disjunct distributions. Five unrelated
species display an intriguing pattern of congruent
disjunct distributions: Creagrutus menezesi (see
Vari and Harold, 2001), Exodon paradoxus, Lepo
racanthicus galaxias, Leporinus desmotes (see
Burns et al., 2017), and Leptorhamdia essequiben
sis (see Bockmann, 2003). Those species are found
in the Branco and Tocantins basins, with some
also having records in the Essequibo and Orinoco.
All five species are well known in their taxonomy
and geographical distribution, thus reducing the
possibility of sampling gaps.
The Branco and Tocantins basins are widely
separated, making such allopatric disjunctions all
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DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
the more noteworthy, but no geomorphological
evidence has been associated with such pattern (the
explanations in Eigenmann´s Eastern Highlands
[cf. also Albert et al., 2011: 50–52] do not account
for the specific pattern discussed here, because in
the present case the lineages involved are not present in the rest of the shield, i.e., the Tapajós, Xingu,
Madeira, Trombetas, Jari, etc.). The geomorphological history of the Rio Branco is related to the
proto-Berbice (Lujan and Armbruster, 2011), where
the former had courses preferentially flowing from
southwest to northeast toward the Caribbean Sea.
Erosion of the rocky basement of the Guiana Shield
caused the reorganization of the proto-Berbice
drainage network and the southward reversal of its
main course, making the Rio Branco a tributary of
the Rio Negro (Schaefer and Dalrymple, 1996). The
geomorphological history of the Rio Tocantins, in
turn, is mostly associated with the geological evolution of the Brazilian Shield and with other large
rivers such as the Tapajós, Xingu, Paraná-Paraguay,
and São Francisco (Lima and Caires, 2011; Lima
and Ribeiro, 2011). Of course, before 10 Ma there
were no large whitewater rivers or floodplains separating clear-water tributaries of the Guiana and
Brazilian shields, which might seem like a possible
explanation. However, we again emphasize that the
lineages constituting this pattern are not widely
present in shield drainages, thus invalidating this
broader paleoscenario as a causal factor. Of course,
this scenario would hold in case the present disjunct pattern is a relict of a broader pattern that
comprised other shield rivers, a hypothesis for
which there is no evidence.
The savannahs of the Rio Branco and Essequibo are biogeographically distinct from those
of central Brazil, even though they share some
fish species (Ferreira et al., 2006). As noted by
López-Fernández and Albert (2011), the importance of savannas for the evolution of the modern fish fauna of the Neotropics cannot be
overemphasized. In the absence of any geological
evidence that might explain the exclusive sharing
of species between the Branco and Tocantins, the
presence of savannah systems may offer clues for
a possible ecological explanation.
45
Absence Patterns
Among the most curious distributional phenomena in the Amazon is the absence of some
fish taxa in regions where they were expected to
occur on the basis of the distribution of their
close relatives and higher groups. Those absences
are often associated with some clearly identifiable barriers of physical (e.g., waterfalls) or
physico-ecological (e.g., water type) nature.
The most conspicuous Absence pattern is seen
in the upper Juruena river, a pattern described in
detail in Chapada dos Parecis: Extreme Shield.
Another remarkable example is the upper Rio
Tocantins. Upriver from the region of Imperatriz
(in the Brazilian state of Maranhão) and Itaguatins
(in the Brazilian state of Tocantins), the channel of
the Rio Tocantins has rapids in sectors that may
help explain the absence of various groups otherwise distributed in the entire Amazon that are present in the Araguaia or in lower Tocantins basins.
Some examples are: Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (see
González, 2015), Apistogramma spp., Chaetobran
chus spp., Hydrolycus tatauaia (see Toledo-Piza et
al., 1999), Hypophthalmus marginatus, Hypselecara
spp., Mastiglanis asopos, Megalechis thoracata (see
Reis, 1997), Moenkhausia cotinho, Mylossoma spp.
(see Mateussi, 2015), Ochmacanthus spp. (see Neto,
2014), Pellona spp. (see Melo, 2001), Potamorrha
phis spp. (see Collette, 1982), and Semaprochilodus
brama (see Castro and Vari, 2004). Other examples
of biogeographically isolated Amazonian regions
are the mid- and upper Rio Madeira, separated by
the rapids in the region of Porto Velho, which block
the upriver distribution of, for example,
Arapaima.
The absence of certain lineages is also influenced by other factors such as tidal effects. Goulding et al. (2003) showed that downstream from the
region of Óbidos (in the Brazilian state of Amazonas), the tidal regime starts to influence the circadian rhythm of the Amazon, probably affecting the
distribution of fish lineages (Jégu and Keith, 1999;
Lima and Ribeiro, 2011), especially those with feeding and breeding periods narrowly associated with
drought-flood cycles. Some examples of fishes that
46
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
do not occur in the lower Amazon are: Acestrorhyn
chus granducolis (see González, 2015), Brycon ama
zonicus (see Lima, 2017), Colossoma macropomum
(see Araujo-Lima and Goulding, 1997; Lima and
Ribeiro, 2011), Copella nattereri (see Marinho and
Menezes, 2017), Piaractus brachypomus (see Jégu
and Keith, 1999), Potamorhina altamazonica (see
Vari, 1984), and Serrasalmus elongatus (see Jégu
and Keith, 1999).
As seen above, water type has a major influence on biogeochemical processes and on the
distribution and dynamics of aquatic habitats
and associated biota (Venticique et al., 2016).
Expectedly, it is an important factor in the geographical distribution of Amazonian fish lineages. As widely reported in the literature (see
Sioli, 1984; Goulding et al., 2003), Amazonian
rivers display enormous differences in pH and
concentration of dissolved solutes, according to
the type of soil they drain. Wallace (1889) was
the first to note that water type influenced the
composition of fish assemblages in the Amazon
(Dagosta and de Pinna, 2018), an observation
repeatedly confirmed in subsequent studies (see
Roberts, 1972; Kullander, 1986; Goulding et al.,
1988; Vari, 1988; Araujo-Lima and Goulding,
1997; Saint-Paul et al., 2000; Lima and Ribeiro,
2011). The extremely acidic water of the Rio
Negro, in particular, may be a deterrent to many
fish lineages. Some examples of fishes absent in
the Negro, yet present in neighboring basins
and widely distributed in the Amazon include:
the subfamily Stethaprioninae (see Dagosta and
Pinna, 2017; Reis, 1989), the genera Galeoch
arax (see Giovannetti et al., 2017) and Hypopto
poma (see Aquino and Schaefer, 2010), and
several species such as Anostomus ternetzi (see
Lima and Ribeiro, 2011), Brachyplatystoma
juruense, Cheirocerus goeldii (see Stewart and
Pavlik, 1985), Copella stigmasemion (see
Marinho and Menezes, 2017), Curimatella dor
salis (see Vari, 1992a), Hemiodus microlepis (see
Langeani, 1996), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos,
Jupiaba polylepis, Limatulichthys griseus (see
Ohara, 2010), Megalodoras uranoscopus, Oxydo
ras niger, Pimelodus blochii, Prochilodus nigri
NO. 431
cans (see Castro and Vari, 2004), Pygocentrus
nattereri, Semaprochilodus insignis (see Castro
and Vari, 2004), and Tympanopleura atronasus
(see Walsh et al., 2015).
It is possible to go beyond the mere identification of absence biogeographical patterns. Our
earlier biogeographic analyses have demonstrated that some absences are the result of
extinctions rather than primitive absences
(Dagosta and de Pinna, 2017); moreover, we
found that the absence of several lineages in the
Rio Negro are autapomorphic for the basin, i.e.,
their ancestral areas (historically related) have
the respective taxa. Therefore, their absence in
present-day Rio Negro may be the result of
extinctions (discarding cases of pseudoabsences). Recently, Ruokolainen et al. (2018)
provided convincing evidence that the Rio Japurá
was a tributary to the lower Rio Negro and that
a river capture event diverted it to flow into the
Amazon (Solimões). The connection between
the Rio Japurá and the Rio Negro may have been
broken as recently as 1000 years ago. According
to these authors, until that time the lower Rio
Negro was not a blackwater river, as it presently
is, and it carried a much larger load of sediments.
Such evidence further corroborates the hypothesis of Dagosta and de Pinna (2017) that the
lower Rio Negro basin was not always as hostile
to some otherwise ubiquitous Amazonian lineages as it is today and may have had a less
extreme type of water earlier in its history. At
least for the lower part of its course, the Rio
Negro did not have waters as acidic and nutrient
poor as today, and did not impede the existence
of some lineages that are now absent in the basin.
Endemism
Although a majority of 2716 species of Amazonian fishes examined here occur in more than
one subdrainage, there are numerous examples
of basin-specific endemics. With the regions
defined by Dagosta and de Pinna (2017) as
background, at least 831 Amazonian fish species are found in a single drainage or subregion
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
thereof (fig. 4, appendix 1). An additional 196
species are also basin specific, given a wider
definition of basin (e.g., species restricted to the
Tapajós but occurring in more than one subbasin therein). The latter data are also included
in appendix 1, with indications of their respective basins of endemism.
CONCLUSIONS
Distribution patterns decay over time as new
ones are superimposed (Grande, 1985; Hunn
and Upchurch, 2001; Upchurch and Hunn,
2002; Upchurch et al., 2002; Morrone, 2009),
making the disentanglement of their history a
complex procedure. More studies on Amazonian fishes are necessary, both on phylogeny,
paleontology, phylogeography, and molecular
dating in order to empirically test the temporal
congruences of the distributional patterns
described here. New data on geological history
are needed to better understand the effect of
riverine configurations in the biogeography of
fishes in the basin. Our findings support the
conclusion that the biogeographical history of a
river is associated less with its size than with its
stability through geological time. The mosaic of
patterns shown herein demonstrates that the
river network in the Amazon has been anything
but stable, and that this instability has been a
major factor in fish distributions. Different
overlapping geomorphological processes, at different times, have left diffuse marks on the
composition and distribution of the fish fauna
and this process continues to the present. The
recent work by Stokes et al. (2018) directly
demonstrates the intense dynamism of the
region, showing that the Amazon river is capturing headwaters of the Río Orinoco, another
step in the continuing reorganization of South
American river systems.
Freshwater fishes are physically restricted to
hydrographical basins, but in the Amazon basin
their distributions often transcend modern
hydrographical limits. This is a result of a complex and reticulated history of drainages, a view
47
that has been corroborated by several authors
(see Lima and Ribeiro, 2011; Dagosta, 2016;
Dagosta and Pinna, 2017). This fact in itself does
not disqualify basins as historical agents. Rather,
rivers are historically bound areas, even though
they are far more complex than hydrographically
limited units. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that each hydrographic drainage in the
Amazon basin participates simultaneously in
various biogeographical patterns and that no
single basin is a historically cohesive unit. Likewise, the entire Amazon basin itself does not
form a single historical unit. All such conclusions corroborate the hypothesis that hydrographical basins should not be considered a
priori as historical units. They are demonstrably
reticulate areas that received portions of their
biotas at different ages, under the influence of
disjunct events. Thus, past geomorphological
processes are more informative for understanding the distribution of the Amazonian fishes than
present-day basin divides.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Richard P. Vari for his epochal contributions to the systematics and biogeography of Neotropical fishes
and his generous devotion to the formation of new
generations of ichthyologists, of which the authors
of this paper are deeply grateful beneficiaries. We
thank Cristiano Moreira and Marcelo Britto
(MNRJ), Lúcia Py-Daniel and Renildo Oliveira
(INPA); Cláudio Oliveira and Ricardo Benine
(LBP); André Esguícero and Flávio Bockmann
(LIRP); Izaura Maschio and Wolmar Wosiacki
(MPEG); Jeff Clayton, Jeff Williams, Kris Murphy,
Lynne Parenti, Richard Vari and Sandra Raredon
(NMNH) for their help and hospitality during visits
to the collections under their care. We are grateful
to Eduardo Venticique for providing data on water
types of Amazonian rivers for figures 7B–D and
20A–D. Gilberto N. Salvador and Eduardo Baena
helped in the editing of the maps. José Birindelli
provided photos of Hyphessobrycon psittacus, Lepo
rinus octomaculatus, and Utiaritichthys sennaebr
48
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
agai. Authors were funded by FAPESP (FCPD,
2011/23419-1; 2016/07246-3; MP, 2015/26804-4),
CNPq (MP, 201088/2014-2) and CAPES (MP, BEX
5840/2014-07). Part of this work was prepared during a sabbatical stay of the second author in the
Muséum national d´Histoire naturelle and Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Institut de Systematique, Evolution et Biodiversité), Paris, and the
support and hospitality of René Zaragueta-Bagils
and Guillaume Lecointre is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Universidade Federal da
Grande Dourados for funding.
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APPENDIX 1
Taxonomic List of Amazonian Fish Species
Definition of Amazonian regions follows Dagosta and de Pinna (2017). List updated by the end of 2018.
Symbols: *species exclusive to the Amazon basin; ** species poorly known or with vague distribution records.
Taxon
Species
Carcharhiniformes
1
Carcharhinidae
1
Occurrence
Lower Xingu, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Carcharhinus leucas
Pristiformes
2
Pristidae
2
Pristis pectinata
Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Pristis perotteti
Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Maracaibo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato
Myliobatiformes
27
Potamotrygonidae
27
Heliotrygon gomesi*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Heliotrygon rosai*
Purus, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Paratrygon aiereba
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Plesiotrygon iwamae*
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Plesiotrygon nana*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Potamotrygon adamastor*
Endemic – Branco
Potamotrygon albimaculata*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós)
Potamotrygon amandae
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Potamotrygon amazona*
Juruá, Jutaí, Negro
Potamotrygon constellata**
Amazonas main channel
Potamotrygon falkneri
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Trombetas, ParanáParaguay
Potamotrygon garmani*
Upper Tocantins, Teles Pires
Potamotrygon henlei*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Potamotrygon humerosa
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Jutaí, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Potamotrygon jabuti*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Potamotrygon leopoldi*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Potamotrygon limai*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Potamotrygon motoro
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, ParanáParaguay
Potamotrygon ocellata**
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Taxon
Species
65
Occurrence
Potamotrygon orbignyi
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Parnaíba, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Potamotrygon pantanensis
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Potamotrygon rex*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Potamotrygon schroederi
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Potamotrygon scobina*
Lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, UrubuUatumã, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Potamotrygon tatianae*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Potamotrygon tigrina*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Endemic – Negro
Potamotrygon wallacei*
Osteoglossiformes
5
Arapaimidae
3
Arapaima agassizii**
Arapaima gigas
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo
Arapaima leptosoma*
Amazonas main channel
Osteoglossidae
2
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
upper Orinoco
Osteoglossum bicirrhosum
Branco, upper Orinoco
Osteoglossum ferreirai
Anguiliformes
1
Ophichthidae
1
Lower Tocantins, lower Orinoco
Stictorhinus potamius
Clupeifomes
18
Clupeidae
1
Amazonas main channel, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
lower Orinoco
Rhinosardinia amazonica
Engraulidae
12
Amazonsprattus scintilla*
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã
Anchovia surinamensis
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira,
Branco, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Anchoviella alleni*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, CoariUrucu, Ucayali
Anchoviella carrikeri
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Capim
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Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Anchoviella guianensis
Araguaia, Anapu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Parnaíba, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Anchoviella hernanni*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Anchoviella jamesi
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira,
Tefé, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Anchoviella juruasanga*
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Negro, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Anchoviella nattereri**
Jurengraulis juruensis
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Putumayo, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Essequibo
Lycengraulis batesii
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Parnaíba, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pterengraulis atherinoides*
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Trombetas, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, CorentyneDemerara, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pristigasteridae
5
Ilisha amazonica*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Pellona castelnaeana
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Pellona flavipinnis
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Tefé,
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Parnaíba, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Pristigaster cayana*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Pristigaster whiteheadi
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Characiformes
Acestrorhynchidae
1063
10
Acestrorhynchus abbreviatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Javari, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Paraná-Paraguay
Acestrorhynchus falcatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
67
Occurrence
Acestrorhynchus falcirostris
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Capim, Oiapoque, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Acestrorhynchus grandoculis
Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Acestrorhynchus heterolepis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Acestrorhynchus isalineae*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Acestrorhynchus maculipinna*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Acestrorhynchus microlepis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, AraguariMacari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Acestrorhynchus minimus
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Acestrorhynchus nasutus
Teles Pires, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Capim, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Alestidae
5
Chalceus epakros
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Chalceus erythrurus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Chalceus guaporensis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Amazonas main channel
Chalceus macrolepidotus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Trombetas
Chalceus spilogyros*
Anostomidae
91
Abramites hypselonotus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo,
Japurá, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Anostomoides laticeps
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco
Anostomoides passionis*
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires
68
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Anostomus anostomus*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Anostomus longus**
Marañon-Nanay
Anostomus ternetzi*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós,
Jamanxim, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Gnathodolus bidens
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Urubu-Uatumã, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hypomasticus julii*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim,
Trombetas, Jari
Hypomasticus lineomaculatus*
Paru, Jari
Hypomasticus megalepis
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Branco, Jari,
Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Hypomasticus multimaculatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Jari, Araguari-MacariAmapá
Hypomasticus pachycheilus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Jamanxim, Madeira Shield Tributaries, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Hypomasticus torrenticola*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Laemolyta fasciata**
Endemic – Mamoré
Laemolyta fernandezi
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Laemolyta garmani
Araguaia, Guaporé, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Jutaí, Javari, Ucayali, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Laemolyta proxima
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, NapoAmbyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Laemolyta taeniata
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Leporellus vittatus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá,
Branco, Jari, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Cauca-MagdalenaSinu, Paraná-Paraguay
Leporinus acutidens**
Leporinus affinis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Japurá, Capim, lower Orinoco
Leporinus agassizii
Mamoré, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
Upper Orinoco
Leporinus altipinnis
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Leporinus amazonicus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Leporinus arimaspi
Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leporinus aripuanaensis*
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas
Leporinus bimaculatus*
Upper Tocantins, Amazonas main channel
Leporinus bistriatus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
69
Occurrence
Leporinus bleheri*
Guaporé, Negro, Amazonas Estuary
Leporinus britskii*
Teles Pires, Jamanxim, Jari
Leporinus brunneus
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leporinus cylindriformis*
Lower Xingu, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Leporinus desmotes
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Branco, Essequibo
Leporinus enyae
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leporinus fasciatus
Upper Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Tefé, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Leporinus friderici
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Parnaíba, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, ParanáParaguay
Leporinus geminis*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Leporinus gomesi*
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro
Leporinus granti
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Branco, Trombetas, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Leporinus guttatus*
Endemic – Iriri
Leporinus jamesi*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Leporinus jatuncochi*
Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Urubu-Uatumã, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Leporinus klausewitzi*
Middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main
channel
Leporinus maculatus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Leporinus melanostictus
Jari, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague
Leporinus microphysus*
Teles Pires, Jamanxim, Jari
Leporinus moralesi
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Leporinus multifasciatus**
Leporinus nattereri
Araguaia, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Leporinus niceforoi
Japurá, upper Orinoco
Leporinus nigrotaeniatus
Negro, Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Leporinus octomaculatus
Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Paraná-Paraguay
Leporinus ortomaculatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leporinus pachyurus**
70
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Leporinus parae
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Guaporé, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leporinus parvulus*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós)
Leporinus pearsoni*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali
Leporinus pellegrinii
Upper Xingu, Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo
Leporinus pitingai**
Urubu-Uatumã
Leporinus reticulatus*
Endemic – Juruena
Leporinus santosi*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Leporinus sexstriatus*
Endemic – Juruena
Leporinus steyermarki
Putumayo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leporinus striatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, upper Orinoco, Apure, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato, Paraná-Paraguay
Leporinus subniger*
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Leporinus taeniofasciatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Leporinus tigrinus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Paraná-Paraguay
Leporinus trimaculatus*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Leporinus tristriatus*
Upper Tocantins, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim
Leporinus unitaeniatus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós
Leporinus vanzoi*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós)
Leporinus venerei*
Endemic – Araguaia
Leporinus villasboasorum*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena
Leporinus yophorus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Megaleporinus trifasciatus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Petulanos intermedius*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Petulanos plicatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Branco, Trombetas, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Pseudanos gracilis
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Pseudanos trimaculatus
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pseudanos varii
Negro, upper Orinoco
Pseudanos winterbottomi
Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Rhytiodus argenteofuscus*
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Putumayo, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Rhytiodus elongatus**
Purus
Rhytiodus lauzannei*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
71
Occurrence
Rhytiodus microlepis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Sartor elongatus*
Teles Pires, Juruena, Trombetas
Sartor respectus*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Sartor tucuriense*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Schizodon fasciatus
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, Maracaibo
Schizodon vittatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Essequibo
Synaptolaemus latofasciatus
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Characidae
635
Acestrocephalus acutus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires
Acestrocephalus boehlkei*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo
Acestrocephalus maculosus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Acestrocephalus nigrifasciatus*
Iriri, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim
Acestrocephalus pallidus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Acestrocephalus sardina
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Jutaí, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, upper Orinoco
Acestrocephalus stigmatus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires
Acrobrycon ipanquianus
UcayaliParaná-Paraguay
Acrobrycon starnesi*
Endemic – Guaporé
Agoniates anchovia
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Agoniates halecinus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Amazonspinther dalmata*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus
Aphyocharacidium bolivianum*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Aphyocharacidium melandetum
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Aphyocharax agassizii**
Amazonas main channel
Aphyocharax anisitsi
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Aphyocharax avary**
Middle-lower Madeira
Aphyocharax erythrurus
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Maracaibo
Aphyocharax nattereri
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Aphyocharax pusillus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
72
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Aphyocharax rathbuni
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Aphyodite apiaka*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Aphyodite grammica
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Aphyodite tupebas*
Tefé, Amazonas main channel
Astyanacinus boliviensis*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios
Astyanacinus gandhiae*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Astyanacinus multidens*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Astyanacinus villwocki*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Astyanax abramis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Astyanax ajuricaba*
Araguaia, Tapajós, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Astyanax anterior*
Upper Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel
Astyanax argyrimarginatus*
Araguaia, upper Xingu
Astyanax bimaculatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Oiapoque, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato
Astyanax bourgeti*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Astyanax chaparae*
Endemic – Mamoré
Astyanax clavitaeniatus*
Endemic – Branco
Astyanax courensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Astyanax elachylepis*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires
Astyanax fasciatus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Putumayo, Branco, Parnaíba,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato, ParanáParaguay
Astyanax goyacensis
Araguaia, Paraná-Paraguay
Astyanax goyanensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Astyanax gracilior**
Amazonas main channel
Astyanax guaporensis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Astyanax guianensis
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Jari, Capim, Essequibo
Astyanax integer
Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Maracaibo
Astyanax joaovitori*
Endemic – Araguaia
Astyanax kullanderi*
Endemic – Araguaia
Astyanax lineatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Astyanax longior*
Endemic – Marañon
Astyanax maculisquamis*
Endemic – Guaporé
Astyanax maximus
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá,
upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
73
Occurrence
Astyanax multidens*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, Amazonas main
channel
Astyanax novae*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu
Astyanax poetzschkei**
Astyanax rupununi
Branco, Essequibo
Astyanax saltor*
Iriri, Teles Pires
Astyanax siapae
Negro, upper Orinoco, Apure
Astyanax symmetricus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Astyanax unitaeniatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Astyanax utiariti*
Endemic – Juruena
Astyanax validus
Japurá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague
Astyanax xavante*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Atopomesus pachyodus*
Endemic – Negro
Attonitus bounites*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Attonitus ephimeros*
Endemic – Ucayali
Attonitus irisae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Axelrodia lindeae*
Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Axelrodia stigmatias*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Amazonas main channel
Bario steindachneri
Tapajós, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Boehlkea fredcochui*
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Boehlkea orcesi*
Endemic – Marañon
Boehlkea weitzmani*
Endemic – Japurá
Brachychalcinus copei*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel
Brachychalcinus nummus*
Mamoré, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Brachychalcinus parnaibae
Lower Tocantins, Parnaíba
Brachychalcinus reisi*
Endemic – Iriri
Brittanichthys axelrodi*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Brittanichthys myersi
Negro, Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Brycon amazonicus
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brycon atrocaudatus**
Endemic – Marañon
Brycon coxeyi*
Endemic – Marañon
Brycon falcatus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro,
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Brycon gouldingi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
74
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Brycon hilarii
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Paraná-Paraguay
Brycon melanopterus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus,
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Brycon nattereri
Upper Tocantins, Parana-Paraguay, São Francisco
Brycon pesu*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brycon polylepis
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Maracaibo
Brycon stolzmanni*
Endemic – Marañon
Bryconacidnus ellisi*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu
Bryconacidnus hemigrammus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Bryconacidnus paipayensis*
Endemic – Marañon
Bryconadenos tanaothoros*
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena
Bryconadenos weitzmani*
Endemic – Iriri
Bryconamericus alfredae*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Bryconamericus bolivianus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Bryconamericus carlosi*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Bryconamericus deuterodonoides
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Maracaibo
Bryconamericus diaphanus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Marañon-Nanay
Bryconamericus galvisi*
Putumayo, Japurá
Bryconamericus grosvenori*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Bryconamericus hyphesson
Branco, Essequibo
Bryconamericus macrophthalmus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Bryconamericus novae*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Bryconamericus orinocoense
Teles Pires, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, upper
Orinoco
Bryconamericus oroensis*
Endemic – Marañon
Bryconamericus orteguasae*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá
Bryconamericus osgoodi*
Endemic – Marañon
Bryconamericus pachacuti*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Japurá
Bryconamericus pectinatus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Ucayali
Bryconamericus peruanus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Bryconamericus phoenicopterus*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Bryconamericus pinnavittatus*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Bryconamericus zamorensis*
Endemic – Marañon
Bryconella pallidifrons*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Bryconexodon juruenae*
Endemic – Juruena
Bryconexodon trombetasi*
Teles Pires, Trombetas
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
75
Occurrence
Bryconops affinis
Upper Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Putumayo, Japurá,
Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Bryconops alburnoides
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Bryconops caudomaculatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Guaporé, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Bryconops disruptus*
Endemic – Negro
Bryconops durbinae**
Bryconops giacopinii
Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Bryconops gracilis*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Trombetas
Bryconops humeralis
Negro, upper Orinoco
Bryconops inpai
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Bryconops melanurus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Putumayo, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Bryconops munduruku*
Endemic – Tapajós
Bryconops piracolina*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Bryconops tocantinensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Bryconops transitorius**
Caiapobrycon tucurui*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Ceratobranchia binghami*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Ceratobranchia delotaenia*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Ceratobranchia elatior*
Endemic – Marañon
Ceratobranchia obtusirostris*
Ucayali, Japurá
Charax caudimaculatus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Charax condei*
Tapajós, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Charax delimai*
Endemic – Negro
Charax gibbosus
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara
Charax hemigrammus
Negro, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Charax leticiae
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Charax macrolepis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Charax michaeli *
Tefé, Negro, Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Charax niger
Upper Tocantins, Negro, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Charax pauciradiatus
Amazonas main channel, Capim
76
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Charax rupununi
Trombetas, Essequibo
Charax tectifer*
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Cheirodon luelingi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Cheirodon ortegai*
Endemic – Ucayali
Cheirodon stenodon
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
“Cheirodon” troemneri*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira)
Chrysobrycon eliasi*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Chrysobrycon hesperus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu
Chrysobrycon mojicai*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Chrysobrycon myersi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Chrysobrycon yoliae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Clupeacharax anchoveoides
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Paraná-Paraguay
Creagrutus amoenus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Creagrutus anary*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Creagrutus atrisignum*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Creagrutus barrigai*
Purus, Juruá, Javari, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Creagrutus beni*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Japurá
Creagrutus britskii*
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Iriri
Creagrutus cerritulus*
Endemic – Marañon
Creagrutus changae*
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali
Creagrutus cochui*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Creagrutus cracentis*
Lower Xingu, Tapajós
Creagrutus ephippiatus
Negro, lower Orinoco
Creagrutus figueiredoi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Creagrutus flavescens*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Creagrutus gephyrus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Creagrutus gracilis*
Endemic – Marañon
Creagrutus holmi*
Endemic – Marañon
Creagrutus ignotus
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim, Paraná-Paraguay
Creagrutus kunturus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Creagrutus manu*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Creagrutus maxillaris
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Creagrutus melanzonus
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Creagrutus menezesi*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Negro, Branco
Creagrutus molinus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Creagrutus mucipu*
Upper Tocantins, upper Xingu
Creagrutus muelleri*
Endemic – Marañon
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
77
Occurrence
Creagrutus nigrotaeniatus*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Creagrutus occidaneus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus
Creagrutus ortegai*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Creagrutus ouranonastes*
Endemic – Ucayali
Creagrutus pearsoni*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Creagrutus peruanus*
Endemic – Ucayali
Creagrutus petilus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Creagrutus phasma
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Creagrutus pila*
Endemic – Ucayali
Creagrutus runa
Negro, upper Orinoco
Creagrutus saxatilis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Creagrutus seductus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Creagrutus tuyuka*
Endemic – Negro
Creagrutus ungulus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Creagrutus vexillapinnus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Creagrutus yanatili*
Endemic – Ucayali
Creagrutus yudja*
Iriri, lower Xingu
Creagrutus zephyrus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Ctenobrycon hauxwellianus
Upper Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba
Ctenobrycon multiradiatus**
Tefé
Ctenobrycon spilurus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Ctenocheirodon pristis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Cyanogaster noctivaga*
Endemic – Negro
Cynopotamus amazonum*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Putumayo, Japurá,
Branco, Amazonas main channel
Cynopotamus essequibensis
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Cynopotamus gouldingi*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Cynopotamus juruenae*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Cynopotamus tocantinensis*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Cynopotamus xinguano*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Dectobrycon armeniacus**
Engraulisoma taeniatum
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Erythrocharax altipinnis*
Endemic – Iriri
Exodon paradoxus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco
78
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Galeocharax goeldii*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Galeocharax gulo
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Juruena, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Gephyrocharax major*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Gnathocharax steindachneri
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Grundulus bogotensis
Putumayo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Grundulus cochae*
Endemic – Putumayo
Gymnocorymbus flaviolimai*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Gymnocorymbus thayeri
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Parnaíba, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Corentyne-Demerara
Hasemania crenuchoides
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Hasemania hanseni
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Hasemania kalunga*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hasemania nambiquara*
Endemic – Juruena
Hemibrycon beni*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Hemibrycon divisorensis*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hemibrycon helleri*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Hemibrycon huambonicus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Marañon-Nanay
Hemibrycon inambari*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hemibrycon jelskii*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Hemibrycon metae
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemibrycon mikrostiktos*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hemibrycon polyodon*
Endemic – Marañon
Hemibrycon surinamensis
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca
Hemibrycon tridens*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hemigrammus aguaruna*
Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus analis
Teles Pires, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé,
Jutaí, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus arua*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus ataktos*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hemigrammus barrigonae
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus bellottii
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas
main channel, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus bleheri
Negro, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
79
Occurrence
Hemigrammus coeruleus*
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus cupreus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus cylindricus
Negro, Branco, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus diagonicus*
Jari, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus durbinae
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus elegans
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus erythrozonus
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus falsus**
Hemigrammus filamentosus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Hemigrammus geisleri*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus gracilis
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus guyanensis*
Lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus haraldi*
Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus hyanuary
Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper
Orinoco
Hemigrammus iota
Japurá, Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus levis
upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus luelingi*
Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus lunatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus machadoi
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus mahnerti
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus megaceps*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hemigrammus melanochrous*
Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá
Hemigrammus microstomus
Teles Pires, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus mimus
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus neptunus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Branco, Trombetas,
Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus newboldi
Upper Xingu, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus ocellifer
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Tefé, Jutaí, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus ora
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Tapajós, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague
Hemigrammus orthus
Tapajós, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
80
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Hemigrammus parana
Araguaia, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus pretoensis*
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus pulcher*
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Hemigrammus rodwayi
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Branco, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemigrammus schmardae
Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Hemigrammus silimoni*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hemigrammus skolioplatus*
Endemic – Juruena
Hemigrammus stictus
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, Apure
Hemigrammus tocantinsi*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hemigrammus tridens
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemigrammus unilineatus
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus vorderwinkleri
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemigrammus yinyang*
Endemic – Negro
Heterocharax leptogrammus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Heterocharax macrolepis
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Heterocharax virgulatus
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hoplocharax goethei
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel,
upper Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon agulha*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus,
Jutaí, Ucayali, Putumayo, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon amandae*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hyphessobrycon amaronensis*
Endemic – Putumayo
Hyphessobrycon bentosi
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hyphessobrycon catableptus
Branco, Essequibo
Hyphessobrycon clavatus**
Hyphessobrycon coelestinus
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay, São Francisco
Hyphessobrycon copelandi
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Jutaí, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia*
Juruena, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Hyphessobrycon delimai*
Endemic – Jamanxim
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
81
Occurrence
Hyphessobrycon diancistrus
Upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Japurá,
Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon diastatos*
Upper Tocantins, São Francisco
Hyphessobrycon dorsalis*
Teles Pires, Negro, Branco
Hyphessobrycon eilyos*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hyphessobrycon elachys
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Hyphessobrycon epicharis
Negro, upper Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon eques
Upper Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Hyphessobrycon ericae*
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Trombetas
Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma*
Purus, Tefé, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Hyphessobrycon frankei*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hyphessobrycon gracilior*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Japurá, Amazonas main
channel
Hyphessobrycon hamatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Hyphessobrycon hasemani*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Hyphessobrycon heliacus*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Capim
Hyphessobrycon hexastichos*
Juruena, Guaporé
Hyphessobrycon inconstans**
Hyphessobrycon jackrobertsi*
Endemic – Marañon
Hyphessobrycon juruna*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Hyphessobrycon kayabi*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hyphessobrycon khardinae*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus
Hyphessobrycon krenakore*
Endemic – Iriri
Hyphessobrycon langeanii*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hyphessobrycon loretoensis*
Purus, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon loweae*
Araguaia, upper Xingu
Hyphessobrycon lucenorum*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hyphessobrycon margitae*
Endemic – Marañon
Hyphessobrycon megalopterus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Hyphessobrycon melanostichos*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hyphessobrycon melasemeion**
Hyphessobrycon melazonatus*
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon minor
Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon moniliger
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Paraná-Paraguay
Hyphessobrycon montagi*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
82
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Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Hyphessobrycon mutabilis*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Hyphessobrycon myrmex*
Endemic – Juruena
Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Hyphessobrycon notidanos*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hyphessobrycon oritoensis*
Endemic – Putumayo
Hyphessobrycon paepkei*
Endemic – Negro
Hyphessobrycon pando*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Hyphessobrycon peruvianus*
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon petricolus*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hyphessobrycon peugeoti*
Endemic – Juruena
Hyphessobrycon pinnistriatus*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hyphessobrycon piranga*
Endemic – Juruena
Hyphessobrycon platyodus*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hyphessobrycon procyon*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hyphessobrycon psittacus*
Juruena, Guaporé
Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis*
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Urubu-Uatumã
Hyphessobrycon pyrrhonotus*
Endemic – Negro
Hyphessobrycon robustulus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus
Trombetas, Capim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon scholzei*
Japurá
Hyphessobrycon scutulatus*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hyphessobrycon socolofi*
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon stegemanni*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hyphessobrycon stramineus**
Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon sweglesi
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Hyphessobrycon taguae
Putumayo, upper Orinoco
Hyphessobrycon taphorni*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Hyphessobrycon tenuis*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hyphessobrycon tropis*
Endemic – Negro
Hyphessobrycon tukunai*
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Hyphessobrycon vanzolinii*
Endemic – Tapajós
Hyphessobrycon vilmae
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Paraná-Paraguay
Hyphessobrycon wadai*
Endemic – Juruena
Hyphessobrycon weitzmanorum*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hyphessobrycon wosiackii*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Iguanodectes adujai
Negro, upper Orinoco
Iguanodectes geisleri
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Negro, Branco, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
83
Occurrence
Iguanodectes gracilis*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Iguanodectes polylepis*
Purus
Iguanodectes purusii*
Teles Pires, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Iguanodectes rachovii
Amazonas main channel, Capim
Iguanodectes spilurus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Tefé, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Iguanodectes variatus*
Mamoré, Branco
Inpaichthys kerri*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Jupiaba abramoides
Iriri, Negro, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Jupiaba acanthogaster
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Trombetas, Paraná-Paraguay
Jupiaba anteroides
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré,
middle-lower Madeira, Javari, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Capim, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Jupiaba apenima*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós
Jupiaba asymmetrica*
Jutaí, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Jupiaba atypindi
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Jupiaba citrina*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Jupiaba elassonaktis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Jupiaba essequibensis
Lower Xingu, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Jari, Essequibo
Jupiaba iasy*
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Jupiaba kurua*
Endemic – Iriri
Jupiaba meunieri
Iriri, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim, Trombetas, Jari, Araguari-Macari-Amapá,
Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Jupiaba minor*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Jupiaba ocellata
Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Oiapoque
Jupiaba paranatinga*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Jamanxim)
Jupiaba pinnata
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Jupiaba pirana*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós)
Jupiaba poekotero*
Endemic – Negro
Jupiaba polylepis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Branco, Jari, Parnaíba, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Jupiaba poranga*
Teles Pires, Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Jupiaba scologaster
Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Jupiaba yarina*
Endemic – Juruena
Jupiaba zonata
Lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Capim, lower Orinoco
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Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Knodus borki*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Knodus breviceps**
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Knodus chapadae
Upper Tocantins, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Knodus delta*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo
Knodus dorsomaculatus*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Knodus figueiredoi*
Endemic – Araguaia
Knodus gamma*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Knodus heteresthes
Araguaia, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, MaroniApprouague, upper Orinoco
Knodus hypopterus
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo,
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Knodus jacunda**
Knodus longus**
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Knodus megalops*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Knodus mizquae*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Knodus moenkhausii
Iriri, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Knodus pasco*
Endemic – Ucayali
Knodus savannensis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim
Knodus septentrionalis**
Putumayo
Knodus shinahota*
Endemic – Mamoré
Knodus smithi*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali
Leptagoniates steindachneri*
Upper Tocantins, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá
Leptobrycon jatuaranae*
Endemic – Negro
Lonchogenys ilisha
Putumayo, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Macropsobrycon xinguensis*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires
Markiana geayi
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Markiana nigripinnis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Microgenys lativirgata*
Endemic – Marañon
Microgenys weyrauchi**
Ucayali
Microschemobrycon callops
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Jutaí, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Microschemobrycon casiquiare
Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Microschemobrycon elongatus
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Paraná-Paraguay
Microschemobrycon geisleri
Araguaia, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Purus, Negro, Capim, Essequibo
Microschemobrycon guaporensis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
85
Occurrence
Microschemobrycon melanotus
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Coari-Urucu, Jutaí, Japurá,
Negro, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Microschemobrycon meyburgi*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Moenkhausia abyss*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro,
Trombetas, Paru, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia affinis*
Endemic – Negro
Moenkhausia agnesae*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia alesis*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Moenkhausia atahualpiana**
Moenkhausia aurantia*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Parará-Paraguay, São Francisco
Moenkhausia barbouri*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia beninei*
Endemic – Negro
Moenkhausia bonita
Middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Moenkhausia britskii*
Endemic – Putumayo
Moenkhausia celibela*
Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Branco,
Jari, Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia ceros
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Tefé,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Moenkhausia chlorophthalma*
Endemic – Iriri
Moenkhausia chrysargyrea
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Oiapoque,
Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Moenkhausia collettii
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Moenkhausia comma
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Moenkhausia conspicua*
Endemic – Tapajós
Moenkhausia copei
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Moenkhausia cosmops
Juruena, Paraná-Paraguay
Moenkhausia cotinho
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia crisnejas*
Endemic – Marañon
Moenkhausia dasalmas*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Moenkhausia dichroura
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas
main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
86
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Moenkhausia diktyota*
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro
Moenkhausia dorsinuda*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Moenkhausia eurystaenia*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Moenkhausia goya*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Moenkhausia gracilima
Araguaia, Juruena, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia grandisquamis*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia hasemani
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Amazonas main channel,
Capim
Moenkhausia heikoi*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Moenkhausia hemigrammoides
Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Moenkhausia hysterosticta
Upper Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Trombetas, Apure
Moenkhausia icae*
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia intermedia
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Moenkhausia ischyognatha*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Moenkhausia jamesi*
Purus, Juruá, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Moenkhausia justae*
Araguaia, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia lata
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Amazonas
Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia latissima*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia lepidura
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Putumayo, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Moenkhausia levidorsa*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Moenkhausia lineomaculata*
Endemic – Juruena
Moenkhausia lopesi
Araguaia, Juruena, Paraná-Paraguay
Moenkhausia loweae*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri
Moenkhausia margitae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Moenkhausia megalops
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middlelower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia melogramma
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia miangi
Putumayo, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia mikia
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Coari-Urucu, Ucayali, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia monicae*
Endemic – Juruena
Moenkhausia mutum*
Endemic – Juruena
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
87
Occurrence
Moenkhausia naponis*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia newtoni**
Upper Xingu
Moenkhausia nigromarginata*
Endemic – Juruena
Moenkhausia oligolepis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Jutaí, Ucayali, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Moenkhausia orteguasae*
Endemic – Japurá
Moenkhausia ovalis*
Japurá
Moenkhausia pankilopteryx*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Moenkhausia parecis*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Moenkhausia petymbuaba*
Endemic – Iriri
Moenkhausia phaeonota
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Paraná-Paraguay
Moenkhausia pirauba*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim
Moenkhausia plumbea*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Moenkhausia pyrophthalma*
Araguaia, upper Xingu
Moenkhausia robertsi*
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Moenkhausia rubra*
Juruena, Guaporé
Moenkhausia sthenosthoma*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Moenkhausia surinamensis
Trombetas, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, upper Orinoco
Moenkhausia tergimacula*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Moenkhausia tridentata**
Moenkhausia uirapuru*
Juruena, Guaporé
Moenkhausia venerei*
Endemic – Araguaia
Moenkhausia xinguensis*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Monotocheirodon drilos*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Monotocheirodon kontos*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Monotocheirodon pearsoni*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Odontostilbe dierythrura*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Odontostilbe ecuadorensis*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo
Odontostilbe euspilurus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Odontostilbe fugitiva*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Odontostilbe gracilis
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Odontostilbe nareuda*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus
Odontostilbe paraguayensis
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Paraná-Paraguay
88
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Odontostilbe parecis*
Endemic – Guaporé
Odontostilbe pulchra
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Oligosarcus bolivianus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Oligosarcus pintoi
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Oligosarcus schindleri*
Endemic – Mamoré
Othonocheirodus eigenmanni*
Endemic – Marañon
Oxybrycon parvulus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali
Paracheirodon axelrodi
Negro, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, upper Orinoco
Paracheirodon innesi*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Paracheirodon simulans
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Paragoniates alburnus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Parapristella aubynei
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Parapristella georgiae
Araguaia, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Parecbasis cyclolepis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali
Petitella georgiae*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Marañon-Nanay, Negro
Phallobrycon adenacanthus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri)
Phallobrycon synarmacanthus*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Phenacogaster beni*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries
Phenacogaster capitulata*
Juruá, Ucayali
Phenacogaster eurytaenia*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Phenacogaster microstictus*
Branco, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Phenacogaster naevata*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Phenacogaster napoatilis*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Phenacogaster ojitatus*
Endemic – Iriri
Phenacogaster pectinatus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Putumayo,
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Phenacogaster prolatus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Phenacogaster retropinnus*
Upper Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro
Phycocharax rasbora*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Piabucus caudomaculatus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Piabucus dentatus
Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco
Piabucus melanostoma
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Poptella brevispina
Lower Tocantins, Branco, Trombetas, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Poptella compressa*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Branco, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
89
Occurrence
Poptella longipinnis
Lower Tocantins, Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Priocharax ariel
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Priocharax nanus*
Endemic – Negro
Priocharax pygmaeus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Prionobrama filigera*
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Amazonas
main channel
Pristella maxillaris
Lower Tocantins, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Prodontocharax alleni*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Prodontocharax howesi*
Endemic – Mamoré
Prodontocharax melanotus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Ucayali
Protocheirodon pi*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Ptychocharax rhyacophila
Negro, upper Orinoco
Rhinobrycon negrensis
Negro, upper Orinoco
Rhinopetitia myersi*
Endemic – Araguaia
Rhinopetitia potamorhachia*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Roeboexodon guyanensis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Jari, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Roeboides affinis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Jutaí, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Roeboides biserialis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas
main channel
Roeboides descalvadensis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Paraná-Paraguay
Roeboides dispar*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali
Roeboides myersii
Araguaia, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco
Roeboides oligistos*
Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Trombetas
Salminus brasiliensis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Salminus hilarii
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Paraná-Paraguay
“Salminus iquitensis”
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Schultzites axelrodi
Negro, upper Orinoco
Scopaeocharax atopodus*
Endemic – Marañon
Scopaeocharax rhinodus*
Endemic – Marañon
Serrabrycon magoi
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
90
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Serrapinnus aster*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Serrapinnus lucindai*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Serrapinnus malabarbai*
Endemic – Araguaia
Serrapinnus microdon
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Serrapinnus micropterus*
Araguaia, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel
Serrapinnus notomelas
Teles Pires, Paraná-Paraguay
Serrapinnus sterbai*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Serrapinnus tocantinensis*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Stethaprion crenatum*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Stethaprion erythrops*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Stichonodon insignis*
Purus, Amazonas main channel
Tetragonopterus anostomus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Tetragonopterus araguaiensis*
Endemic – Araguaia
Tetragonopterus argenteus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Beni-Madre de Dios,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Essequibo, upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Tetragonopterus carvalhoi*
Endemic – Jari
Tetragonopterus chalceus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Guaporé,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Tetragonopterus denticulatus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Tetragonopterus juruena*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Tetragonopterus kuluene*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Tetragonopterus manaos*
Tefé, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Tetragonopterus ommatus*
Endemic – Tapajós
Tetragonopterus rarus
Jari, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara
Thayeria boehlkei
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Guaporé, Putumayo, Japurá, upper Orinoco
Thayeria obliqua
Mamoré, Guaporé, Putumayo, upper Orinoco
Thayeria tapajonica*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós)
Thrissobrycon pectinifer
Negro, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Triportheus albus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Triportheus angulatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Triportheus auritus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé,
middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Javari, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
91
Occurrence
Triportheus brachipomus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Juruena, Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Triportheus culter*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu
Triportheus curtus*
Purus, Ucayali, Amazonas Estuary
Triportheus pictus*
Jutaí, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Triportheus rotundatus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Ucayali,
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Triportheus trifurcatus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Trochilocharax ornatus**
Tucanoichthys tucano*
Endemic – Negro
Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Tyttobrycon hamatus*
Endemic – Marañon
Tyttobrycon marajoara*
Endemic – Amazonas Estuary
Tyttobrycon spinosus*
Endemic – Mamoré
Tyttobrycon xeruini*
Tapajós, Negro, Branco
Tyttocharax cochui*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Tyttocharax madeirae
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Urubu-Uatumã,
Amazonas main channel, Capim
Tyttocharax tambopatensis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Xenurobrycon coracoralinae*
Endemic – Araguaia
Xenurobrycon heterodon*
Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá
Xenurobrycon polyancistrus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Xenurobrycon pteropus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Xenurobrycon varii*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Chilodontidae
7
Caenotropus labyrinthicus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Coari-Urucu, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Capim, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Caenotropus maculosus
Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Caenotropus mestomorgmatos
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Caenotropus schizodon*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Chilodus fritillus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Chilodus gracilis
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Chilodus punctatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé,
Jutaí, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
92
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Crenuchidae
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
47
Ammocryptocharax elegans
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Ammocryptocharax minutus
Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Ammocryptocharax vintonae
Trombetas, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Characidium boaevistae
Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Maracaibo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Characidium boehlkei*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Characidium bolivianum*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Characidium crandellii*
Endemic – Branco
Characidium declivirostre
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Characidium etheostoma*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Characidium fasciatum
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Paraná-Paraguay
Characidium hasemani
Branco, Essequibo
Characidium heinianum*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Characidium longum
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Characidium mirim*
Endemic – Araguaia
Characidium nana*
Iriri, Tapajós
Characidium papachibe*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Characidium pellucidum
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Characidium pteroides
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Characidium purpuratum*
Guaporé, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu
Characidium roesseli*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Characidium schindleri*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Characidium steindachneri
Guaporé, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Characidium stigmosum*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Characidium summum*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Characidium xanthopterum
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Characidium xavante*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Characidium zebra
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Iriri, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Japurá,
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Crenuchus spilurus*
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Elachocharax geryi
Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Elachocharax junki
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Elachocharax mitopterus
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
93
Occurrence
Elachocharax pulcher
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Geryichthys sterbai*
Endemic – Ucayali
Klausewitzia ritae*
Javari, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Leptocharacidium omospilus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Melanocharacidium
auroradiatum*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires
Melanocharacidium depressum
Upper Xingu, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, upper
Orinoco
Melanocharacidium
dispilomma
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Javari, Ucayali,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Melanocharacidium nigrum*
Endemic – Branco
Melanocharacidium pectorale
Mamoré, Guaporé, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Melanocharacidium rex*
Endemic – Marañon
Microcharacidium eleotrioides
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Branco, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Microcharacidium geryi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Microcharacidium gnomus
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Microcharacidium weitzmani
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Jari,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, upper Orinoco
Odontocharacidium aphanes
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
upper Orinoco
Poecilocharax weitzmani
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Curimatidae
74
Curimata acutirostris*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Curimata aspera*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Amazonas main channel
Curimata cerasina
Japurá, lower Orinoco, Apure
Curimata cisandina*
Ucayali, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Curimata cyprinoides
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Branco, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Curimata incompta
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Curimata inornata*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Curimata knerii*
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Negro, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel
94
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Curimata ocellata
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco
Curimata roseni
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Curimata vittata
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Curimatella alburnus
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Curimatella dorsalis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Japurá, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
Curimatella immaculata*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Curimatella meyeri*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Curimatopsis cryptica
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Curimatopsis evelynae
Tapajós, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Curimatopsis guaporensis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Curimatopsis jaci*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Curimatopsis macrolepis
Araguaia, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Curimatopsis maculosa*
Endemic – Tapajós
Curimatopsis melanura*
Endemic – Trombetas
Curimatopsis microlepis*
Purus, Amazonas main channel
Curimatopsis pallida*
Endemic – Negro
Cyphocharax abramoides
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Capim, upper Orinoco
Cyphocharax aninha*
Endemic – Paru
Cyphocharax biocellatus
Teles Pires, Maroni-Approuague
Cyphocharax boiadeiro*
Endemic – Araguaia
Cyphocharax derhami*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
95
Occurrence
Cyphocharax festivus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Cyphocharax gangamon*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Juruena, Tapajós)
Cyphocharax gouldingi
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Napo-Ambyiacu, Capim, Araguari-MacariAmapá, Oiapoque, lower Orinoco
Cyphocharax helleri
Jari, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Cyphocharax laticlavius*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Cyphocharax leucostictus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Amazonas
main channel, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Cyphocharax mestomyllon*
Endemic – Negro
Cyphocharax microcephalus
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Cyphocharax multilineatus
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Cyphocharax muyrakytan*
Endemic – Tapajós
Cyphocharax nigripinnis*
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel
Cyphocharax notatus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro,
Amazonas main channel, Capim
Cyphocharax pantostictos*
Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Cyphocharax plumbeus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel
Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis*
Endemic – Negro
Cyphocharax signatus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Cyphocharax spiluropsis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro,
Amazonas main channel
Cyphocharax spilurus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Cyphocharax stilbolepis*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Amazonas main channel
Cyphocharax vanderi
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Cyphocharax vexillapinnus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Potamorhina altamazonica
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Potamorhina latior*
Iriri, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Potamorhina pristigaster
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Amazonas main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim
96
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Psectrogaster amazonica*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Psectrogaster ciliata
Negro, Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Psectrogaster curviventris
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Paraná-Paraguay
Psectrogaster essequibensis
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo
Psectrogaster falcata*
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary
Psectrogaster rutiloides*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Steindachnerina amazonica*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu
Steindachnerina argentea
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Steindachnerina bimaculata
Upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco
Steindachnerina binotata
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Amazonas main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim
Steindachnerina brevipinna
Upper Tocantins, Iriri, Paraná-Paraguay
Steindachnerina dobula*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Steindachnerina fasciata*
Teles Pires, Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Steindachnerina gracilis*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Steindachnerina guentheri
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Steindachnerina hypostoma*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Steindachnerina leucisca*
Upper Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, CoariUrucu, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Steindachnerina notograptos*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Steindachnerina planiventris
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Steindachnerina quasimodoi*
Javari, Amazonas main channel
Steindachnerina seriata*
Endemic – Jamanxim
Cynodontidae
10
Cynodon gibbus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba,
Itapicuru-Mearim, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Cynodon septenarius
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
97
Occurrence
Hydrolycus armatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Hydrolycus scomberoides*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel
Hydrolycus tatauaia
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hydrolycus wallacei
Japurá, Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Rhaphiodon vulpinus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Roestes itupiranga*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Roestes molossus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo
Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, Essequibo
Roestes ogilviei
Ctenoluciidae
5
Boulengerella cuvieri
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Javari, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, AraguariMacari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Boulengerella lateristriga
Japurá, Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Boulengerella lucius
Upper Xingu, Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Boulengerella maculata
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós,
Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Boulengerella xyrekes
Tefé, Javari, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Erythrinidae
5
Erythrinus erythrinus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Jutaí, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim,
Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
98
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Hoplias aimara
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, AraguariMacari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Hoplias curupira
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Capim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hoplias malabaricus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim,
Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure, Maracaibo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato, Paraná-Paraguay
Gasteropelecidae
8
Carnegiella marthae
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Putumayo,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Carnegiella myersi
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Carnegiella schereri*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Carnegiella strigata*
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Javari, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Gasteropelecus levis*
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Gasteropelecus sternicla
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Thoracocharax securis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Thoracocharax stellatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, ParanáParaguay
Hemiodontidae
26
Anodus elongatus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Anodus orinocensis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Juruá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Argonectes longiceps
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas
main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Argonectes robertsi
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Capim
Bivibranchia fowleri
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
99
Occurrence
Bivibranchia notata*
Lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Trombetas
Bivibranchia velox*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu
Hemiodus amazonum
Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Marañon-Nanay,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemiodus argenteus
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemiodus atranalis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Hemiodus goeldii
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, AraguariMacari-Amapá
Hemiodus gracilis
Araguaia, Tapajós, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemiodus immaculatus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Jutaí, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemiodus iratapuru*
Endemic – Jari
Hemiodus jatuarana*
Endemic – Trombetas
Hemiodus langeanii*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Hemiodus microlepis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Purus, Putumayo, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemiodus quadrimaculatus
Teles Pires, Branco, Trombetas, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Hemiodus semitaeniatus
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Hemiodus sterni*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim)
Hemiodus ternetzi
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Orinoco
Hemiodus thayeria
Negro, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Hemiodus tocantinensis*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu
Hemiodus unimaculatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Hemiodus vorderwinkleri
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Micromischodus sugillatus*
Lebiasinidae
49
Copeina guttata*
Lower Xingu, Juruá, Putumayo, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary
Copeina osgoodi*
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
100
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Copella arnoldi*
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Oiapoque, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven.
Copella callolepis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Copella compta*
Endemic – Negro
Copella eigenmanni
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Atl. Coastal
Drainages of Col. Ven.
Copella nattereri
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Copella vilmae*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Lebiasina bimaculata*
Endemic – Marañon
Lebiasina elongata*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Lebiasina erythrinoides
Japurá, upper Orinoco, Apure, Maracaibo
Lebiasina intermedia**
Lebiasina marilynae*
Endemic – Iriri
Lebiasina melanoguttata*
Iriri, Teles Pires
Lebiasina minuta*
Endemic – Iriri
Lebiasina yepezi
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Nannostomus beckfordi
Tapajós, Amazonas main channel, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Nannostomus bifasciatus
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca
Nannostomus britskii*
Tapajós, Jamanxim, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main
channel
Nannostomus digrammus
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Nannostomus eques
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Nannostomus grandis**
Nannostomus harrisoni
Guaporé, Putumayo, Branco, Trombetas, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Nannostomus limatus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Nannostomus marginatus
Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Nannostomus marilynae
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, upper Orinoco
Nannostomus mortenthaleri*
Endemic – Marañon
Nannostomus nitidus
Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Nannostomus rubrocaudatus**
Nannostomus trifasciatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, Capim,
Essequibo, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
101
Occurrence
Nannostomus unifasciatus
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Pyrrhulina australis
Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Pyrrhulina beni*
Beni-Madre de Dios
Pyrrhulina brevis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Putumayo, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã,
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Pyrrhulina eleanorae
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, upper Orinoco
Pyrrhulina elongata*
Tapajós
Pyrrhulina filamentosa
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Pyrrhulina laeta*
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Pyrrhulina lugubris
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pyrrhulina marilynae*
Iriri, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós
Pyrrhulina maxima*
Amazonas main channel
Pyrrhulina melanostomus*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios
Pyrrhulina obermulleri*
Amazonas main channel
Pyrrhulina rachoviana**
Pyrrhulina semifasciata*
Purus, Juruá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Pyrrhulina spilota*
Mamoré, Guaporé
Pyrrhulina stoli
Japurá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Pyrrhulina vittata*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel
Ucayali
Pyrrhulina zigzag*
Parodontidae
10
Apareiodon argenteus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Apareiodon cavalcante*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Apareiodon machrisi
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Parnaíba
Apareiodon tigrinus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Parodon bifasciatus
Branco, Essequibo
Parodon buckleyi*
Teles Pires, Juruena, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Jari
Parodon carrikeri
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Parodon guyanensis
Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Parodon nasus
Beni-Madre de Dios, Branco, Paraná-Paraguay
Parodon pongoensis*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Juruá, Ucayali, MarañonNanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Prochilodontidae
Prochilodus britskii*
8
Endemic – Juruena
102
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Prochilodus mariae
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Prochilodus nigricans*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary
Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus*
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Oiapoque, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Semaprochilodus brama*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu
Semaprochilodus insignis
Lower Xingu, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Coari-Urucu, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, upper
Orinoco
Semaprochilodus kneri
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Semaprochilodus taeniurus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Serrasalmidae
72
Acnodon normani*
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu
Acnodon oligacanthus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca
Acnodon senai*
Endemic – Jari
Catoprion mento
Araguaia, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Colossoma macropomum
Lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Metynnis altidorsalis*
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Metynnis anisurus*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Jari
Metynnis cuiaba
Araguaia, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Capim
Metynnis fasciatus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Metynnis guaporensis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, UrubuUatumã, Amazonas main channel, Capim, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Metynnis hypsauchen
Teles Pires, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Metynnis lippincottianus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, ItapicuruMearim, lower Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Metynnis longipinnis
Purus, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Metynnis luna
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
103
Occurrence
Metynnis maculatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, MarañonNanay, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Metynnis melanogrammus
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, upper
Orinoco
Mylesinus paraschomburgkii
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Mylesinus paucisquamatus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Myleus pachyodus*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Jamanxim)
Myleus rhomboidalis
Upper Xingu, Putumayo, Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Myleus setiger
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper
Orinoco
Myleus torquatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Myloplus arnoldi*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Branco
Myloplus asterias
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Branco, Parnaíba, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco
Myloplus lobatus*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Branco
Myloplus lucienae*
Endemic – Negro
Myloplus rubripinnis
Jari, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Myloplus schomburgkii
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Myloplus zorroi*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Mylossoma albiscopum
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Mylossoma aureum*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Amazonas main channel
Mylossoma unimaculatum*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Ossubtus xinguense*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Piaractus brachypomus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pristobrycon aureus
Upper Xingu, Putumayo, Japurá, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Pristobrycon calmoni
Lower Tocantins, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Pristobrycon careospinus
Putumayo, Japurá, upper Orinoco
Pristobrycon maculipinnis
Japurá, upper Orinoco
Pristobrycon striolatus
Upper Xingu, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
104
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Pygocentrus nattereri
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Essequibo, Paraná-Paraguay
Pygopristis denticulata
Lower Tocantins, Guaporé, Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, Upper
Orinoco, Apure
Serrasalmus altispinis*
Endemic – Branco
Serrasalmus altuvei
Japurá, Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Serrasalmus compressus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Amazonas main channel
Serrasalmus eigenmanni
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo
Serrasalmus elongatus
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Serrasalmus geryi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Serrasalmus gibbus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Trombetas
Serrasalmus gouldingi
Putumayo, Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Serrasalmus hastatus*
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Serrasalmus hollandi*
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Serrasalmus humeralis*
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Putumayo,
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Serrasalmus irritans
Putumayo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Serrasalmus maculatus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, Araguari-Macari-Amapá,
Oiapoque, Paraná-Paraguay
Serrasalmus manueli
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, upper Orinoco
Serrasalmus marginatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Serrasalmus medinai
Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Serrasalmus nigricans**
Serrasalmus odyssei*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Serrasalmus rhombeus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu,
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, ItapicuruMearim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Serrasalmus sanchezi*
Ucayali, Japurá
Serrasalmus serrulatus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Juruá, Branco, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo
Serrasalmus spilopleura
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
105
Occurrence
Tometes ancylorhynchus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Tometes camunani*
Endemic – Trombetas
Tometes kranponhah*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Tometes makue
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Tometes siderocarajensis*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Tometes trilobatus
Jari, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque
Utiaritichthys esguiceroi*
Endemic – Juruena
Utiaritichthys longidorsalis*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Juruena, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Utiaritichthys sennaebragai*
Tarumaniidae
1
Endemic – Negro
Tarumania walkerae*
Siluriformes
956
Aspredinidae
23
Amaralia hypsiura
Lower Tocantins, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower
Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Essequibo
Aspredo aspredo
Trombetas, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco
Bunocephalus aleuropsis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas
main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Bunocephalus amaurus*
Branco, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Bunocephalus coracoideus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé,
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Essequibo
Bunocephalus knerii*
Iriri, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro
Bunocephalus verrucosus
Tapajós, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Ernstichthys intonsus*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Ernstichthys megistus*
Endemic – Marañon
Hoplomyzon atrizona
Branco, Maracaibo
Hoplomyzon papillatus
Mamoré, Napo-Ambyiacu, Apure
Micromyzon akamai*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Platystacus cotylephorus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco
Pseudobunocephalus
amazonicus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas
main channel
Pseudobunocephalus bifidus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Pseudobunocephalus iheringii
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
106
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Pseudobunocephalus
quadriradiatus*
Endemic – Ucayali
Pterobunocephalus depressus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, NapoAmbyiacu, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Pterobunocephalus dolichurus*
Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Xyliphius anachoretes*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Xyliphius lepturus
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Xyliphius melanopterus
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, upper Orinoco, Apure
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Xyliphius sofiae*
Astroblepidae
17
Astroblepus boulengeri**
Astroblepus caquetae*
Endemic – Japurá
Astroblepus festae*
Endemic – Marañon
Astroblepus formosus*
Endemic – Ucayali
Astroblepus labialis*
Endemic – Marañon
Astroblepus longiceps*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Astroblepus longifilis
Marañon-Nanay, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Astroblepus mancoi*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Astroblepus peruanus*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Astroblepus pholeter*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Astroblepus praeliorum*
Endemic – Marañon
Astroblepus prenadillus*
Endemic – Marañon
Astroblepus sabalo*
Endemic – Ucayali
Astroblepus supramollis*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Astroblepus taczanowskii*
Endemic – Ucayali
Astroblepus theresiae*
Endemic – Marañon
Astroblepus vanceae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Auchenipteridae
79
Ageneiosus akamai*
Purus, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Ageineiosus apiaka*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Ageneiosus dentatus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Mamoré, Purus, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, MaroniApprouague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Ageneiosus inermis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, AraguariMacari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Ageneiosus intrusus
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Capim, Essequibo
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
107
Occurrence
Ageneiosus lineatus
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Ageneiosus polystictus*
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Ageneiosus ucayalensis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
Ageneiosus uranophthalmus*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas
main channel
Ageneiosus vittatus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, Apure
Asterophysus batrachus
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Auchenipterichthys coracoideus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, MarañonNanay, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Auchenipterichthys longimanus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Auchenipterichthys punctatus
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Auchenipterichthys thoracatus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Auchenipterus ambyiacus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Javari, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Auchenipterus brachyurus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, UrubuUatumã, Amazonas main channel
Auchenipterus britskii*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Amazonas main channel
Auchenipterus demerarae
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Auchenipterus fordicei*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Auchenipterus nigripinnis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Auchenipterus nuchalis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Oiapoque,
Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Auchenipterus osteomystax
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Tapajós, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Centromochlus altae*
Middle-lower Madeira, Japurá
Centromochlus existimatus*
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Ucayali, Japurá, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary
Centromochlus heckelii
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Centromochlus macracanthus*
Endemic – Negro
108
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Centromochlus meridionalis*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Centromochlus orca*
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas
Centromochlus perugiae
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro,
Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Centromochlus punctatus
Putumayo, Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Apure
Centromochlus reticulatus
Purus, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Centromochlus schultzi
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Jari, Essequibo
Centromochlus simplex*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu
Entomocorus benjamini*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Entomocorus melaphareus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Epapterus dispilurus
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Amazonas
main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Gelanoglanis nanonocticolus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Gelanoglanis pan*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Gelanoglanis travieso*
Endemic – Marañon
Gelanoglanis varii*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Glanidium leopardum
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo
Liosomadoras morrowi*
Purus, Jutaí, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Liosomadoras oncinus
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
“Parauchenipterus” porosus
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Urubu-Uatumã,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Paraná-Paraguay
Pseudauchenipterus nodosus
Lower Tocantins, Amazonas Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Pseudepapterus cucuhyensis*
Lower Xingu, Purus, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Pseudepapterus hasemani*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Spinipterus acsi*
Endemic – Marañon
Tatia aulopygia
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, Apure
Tatia brunnea
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca
Tatia caxiuanensis*
Endemic – Amazonas Estuary
Tatia dunni*
Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá
Tatia gyrina
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Tatia intermedia
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Guaporé, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Capim,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Tatia melanoleuca*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Tatia musaica
Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Tatia nigra*
Negro, Trombetas
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
109
Occurrence
Tatia strigata
Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Tetranematichthys barthemi*
Endemic – Jari
Tetranematichthys quadrifilis
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Trombetas, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Tetranematichthys wallacei
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Ucayali, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas
main channel, Capim, upper Orinoco
Tocantinsia piresi*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Jari
Trachelyichthys decaradiatus
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Trachelyichthys exilis*
Endemic – Marañon
Trachelyopterichthys taeniatus
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Javari, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Trachelyopterus brevibarbis**
Trachelyopterus ceratophysus
Upper Xingu, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Essequibo
Trachelyopterus coriaceus
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Jari, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Oiapoque, Paraná-Paraguay
Trachelyopterus isacanthus**
Trachelyopterus galeatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, GurupiTuriaçu, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
Trachycorystes menezesi*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Trachycorystes trachycorystes
Araguaia, upper Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Tympanopleura atronasus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro, Branco,
Jari, Amazonas main channel
Tympanopleura brevis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, MarañonNanay, Putumayo, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Tympanopleura cryptica*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Tympanopleura longipinna*
Purus, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Tympanopleura piperata
Middle-lower Madeira, Jutaí, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo
Tympanopleura rondoni*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Callichthyidae
133
Aspidoras albater*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Aspidoras belenos*
Endemic – Araguaia
Aspidoras brunneus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Aspidoras eurycephalus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Aspidoras gabrieli*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Aspidoras marianae*
Endemic – Iriri
Aspidoras mephisto*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
110
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Aspidoras microgalaeus*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Aspidoras pauciradiatus*
Endemic – Negro
Aspidoras poecilus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu
Aspidoras velites*
Endemic – Araguaia
Callichthys callichthys
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Juruá, Ucayali, MarañonNanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Paru, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba,
Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, ParanáParaguay
Callichthys serralabium
Negro, upper Orinoco
Corydoras acrensis*
Endemic – Juruá
Corydoras acutus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel
Corydoras adolfoi*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras aeneus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Corydoras agassizii*
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras albolineatus*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras amandajanea*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras ambiacus*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras amphibelus*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Corydoras apiaka*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Corydoras araguaiaensis*
Endemic – Araguaia
Corydoras arcuatus*
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras armatus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay
Corydoras atropersonatus*
Endemic – Marañon
Corydoras aurofrenatus
Mamoré, Paraná-Paraguay
Corydoras baderi
Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara
Corydoras benattii*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires
Corydoras bifasciatus*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Corydoras bilineatus*
Endemic – Mamoré
Corydoras blochi
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, Apure
Corydoras bondi
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Corydoras brittoi*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Corydoras britskii
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Corydoras burgessi*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras caudimaculatus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Corydoras cervinus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
111
Occurrence
Corydoras cochui*
Endemic – Araguaia
Corydoras copei*
Endemic – Marañon
Corydoras coriatae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Corydoras crimmeni*
Endemic – Branco
Corydoras cruziensis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Corydoras crypticus*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras davidsandsi*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras desana*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras duplicareus*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras elegans*
Mamoré, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras eques*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Corydoras evelynae*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Corydoras eversi*
Endemic – Araguaia
Corydoras fowleri*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Corydoras geryi*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Corydoras gomezi*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Corydoras gossei*
Endemic – Mamoré
Corydoras gracilis*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Corydoras guapore*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras haraldschultzi*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras hastatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Corydoras hephaestus*
Juruena, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Corydoras imitator*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras incolicana*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras isbrueckeri*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras julii
Lower Tocantins, Parnaíba
Corydoras kanei*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Corydoras knaacki*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Corydoras lamberti*
Endemic – Marañon
Corydoras latus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Corydoras leopardus**
Corydoras leucomelas*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras loretoensis*
Endemic – Marañon
Corydoras maculifer*
Endemic – Araguaia
Corydoras mamore*
Endemic – Mamoré
Corydoras melanistius
Branco, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Corydoras melini
Japurá, Negro, upper Orinoco
112
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Corydoras multiradiatus*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Corydoras napoensis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Amazonas main channel
Corydoras narcissus*
Endemic – Purus
Corydoras negro*
Endemic – Branco
Corydoras nijsseni*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras noelkempffi*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras ornatus*
Endemic – Tapajós
Corydoras orphnopterus*
Endemic – Marañon
Corydoras osteocarus
Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Corydoras ourastigma*
Endemic – Purus
Corydoras panda*
Endemic – Ucayali
Corydoras pantanalensis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Corydoras paragua*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras parallelus*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras pastazensis*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras paucerna*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras pavanelliae*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Corydoras pinheiroi**
Corydoras polystictus
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Corydoras potaroensis
Negro, Branco, Essequibo
Corydoras pulcher*
Endemic – Purus
Corydoras pygmaeus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras rabauti*
Javari, Putumayo, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras reticulatus*
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras reynoldsi*
Endemic – Japurá
Corydoras robineae*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras robustus*
Endemic – Purus
Corydoras sarareensis*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras schwartzi*
Endemic – Purus
Corydoras semiaquilus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Corydoras serratus*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras seussi*
Endemic – Mamoré
Corydoras similis*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Corydoras sipaliwini
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Corydoras sodalis*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Corydoras spectabilis*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras splendens*
Araguaia, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
113
Occurrence
Corydoras stenocephalus*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali
Corydoras sterbai*
Endemic – Guaporé
Corydoras sychri*
Endemic – Marañon
Corydoras trilineatus*
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo,
Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Corydoras tukano*
Endemic – Negro
Corydoras urucu*
Endemic – Coari-Urucu
Corydoras virginiae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Corydoras weitzmani*
Endemic – Ucayali
Corydoras xinguensis*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Corydoras zawadzkii*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Corydoras zygatus*
Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Hoplosternum littorale
Araguaia, Juruena, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Parnaíba, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven., ParanáParaguay
Dianema longibarbis*
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Jari, Amazonas main
channel
Dianema urostriatum*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Lepthoplosternum
altamazonicum*
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali
Lepthoplosternum beni*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Lepthoplosternum stellatum*
Endemic – Tefé
Lepthoplosternum ucamara*
Ucayali, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Megalechis picta
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Megalechis thoracata
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali, MarañonNanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Cetopsidae
26
Cetopsidium ferreirai*
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas
Cetopsidium orientale
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, middle-lower Madeira, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Cetopsidium pemon
Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Cetopsidium roae
Branco, Essequibo
Cetopsidium soniae*
Endemic – Branco
Cetopsis arcana*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
114
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Cetopsis caiapo*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Cetopsis candiru*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Cetopsis coecutiens
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Cetopsis montana*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Cetopsis oliveirai*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo,
Amazonas main channel
Cetopsis parma*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro
Cetopsis pearsoni*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Cetopsis plumbea
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, upper Orinoco
Cetopsis sandrae*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Cetopsis sarcodes*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Cetopsis starnesi
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Denticetopsis epa*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Denticetopsis iwokrama
Branco, Essequibo
Denticeptopsis macilenta
Negro, Branco, Essequibo, upper Orinoco, Apure
Denticetopsis praecox*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Denticetopsis royeroi*
Endemic – Negro
Denticetopsis sauli*
Endemic – Negro
Denticetopsis seducta*
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Helogenes gouldingi*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Helogenes marmoratus
Upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Marañon-Nanay,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Capim, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Doradidae
73
Acanthodoras cataphractus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Jari, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
upper Orinoco
Acanthodoras depressus*
Endemic – Negro
Acanthodoras spinosissimus
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Coari-Urucu, Juruá, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Agamyxis albomaculatus
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Agamyxis pectinifrons*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
115
Occurrence
Amblydoras affinis*
Araguaia, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Amblydoras monitor**
Amazonas main channel
Amblydoras nauticus**
Anadoras grypus*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Anadoras regani**
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Anadoras weddellii
Araguaia, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Araguari-MacariAmapá, Oiapoque, Paraná-Paraguay
Anduzedoras oxyrhynchus
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Astrodoras asterifrons*
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Jutaí, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel
Centrodoras brachiatus*
Lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Centrodoras hasemani*
Endemic – Negro
Doras carinatus
Lower Xingu, Trombetas, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Doras higuchii*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Trombetas, Jari
Doras phlyzakion*
Purus, Juruá, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Doras zuanoni*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hassar gabiru*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Hassar orestis
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hassar shewellkeimi*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Hassar wilderi*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Branco
Hemidoras morei*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Purus, Tefé, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Hemidoras morrisi**
Middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Hemidoras stenopeltis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas
main channel
Hypodoras forficulatus*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Leptodoras acipenserinus*
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu
Leptodoras cataniai*
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel
Leptodoras copei
Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leptodoras hasemani
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Negro,
Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Leptodoras juruensis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
116
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Leptodoras linnelli
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Leptodoras marki*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Leptodoras myersi*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Leptodoras oyakawai*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim
Leptodoras praelongus
Upper Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Negro,
Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Lithodoras dorsalis
Purus, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Megalodoras uranoscopus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, Apure
Nemadoras cristinae
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas
main channel, upper Orinoco
Nemadoras elongatus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel
Nemadoras hemipeltis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel
Nemadoras humeralis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Opsodoras boulengeri*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Opsodoras stuebelii*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay,
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Ossancora asterophysa*
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Ossancora fimbriata*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Tefé, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Ossancora punctata
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Oxydoras niger
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Physopyxis ananas
Anapu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá,
Jutaí, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Physopyxis cristata*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Physopyxis lyra*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus,
Putumayo, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel
Platydoras armatulus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Japurá, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main
channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Platydoras birindelli*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Platydoras hancockii
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Negro,
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Pterodoras granulosus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel,
Paraná-Paraguay
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
117
Occurrence
Pterodoras rivasi
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Rhinodoras armbrusteri
Branco, Essequibo
Rhinodoras boehlkei*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Rhinodoras dorbignyi
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Paraná-Paraguay
Rhynchodoras woodsi
Mamoré, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo
Rhynchodoras xingui*
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu
Scorpiodoras heckelii
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Scorpiodoras liophysus*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Tenellus leporhinus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, middle-lower
Madeira, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Tenellus ternetzi
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Tenellus trimaculatus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Trachydoras brevis
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Essequibo
Trachydoras gepharti
Upper Xingu, Jamanxim, Jutaí, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Trachydoras microstomus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Trachydoras nattereri
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Tefé, Ucayali, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Trachydoras paraguayensis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Trachydoras steindachneri*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Heptapteridae
87
Brachyglanis frenata
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Brachyglanis melas
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Essequibo
Brachyglanis microphthalmus*
Endemic – Trombetas
Brachyglanis nocturna*
Endemic – Negro
Brachyrhamdia heteropleura
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Brachyrhamdia marthae*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali
Brachyrhamdia meesi*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Brachyrhamdia rambarrani*
Endemic – Negro
Brachyrhamdia thayeria*
Endemic – Japurá
Cetopsorhamdia filamentosa*
Endemic – Ucayali
Cetopsorhamdia iheringi
Araguaia, Paraná-Paraguay, São Francisco
Cetopsorhamdia insidiosa*
Lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, Negro, Branco
118
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Cetopsorhamdia molinae
Upper Tocantins, Beni-Madre de Dios, Apure, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Cetopsorhamdia orinoco
Napo-Ambyiacu, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Cetopsorhamdia phantasia*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo
Chasmocranus longior
Upper Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Beni-Madre de Dios, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Chasmocranus peruanus*
Endemic – Marañon
Chasmocranus quadrizonatus*
Endemic – Marañon
Gladioglanis anacanthus*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Gladioglanis conquistador
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Gladioglanis machadoi
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Goeldiella eques
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Horiomyzon retropinnatus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu
Imparfinis borodini
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Imparfinis cochabambae*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Ucayali
Imparfinis guttatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Imparfinis hasemani
Negro, Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo
Imparfinis longicaudus*
Endemic – Marañon
Imparfinis mirini
Araguaia, Paraná-Paraguay
Imparfinis nemacheir
Amazonas main channel, Apure, Maracaibo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato
Imparfinis pristos
Upper Xingu, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Imparfinis pseudonemacheir
Ucayali, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Imparfinis stictonotus
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Paraná-Paraguay
Leptorhamdia essequibensis
Lower Tocantins, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Essequibo
Leptorhamdia marmorata
Negro, upper Orinoco, Apure
Leptorhamdia schultzi*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires
Mastiglanis asopos
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Myoglanis koepckei*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Nannoglanis fasciatus*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá
Nemuroglanis furcatus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Nemuroglanis lanceolatus*
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Nemuroglanis pauciradiatus
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, upper Orinoco
Pariolius armillatus*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Phenacorhamdia boliviana*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay
Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Ucayali
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
119
Occurrence
Phenacorhamdia somnians*
Endemic – Araguaia
Phreatobius cisternarum
Amazonas Estuary, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Phreatobius dracunculus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Phreatobius sanguijuela*
Endemic – Guaporé
Pimelodella altipinnis
Upper Xingu, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Pimelodella bockmanni*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Pimelodella boliviana*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Pimelodella breviceps*
Endemic – Negro
Pimelodella buckleyi*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Pimelodella chaparae*
Endemic – Mamoré
Pimelodella conquetaensis*
Endemic – Japurá
Pimelodella cristata
Lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pimelodella cyanostigma*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Pimelodella geryi
Japurá, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Pimelodella gracilis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Putumayo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Pimelodella griffini
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Pimelodella hartwelli*
Endemic – Ucayali
Pimelodella hasemani*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo
Pimelodella howesi*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Pimelodella humeralis*
Endemic – Jari
Pimelodella leptosoma
Branco, Essequibo
Pimelodella megalops
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Pimelodella montana*
Endemic – Marañon
Pimelodella mucosa
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Pimelodella nigrofasciata*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Pimelodella ophthalmica*
Endemic – Marañon
Pimelodella peruana*
Endemic – Ucayali
Pimelodella peruensis**
Pimelodella roccae*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Pimelodella serrata*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Pimelodella spelaea*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pimelodella steindachneri*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel
Rhamdella montana*
Endemic – Ucayali
Rhamdella rusbyi*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
120
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Rhamdia foina
Lower Tocantins, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo
Rhamdia humilis
Japurá, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven.
Rhamdia itacaiunas*
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu
Rhamdia laukidi
Juruena, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main
channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Rhamdia muelleri
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Trombetas, Capim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Rhamdia parvus*
Endemic – Marañon
Rhamdia poeyi*
Upper Tocantins, Mamoré, Napo-Ambyiacu
Rhamdia quelen
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá,
Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Maracaibo, Atl. Coastal
Drainages of Col. Ven., Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato, Paraná-Paraguay
Pimelodidae
60
Aguarunichthys inpai*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Aguarunichthys tocantinsensis*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Aguarunichthys torosus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay
Brachyplatystoma capapretum
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Negro,
Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Brachyplatystoma filamentosum
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Brachyplatystoma juruense
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brachyplatystoma platynemum
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brachyplatystoma tigrinum*
Lower Xingu, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá,
Amazonas main channel
Brachyplatystoma vaillantii
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Putumayo, Japurá, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Calophysus macropterus
Upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Cheirocerus eques*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Cheirocerus goeldii*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Branco, Amazonas main
channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
121
Occurrence
Duopalatinus peruanus
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Exallodontus aguanai
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemisorubim platyrhynchos
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba,
Itapicuru-Mearim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, ParanáParaguay
Hypophthalmus edentatus*
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
Hypophthalmus fimbriatus
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Hypophthalmus marginatus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé,
middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hypophthalmus oremaculatus
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Leiarius marmoratus
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Leiarius pictus
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Putumayo,
Japurá, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Megalonema platanum
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Megalonema platycephalum
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Megalonema E. amaxanthum
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Jutaí, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Phractocephalus hemioliopterus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Tefé, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pimelodina flavipinnis
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Pimelodus albofasciatus
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Pimelodus altissimus
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco, Apure
122
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Pimelodus blochii
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Pimelodus halisodous*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pimelodus jivaro*
Endemic – Marañon
Pimelodus joannis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pimelodus luciae*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Pimelodus maculatus
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Parnaíba, ParanáParaguay
Pimelodus microstoma
Branco, Paraná-Paraguay
Pimelodus ornatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Pimelodus pictus
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Javari, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pimelodus quadratus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pimelodus speciosus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pimelodus stewarti*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pimelodus tetramerus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós
Pinirampus pirinampu
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Platynematichthys notatus
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Platysilurus mucosus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Platysilurus olallae*
Endemic – Marañon
Platystomatichthys sturio*
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Propimelodus araguayae*
Endemic – Araguaia
Propimelodus caesius
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Propimelodus eigenmanni
Lower Tocantins, Negro, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague
Pseudoplatystoma punctifer
Araguaia, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Jutaí, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro,
Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim
Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum
Negro, Paraná-Paraguay
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
123
Occurrence
Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum*
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Marañon-Nanay, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Sorubim elongatus
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Sorubim lima
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
Sorubim maniradii*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Sorubim trigonocephalus*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena
Sorubimichthys planiceps
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Zungaro zungaro
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Zungaropsis multimaculatus**
Pseudopimelodidae
16
Batrochoglanis raninus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo,
Japurá, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Batrochoglanis villosus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Juruá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim,
Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Microglanis lundbergi*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Microglanis maculatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Microglanis oliveirai*
Endemic – Araguaia
Microglanis pellopterygius*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Microglanis poecilus
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco, Amazonas
main channel, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Microglanis robustus*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Microglanis secundus
Branco, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Microglanis xerente*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Microglanis xylographicus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Microglanis zonatus*
Endemic – Marañon
124
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Pseudopimelodus bufonius
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, middlelower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis*
Endemic – Guaporé
Rhyacoglanis pulcher*
Endemic – Marañon
Rhyacoglanis seminiger*
Endemic – Juruena
Loricariidae
361
Acanthicus adonis*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Acanthicus hystrix
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Marañon-Nanay, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Acestridium dichromum
Negro, upper Orinoco
Acestridium discus*
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Acestridium gymnogaster*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Acestridium martini
Negro, upper Orinoco
Acestridium scutatum*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Acestridium triplax*
Endemic – Tapajós
Ancistomus feldbergae*
Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires
Ancistomus micrommatos*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistomus snethlageae*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós)
Ancistomus spilomma*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu
Ancistomus spinosissimus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistrus aguaboensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistrus alga*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Ancistrus bolivianus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Ancistrus brevifilis
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven.
Ancistrus bufonius*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Ancistrus cryptophthalmus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistrus dolichopterus
Beni-Madre de Dios, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Branco, lower Orinoco
Ancistrus dubius**
Ancistrus heterorhynchus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Ancistrus hoplogenys
Lower Tocantins, Purus, Branco, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Ancistrus jataiensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistrus jelskii*
Endemic – Ucayali
Ancistrus karajas*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Ancistrus krenakarore*
Endemic – Tapajós
Ancistrus latifrons
Marañon-Nanay, upper Orinoco
Ancistrus lineolatus*
Putumayo, Japurá
Ancistrus maculatus*
Amazonas main channel
Ancistrus malacops*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
125
Occurrence
Ancistrus maximus*
Endemic – Branco
Ancistrus megalostomus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Ancistrus minutus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistrus montanus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Ancistrus nudiceps*
Endemic – Branco
Ancistrus occidentalis*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Ancistrus occloi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Ancistrus parecis*
Endemic – Juruena
Ancistrus ranunculus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós
Ancistrus reisi*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ancistrus shuar*
Endemic – Marañon
Ancistrus stigmaticus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Ancistrus tamboensis*
Endemic – Ucayali
Ancistrus tombador*
Endemic – Juruena
Ancistrus variolus*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Ancistrus verecundus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Andeancistrus eschwartzae*
Endemic – Marañon
Andeancistrus platycephalus*
Endemic – Marañon
Aphanotorulus emarginatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Aphanotorulus horridus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá,
Amazonas main channel
Aphanotorulus phrixosoma *
Juruá, Ucayali
Aphanotorulus rubrocauda*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Aphanotorulus unicolor*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main
channel
Apistoloricaria condei*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo
Apistoloricaria laani
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, upper Orinoco
Apistoloricaria ommation*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Aposturisoma myriodon*
Endemic – Ucayali
Araichthys loro*
Endemic – Juruena
Baryancistrus chrysolomus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (Iriri, lower Xingu)
Baryancistrus longipinnis*
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Tapajós
Baryancistrus niveatus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós,
Trombetas
Baryancistrus xanthellus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Chaetostoma anale*
Endemic – Japurá
Chaetostoma branickii*
Endemic – Marañon
126
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Chaetostoma breve*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Chaetostoma carrioni*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma changae*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma daidalmatos*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma dermorhynchum*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Chaetostoma jegui*
Endemic – Branco
Chaetostoma lineopunctatum*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Chaetostoma loborhynchos*
Endemic – Ucayali
Chaetostoma marcapatae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Chaetostoma marmorescens*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma microps*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Chaetostoma platyrhynchus*
Endemic – Japurá
Chaetostoma sericeum*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Chaetostoma spondylus*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma stroumpoulos*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma taczanowskii*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Chaetostoma trimaculineum*
Endemic – Marañon
Chaetostoma vagum*
Endemic – Japurá
Corumbataia tocantinensis*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Corumbataia veadeiros*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Cteniloricaria napova*
Endemic – Curuá-Paru do Oeste
Curculionichthys itaim*
Endemic – Tapajós
Curculionichthys karipuna*
Endemic – Jari
Curculionichthys luteofrenatus*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Curculionichthys sabaji*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri)
Curculionichthys tukana*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Dekeyseria amazonica*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá,
Japurá, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Dekeyseria picta
Negro, upper Orinoco
Dekeyseria scaphirhynchus
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Exastilithoxus fimbriatus
Branco, lower Orinoco
Exastilithoxus hoedemani*
Endemic – Negro
Farlowella acus
Branco, Essequibo, upper Orinoco, Apure, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven.
Farlowella altocorpus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Farlowella amazonum
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira,
Jutaí, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, GurupiTuriaçu, Capim, Essequibo, Paraná-Paraguay
Farlowella gianetii*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Farlowella gracilis*
Endemic – Japurá
Farlowella hasemani*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
127
Occurrence
Farlowella henriquei*
Endemic – Araguaia
Farlowella knerii*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Farlowella nattereri
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo
Farlowella odontotumulus
Napo-Ambyiacu, upper Orinoco
Farlowella oxyrryncha
Araguaia, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Farlowella platorynchus
Coari-Urucu, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Farlowella reticulata
Branco, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo
Farlowella rugosa
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Farlowella schreitmuelleri*
Negro, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Farlowella smithi*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Ucayali, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Fonchiiloricaria nanodon*
Endemic – Marañon
Furcodontichthys novaesi*
Tapajós, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Guyanancistrus brevispinis
Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Jari, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Gymnotocinclus anosteos*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Gymnotocinclus canoeiro*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Harttia depressa*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Harttia dissidens*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Harttia duriventris*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Harttia panara*
Endemic – Iriri
Harttia punctata*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Harttia rondoni*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri)
Harttia trombetensis*
Endemic – Trombetas
Harttia tuna*
Endemic – Curuá-Paru do Oeste
Harttia uatumensis*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Harttia villasboas*
Endemic – Iriri
Hemiancistrus cerrado*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hemiancistrus guahiborum
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Hemiancistrus subviridis
Negro, upper Orinoco
Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim, Essequibo, ParanáParaguay
Hisonotus acuen*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Hisonotus bockmanni*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hisonotus chromodontus*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
128
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Hisonotus jumaorum*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hopliancistrus tricornis*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim
Hypancistrus inspector
Negro, upper Orinoco
Hypancistrus margaritatus*
Endemic – Branco
Hypancistrus phantasma*
Endemic – Negro
Hypancistrus zebra*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Hypoptopoma baileyi*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Amazonas main channel
Hypoptopoma bianale*
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu
Hypoptopoma brevirostratum*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Hypoptopoma elongatum*
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Trombetas
Hypoptopoma guianense
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Hypoptopoma gulare*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Hypoptopoma incognitum
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim
Hypoptopoma inexspectatum
Upper Xingu, Paraná-Paraguay
Hypoptopoma muzuspi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Hypoptopoma psilogaster*
Endemic – Marañon
Hypoptopoma spectabile
Purus, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hypoptopoma steindachneri
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hypoptopoma sternoptychum*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas
main channel
Hypoptopoma thoracatum
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo
Hypostomus asperatus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hypostomus atropinnis*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hypostomus bolivianus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Hypostomus carinatus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Juruá, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas
Hypostomus dardanelos*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Hypostomus delimai*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Hypostomus ericae*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Hypostomus ericius*
Endemic – Marañon
Hypostomus faveolus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu
Hypostomus fonchii*
Endemic – Ucayali
Hypostomus goyazensis*
Endemic – Araguaia
Hypostomus hemicochliodon
Upper Xingu, Juruena, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro,
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Hypostomus hemiurus
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Hypostomus hoplonites*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas main channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
129
Occurrence
Hypostomus kopeyaka*
Endemic – Negro
Hypostomus kuarup*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Hypostomus levis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Hypostomus macushi
Branco, Essequibo
Hypostomus melanephelis*
Endemic – Tapajós
Hypostomus niceforoi*
Endemic – Japurá
Hypostomus oculeus*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Hypostomus pantherinus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Hypostomus paucipunctatus*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Hypostomus pyrineusi
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Hypostomus rondoni*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Hypostomus sculpodon
Negro, upper Orinoco
Hypostomus soniae*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Hypostomus taphorni
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Hypostomus varimaculosus*
Endemic – Japurá
Hypostomus weberi*
Endemic – Negro
Lamontichthys avacanoeiro*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Lamontichthys filamentosus*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Lamontichthys parakana*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Lamontichthys stibaros*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Lasiancistrus heteracanthus*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Lasiancistrus schomburgkii
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Japurá, Branco, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Leporacanthicus galaxias
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco
Leporacanthicus heterodon*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Leporacanthicus joselimai*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós)
Leptotocinclus ctenistus*
Coari-Urucu, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Leptotocinclus madeirae*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Limatulichthys griseus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Essequibo, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco
Lithoxus bovallii*
Branco, Trombetas
Lithoxus jariensis*
Endemic – Jari
Lithoxus lithoides
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Loraxichthys lexa*
Endemic – Ucayali
130
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Loricaria birindellii*
Restricted to Xingu basin (Iriri, lower Xingu)
Loricaria cataphracta
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Putumayo, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Loricaria clavipinna*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Loricaria lata*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Loricaria lundbergi*
Endemic – Negro
Loricaria pumila*
Lower Tocantins, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Loricaria simillima
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
upper Orinoco, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven., Paraná-Paraguay
Loricaria spinulifera*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Loricariichthys acutus
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim, Essequibo
Loricariichthys cashibo**
Loricariichthys chanjoo**
Loricariichthys hauxwelli*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Loricariichthys maculatus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Negro,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Loricariichthys nudirostris*
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel
Loricariichthys platymetopon
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Paraná-Paraguay
Loricariichthys stuebelii*
Guaporé, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Loricariichthys ucayalensis**
Metaloricaria paucidens
Trombetas, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague
Microplecostomus forestii*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Nannoplecostomus eleonorae*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Nannoxyropsis acicula*
Endemic – Tapajós
Neblinichthys pilosus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Niobichthys ferrarisi*
Endemic – Negro
Spectracanthicus punctatissimus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Otocinclus batmani*
Ucayali, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Otocinclus caxarari*
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries
Otocinclus cocama*
Endemic – Ucayali
Otocinclus hasemani
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Jamanxim, Parnaíba
Otocinclus hoppei*
Lower Tocantins, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Ucayali,
Amazonas Estuary
Otocinclus huaorani
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Upper Orinoco
Otocinclus juruenae*
Endemic – Juruena
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
131
Occurrence
Otocinclus macrospilus*
Javari, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main
channel
Otocinclus mangaba*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Otocinclus mariae
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Curuá-Paru do Oeste, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Otocinclus mura*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Otocinclus tapirape*
Endemic – Araguaia
Otocinclus vestitus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Otocinclus vittatus
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Marañon-Nanay,
Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Oxyropsis acutirostra
Negro, upper Orinoco
Oxyropsis carinata*
Upper Xingu, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Oxyropsis wrightiana
Teles Pires, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper
Orinoco
Panaqolus albivermis*
Endemic – Ucayali
Panaqolus albomaculatus*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Panaqolus changae*
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Panaqolus claustellifer*
Endemic – Branco
Panaqolus dentex*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Panaqolus gnomus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Panaqolus nix*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Panaqolus nocturnus*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Panaqolus purusiensis*
Endemic – Purus
Panaqolus tankei*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Panaque armbrusteri*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Jamanxim
Panaque bathyphilus*
Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Panaque schaeferi*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Panaque titan*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Parancistrus aurantiacus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, Ucayali
Parancistrus nudiventris*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Pareiorhaphis regani*
Negro
Parotocinclus amazonensis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Parotocinclus aripuanensis*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Parotocinclus britskii
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Branco, Amazonas main channel, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Parotocinclus collinsae*
Endemic – Branco
Parotocinclus dani*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Parotocinclus halbothi
Trombetas, Maroni-Approuague
Parotocinclus longirostris*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
132
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Parotocinclus polyochrus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Parotocinclus variola*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Parotocinclus yaka*
Endemic – Negro
Peckoltia braueri*
Branco, Amazonas main channel
Peckoltia brevis*
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Purus, Juruá, Amazonas main channel
Peckoltia cavatica
Tapajós, Essequibo
Peckoltia compta*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Peckoltia ephippiata*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Peckoltia furcata*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Peckoltia multispinis**
Peckoltia oligospila
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Capim
Peckoltia pankimpuju*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Peckoltia relictum*
Endemic – Marañon
Peckoltia sabaji
Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Jari, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Peckoltia vermiculata**
Peckoltia vittata
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Anapu, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower
Xingu, Tapajós, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim, upper Orinoco
Peckoltichthys bachi
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Planiloricaria cryptodon*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Putumayo,
Amazonas main channel
Pseudacanthicus histrix**
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Purus, Japurá, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Pseudacanthicus leopardus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Branco, Essequibo
Pseudacanthicus major*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Pseudacanthicus pirarara*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Pseudacanthicus pitanga*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Pseudacanthicus serratus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Essequibo
Pseudacanthicus spinosus
Lower Tocantins, Anapu, Pacajá, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, lower Orinoco
Pseudancistrus asurini*
Restricted to Xingu basin (Iriri, lower Xingu)
Pseudancistrus kayabi*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Pseudancistrus nigrescens
Branco, Essequibo
Pseudancistrus pectegenitor
Negro, upper Orinoco
Pseudancistrus sidereus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Pseudancistrus zawadzkii*
Endemic – Tapajós
Pseudohemiodon amazonum*
Endemic – Trombetas
Pseudohemiodon apithanos*
Endemic – Putumayo
Pseudohemiodon lamina*
Beni-Madre de Dios
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
133
Occurrence
Pseudohemiodon thorectes*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Pseudolithoxus kinja*
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas
Pseudolithoxus nicoi
Negro, upper Orinoco
Pseudoloricaria laeviuscula
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Pseudorinelepis genibarbis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco,
Amazonas main channel
Pterosturisoma microps*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Purus, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pterygoplichthys joselimaianus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Pterygoplichthys lituratus*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Amazonas
main channel
Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus
Beni-Madre de Dios, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pterygoplichthys pardalis*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Pterygoplichthys punctatus
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim
Pterygoplichthys scrophus*
Purus, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Pterygoplichthys weberi*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Pterygoplichthys xinguensis*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Reganella depressa*
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, Guaporé, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Rhadinoloricaria bahuaja*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus
Rhadinoloricaria rhami*
Juruá, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Rhadinoloricaria macromystax**
Rhinolekos capetinga*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Rineloricaria aurata
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Rineloricaria beni*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Rineloricaria castroi*
Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Rineloricaria daraha*
Endemic – Negro
Rineloricaria fallax
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Rineloricaria formosa
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Rineloricaria hasemani
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Branco, Capim
Rineloricaria heteroptera*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Rineloricaria jurupari*
Endemic – Negro
Rineloricaria konopickyi**
Rineloricaria lanceolata
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, Teles Pires,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Essequibo, Paraná-Paraguay
134
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Rineloricaria melini*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Rineloricaria microlepidota*
Endemic – Juruá
Rineloricaria morrowi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Rineloricaria osvaldoi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Rineloricaria phoxocephala*
Purus, Coari-Urucu, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Rineloricaria stewarti
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Rineloricaria teffeana*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Rineloricaria wolfei*
Endemic – Ucayali
Scobinancistrus aureatus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Scobinancistrus pariolispos*
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós
Spatuloricaria caquetae*
Putumayo, Japurá
Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys**
Japurá
Spatuloricaria evansii
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Marañon-Nanay, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Paraná-Paraguay
Spatuloricaria puganensis**
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá
Spatuloricaria tuira*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim
Spectracanthicus immaculatus*
Endemic – Tapajós
Spectracanthicus javae*
Endemic – Araguaia
Spectracanthicus murinus*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Spectracanthicus punctatissimus*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Spectracanthicus tocantinensis*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Spectracanthicus zuanoni*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Sturisoma brevirostre*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Sturisoma graffini*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Sturisoma guentheri*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu
Sturisoma lyra*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá
Sturisoma monopelte
Branco, Essequibo
Sturisoma nigrirostrum*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Putumayo
Sturisoma rostratum*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Jamanxim
Sturisoma tenuirostre
Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Sturisomatichthys caquetae*
Endemic – Japurá
Scoloplacidae
6
Scoloplax baileyi*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Scoloplax baskini*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Branco
Scoloplax dicra*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Scoloplax distolothrix
Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Paraná-Paraguay
Scoloplax dolicholophia*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Scoloplax empousa
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Trichomycteridae
Species
135
Occurrence
75
Acanthopoma annectens*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas
main channel
Ammoglanis amapaensis*
Endemic – Jari
Ammoglanis diaphanus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Ammoglanis pulex
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Apomatoceros alleni*
Middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Glanapteryx anguilla
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Glanapteryx niobium*
Endemic – Negro
Haemomaster venezuelae
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco,
upper Orinoco, Apure
Henonemus intermedius*
Endemic – Araguaia
Henonemus macrops*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Henonemus punctatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Essequibo
Ituglanis amazonicus
Upper Xingu, Jamanxim, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel,
Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, lower Orinoco
Ituglanis apteryx*
Endemic – Iriri
Ituglanis bambui*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ituglanis boticario*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ituglanis compactus*
Endemic – Jari
Ituglanis epikarsticus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ituglanis goya
Upper Tocantins, Paraná-Paraguay
Ituglanis ina*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Ituglanis macunaima*
Endemic – Araguaia
Ituglanis mambai*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ituglanis parkoi*
Endemic – Javari
Ituglanis passensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Ituglanis ramiroi*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Malacoglanis gelatinosus
Japurá, upper Orinoco
Megalocentor echthrus
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco
Miuroglanis platycephalus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas
main channel
Ochmacanthus alternus
Lower Tocantins, Guaporé, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, Apure
Ochmacanthus orinoco
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Ochmacanthus reinhardtii
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Essequibo
136
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Paracanthopoma parva
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Beni-Madre
de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Pareiodon microps*
Araguaia, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Plectrochilus diabolicus*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Amazonas main channel
Plectrochilus machadoi*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel
Plectrochilus wieneri*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Potamoglanis anhanga*
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Amazonas main channel
Potamoglanis hasemani
Anapu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Coari-Urucu,
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Gurupi-Turiaçu,
Capim, Essequibo
Potamoglanis johnsoni
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Potamoglanis wapixana*
Endemic – Branco
Pseudostegophilus nemurus
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Pygidianops amphioxus*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Pygidianops eigenmanni*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Pygidianops magoi
Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Sarcoglanis simplex
Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Schultzichthys bondi
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Stauroglanis gouldingi*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Stegophilus panzeri
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Jamanxim, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Capim
Stenolicmus ix
Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Maroni-Approuague
Stenolicmus sarmientoi*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Trichomycterus barbouri
Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Trichomycterus bomboizanus*
Endemic – Marañon
Trichomycterus chaberti*
Endemic – Mamoré
Trichomycterus dispar*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Trichomycterus fassli*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Trichomycterus gabrieli*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Trichomycterus guianense
Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Trichomycterus megantoni*
Endemic – Ucayali
Trichomycterus nigromaculatus
Putumayo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato
Trichomycterus oroyae*
Endemic – Ucayali
Trichomycterus punctatissimus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Trichomycterus rivulatus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Trichomycterus taczanowskii*
Endemic – Marañon
Trichomycterus taeniops*
Endemic – Ucayali
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
137
Occurrence
Trichomycterus tiraquae**
Trichomycterus vittatus*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Marañon-Nanay
Trichomycterus weyrauchi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Tridens melanops*
Mamoré, Purus, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Tridensimilis brevis*
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Tridentopsis pearsoni**
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus
Tridentopsis tocantinsi*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia
Typhlobelus auriculatus*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Typhlobelus macromycterus*
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu
Typhlobelus ternetzi*
Endemic – Negro
Vandellia cirrhosa
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, GurupiTuriaçu, Capim, upper Orinoco, Apure
Vandellia sanguinea
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Branco, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Gymnotiformes
164
Apteronotidae
62
Adontosternarchus balaenops*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Apteronotus bonapartii
Upper Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Tefé, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Adontosternarchus clarkae
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Ucayali, NapoAmbyiacu, Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Adontosternarchus duartei*
Endemic – Purus
Adontosternarchus nebulosus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel
Adontosternarchus sachsi
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Purus, Tefé, Negro, Amazonas main channel,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Apteronotus albifrons
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas
main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Apteronotus camposdapazi*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Apteronotus lindalvae*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Apteronotus macrolepis*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Compsaraia compsus
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Compsaraia iara*
Middle-lower Madeira, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Compsaraia samueli*
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Megadontognathus kaitukaensis*
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós
Melanosternarchus amaru*
Lower Xingu, Purus, Negro, Amazonas main channel
138
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Orthosternarchus tamandua*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Parapteronotus hasemani*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Pariosternarchus amazonensis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Platyurosternarchus crypticus*
Endemic – Branco
Platyurosternarchus macrostoma
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Porotergus duende*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Porotergus gimbeli
Lower Tocantins, Anapu, Pacajá, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, CoariUrucu, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo
Porotergus gymnotus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Sternarchorhynchus axelrodi*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins)
Sternarchorhynchus caboclo*
Endemic – Branco
Sternarchorhynchus chaoi*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira)
Sternarchorhynchus cramptoni*
Mamoré, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Sternarchorhynchus curumim*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris*
Endemic – Marañon
Sternarchorhynchus goeldii*
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Amazonas main
channel
Sternarchorhynchus hagedornae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Sternarchorhynchus higuchii*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Sternarchorhynchus inpai*
Endemic – Trombetas
Sternarchorhynchus jaimei*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Sternarchorhynchus kokraimoro*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Sternarchorhynchus mareikeae*
Endemic – Trombetas
Sternarchorhynchus mesensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Sternarchorhynchus montanus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus*
Purus, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus
Branco, lower Orinoco
Sternarchorhynchus retzeri*
Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni*
Endemic – Araguaia
Sternarchorhynchus severii*
Endemic – Branco
Sternarchorhynchus starksi*
Lower Xingu, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Sternarchorhynchus stewarti*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main
channel
Sternarchorhynchus taphorni*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Sternarchorhynchus villasboasi*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Sternarchorhynchus yepezi
Amazonas main channel, Apure
Sternarchella calhamazon*
Lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
139
Occurrence
Sternarchella duccis*
Purus, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Sternarchella orthos
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Sternarchella patriciae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Sternarchella raptor*
Jutaí, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Sternarchella rex*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Sternarchella schotti*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Sternarchella sima
Upper Xingu, Mamoré, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Sternarchogiton labiatus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Sternarchogiton nattereri
Upper Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Sternarchogiton porcinum
Guaporé, Branco, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Sternarchogiton preto
Lower Tocantins, Anapu, Pacajá, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro,
Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco, Apure
Sternarchogiton zuanoni*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Sternarchorhamphus muelleri
Middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main
channel, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Gymnotidae
26
Electrophorus electricus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Gymnotus arapaima*
Tefé, Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus capanema*
Endemic – Amazonas Estuary
Gymnotus carapo
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Parnaíba, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Gymnotus cataniapo
Negro, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Gymnotus chaviro*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Gymnotus coatesi*
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali,
Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus coropinae
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Gymnotus curupira*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Tefé, Ucayali, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo
Gymnotus diamantinensis*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Juruena)
Gymnotus eyra*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali)
Gymnotus inaequilabiatus
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Gymnotus javari*
Javari, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus jonasi*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
140
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Gymnotus mamiraua*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus melanopleura*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus obscurus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus onca*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus pantanal
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Gymnotus pedanopterus
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Gymnotus riberalta*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Gymnotus stenoleucus
Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Gymnotus tigre*
Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Gymnotus tiquie*
Endemic – Negro
Gymnotus ucamara*
Endemic – Ucayali
Gymnotus varzea*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Hypopomidae
24
Brachyhypopomus alberti*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Brachyhypopomus arrayae*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Brachyhypopomus batesi*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Brachyhypopomus beebei
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Javari, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá,
Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brachyhypopomus belindae*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Brachyhypopomus benjamini*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Brachyhypopomus bennetti*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary
Brachyhypopomus bombilla
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Brachyhypopomus brevirostris
Araguaia, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Marañon-Nanay, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, MaroniApprouague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Paraná-Paraguay
Brachyhypopomus bullocki
Negro, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brachyhypopomus cunia*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Brachyhypopomus flavipomus*
Javari, Amazonas main channel
Brachyhypopomus hamiltoni*
Middle-lower Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Japurá, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas
main channel
Brachyhypopomus hendersoni
Tefé, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Oiapoque
Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi*
Upper Negro, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
141
Occurrence
Brachyhypopomus regani
Araguaia, Tapajós, Jamanxim, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Javari, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Brachyhypopomus sullivani
Teles Pires, Juruena, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Essequibo,
upper Orinoco
Brachyhypopomus verdii*
Endemic – Marañon
Brachyhypopomus walteri
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Tefé, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Amazonas main channel, Capim, Essequibo, Paraná-Paraguay
Hypopomus artedi
Mamoré, Guaporé, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Microsternarchus bilineatus
Araguaia, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Tefé, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Capim, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Procerusternarchus pixuna*
Endemic – Negro
Racenisia fimbriipinna
Negro, upper Orinoco
Rhamphichthyidae
23
Gymnorhamphichthys bogardusae
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Gymnorhamphichthys
hypostomus
Araguaia, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Capim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Gymnorhamphichthys rosamariae
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jutaí, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
Hypopygus benoneae*
Endemic – Anapu
Hypopygus cryptogenes
Negro, upper Orinoco
Hypopygus hoedemani*
Endemic – Negro
Hypopygus lepturus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Paraná-Paraguay
Hypopygus minissimus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Hypopygus neblinae
Negro, Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hypopygus nijsseni*
Tefé, Amazonas main channel
142
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Hypopygus ortegai*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Hypopygus varii*
Endemic – Trombetas
Iracema caiana*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Rhamphichthys drepanium
Mamoré, Tefé, Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Rhamphichthys heleios*
Mamoré, Amazonas main channel
Rhamphichthys lineatus*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Rhamphichthys longior**
Trombetas, Curuá-Paru do Oeste
Rhamphichthys pantherinus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé,
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, ItapicuruMearim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, upper Orinoco
Rhamphichthys rostratus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Tefé,
Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Steatogenys duidae
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Amazonas main
channel, Capim, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Steatogenys elegans*
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Steatogenys ocellatus
Anapu, Pacajá, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Sternopygidae
29
Archolaemus blax*
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Branco
Archolaemus ferreirai
Branco, Capim
Archolaemus janeae*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Jamanxim
Archolaemus luciae
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Trombetas, Jari, Araguari-MacariAmapá
Archolaemus santosi*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Distocyclus conirostris
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Eigenmannia antonioi*
Endemic – Anapu
Eigenmannia limbata
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, MarañonNanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Eigenmannia loretana*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay
Eigenmannia macrops
Araguaia, upper Xingu, Iriri, Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Putumayo, Branco, Parnaíba, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Eigenmannia matintapereira*
Endemic – Negro
Eigenmannia muirapinima*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Eigenmannia nigra
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
143
Occurrence
Eigenmannia vicentespelaea*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Eigenmannia virescens
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, CaucaMagdalena-Sinu, Paraná-Paraguay
Eigenmannia waiwai*
Endemic – Trombetas
Rhabdolichops caviceps
Upper Tocantins, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, NapoAmbyiacu, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Rhabdolichops eastwardi
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Rhabdolichops electrogrammus
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Rhabdolichops lundbergi*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Rhabdolichops navalha*
Tefé, Amazonas main channel
Rhabdolichops nigrimans*
Tefé, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Rhabdolichops stewarti
Teles Pires, Tapajós, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Rhabdolichops troscheli
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Sternopygus astrabes
Tefé, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Sternopygus branco*
Tefé, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Sternopygus macrurus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim,
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim,
Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, ParanáParaguay
Sternopygus obtusirostris*
Lower Tocantins, Tefé, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu
Sternopygus xingu*
Batrachoidiformes
2
Batrachoididae
2
Potamobatrachus trispinosus*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Thalassophryne amazonica*
Lower Xingu, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Cyprinodontiformes
Anablepidae
166
1
Mamoré, Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Jenynsia alternimaculata
Cynolebiidae
141
Anablepsoides amanan*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides atratus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides beniensis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Anablepsoides cajariensis*
Endemic – Amazonas Estuary
Anablepsoides chapare*
Endemic – Mamoré
144
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Anablepsoides christinae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Anablepsoides derhami*
Endemic – Ucayali
Anablepsoides elongatus*
Endemic – Ucayali
Anablepsoides erberi*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Anablepsoides gamae*
Endemic – Jari
Anablepsoides henschelae*
Endemic – Negro
Anablepsoides hoetmeri*
Endemic – Purus
Anablepsoides intermittens*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides iridescens*
Endemic – Ucayali
Anablepsoides jari*
Endemic – Jari
Anablepsoides jucundus*
Endemic – Marañon
Anablepsoides limoncochae*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides lineasoppilatae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Anablepsoides luitalimae*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Anablepsoides micropus*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides monticola*
Endemic – Marañon
Anablepsoides ophiomimus*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides ornatus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides ottonii*
Endemic – Negro
Anablepsoides parlettei*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Anablepsoides peruanus**
Anablepsoides roraima*
Endemic – Branco
Anablepsoides rubrolineatus*
Ucayali, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides speciosus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides stagnatus
Branco, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Anablepsoides taeniatus*
Purus, Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Anablepsoides tocantinensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Anablepsoides urophthalmus
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Putumayo, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Itapicuru-Mearim, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim
Anablepsoides urubuiensis*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Anablepsoides xanthonotus**
Anablepsoides xinguensis*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Aphyolebias boticarioi*
Endemic – Purus
Aphyolebias claudiae*
Endemic – Guaporé
Aphyolebias manuensis*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Aphyolebias obliquus*
Endemic – Mamoré
Aphyolebias peruensis*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Aphyolebias rubrocaudatus*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Aphyolebias schleseri*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
Occurrence
Aphyolebias wischmanni*
Endemic – Ucayali
Austrofundulus rupununi*
Endemic – Branco
Austrolebias accorsii*
Endemic – Mamoré
Austrolebias monstrosus
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Austrolebias vandenbergi
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Cynolebias griseus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias brunoi*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias flammeus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias marginatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias multiradiatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias notataus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias radiosus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Hypsolebias tocantinensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Laimosemion amanapira*
Endemic – Negro
Laimosemion dibaphus*
Tapajós, Trombetas
Laimosemion gili*
Endemic – Negro
Laimosemion kirovskyi*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Laimosemion jauaperi*
Endemic – Negro
Laimosemion leticia*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Laimosemion rectocaudatus*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Laimosemion romeri*
Endemic – Negro
Laimosemion tecminae
Negro, upper Orinoco
Laimosemion uakti*
Endemic – Negro
Laimosemion uatuman*
Endemic – Urubu-Uatumã
Laimosemion ubim*
Endemic – Japurá
Maratecoara formosa*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Maratecoara gesmonei*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Maratecoara lacortei*
Endemic – Araguaia
Maratecoara splendida*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Melanorivulus britzkei*
Endemic – Teles Pires
Melanorivulus canesi*
Endemic – Iriri
Melanorivulus crixas*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus ignescens*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus imperatrizensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Melanorivulus jalapensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Melanorivulus javahe*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus karaja*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus kayabi*
Upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena
145
146
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Melanorivulus kayapo*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus kunzei*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus litteratus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus megaroni*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Melanorivulus modestus*
Endemic – Juruena
Melanorivulus petrisecundi*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus pictus
Araguaia, Paraná-Paraguay
Melanorivulus pindorama*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Melanorivulus planaltinus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Melanorivulus rubromarginatus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Melanorivulus salmonicaudus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus schuncki*
Endemic – Jari
Melanorivulus spixi*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus ubirajarai*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus violaceus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Melanorivulus wallacei*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Melanorivulus zygonectes*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Juruena
Moema apurinan*
Endemic – Purus
Moema beucheyi*
Endemic – Guaporé
Moema hellneri*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Moema kenwoodi*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Moema nudifrontata*
Endemic – Branco
Moema pepotei*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Moema portugali*
Endemic – Branco
Moema quiii*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Moema staecki*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Neofundulus guaporensis*
Endemic – Guaporé
Neofundulus ornatipinnis
Mamoré, Paraná-Paraguay
Neofundulus splendidus*
Endemic – Mamoré
Papiliolebias ashleyae*
Endemic – Guaporé
Papiliolebias francescae*
Endemic – Guaporé
Papiliolebias habluetzeli*
Endemic – Mamoré
Pituna compacta*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Pituna obliquoseriata*
Endemic – Araguaia
Pituna poranga*
Endemic – Araguaia
Pituna xinguensis*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Plesiolebias altamira*
Endemic – lower Xingu
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
Occurrence
Plesiolebias aruana*
Endemic – Araguaia
Plesiolebias canabravensis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Plesiolebias filamentosus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Plesiolebias fragilis*
Endemic – Araguaia
Plesiolebias lacerdai*
Endemic – Araguaia
Plesiolebias xavantei*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pterolebias longipinnis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Paraná-Paraguay
Rivulus staecki*
Endemic – Negro
Simpsonichthys cholopteryx*
Endemic – Araguaia
Spectrolebias bellidoi*
Endemic – Mamoré
Spectrolebias brousseaui*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Spectrolebias costae*
Endemic – Araguaia
Spectrolebias filamentosus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Spectrolebias gracilis*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Spectrolebias inaequipinnatus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Spectrolebias pilleti*
Endemic – Mamoré
Spectrolebias reticulatus*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Spectrolebias semiocellatus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Trigonectes macrophthalmus*
Endemic – Guaporé
Trigonectes rogoaguae*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Trigonectes rubromarginatus*
Endemic – Araguaia
Trigonectes strigabundus*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Cyprinodontidae
7
Orestias agassizii*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Ucayali
Orestias empyraeus*
Endemic – Ucayali
Orestias gymnota*
Endemic – Marañon
Orestias jussiei*
Endemic – Ucayali
Orestias munda*
Endemic – Ucayali
Orestias pentlandii*
Endemic – Ucayali
Orestias polonorum*
Endemic – Ucayali
Poeciliidae
17
Cnesterodon septentrionalis*
Endemic – Araguaia
Fluviphylax obscurus
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Fluviphylax pygmaeus
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Fluviphylax simplex*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Fluviphylax zonatus*
Endemic – Negro
Pamphorichthys akroa*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Pamphorichthys araguaiensis*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Trombetas
147
148
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Pamphorichthys minor*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Guaporé, Amazonas main channel
Pamphorichthys scalpridens*
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Amazonas main
channel
Phalloceros leticiae*
Endemic – Araguaia
Poecilia bifurca**
Poecilia caucana**
Poecilia branneri**
Poecilia parae
Lower Xingu, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, lower Orinoco
Poecilia picta
Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco
Poecilia waiapi*
Endemic – Jari
Tomeurus gracilis
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Atheriniformes
1
Atherinopsidae
1
Mamoré, Paraná-Paraguay
Odontesthes bonariensis
Beloniformes
9
Belonidae
8
Belonion apodion
Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, upper Orinoco
Belonion dibranchodon
Japurá, Negro, upper Orinoco
Potamorrhaphis eigenmanni
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel, Paraná-Paraguay
Potamorrhaphis guianensis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Javari,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Potamorrhaphis labiatus*
Juruá, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Potamorrhaphis petersi
Negro, Trombetas, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pseudotylosurus angusticeps
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Paraná-Paraguay
Pseudotylosurus microps
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira,
Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hemiramphidae
1
Amazonas main channel
Hyporhamphus brederi
Synbranchiformes
3
Synbranchidae
3
Synbranchus lampreia*
Endemic – Amazonas Estuary
Synbranchus madeirae*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Juruá
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
149
Occurrence
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Tefé,
Juruá, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, ItapicuruMearim, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure,
Maracaibo, Atl. Coastal Drainages of Col. Ven., Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato, ParanáParaguay
Synbranchus marmoratus*
Perciformes
286
Cichlidae
258
Acarichthys heckelii
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Essequibo
Acaronia nassa
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, BeniMadre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé,
Jutaí, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Oiapoque,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Acaronia vultuosa
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco,
Apure
Aequidens chimantanus
Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco
Aequidens diadema
Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Aequidens epae
Teles Pires, Tapajós, Capim
Aequidens gerciliae*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Aequidens mauesanus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main channel
Aequidens metae
Putumayo, Japurá, upper Orinoco
Aequidens michaeli*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Aequidens pallidus
Middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Capim
Aequidens patricki*
Endemic – Ucayali
Aequidens plagiozonatus
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Aequidens potaroensis
Putumayo, Branco, Essequibo
Aequidens rondoni
Juruena, Paraná-Paraguay
Aequidens superomaculatum
Negro, upper Orinoco
Aequidens tetramerus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Parnaíba, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Aequidens tubicen*
Endemic – Trombetas
Aequidens viridis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé)
Apistogramma acrensis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus
Apistogramma agassizii
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Javari,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Japurá, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim
150
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Apistogramma aguarico*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Apistogramma alacrina
Japurá, upper Orinoco
Apistogramma allpahuayo*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma amoena**
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Apistogramma angayuara*
Endemic – Trombetas
Apistogramma arua*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma atahualpa*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma baenschi*
Endemic – Marañon
Apistogramma barlowi*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Apistogramma bitaeniata*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma brevis
Negro, upper Orinoco
Apistogramma cacatuoides*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma caetei
Lower Tocantins, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Capim
Apistogramma cinilabra*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma commbrae
Mamoré, Paraná-Paraguay
Apistogramma cruzi*
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá
Apistogramma diplotaenia
Negro, Amazonas main channel, upper Orinoco
Apistogramma eleutheria*
Endemic – Iriri
Apistogramma elizabethae*
Endemic – Negro
Apistogramma eremnopyge*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma erythrura*
Endemic – Mamoré
Apistogramma eunotus*
Araguaia, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main
channel
Apistogramma flavipedunculata*
Endemic – Iriri
Apistogramma geisleri*
Endemic – Trombetas
Apistogramma gephyra*
Lower Xingu, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas
main channel
Apistogramma gibbiceps*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Apistogramma hippolytae*
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma huascar*
Endemic – Marañon
Apistogramma inconspicua
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Japurá, Paraná-Paraguay
Apistogramma iniridae
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, upper Orinoco
Apistogramma juruensis*
Endemic – Juruá
Apistogramma kullanderi*
Endemic – Iriri
Apistogramma linkei*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Apistogramma luelingi*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Apistogramma martini*
Endemic – Marañon
Apistogramma megastoma*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma meinkeni*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
Occurrence
Apistogramma mendezi*
Endemic – Negro
Apistogramma moae*
Endemic – Juruá
Apistogramma nijsseni*
Endemic – Ucayali
Apistogramma norberti*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma ortegai*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Apistogramma ortmanni
Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Apistogramma panduro*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma pantalone*
Endemic – Marañon
Apistogramma paucisquamis*
Negro, Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma paulmuelleri*
Endemic – Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma payaminonis*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Apistogramma personata*
Endemic – Negro
Apistogramma pertensis*
Tapajós, Tefé, Japurá, Negro, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma playayacu*
Endemic – Napo-Ambyiacu
Apistogramma pulchra*
Endemic – Middle-lower Madeira
Apistogramma regani*
Lower Xingu, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Apistogramma resticulosa
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Negro, Amazonas main channel, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Apistogramma rositae*
Endemic – Marañon
Apistogramma rubrolineata*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Apistogramma rupununi
Branco, Essequibo
Apistogramma salpinction*
Endemic – Trombetas
Apistogramma similis*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Apistogramma sororcula*
Endemic – Guaporé
Apistogramma staecki*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Apistogramma steindachneri
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Apistogramma taeniata*
Endemic – Tapajós
Apistogramma trifasciata
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Paraná-Paraguay
Apistogramma tucurui
Lower Tocantins, Capim
Apistogramma uaupesi
Negro, upper Orinoco
Apistogramma urteagai*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Apistogramma wapisana*
Endemic – Branco
Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis*
Marañon-Nanay, Amazonas main channel
Astronotus crassipinnis
Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Paraná-Paraguay
Astronotus ocellatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas
main channel, lower Orinoco
151
152
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Biotodoma cupido
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé,
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Biotodoma wavrini
Japurá, Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Biotoecus dicentrarchus
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Biotoecus opercularis*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Bujurquina apoparuana*
Endemic – Ucayali
Bujurquina cordemadi*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Bujurquina eurhinus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira)
Bujurquina hophrys*
Endemic – Ucayali
Bujurquina huallagae*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo
Bujurquina labiosa*
Endemic – Ucayali
Bujurquina mariae
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Bujurquina megalospilus*
Endemic – Ucayali
Bujurquina moriorum*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Bujurquina ortegai*
Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo
Bujurquina pardus*
Endemic – Marañon
Bujurquina peregrinabunda*
Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Bujurquina robusta*
Juruá, Ucayali
Bujurquina syspilus*
Ucayali, Amazonas main channel
Bujurquina tambopatae*
Endemic – Beni-Madre de Dios
Bujurquina vittata
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Paraná-Paraguay
Bujurquina zamorensis*
Endemic – Marañon
Caquetaia myersi*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Caquetaia spectabilis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá
Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis*
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Chaetobranchus flavescens
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de
Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Oiapoque, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Chaetobranchus semifasciatus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Cichla jariina*
Endemic – Jari
Cichla kelberi*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Amazonas Estuary
Cichla melaniae*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Cichla mirianae*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Jamanxim
Cichla monoculus
Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Ucayali, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, upper Orinoco
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
153
Occurrence
Cichla nigromaculata*
Endemic – Negro
Cichla ocellaris
Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo
Cichla orinocensis
Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Cichla pinima
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Cichla piquiti*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Cichla pleiozona*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Amazonas main
channel
Cichla temensis
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Cichla thyrorus*
Endemic – Trombetas
Cichla vazzoleri*
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas
Cichlasoma amazonarum*
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Juruá,
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Cichlasoma araguaiense*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu
Cichlasoma bimaculatum
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Branco, Amazonas
main channel, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Cichlasoma boliviense*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Purus
Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense
Upper Tocantins, Parnaiba, São Francisco
Crenicara latruncularium*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios)
Crenicara punctulata
Lower Tocantins, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Crenicichla acutirostris
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Crenicichla adspersa*
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel
Crenicichla albopunctata
Jari, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara
Crenicichla alta
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Crenicichla anamiri*
Endemic – lower Xingu
Crenicichla anthurus*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco
Crenicichla cametana*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu
Crenicichla chicha*
Endemic – Juruena
Crenicichla cincta*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu,
Putumayo, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Crenicichla compressiceps*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Crenicichla cyanonotus
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas
main channel, Itapicuru-Mearim, Apure
Crenicichla cyclostoma*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Crenicichla dandara*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Crenicichla heckeli*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Trombetas
154
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Crenicichla hemera*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Crenicichla hummelincki*
Endemic – Trombetas
Crenicichla inpa
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Crenicichla isbrueckeri*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Crenicichla jegui*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Crenicichla johanna
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim,
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé,
Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari,
Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá,
Oiapoque, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Crenicichla labrina
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Capim, AraguariMacari-Amapá
Crenicichla lenticulata
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Crenicichla lepidota
Araguaia, Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Capim, Paraná-Paraguay
Crenicichla lucius*
Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Amazonas main channel
Crenicichla lugubris
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá,
Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Crenicichla macrophthalma*
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Crenicichla marmorata*
Lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield
Tributaries, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel
Crenicichla monicae*
Endemic – Negro
Crenicichla notophthalmus
Negro, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Crenicichla pellegrini*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Crenicichla percna*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Crenicichla phaiospilus*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Crenicichla ploegi
Juruena, Paraná-Paraguay
Crenicichla proteus*
Mamoré, Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Crenicichla pydanielae*
Endemic – Trombetas
Crenicichla regani
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Curuá-Paru do Oeste, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Capim
Crenicichla reticulata
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Mamoré,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries,
Juruá, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas
main channel, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Crenicichla rosemariae*
Endemic – upper Xingu
Crenicichla santosi*
Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Amazonas
main channel
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
155
Occurrence
Crenicichla saxatilis
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, CoppenameSuriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco, Apure
Crenicichla sedentaria
Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, upper Orinoco
Crenicichla semicincta*
Teles Pires, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus,
Juruá
Crenicichla stocki*
Endemic – lower Tocantins
Crenicichla strigata
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires,
Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Essequibo
Crenicichla tigrina*
Endemic – Trombetas
Crenicichla urosema*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Tapajós, Jamanxim)
Crenicichla virgatula*
Restricted to Negro basin (Negro, Branco)
Crenicichla vittata
Mamoré, Paraná-Paraguay
Crenicichla wallacii
Lower Tocantins, Negro, Branco, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Dicrossus filamentosus
Negro, Branco, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Dicrossus foirni*
Endemic – Negro
Dicrossus maculatus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Dicrossus warzeli*
Restricted to Tapajós basin (Teles Pires, Tapajós)
Geophagus abalios
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Geophagus altifrons
Upper Tocantins, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middlelower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Capim
Geophagus argyrostictus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Geophagus dicrozoster
Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Geophagus megasema*
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Japurá
Geophagus mirabilis*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Geophagus neambi*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós
Geophagus proximus*
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Guaporé, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Ucayali, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Geophagus surinamensis
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Essequibo
Geophagus sveni*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (upper Tocantins, Araguaia)
Geophagus winemilleri
Japurá, Negro, upper Orinoco
Guianacara dacrya
Branco, Essequibo
Guianacara sphenozona
Branco, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Gymnogeophagus balzanii
Guaporé, Paraná-Paraguay
Heroina isonycterina*
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Japurá
Heros efasciatus
Lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Tefé,
Juruá, Ucayali, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Oiapoque
Heros notatus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Capim,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
156
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Species
NO. 431
Occurrence
Heros severus
Negro, upper Orinoco
Heros spurius*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira)
Hoplarchus psittacus
Middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hypselecara coryphaenoides
Tapajós, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, lower
Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Hypselecara temporalis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira,
Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Oiapoque
Ivanacara adoketa*
Endemic – Negro
Krobia xinguensis*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Laetacara araguaiae
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, upper Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Paraná-Paraguay
Laetacara curviceps*
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Capim
Laetacara flavilabris*
Juruá, Javari, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá,
Amazonas main channel
Laetacara fulvipinnis
Negro, upper Orinoco
Laetacara thayeri*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Tefé, Marañon-Nanay, Negro,
Amazonas main channel
Mesonauta acora
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Capim
Mesonauta festivus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé,
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus,
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Essequibo, upper Orinoco, ParanáParaguay
Mesonauta guyanae
Lower Tocantins, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Oiapoque, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca,
Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Mesonauta insignis
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Putumayo, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Mesonauta mirificus*
Ucayali, Putumayo, Japurá, Amazonas main channel
Mikrogeophagus altispinosus*
Restricted to Madeira basin (Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira)
Pterophyllum altum
Negro, upper Orinoco
Pterophyllum leopoldi
Lower Tocantins, Putumayo, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Gurupi-Turiaçu, Essequibo
Pterophyllum scalare
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Javari, Ucayali,
Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim,
Oiapoque, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Retroculus acherontos*
Endemic – upper Tocantins
Retroculus lapidifer
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Capim
Retroculus xinguensis*
Upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Jamanxim
Rondonacara hoehnei*
Endemic – Araguaia
Satanoperca acuticeps*
Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Japurá, Negro, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Satanoperca curupira*
Endemic – Madeira Shield Tributaries
Satanoperca daemon
Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
157
Occurrence
Satanoperca jurupari
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Paru, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba,
Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Essequibo, upper Orinoco
Satanoperca leucosticta
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Juruá, Branco, UrubuUatumã, Amazonas main channel, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo
Satanoperca lilith*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel
Satanoperca pappaterra
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Japurá, Amazonas main channel, ParanáParaguay
Symphysodon aequifasciatus
Upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Tapajós, Coari-Urucu, Tefé, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Capim
Symphysodon discus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Trombetas
Symphysodon haraldi*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Amazonas main channel
Symphysodon tarzoo*
Middle-lower Madeira, Tefé, Juruá, Jutaí, Amazonas main channel
Taeniacara candidi*
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel
Tahuantinsuyoa chipi*
Endemic – Ucayali
Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza*
Endemic – Ucayali
Teleocichla centisquama*
Restricted to Xingu basin (Iriri, lower Xingu)
Teleocichla centrarchus*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Teleocichla cinderella*
Restricted to Tocantins basin (Araguaia, lower Tocantins)
Teleocichla gephyrogramma*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Teleocichla monogramma*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, lower Xingu)
Teleocichla preta*
Restricted to Xingu basin (upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu)
Teleocichla prionogenys*
Iriri, Tapajós, Jamanxim
Teleocichla proselytus*
Upper Xingu, Tapajós
Teleocichla wajapi*
Endemic – Jari
Uaru amphiacanthoides*
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Tefé, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Eleotridae
9
Dormitator maculatus*
Lower Tocantins, Amazonas Estuary
Eleotris pisonis
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary,
Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, lower Orinoco
Leptophilypnion fittkaui*
Endemic – Negro
Leptophilypnion pusillus*
Endemic – Tapajós
Microphilypnus acangaquara*
Endemic – Tapajós
Microphilypnus hypolyrasimeion*
Endemic – Negro
Microphilypnus macrostoma
Negro, Amazonas main channel, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
Microphilypnus tapajosensis*
Endemic – Tapajós
Microphilypnus ternetzi
Lower Tocantins, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira
Shield Tributaries, Purus, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Amazonas main channel, Capim,
lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco
158
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Taxon
Gobiidae
Species
Occurrence
1
Lower Tocantins, lower Xingu, Maroni-Approuague, Corentyne-Demerara,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu, Atrato
Awaous flavus
Polycentridae
NO. 431
3
Monocirrhus polyacanthus
Lower Xingu, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Purus, Coari-Urucu, Tefé, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo,
Japurá, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Capim, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Polycentrus jundia*
Endemic – Negro
Polycentrus schomburgkii
Jari, Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower
Orinoco, Apure
Sciaenidae
15
Pachypops fourcroi
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós, Guaporé,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Japurá, Negro, Branco,
Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim,
Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Oiapoque, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-SurinameSaramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
Pachypops pigmaeus*
Middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco, Trombetas
Pachypops trifilis
Mamoré, Guaporé, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Japurá, Negro, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Maroni-Approuague, Essequibo
Pachyurus calhamazon*
Branco, Trombetas
Pachyurus gabrielensis
Purus, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Negro, Branco, upper Orinoco
Pachyurus junki*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Negro, Branco,
Amazonas main channel
Pachyurus paucirastrus*
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Pachyurus schomburgkii
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios,
middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Juruá, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro,
Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas Estuary, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Pachyurus stewarti*
Beni-Madre de Dios, Purus, Napo-Ambyiacu
Petilipinnis grunniens
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, middlelower Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Plagioscion auratus
Lower Tocantins, Amazonas main channel, Capim, Maroni-Approuague,
Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, Corentyne-Demerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Plagioscion magdalenae
Lower Tocantins, Iriri, lower Xingu, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Amazonas Estuary, Capim, Araguari-Macari-Amapá, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Plagioscion montei*
Middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã,
Trombetas, Amazonas main channel
Plagioscion squamosissimus
Upper Tocantins, Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, Iriri, lower Xingu, Teles
Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower
Madeira, Madeira Shield Tributaries, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Marañon-Nanay, NapoAmbyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main
channel, Amazonas Estuary, Parnaíba, Itapicuru-Mearim, Capim, Araguari-MacariAmapá, Maroni-Approuague, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper Orinoco, Apure
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Taxon
Species
159
Occurrence
Trombetas, Essequibo, Cauca-Magdalena-Sinu
Plagioscion surinamensis
Pleuronectiformes
9
Achiridae
9
Achirus achirus*
Lower Tocantins
Apionichthys asphyxiatus*
Araguaia, Amazonas main channel
Apionichthys dumerili
Lower Tocantins, Japurá, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, Itapicuru-Mearim, Coppename-Suriname-Saramacca, CorentyneDemerara, lower Orinoco
Apionichthys menezesi
Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, lower Orinoco
Apionichthys nattereri*
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá,
Javari, Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Negro, Amazonas main channel
Apionichthys rosai*
Middle-lower Madeira, Ucayali, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary
Apionichthys seripierriae*
Middle-lower Madeira, Napo-Ambyiacu, Branco, Amazonas main channel
Hypoclinemus mentalis
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Tapajós,
Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Javari, Ucayali,
Marañon-Nanay, Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Negro, Branco, Trombetas,
Jari, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas Estuary, Essequibo, lower Orinoco, upper
Orinoco
Soleonasus finis
Mamoré, middle-lower Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali, Marañon-Nanay, Branco,
Amazonas main channel, Essequibo
Tetraodontiformes
2
Tetraodontidae
2
Colomesus asellus
Araguaia, lower Tocantins, upper Xingu, lower Xingu, middle-lower Madeira,
Napo-Ambyiacu, Putumayo, Japurá, Branco, Trombetas, Amazonas main channel,
Essequibo, lower Orinoco
Colomesus tocantinensis*
Lower Tocantins, Teles Pires
Ceratodontiformes
1
Lepidosirenidae
1
Lepidosiren paradoxa
Mamoré, Guaporé, Beni-Madre de Dios, Amazonas main channel, Amazonas
Estuary, upper Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay
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BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NO. 431
APPENDIX 2
Test for “Amazon Core” distribution
Statistical Test for Species with
Distribution Maps
A, Boullengerella spp., 176 records
Expected inside: 88; observed inside: 176;
expected outside: 88; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
176. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
B, Moenkhausia collettii, 113 records
Expected inside: 56.5; observed inside: 113;
expected outside: 56.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
113. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
C, Moenkhausia oligolepis, 104 records
Expected inside: 52; observed inside: 104;
expected outside: 52; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
104. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
H0: The species is randomly distributed. H1:
The species is not randomly distributed. Χ2 = Σ [
(O - E)2 / E ], where: E is the expected frequency
(species can occur inside or outside of the defined
limits of the distribution pattern. Thus, E is the
number of records of a species divided by 2 possibilities [inside or outside]); andO is the Observed
frequency (observed number of records of the
species inside the defined limits of the distribution
pattern). Degrees of freedom (2 - 1 =1). Conventionally accepted significance level of 0.05 (Chi
square distribution table 3.841).
Test for species with
“Broadly distributed lineages”
A, Hoplias malabaricus, 249 records
Expected inside: 124.5; observed inside: 249;
expected outside: 124.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2
= 249. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
B, Erythrinus erythrinus, 41 records
Expected inside: 20.5; observed inside: 41;
expected outside: 20.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
41. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, 95 records
Expected inside: 47.5; Observed inside: 95;
Expected outside: 47.5; Observed outside: 0; Χ2
= 95. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
D, Synbranchus marmoratus, 144
Expected inside: 72; observed inside: 144;
expected outside: 72; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
144. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
E, Callichthys callitchthys, 110 records
Expected inside: 55; observed inside: 109;
expected outside: 55; observed outside: 1; Χ2 =
106,03. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands”
distribution
A, Moenkhausia lepidura, 51 records
Expected inside: 25.5; observed inside: 51;
expected outside: 25.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
51. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Potamorhina altamazonica, 29 records
Expected inside: 14.5; observed inside: 29;
expected outside: 14.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
29. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Vandellia cirrhosa, 75 records
Expected inside: 37.5; observed inside: 74;
expected outside: 37.5; observed outside: 1; Χ2 =
71. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands”
distribution
A, Hemigrammus lunatus, 21 records
Expected inside: 10.5; observed inside: 21;
expected outside: 10.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
21. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
B, Epapterus dispilurus, 12 records
Expected inside: 6; observed inside: 12;
expected outside: 6; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 12.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Mesonauta festivus, 33 records
Expected inside: 16.5; observed inside: 32;
expected outside: 16.5; observed outside: 1; Χ2 =
29.12. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco
Lowland” distribution
A, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, 152 records
Expected inside: 76; observed inside: 143;
expected outside: 76; observed outside: 9; Χ2 =
118.13. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis,
i.e., the species is not randomly distributed.
B, Sorubim lima, 40 records
Expected inside: 20; Observed inside: 39;
Expected outside: 20; Observed outside: 1; Χ2 =
36.1. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
C, Hypophthalmus oremaculatus, 39 records
Expected inside: 19.5; Observed inside: 38;
Expected outside: 19.5; Observed outside: 1; Χ2
= 35.1. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis,
i.e., the species is not randomly distributed.
161
Expected inside: 7; observed inside: 14;
expected outside: 7; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 14.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the species is not randomly distributed.
D, Hemigrammus ocellifer, 36 records
Expected inside: 18; observed inside: 36;
expected outside: 18; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
36. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Guyana Mangrove Province”
distribution
A, Curimata cyprinoides, 19 records
Expected inside: 9.5; observed inside: 19;
expected outside: 9.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
19. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Cyphocharax helleri, 14 records
Expected inside: 7; observed inside: 14;
expected outside: 7; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 14.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Polycentrus schomburgkii, 8 records
Expected inside: 4; observed inside: 8;
expected outside: 4; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 8.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Eastern Amazon” distribution
Test for “Amazonas-Guyana-Orinoco
Lowland” distribution
A, Crenuchus spp., 44 records
Expected inside: 22; observed inside: 44;
expected outside: 22; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
44. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Mesonauta spp., 64 records
Expected inside: 32; observed inside: 55;
expected outside: 32; observed outside: 9; Χ2 =
33. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Hemigrammus unilineatus, 14 records
A, Synaptolaemus latofasciatus, 12 records
Expected inside: 6; observed inside: 12;
expected outside: 6; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 12.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Aphanothorolus emarginatus, 46 records
Expected inside: 23; observed inside: 42;
expected outside: 23; observed outside: 4; Χ2 =
28. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Pachyurus junki, 12 records
Expected inside: 6; observed inside: 12; expected
outside: 6; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 12. Χ2 >3.841,
162
BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the species is not
randomly distributed.
Test for “Amazon-core uplands” distribution
A, Cetopsidium spp., 41 records
Expected inside: 20.5; observed inside: 32;
expected outside: 20.5; observed outside: 9; Χ2 =
12.9. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
B, Hemigrammus ora, 16 records
Expected inside: 8; observed inside: 16;
expected outside: 8; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 16.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Hoplias aimara, 41 records
Expected inside: 20.5; observed inside: 41;
expected outside: 20.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
41. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Amazonian uplands” distribution
A, Sartor spp., 4 records
Expected inside: 2; observed inside: 4;
expected outside: 2; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 4.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Teleocichla spp., 24 records
Expected inside: 12; observed inside: 24;
expected outside: 12; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
24. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Tocantinsia piresi, 11 records
Expected inside: 5.5; observed inside: 11;
expected outside: 5.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
11. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
NO. 431
Test for “Longitudinal correspondence among
Amazonian Shield versants” distribution
A, Sartor gr. elongatus, 4 records
Expected inside: 2; observed inside: 4;
expected outside: 2; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 4.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Bryconexodon spp., 14 records
Expected inside: 7; observed inside: 14;
expected outside: 7; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 14.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Bivibranchia velox, 18 records
Expected inside: 9; observed inside: 18;
expected outside: 9; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 18.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “Brazilian Shield” distribution
A, Caiapobrycon spp., 18 records
Expected inside: 9; observed inside: 18;
expected outside: 9; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 18.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Jupiaba apenima, 28 records
Expected inside: 14; observed inside: 28;
expected outside: 14; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
28. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
C, Moenkhausia gr. pankilopteryx/pirauba, 19
records
Expected inside: 9.5; observed inside: 19;
expected outside: 9.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
19. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for “cis-Andean foothills” distribution
Test for “Guyana Shield” distribution
A, Pseudancistrus brevispinis, 18 records
Expected inside: 9; observed inside: 18;
expected outside: 9; observed outside: 0; Χ2 = 18.
Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
A, Astyanacinus spp., 23 records
Expected inside: 11.5; observed inside: 23;
expected outside: 11.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
23. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
B, Leporinus striatus, 71 records
2019
DAGOSTA & DE PINNA: DISTRIBUTION & BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF AMAZON FISHES
Expected inside: 35.5; observed inside: 50;
expected outside: 35.5; observed outside: 21; Χ2
= 11.8. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e.,
the species is not randomly distributed.
C, Steindachnerina dobula, 25 records
Expected inside: 12.5; observed inside: 25;
expected outside: 12.5; observed outside: 0; Χ2 =
25. Χ2 >3.841, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the
species is not randomly distributed.
Test for type of the water affecting distribution
Ho: The distribution of the species is not affected
by the type of the water. H1: The distribution of the
species is affected by the type of the water. Χ2 = Σ [
(O - E)2 / E ], where: E is the expected frequency
(species can occur in black-, white- or clear water).
Thus, E is the number of records of a species
divided by 3 possibilities (black-, white- or clear
water); O is the observed frequency (number of
records of the species observed in a determined
water type). Degrees of freedom (3 - 1 = 2). Conventionally accepted significance level of 0.05 (Chi
square distribution table 5.991).
Test for “Amazon-only Lowland” distribution
A, Cetopsis candiru, 9 records
Expected black: 3; observed black: 0; expected
white: 3; observed white: 8; expected clear: 3;
observed clear: 1; Χ2 = 12.6. Χ2 > 5.991, rejects
the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution of the
species is affected by the type of the water.
B, Curimatella meyeri, 38 records
Expected black: 12; observed black: 2;
expected white: 12; observed white: 33; expected
clear: 12; observed clear: 3; Χ2 = 51.8. Χ2 > 5.991,
rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution
of the species is affected by the type of the water.
C, Adontosternarchus balaenops, 21 records
Expected black: 7; observed black: 0; expected
white: 7; observed white: 20; expected clear: 7;
observed clear: 1; Χ2 = 21.16. Χ2 > 5.991, rejects
the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution of the
species is affected by the type of the water.
163
Test for “Central Blackwater Amazon”
distribution
A, Biotoecus spp., 19 records
Expected black: 6.33; observed black: 14;
expected white: 6.33; observed white: 5; expected
clear: 6.33; observed clear: 0; Χ2 = 8.38. Χ2 >
5.991, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution of the species is affected by the type of the
water.
B, Dicrossus spp., 25 records (collecting points
in Orinoco were not considered for the water
type classification)
Expected black: 8.33; observed black: 16;
expected white: 8.33; observed white: 3; expected
clear: 8.33; observed clear: 6; Χ2 = 7.72. Χ2 >
5.991, rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution of the species is affected by the type of the
water.
C, Hemigrammus analis, 18 records (collecting points in Orinoco were not considered for
the water type classification)
Expected black: 6; observed black: 13;
expected white: 6; observed white: 1; expected
clear: 6; observed clear: 4; Χ2 = 6.5. Χ2 >5.991,
rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution
of the species is affected by the type of the water.
D, Hemigrammus coeruleus, 15 records
Expected black: 5; observed black: 12;
expected white: 5; observed white: 2; expected
clear: 5; observed clear: 1; Χ2 = 6.16. Χ2 > 5.991,
rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution
of the species is affected by the type of the water.
E, Hemigrammus stictus, 18 records (collecting points in Orinoco were not considered for
the water type classification)
Expected black: 6; observed black: 16;
expected white: 6; observed white: 3; expected
clear: 6; observed clear: 6; Χ2 = 10.16. Χ2 > 5.991,
rejects the null hypothesis, i.e., the distribution
of the species is affected by the type of the water.
Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History
American Museum Novitates
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
Publications Committee
Robert S. Voss, Chair
Board of Editors
Jin Meng, Paleontology
Lorenzo Prendini, Invertebrate Zoology
Robert S. Voss, Vertebrate Zoology
Peter M. Whiteley, Anthropology
Managing Editor
Mary Knight
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This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).
On the cover: Distribution patterns of Amazonian fishes: (upper left) Guiana Mangrove Province; (upper right) Amazononly Lowland; (lower left) Cis-Andean Foothills; (lower
right) Eastern Amazon.