Phytotaxa 275 (3): 243–262 http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) Article PHYTOTAXA ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.275.3.3 Morphometric analysis reveals a new species of Aponogeton (Aponogetonaceae) in Sri Lanka CHAPA G. MANAWADUGE1, DEEPTHI YAKANDAWALA1* & DONALD H. LES2 1 Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA * Corresponding author: deepthiy@pdn.ac.lk, deepthiyakandawala@gmail.com 2 Abstract A morphometric analysis of Sri Lankan Aponogeton was performed in order to clarify species delimitations and to facilitate their identifications by comparing states coded for 61 vegetative and reproductive characters. Both cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis resolved five discrete phenetic groups within the genus in the island. Four of these clusters corresponded well with the four previously reported species (A. rigidifolius, A. jacobsenii, A. crispus and A. natans) whereas a fifth cluster delimited a new Aponogeton species, A. dassanayakei, from the wet lowland regions of Sri Lanka. These analyses have disclosed more useful characters for field identification of the species. Key Words: Aponogeton dassanayakei, Aquatic plants, Cluster analysis, Morphology, Phenetics Introduction Despite its small size (65,610 km2), Sri Lanka contains a rich and diverse flora. The island is known to harbor 3,154 flowering plant species (MOE 2012) but potentially contains many that remain undescribed. About 370 species (<12% of total) represent aquatic or wetland plants, wherein 205 (6% of total) are monocots, which include the genus Aponogeton Linnaeus f. (1781[1782]: 32) (Yakandawala 2012). All species of Aponogeton (Alismatales: Aponogetonaceae) are obligate, aquatic (freshwater) plants, which are distributed mainly in the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World (Les et al. 2005). In Sri Lanka, the genus is represented by four indigenous species; Aponogeton rigidifolius Bruggen (1962: 91), A. jacobsenii Bruggen (1983: 120), A. crispus Thunberg (1784: 73), and A. natans (Linnaeus 1767: 227) Engler & Krause (1906: 11). Of these, the former two are both endemic and endangered (Bruggen 1987, Yakandawala 2012). All of the species are known by the vernacular name “Kekatiya” (in Sinhala) and are popular aquarium plants. Since the genus Aponogeton was first erected by Linnaeus fil. in 1781 (Yadav & Gaikwad 2003), a comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the group was wanting for more than two centuries until Bruggen (1985) recognized 43 species in his pioneering monograph. Subsequent workers added additional taxa and about 58 species are presently recorded worldwide (Guillarmod 1978, Sundararaghavan et al. 1982, Hellquist & Jacobs 1998, Yadav & Gaikwad 2003, Jacobs et al. 2006, Ali 2008, Chen et al. 2015, Yadav et al. 2015). The only major taxonomic study to include Sri Lankan Aponogeton was that of Bruggen (1985 &1987) and to date there has not been a major revision of the genus. During the course of recent fieldwork on the aquatic flora of Sri Lanka, a number of Aponogeton populations were encountered, which contained individuals that were difficult to identify because of inconsistencies with the patterns of morphological variation described in prior taxonomic studies. In an effort to better understand the taxonomy of Sri Lankan Aponogeton, a morphometric analysis was conducted from material collected throughout the island as a means of elucidating species delimitations and to develop a more competent approach for their identification. Accepted by Samuli Lehtonen: 26 Aug. 2016; published: 21 Sept. 2016 243 Materials and Methods Sample collection Seventy Aponogeton plants from 28 Sri Lankan populations (collected from all suitable habitats located throughout the island) comprised the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) included in this study; each population was denoted by a unique acronym to facilitate its reference (Fig. 1, Table 1). These collections included material assigned to all of the currently recognized Aponogeton species on the island as well as providing a comprehensive sample of morphological variation with respect to both their flowering and fruiting stages. Representative samples of each population also were grown and maintained at the Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka to provide living reference material for consultation during the course of the study. Voucher specimens for all collections were deposited at The National Herbarium, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Appendix 1) TABLE 1. Field localities and acronym assigned to Sri Lankan populations sampled in this study. Locality Acronym Locality Acronym Naula (Matale) A1–A2 Wanduramba (Galle) O43–O44 Pidurangala (Matale) B3–B4 Ittapane (Kalutara) P45–P46 Pidurangala (Matale) C5–C6 Lunuganga (Kalutara) Q47–Q48 Batticaloa (Batticaloa) D7–D9 Tirappane (Anuradhapura) R49–R50 Hanwella (Colombo) E10–E11 Kebithigollewa(Anuradhapura) S51–S52 Kottawa (Galle) F12–F14 Tittagonewewa(Anuradhapura) T53–T54 Kanneliya (Galle) G15–G17 Muliyarkulam (Vavunia) U55–U56 Meegama (Kalutara) H1–H20 Murunkan (Mannar) V57–V58 Lunuganga (Kalutara) I21–I23 Murunkan (Mannar) W59–W60 Delgoda (Kalutara) J24–J26 Horton plains (N’ Eliya) X61–X62 Royal Botanical Garden K27 Ganemulla (Gampaha) Y63–Y64 Horton plains (N’ Eliya) L28–L30 Yagoda (Gampaha) Z65–Z66 Somawathiya (Polonnaruwa) M31–M40 Batticaloa (Batticaloa) AA67–AA68 Sinharaja (Galle) N41–N42 Kuruwita (Ratnapura) AB69–AB70 Morphometric Analysis Sixty-one morphological characters, representing 29 vegetative and 32 reproductive features, including those emphasized as important taxonomically by Bruggen (1985 &1987), were scored for analysis (Table 2) (Appendix 2). Characters were scored from 5–10 individuals in each population with five measurements taken per character in the case of quantitative characters; in these instances, the mean values represented the character states evaluated. Although scoring for most of the qualitative characters is self-explanatory, two are clarified further. For floret spacing (i.e., the space between florets in the inflorescence), the character states were defined as: ‘loose’ = >5 mm; ‘slightly dense’ = <5 mm but >0 mm; or ‘dense’ = 0 mm. For stamen filament shape: ‘linear’= filament width equal from top to bottom; ‘slightly dilated’ = filament width uniform in upper half, broadened slightly in lower half; and ‘broadly dilated’ = filament width increasing from top to bottom into a broadly expanded base. All characters and their corresponding character states were assembled into a data matrix, which was analyzed (as follows) using version 2.15 of the PAST software program (Hammer et al. 2001). 244 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press MANAWADUGE ET AL. FIGURE 1. Map of Sri Lanka indicating the sample collection locations (N 5º55’–9º55’ / E 79º42’–81º52’). Two analyses were performed using PAST. First, the Gower similarity measure option was selected to generate a range-normalized Manhattan distance matrix. We input this matrix into a hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) by NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 245 selecting the ‘paired group’ (UPGMA) option to depict the phenetic relationships among all OTUs as a dendrogram. We then performed an ordination analysis using the Gower measure option (transformation exponent C=2) to generate a distance matrix for use in a principal coordinates analysis (Davis 1986). Following the results of these analyses, each major, consistently recovered cluster was identified and where possible, associated with a specific taxon using taxonomic literature references (Bruggen 1985 & 1987). TABLE 2. Morphological characters and character states evaluated in the study (sub = submersed; flo = floating; NA = not applicable). Vegetative characters: 1. sub leaves (absent=0, present=1); 2. flo leaves (absent=0, present=1); 3. flo leaf habit (NA=0, never erect=1, sometimes erect=2); 4. root stock (rhizome=1, tuber=2); 5. tuber shape (NA=0, globular=1, cylindrical=2); 6. root stock length (cm); 7. root stock width (cm); 8. sub petiole length (cm); 9. sub petiole width (cm); 10. sub petiole shape (triangular=0, grooved=1 , NA= 2 ); 11. sub leaf length (cm); 12. sub leaf width (cm); 13. sub leaf margin (flat=0, undulate=1, undulate and/or flat=2, NA=3); 14. undulation type (type 1=0, type 2=1, type 3=2, type 4=3, NA=4); 15. flo leaves twisted around midrib (no=0, yes=1, NA=2); 16. sub leaf tip (narrowly acute=0, acute =1, retuse=2, NA=3); 17. sub leaf base (acute=0, cordate=1,NA=2); 18. sub leaf texture (type 1=0, type 2=1, type 3=2, NA=3); 19. sub leaf primary vein number (#); 20. flo leaf petiole length (cm); 21. flo leaf petiole width (cm); 22. flo leaf petiole cross section (triangular=0, V-shaped=1, NA=2); 23. flo leaf length (cm); 24. flo leaf width (cm); 25. flo leaf margin (flat =0, undulate=1, NA=2); 26. flo leaf base (cordate type 1=0, cordate type 2=1, NA=2); 27. flo leaf texture (type 4=0, type 5=1, NA=2); 28. flo leaf primary vein number (#); 29. flo leaf midrib (flat=0, protruding=1, grooved=2, NA=3). Reproductive characters: 30. peduncle (proliferous=0, not proliferous=1); 31. peduncle shape (widened apically=0, width uniform=1); 32. peduncle length (cm); 33. spathe duration (caducous=0, persistent=1); 34. inflorescence length (cm); 35. inflorescence width (mm); 36. floret spacing (loose=0, slightly dense=1, dense=2); 37. tepal number (#); 38. tepal colour (white=0, pinkish white=1, purple=2); 39. tepal length (mm); 40. tepal width (mm); 41. tepal length: width (ratio); 42. nerve number (#); 43. stamen number (#); 44. filament shape (linear =0, slightly dilated=1, broadly dilated=2); 45. stamen length (mm); 46. anther colour (light purple=0, dark purple=1, grayish green=2, brown=3); 47. carpel number (#); 48. gynoecium length (mm); 49. gynoecium width (mm); 50. mature gynoecium colour (white=0, light pink=1, dark pink=2, purple=3); 51. ovules per carpel (#); 52. fruit texture (rough=0, smooth=1); 53. fruit shape (elongate=0, broadly triangular =1, globular=2); 54. testa number (#); 55. outer-testa thickness (thick=0, thin=1) ; 56. outer-testa texture (smooth=0, ridged=1); 57. inner-testa (absent=0, present=1); 58. seed length (mm); 59. seed width (mm); 60. plumule (absent=0, present=1); 61. embryo attachment (at base=0, at or above middle=1, NA=2). Results The UPGMA dendrogram (cophenetic correlation coefficient=0.9848) resolved five discrete clusters of OTUs (hereafter clusters 1–5), which separated respectively at approximately 0.16, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.53 distance units (Fig. 2). The OTUs within each cluster grouped together closely, with none of them exceeding a distance of more than 0.07 units within any given cluster (Fig. 2). The first four (principal) eigen values recovered from the PCoA (3.9149, 0.6801, 0.1606, and 0.1180) accounted for 91% of the total variance (73%, 13%, 3%, and 2% respectively). A plot of the first and third coordinates (which provided the greatest separation of OTUs) returned a result similar to that obtained by the CA. Here the PCoA also resolved five discrete clusters (Fig. 3), with each corresponding exactly to one of the clusters indicated by the UPGMA dendrogram (Fig. 2). Although cluster 1 overlapped with cluster 2 along the first coordinate axis, there was no overlap between any of clusters 2–5; however, cluster 1 separated widely from cluster 2 and all other clusters along coordinate 3 (Fig. 3). Taxonomic descriptions (Bruggen 1985 & 1987) enabled us to explicitly associate three Aponogeton species with three of the consistently recovered clusters: A. crispus (cluster 4), A. jacobsenii (cluster 3), and A. rigidifolius (cluster 1). Cluster 2 contained OTUs similar to A. rigidifolius, and the most distant cluster (cluster 5) did not precisely match existing descriptions for A. natans, a fourth species attributed to Sri Lanka. 246 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press MANAWADUGE ET AL. FIGURE 2. A dendrogram resulting from CA resolves five distinct groups of OTUs among the Aponogeton material evaluated in this study. NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 247 FIGURE 3. Scatter plot resulting from PCoA showing the five distinct clusters of Aponogeton OTUs generated from the study material evaluated. Discussion Results of the CA and PCoA analyses consistently indicated five discrete phenetic groups of Aponogeton OTUs in the Sri Lankan flora. Three of these clusters (1, 3 and 4) could be assigned readily to three species attributed previously to Sri Lanka, namely A. rigidifolius, A. jacobsenii, and A. crispus respectively. The OTUs associated with cluster 5 did not completely agree with the morphological descriptions of A. natans, which has been described and illustrated as a plant having both floating and submersed leaves (Bruggen 1985 & 1987, Cook 1996, Yadav & Gaikwad 2003, Wijesundara & Shantha siri 2004, Ali 2008). None of the OTUs in cluster 5 possessed submersed leaves but they were all erect or emergent, which apparently developed into floating leaves when the plants became inundated during the rainy seasons. We have recently clarified this discrepancy by demonstrating that A. natans actually is a species with no submersed leaves (Manawaduage et al. 2016). The identity of cluster 2 OTUs represented a more difficult challenge, given that all of the known Sri Lankan Aponogeton species already had been accounted for by OTUs in clusters 1, 3, 4 and 5. The close phenetic association of cluster 1 and 2 OTUs by morphometric analysis (Fig. 2; 0.16 distance units) closely grouped the latter cluster with A. rigidifolius. Comparatively, the OTUs in both clusters were more similar morphologically to each other than to any of the OTUs assigned to the other species. By their fully submerged, undulate leaves and emergent, whiteflowered inflorescences, one might readily assign cluster 2 OTUs to A. rigidifolius. Yet upon closer examination, the OTUs in cluster 2 differed from A. rigidifolius by the presence of a tuber instead of a rhizome, and by their longer, highly undulated, and brownish green coloured leaves as opposed to the shorter, less undulated or flattened, and dark purplish-green leaves of A. rigidifolius. These differences provide practical characters for separating the two taxa in the field. Although this undescribed species bears some resemblance to A. rigidifolius, it also displays a number of differences. The endemic A. rigidifolius is confined to few locations in the low land wet zone of Sri Lanka. Although cluster 2 OTUs also occur in the low land wet zone, they exhibit a wider distribution. These taxa also differ ecologically, with A. rigidifolius occurring in stony, rapidly flowing fresh water streams, while the members of cluster 2 OTUs occur in slow flowing rivulets or rivers in much deeper water (below 1–2 m in some cases). The cluster 2 plants also occur nearer to the lagoons, where we have never encountered A. rigidifolius. 248 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press MANAWADUGE ET AL. FIGURE 4. Proliferous peduncle of Aponogeton dassanayakei Manawaduge & Yakandawala (specimen collected on 11/08/2014 from Lunuganga (Kalutara), GPS location: N 06° 24. 254 ′ / E 80° 01.121′). NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 249 Further, we observed that some cluster 2 OTUs uniquely possessed a proliferous peduncle (Fig. 4), which is a character that never had been recorded previously for any Sri Lankan Aponogeton, including A. rigidifolius. In cluster 2 plants, vegetative propagation can occur by the formation of young plantlets/propagules (rather than an inflorescence), which develop at the tip of a peduncle-like axis. Further, the proliferous peduncle character was always associated with individuals growing in close proximity to more saline waters. However, none of the plants with proliferous peduncles considered during the study bore an inflorescence on the same individual. Proliferous peduncles occur rarely in Aponogeton and have been reported previously in only two species: A. proliferous C.B. Hellquist & S.W.L. Jacobs (1998: 11), an Australian species with yellow-flowered inflorescences and A. undulatus Roxburgh (1832: 211), an Asian species with white-flowered inflorescences (Bruggen 1985, Hellquist & Jacobs 1998, Les et al. 2005). Of these, A. proliferous is distinct from cluster 2 OTUs by its yellow tepals. In a nontaxonomic study, Thabrew & Thabrew (1983) recorded “A. undulatus” from Sri Lanka, but provided no distinguishing features for its identification. Morphologically, A. undulatus appears to be much closer to members of cluster 2 than to cluster 1. However, unlike the strictly submersed foliage of cluster 2 OTUs, A. undulatus possesses both floating and submerged leaves (Bruggen 1985, Yadav & Gaikwad 2003). Cluster 2 OTUs also possess much longer, finer, and more heavily undulated submerged leaves, which (unlike A. undulatus) sometimes twist around their mid rib (often in two to three spirals). Their submerged leaves also lack the alternating transparent and opaque areas that are characteristic of A. undulatus. Their caducous spathe also contrasts with the persistent spathe ascribed to A. undulatus (Bruggen 1985, Yadav & Gaikwad 2003). The tepals of A. undulatus are elongate; whereas, those of cluster 2 OUTs are more spherical (Bruggen 1985, Yadav & Gaikwad 2003), and are considerably wider than long. Further, the tepals are persistent and remain on the infructescence below the developing ovaries; whereas, the tepals of A. undulatus are caducous (Bruggen 1985, Yadav & Gaikwad 2003) (Fig. 5). From our observations, all of these characters are stable and are not altered substantially by environmental factors. FIGURE 5. Persistent tepals in a mature inflorescence from Aponogeton dassanayakei Manawaduge & Yakandawala (specimen collected on 11/08/2014 from Lunuganga (Kalutara), GPS location: N 06° 24. 254 ′ / E 80° 01.121′). Thus, the particular combination of traits specific to cluster 2 OTUs is not found in any previously described Aponogeton species. For this reason we conclude that these OTUs represent a new, undescribed Aponogeton species. A formal description with the illustration (Fig. 6) to the new species is given below. In summary, our morphometric analysis of Sri Lankan Aponogeton supports the recognition of five distinct species in the country, which include four previously reported species along with a novel species. Combined with field observations, these analyses also have disclosed errors in the morphological description of A. natans, to which submersed leaves have been associated erroneously. Further studies of Sri Lankan Aponogeton using molecular data currently are underway and hopefully will shed additional light on the diversity, origins and relationships of the genus within this small island country. 250 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press MANAWADUGE ET AL. Taxonomy Aponogeton dassanayakei Manawaduge & Yakandawala, sp. nov. (Fig. 6) Aponogeton dassanayakei is distinct from the other two proliferous species known in the genus by having the combination of characters; highly undulated long strictly submersed leaves with no alternately transparent or opaque patterns, broad white coloured persistent tepals and caducous spathe. Type:—SRI LANKA. Western Province: Kalutara, Ittapana Thotupola-South End, (Ittapane–Horawala Thotupola Road), elev. 3 m, 08° 23.910′ N / 80° 4.067′ E, 15 February 2015, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 215. (Holotype: PDN!). Tuber cylindrical and elongate; 9–20 mm Ø. Submerged leaves lamina; 17–56 × 1.4–5.2 cm; linear and slightly curved, apex acute and base cuneate, margin finely undulate, midrib with 6–8 parallel nerves; Petioles up to 56 cm long, brittle, bluntly triangular. Floating leaves absent. Peduncle up to 178 cm, widening towards the inflorescence. Spathe up to 35 mm, caduceus. Inflorescence with 1 spike; spike up to 15 cm, densely flowered; flowers turned towards all directions. Tepals 2, 1.2–2.3 × 1.3–2.5 mm, persistent, 1 nerved, white, broad. Stamens 6, 1–2 mm; filaments slightly widening towards the base, white, anthers grayish green. Carpels 3, white, 1.0–1.5 × 0.4–1 mm; ovules 2. Infructescence up to 31 cm. Folicals up to 10 × 6 mm, elongated, triangular, with rough coat and a short, terminal, curved beak. Seeds with a simple testa; embryo up to 8–9 × 3–6 mm, plumule attached near the base of the embryo and in a very wide groove. Proliferous peduncles ascending up to 45 cm, slightly thickened towards the tip. FIGURE 6. Aponogeton dassanayakei Manawaduge & Yakandawala (a) habit, (b) inflorescence, (c) floret, (d) tepal, (e) stamen, (f) gynoecium and (g) infructescence. Phenology:—Throughout the year. Distribution:—Aponogeton dassanayakei occurs in the low land wet zone, in slow flowing rivulets and rivers in much deeper water (below 1–2 m in some cases) and also in saline water towards the lagoons. Eponymy:—The new species has been named after Professor M. D. Dassanayake, an eminent Plant Taxonomist in Sri Lanka and the General Editor of “A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon” (Vols. I–XV). NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 251 Additional specimens examined (Paratypes):—SRI LANKA. Western Province: Colombo, Hanwella, 06°54.109′ N, 80°05.613′ E, 13 m, 28 July 2014, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 105 (PDN!); Kalutara, Meegama, near Meegama Thotupola bridge, 06°24.825′N, 80°04.005′ E, 4 m , 11 August 2014, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 408, 409 (PDN!); Lunuganga, Bawa Gardens, 06°24. 254′N, 80°01.121′ E, 18 m, 11 August 2014, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 109 (PDN!); same locality, 06°24.30′N, 80° 1.211′E, 18 m, 15 February 2015, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 117 (PDN!); Bandaragama,Waskaduwa—Bandaragama road, 06°41.155 ′ N 79° 58. 857 ′E, 2 m, 11August 2014, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 110 (PDN!); Gampaha, Kirindiwita, Kirindiwita–Ganemulla road, 07° 5.370′N 79°58.156′E, 10 m, 24 September 2015, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 126 (PDN!); Yagoda, 07°4.390′N, 79°58.188′E, 10 m, 24 September 2015, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 127 (PDN!); Sabaragamuwa Province: Ratnapura, Kuruwuta, Colombo–Batticaloa highway, 06°46.982′N, 80°21.579′E, 27 m, 17 December 2015, Manawaduge & Yakandawala 128 (PDN!). Acknowledgements Financial assistance provided by the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (University Research Grant RG/2014/38/S) to DY is gratefully acknowledged. Authors wish to thank The Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka for granting permission for collecting of material, National Herbarium, Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka and Menaka Ariyarathne and U. B. Priyadharshana for their assistance in the field. References Ali, S.I. (2008) Contribution to the family Aponogetonaceae from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40: 1–3. Bruggen, H.W.E. van (1962) Mededelingen van de Botanische Tuinen en het Belmonte Arboretum der Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, Vol. 6. 91 pp. Bruggen, H.W.E. van (1985) Monograph of the genus Aponogeton (Aponogetonaceae). Bibliotheca Botanica 137: 14–26. Bruggen, H.W.E. van (1987) Aponogetonaceae. In: Dassanayake, M.D. & Fosberg, F.R. (Eds.) A Revised Hand Book to the Flora of Ceylon, Vol. VI. 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(2004) Some selected aquatic ornamental plants of Sri Lanka: a simplified guide to identification of Aponogeton (Kekatiya), Lagenandra (Ketala) and Cryptocoryne (Atiudayan). Technology Watch Centre, National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 4–14. Wit, H.C.D. de (1983) Aquariumplanten, ed. 4. Stuttgart, Germany, 120 pp. Yadav, S.R. & Gaikwad, S.P. (2003) A revision of the Indian Aponogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 39–76. Yadav, S.R., Patil, V.S., Gholave, A.R., Chandore, A.N., Yadav, U.S. & Kambale, S.S. (2015) Aponogeton nateshii (Aponogetonaceae): a new species from India. Rheedea 25: 9–13. Yakandawala, D. (2012) Present status of fresh water aquatic flora in Sri Lanka. In: Weerakoon, D.K. & Wijesundara, S. (Eds.) The national Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 186–196. NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 253 APPENDIX 1. List of Aponogeton taxa investigated in the study, their collection dates, localities, and voucher specimen information (all specimens deposited at The National Herbarium, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka). Species A. crispus A. natans Collection Date Province Locality Voucher Specimen 25/05/2014 Central Naula (Matale) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 101 25/05/2014 Central Pidurangala (Matale) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 102 25/05/2014 Central Pidurangala (Matale) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 103 26/09/2014 Central RBG (Peradeniya) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 111 13/06/2015 North Central Tirappane (Anuradhapura) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 118 13/06/2015 North Central Kebithigollewa (Anuradhapura) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 119 13/06/2015 North Central TittagoneWewa (Anuradhapura) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 120 25/05/2014 Eastern Batticaloa (Batticaloa) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 704,705,706 25/10/2014 North Central Somawathiya (Polonnaruwa) 14/06/2015 Northern Muliyarkulam (Vavunia) 14/06/2015 Northern Murunkan (Mannar) 14/06/2015 Northern Murunkan (Mannar) 06/12/2015 Eastern Batticaloa (Batticaloa) 28/07/2014 Southern Kottawa (Galle) 28/07/2014 Southern Kanneliya (Galle) 07/0/2015 southern Sinharaja (Galle) 15/02/2015 Southern Wanduramba (Galle) 13/10/2014 Central Horton plains (N’ Eliya) 23/07/2015 Central Horton plains (N’ Eliya) 28/07/2014 Western Hanwella (Colombo) 11/08/2014 Western Meegama (Kalutara) 11/08/2014 Western Lunuganga (Kalutara) 11/08/2014 Western Delgoda (Kalutara) 15/02/2015 Western Ittapane (Kalutara) 15/02/2015 Western Lunuganga (Kalutara) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 215,216,217 24/09/2015 Western Ganemulla (Gampaha) Manawaduge &Yakandawala 117 24/09/2015 Western Yagoda (Gampaha) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 126 17/12/2015 Sabaragamuwa Kuruwita (Ratnapura) Manawaduge & Yakandawala 127 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 113 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 121 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 122 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 123 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 627 A. rigidifolius Manawaduge & Yakandawala 506,507 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 107 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 114 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 315,316 A. jacobsenii Manawaduge & Yakandawala 112 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 124 A. dassanayakei Manawaduge & Yakandawala 105 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 408,409 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 109 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 110 Manawaduge & Yakandawala 128 254 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press MANAWADUGE ET AL. NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon APPENDIX 2. Morphological data matrix used in the morphometric analysis. Character numbers correspond to that of Table 2. Acronyms assigned to OTUs correspond to that of Table 1. ? = missing data. oOTUs Character Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 255 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 A1 1 1 1 2 1 2.8 1.8 13.0 0.3 0 12.0 3.8 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 63.0 0.2 0 15.0 3.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 A2 1 1 1 2 1 3.5 1.2 22.0 0.5 0 20.0 5.7 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 71.0 0.3 0 17.0 4.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 B3 1 1 1 2 1 1.7 1.0 35.0 0.3 0 11.5 3.0 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 4 1 1 B4 1 1 1 2 1 1.3 0.7 38.0 0.4 0 18.0 4.0 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 17.0 0.2 0 6.0 2.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 C5 1 1 1 2 1 2.8 1.8 11.0 0.5 0 18.0 5.0 1 0 0 2 1 0 5 32.0 0.3 0 15.0 2.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 C6 1 1 1 2 1 1.0 0.8 9.8 0.6 0 21.0 6.1 1 0 0 2 1 0 5 35.0 0.3 0 18.0 2.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 D7 0 1 2 2 1 2.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 32.0 0.6 1 14.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 D8 0 1 2 2 1 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 33.0 0.6 1 13.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 D9 0 1 2 2 1 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 26.0 0.5 1 11.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 E10 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 0.9 23.0 0.4 0 31.0 1.4 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 E11 1 0 0 2 2 10.0 1.2 25.0 0.5 0 43.0 2.4 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 F12 1 0 0 1 0 6.0 0.8 56.0 0.3 0 59.0 4.1 2 2 0 0 0 2 5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 F13 1 0 0 1 0 6.0 0.8 42.0 0.4 0 51.0 5.0 2 2 0 0 0 2 5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 F14 1 0 0 1 0 4.0 0.3 13.0 0.3 0 28.0 3.0 2 2 0 0 0 2 5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 G15 1 0 0 1 0 10.0 0.8 18.0 0.4 0 33.0 2.0 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 G16 1 0 0 1 0 5.0 0.6 11.0 0.3 0 19.0 3.0 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 ...Continued on next page 256 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs Character MANAWADUGE ET AL. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 G17 1 0 0 1 0 6.0 0.8 16.0 0.3 0 30.0 3.0 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 H18 1 0 0 2 2 6.0 2.0 20.0 0.6 0 43.0 3.7 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 5.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 H19 1 0 0 2 2 6.0 2.0 32.0 0.8 0 56.0 4.9 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 H20 1 0 0 2 2 7.0 2.0 21.0 0.6 0 55.0 5.2 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 I21 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 2.0 13.0 0.5 0 25.0 3.2 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 I22 1 0 0 2 2 3.0 1.0 8.0 0.4 0 17.0 2.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 I23 1 0 0 2 2 5.0 2.0 15.0 0.7 0 28.0 4.6 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 J24 1 0 0 2 2 2.0 2.0 50.0 0.5 0 51.0 4.7 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 J25 1 0 0 2 2 3.0 1.0 40.0 0.7 0 59.0 4.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 J26 1 0 0 2 2 3.0 2.0 25.0 0.4 0 39.0 2.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 K27 1 1 1 2 1 ? ? 33.3 0.5 0 25.0 9.0 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 71.0 0.3 0 13.0 3.8 0 0 0 5 1 1 L28 1 0 0 2 2 5.0 2.0 18.0 0.5 0 19.0 7.0 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 L29 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 1.9 10.0 0.5 0 8.0 3.6 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 L30 1 0 0 2 2 5.0 4.0 5.3 0.5 0 7.0 3.1 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 M31 0 1 2 2 1 4.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 4.8 0.2 1 5.0 0.6 0 1 1 4 2 1 M32 0 1 2 2 1 4.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 4.0 0.2 1 4.0 0.5 0 1 1 4 2 1 M33 0 1 2 2 1 4.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 5.7 0.3 1 5.5 0.5 0 1 1 4 2 1 M34 0 1 2 2 1 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 12.3 0.3 1 7.6 0.8 0 1 1 4 2 1 M35 0 1 2 2 1 2.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 12.5 0.2 1 7.5 1.3 0 1 1 4 2 1 ...Continued on next page NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs Character Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 257 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 M36 0 1 2 2 1 3.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 12.3 0.2 1 7.3 1.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 M37 0 1 2 2 1 3.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 21.7 0.4 1 9.2 1.5 0 1 1 4 2 1 M38 0 1 2 2 1 4.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 22.0 0.3 1 9.6 1.2 0 1 1 4 2 1 M39 0 1 2 2 1 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 28.8 0.3 1 11.2 1.7 0 1 1 4 2 1 M40 0 1 2 2 1 2.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 28.7 0.3 1 10.2 2.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 N41 1 0 0 1 0 14.0 0.8 22.0 0.4 0 38.0 3.1 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 N42 1 0 0 1 0 10.0 0.7 25.0 0.3 0 40.0 3.5 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 O43 1 0 0 1 0 6.0 0.8 15.0 0.3 0 29.0 2.5 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 O44 1 0 0 1 0 8.0 0.6 17.0 0.3 0 32.0 3.0 2 2 0 0 0 2 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 P45 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 1.0 40.0 0.4 0 25.0 4.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 P46 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 2.0 35.0 0.6 0 39.0 4.0 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 Q47 1 0 0 2 2 3.0 1.0 31.0 0.5 0 40.0 3.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 Q48 1 0 0 2 2 3.0 2.0 25.0 0.5 0 45.0 3.0 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 0 R49 1 1 1 2 1 1.7 1.5 25.0 0.3 0 26.0 4.5 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 50.0 0.2 0 16.0 3.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 R50 1 1 1 2 1 3.0 2.8 22.0 0.4 0 21.0 4.0 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 45.0 0.3 0 15.0 2.8 0 0 0 4 1 1 S51 1 1 1 2 1 1.3 1.1 11.0 0.5 0 10.0 5.0 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 35.0 0.3 0 14.0 2.9 0 0 0 4 1 1 S52 1 1 1 2 1 2.8 2.5 19.0 0.3 0 15.0 5.7 1 0 0 2 1 0 4 39.0 0.2 0 13.0 2.2 0 0 0 4 1 1 T53 1 1 1 2 1 1.4 1.3 19.0 0.3 0 12.0 3.5 1 0 0 2 1 0 5 28.0 0.2 0 11.0 2.5 0 0 0 4 1 1 T54 1 1 1 2 1 1.7 1.5 21.0 0.4 0 19.0 5.5 1 0 0 2 1 0 5 29.0 0.3 0 10.0 3.0 0 0 0 4 1 1 ...Continued on next page 258 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs Character 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 U55 0 1 2 2 1 3.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 34.0 0.6 1 12.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 U56 0 1 2 2 1 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 25.0 0.6 1 16.0 2.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 V57 0 1 2 2 1 1.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 28.0 0.3 1 15.0 2.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 V58 0 1 2 2 1 2.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 31.0 0.5 1 13.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 W59 0 1 2 2 1 3.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 34.0 0.6 1 15.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 W60 0 1 2 2 1 1.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 33.0 0.6 1 10.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 X61 1 0 0 2 2 5.0 2.0 10.0 0.6 0 15.0 5.0 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 X62 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 3.0 15.0 0.5 0 10.0 6.0 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 Y63 1 0 0 2 2 6.0 2.0 50.0 0.5 0 49.0 3.6 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 Y64 1 0 0 2 2 7.0 1.0 41.0 0.6 0 54.0 2.9 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 Z65 1 0 0 2 2 5.0 2.0 30.0 0.5 0 41.0 3.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 Z66 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 1.5 32.0 0.5 0 39.0 3.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 AA67 0 1 2 2 1 2.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 28.0 0.4 1 15.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 AA68 0 1 2 2 1 3.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 3 4 2 3 2 3 0 27.0 0.5 1 12.0 3.0 0 1 1 4 2 1 AB69 1 0 0 2 2 4.0 2.0 30.0 0.5 0 39.0 3.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 AB70 1 0 0 2 2 3.0 1.5 25.0 0.5 0 40.0 3.5 1 3 1 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 0.0 2 3 3 0 3 1 MANAWADUGE ET AL. ...Continued on next page NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs Character Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 259 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 A1 0 68 0 17 0.7 2 2 1 1.75 1.55 1.13 1 6 1 1.75 0 3 1.70 1.20 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8.30 3.32 1 0 A2 0 77 0 15 0.6 2 2 1 1.55 1.25 1.24 1 6 1 1.50 0 3 1.70 1.25 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8.72 3.74 1 0 B3 0 59 0 11 0.5 0 2 1 1.25 1.05 1.19 1 6 1 1.30 0 3 1.00 0.50 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.72 3.40 1 0 B4 0 70 0 10 0.4 0 2 1 1.60 1.50 1.07 1 6 1 1.65 0 3 1.10 0.50 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.55 3.49 1 0 C5 0 45 0 8 0.5 0 2 1 2.10 2.00 1.05 1 6 1 2.15 0 3 1.50 1.10 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.89 3.57 1 0 C6 0 40 0 11 0.5 0 2 1 2.00 1.90 1.05 1 6 1 2.05 0 3 1.60 1.20 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.64 3.49 1 0 D7 1 20 0 10 1.0 2 2 2 3.00 1.90 1.58 1 6 0 4.15 1 3 4.00 1.55 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.80 0.55 0 2 D8 1 30 0 11 0.8 2 2 2 2.85 1.60 1.78 1 6 0 3.00 1 3 3.60 1.50 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.60 0.55 0 2 D9 1 15 0 15 0.7 2 2 2 2.90 1.75 1.66 1 6 0 2.60 1 3 3.50 1.50 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.50 0.50 0 2 E10 0 63 0 16 0.5 0 2 0 1.25 1.50 0.83 1 6 1 1.08 2 3 1.05 0.63 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 6.64 2.99 1 0 E11 0 64 0 15 0.4 0 2 0 1.75 1.88 0.93 1 6 1 1.48 2 3 1.45 0.08 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 8.00 2.00 1 0 F12 0 40 0 18 0.5 2 2 0 1.50 1.38 1.09 1 6 1 2.00 0 3 1.50 0.08 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 10.00 3.00 1 0 F13 0 42 0 11 0.6 2 2 0 2.50 1.38 1.81 1 6 1 2.30 0 3 1.63 0.88 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 12.00 4.00 1 0 F14 0 34 0 8 0.5 2 2 0 2.55 1.40 1.82 1 6 1 2.25 0 3 1.70 0.90 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 9.00 3.00 1 0 G15 0 70 0 13 0.9 1 2 0 1.65 1.13 1.46 1 6 1 1.75 3 3 2.50 1.00 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 12.00 4.00 1 0 G16 0 93 0 43 0.9 1 2 0 1.70 1.20 1.42 1 6 1 1.98 3 3 2.55 1.05 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 12.00 4.00 1 0 G17 0 62 0 17 0.7 1 2 0 1.65 1.15 1.43 1 6 1 1.88 3 3 2.50 1.05 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 10.00 4.00 1 0 H18 0 178 0 14 0.8 2 2 0 1.33 1.40 0.95 1 6 1 1.50 2 3 1.10 0.63 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 9.96 0.87 1 0 ...Continued on next page 260 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs 31 32 33 34 H19 0 138 0 17 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Character 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 0 0.8 2 2 0 1.33 1.43 0.93 1 6 1 1.48 2 3 1.15 0.65 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 8.50 0.78 1 H20 0 163 0 31 0.5 2 2 0 1.25 1.33 0.94 1 6 1 1.38 2 3 1.08 0.63 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.95 0.89 1 0 I21 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 ? ? 1 0 ? 1 ? ? ? ? I22 0 53 0 6 0.5 2 2 0 1.53 1.88 0.81 1 6 1 1.78 2 3 1.43 0.83 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 7.50 0.68 1 0 I23 0 99 1 4 0.5 2 2 0 2.33 2.50 0.93 1 6 1 2.03 2 3 1.50 1.00 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.83 0.75 1 0 J24 0 136 0 14 0.9 2 2 0 1.13 1.30 0.87 1 6 1 1.23 2 3 0.98 0.38 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 7.14 0.65 1 0 J25 0 135 0 27 0.8 2 2 0 1.40 1.45 0.97 1 6 1 1.43 2 3 1.20 0.50 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 7.74 0.68 1 0 J26 0 156 0 29 0.8 2 2 0 1.25 1.28 0.98 1 6 1 1.30 2 3 1.00 0.45 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 8.50 0.75 1 0 K27 0 80 0 11 0.6 1 2 1 1.60 1.50 1.07 1 6 1 1.00 0 3 1.50 0.80 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8.80 4.00 1 0 L28 1 53 0 11 0.7 2 2 0 1.75 2.50 0.70 1 6 2 1.40 1 3 2.25 1.00 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 13.00 11.00 1 1 L29 1 55 0 8 0.6 2 2 0 1.75 2.65 0.66 1 6 2 1.40 1 3 2.15 0.95 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 12.00 10.00 1 1 L30 1 50 0 5 8.0 2 2 0 1.70 2.25 0.76 1 6 2 1.35 1 3 2.00 0.85 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 10.00 8.00 1 1 M31 1 12.5 0 4 0.5 2 2 2 1.75 1.05 1.67 1 6 0 1.75 1 3 2.50 1.25 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.15 0.50 0 2 M32 1 12.8 0 3.3 0.5 2 2 2 1.80 1.20 1.50 1 6 0 2.20 1 3 2.55 1.30 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.10 0.50 0 2 M33 1 14 0 5.25 0.5 2 2 2 1.70 1.10 1.55 1 6 0 2.00 1 3 2.50 1.20 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.15 0.50 0 2 M34 1 23 0 4.5 0.5 2 2 2 1.90 1.00 1.90 1 6 0 2.10 1 3 2.00 1.20 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.60 0.50 0 2 M35 1 23 0 12 0.6 2 2 2 1.95 1.10 1.77 1 6 0 2.20 1 3 2.50 12.00 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.65 0.50 0 2 ? ...Continued on next page MANAWADUGE ET AL. NEW SPECIES OF APonogETon APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs Character Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 261 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 M36 1 22.5 0 7.5 0.6 2 2 2 1.90 1.15 1.65 1 6 0 2.15 1 3 2.00 1.00 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.65 0.60 0 2 M37 1 34 0 12 0.8 2 2 2 2.15 1.25 1.72 1 6 0 2.85 1 3 2.50 1.20 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.75 0.60 0 2 M38 1 27 0 9 0.8 2 2 2 2.20 1.30 1.69 1 6 0 2.90 1 3 2.55 1.30 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.70 0.65 0 2 M39 1 28 0 9.5 0.6 2 2 2 2.30 1.30 1.77 1 6 0 3.05 1 3 1.20 1.25 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.80 0.60 0 2 M40 1 38 0 8 0.6 2 2 2 2.20 1.20 1.83 1 6 0 2.90 1 3 2.50 1.25 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.75 0.60 0 2 N41 0 56 0 15 0.7 1 2 0 1.65 1.13 1.46 1 6 1 1.88 0 3 1.63 0.88 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 9.00 3.00 1 0 N42 0 50 0 10 0.5 2 2 0 2.50 1.40 1.79 1 6 1 2.25 0 3 1.70 0.88 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 10.00 4.00 1 0 O43 0 45 0 12 0.6 1 2 0 1.70 1.30 1.31 1 6 1 1.75 3 3 2.55 1.05 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 12.00 4.00 1 0 O44 0 42 0 10 0.5 1 2 0 1.65 1.20 1.38 1 6 1 1.98 3 3 2.50 1.05 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 10.00 4.00 1 0 P45 0 150 0 20 0.8 2 2 0 1.55 1.60 0.97 1 6 1 1.60 2 3 1.20 0.38 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 9.00 0.60 1 0 P46 0 145 0 11 0.6 2 2 0 1.33 1.40 0.95 1 6 1 1.40 2 3 1.50 0.40 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 7.50 0.60 1 0 Q47 0 155 0 16 0.7 2 2 0 2.33 2.40 0.97 1 6 1 2.40 2 3 1.43 0.60 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 8.80 0.68 1 0 Q48 0 146 0 15 0.6 2 2 0 1.55 1.60 0.97 1 6 1 1.60 2 3 1.08 0.50 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 8.50 0.70 1 0 R49 0 65 0 15 0.5 0 2 0 1.55 1.25 1.24 1 6 1 1.55 0 3 1.70 1.20 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8.70 3.50 1 0 R50 0 56 0 16 0.6 0 2 0 1.75 1.55 1.13 1 6 1 1.75 0 3 1.70 1.20 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.80 3.20 1 0 S51 0 40 0 18 0.7 0 2 1 1.50 1.20 1.25 1 6 1 1.55 0 3 1.50 0.50 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8.80 3.75 1 0 S52 0 46 0 13 0.5 0 2 1 1.60 1.30 1.23 1 6 1 1.65 0 3 1.60 0.80 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.50 3.40 1 0 ...Continued on next page 262 • Phytotaxa 275 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press APPENDIX 2. (Continued) oOTUs Character MANAWADUGE ET AL. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 T53 0 58 0 12 0.5 0 2 1 1.70 1.50 1.13 1 6 1 1.75 0 3 1.50 0.90 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 7.09 3.50 1 0 T54 0 43 0 11 0.6 0 2 1 1.50 1.40 1.07 1 6 1 1.55 0 3 1.50 0.80 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8.20 3.50 1 0 U55 1 25 0 15 0.8 2 2 2 2.50 1.50 1.67 1 6 0 3.00 1 3 3.50 1.55 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.80 0.55 0 2 U56 1 30 0 11 0.5 2 2 2 2.90 1.80 1.61 1 6 0 2.90 1 3 3.40 1.60 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.50 0.50 0 2 V57 1 15 0 9 0.6 2 2 2 2.10 1.30 1.62 1 6 0 3.40 1 3 3.80 1.50 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.70 0.55 0 2 V58 1 20 0 8 0.6 2 2 2 2.60 1.60 1.63 1 6 0 4.00 1 3 3.90 1.60 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.90 0.55 0 2 W59 1 28 0 13 0.7 2 2 2 1.90 1.10 1.73 1 6 0 3.10 1 3 3.50 1.50 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.70 0.55 0 2 W60 1 35 0 10 0.8 2 2 2 2.50 1.50 1.67 1 6 0 4.00 1 3 3.80 1.50 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.60 0.50 0 2 X61 1 55 0 7 0.7 2 2 0 1.75 2.25 0.78 1 6 2 1.40 1 3 2.25 0.95 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 12.00 10.00 1 1 X62 1 53 0 6 0.8 2 2 0 1.70 2.50 0.68 1 6 2 1.35 1 3 2.10 0.85 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 10.00 9.00 1 1 Y63 0 98 0 14 0.8 2 2 0 1.33 1.43 0.93 1 6 1 1.50 2 3 1.50 0.60 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 9.00 0.60 1 0 Y64 0 80 0 10 0.9 2 2 0 1.40 1.55 0.90 1 6 1 1.40 2 3 1.20 0.60 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 6.20 0.50 1 0 Z65 0 59 0 16 0.7 2 2 0 1.30 1.50 0.87 1 6 1 1.70 2 3 1.10 0.50 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 7.10 0.60 1 0 Z66 0 151 0 15 0.8 2 2 0 1.50 1.65 0.91 1 6 1 1.60 2 3 1.00 0.50 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 5.80 0.50 1 0 AA67 1 28 0 15 0.8 2 2 2 1.90 1.10 1.73 1 6 0 2.10 1 3 3.30 1.30 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.50 0.50 0 2 AA68 1 30 0 13 0.7 2 2 2 2.00 1.30 1.54 1 6 0 2.00 1 3 3.50 1.50 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.70 0.60 0 2 AB69 0 80 0 10 0.8 2 2 0 1.50 1.70 0.88 1 6 1 1.60 2 3 1.30 0.50 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 6.20 0.50 1 0 AB70 0 75 0 15 0.6 2 2 0 1.30 1.40 0.93 1 6 1 1.70 2 3 1.20 0.60 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 7.70 0.60 1 0