JAES
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences
(Anadolu Çevre ve Hayvancılık Bilimleri Dergisi)
Year: 4, No: 3, 2019 (354-358)
Doi: https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.596048
AÇEH
Yıl: 4, Sayı:3, 2019 (354-358)
ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
RESEARCH PAPER
Weight-Length Relationships (WLRs) of Scaldback, Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt,
1915 (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae), Caught by Beam Trawl in the Southeastern
Black Sea (Rize, Turkey)
Sabri BİLGİN1*
Hatice ONAY2
1
Sinop University Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture, TR57000, Sinop, Turkey
1
: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-8981
2
Recep Tayip Erdoğan University Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture, TR53000, Rize, Turkey
2
: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-7360
Received date: 24.07.2019
Accepted date: 06.09.2019
How to cite: Bilgin, S. & Onay, H. (2019). Weight-Length Relationships (WLRs) of Scaldback, Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt, 1915 (Pleuronectiformes:
Bothidae), Caught by Beam Trawl in the Southeastern Black Sea (Rize, Turkey). Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, 4(3), 354-358.
Atıf yapmak için: Bilgin, S. & Onay, H. (2019). Güneydoğu Karadeniz'de (Rize, Türkiye) Krişli Trolle Yakalanan Dil Balığı'nın, Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt,
1915 (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae), Boy - Ağırlık İlişkisi . Anadolu Çev. ve Hay. Dergisi, 4(3), 354-358.
Abstract: The Scaldback, Arnoglossus kessleri, is an endemic fish to the Mediterranean and Black seas. The present study was
conducted to determine the weight-length relationships (WLRs) of this endemic species caught by beam trawl on the Rize province coasts of the
southeastern Black Sea, Turkey and to compare the WLRs parameters of A. kessleri from different geographical locality for contributing
fisheries management of this fish species in the Black Sea. The WLRs parameters showed that A. kessleri exhibited positive allometric (or
hyperallometric) growth characteristics for male and combined data (Pauly’ t test, P < 0.05) and isometric growth for female (Pauly’ t test, P >
0.05). The values of coefficient (r) for female, male and combined data of this species are different from zero (P < 0.05), indicated that A.
kessleri has higher correlation in the WLRs equations. In addition to this, to compare the estimations calculated from the present study with
other studies, log(a) values were plotted against values of slope (b), proved to be consistent with previous studies data for unsexed A. kessleri
specimens. This study provides new basic information on the WLRs for A. kessleri populations, in support of sustainable fisheries management
of this species and especially of the coastal waters in the Black Sea, Turkey.
Keywords: Arnoglossus kessleri, Black Sea, fisheries management, Scaldback, weight-length relationships (WLRs).
Güneydoğu Karadeniz'de (Rize, Türkiye) Krişli Trolle Yakalanan Dil
Balığı'nın, Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt, 1915 (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae),
Boy-Ağırlık İlişkisi
Öz: Dil balığı (Arnoglossus kessleri) Akdeniz ve Karadeniz'e endemik bir türdür. Bu çalışma, bu endemik dil balığın boy ağırlık
ilişkisi (WLRs) parametrelerini belirlemek için güney doğu Karadeniz'de Rize ili civarında krişli trol ile örneklenen bireyler üzerinden
yürütülmüş olup ayrıca türün Karadeniz'deki balıkçılık yönetimine katkı sağlamak amacıyla önceki çalışmalardan elde edilen WLRs
parametreleri karşılaştırmıştır. WLRs parametreleri dişilerin izometrik büyüme (Pauly’ t test, P > 0,05), erkek ve tüm bireylerin (dişi+erkek) ise
pozitif allometrik (hyperallometric) büyüme (Pauly’ t test, P < 0,05) özelliği gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Korelasyon katsayısı (r) istatistiksel
olarak sıfırdan farklı hesaplanmış olup (P < 0,05), bu sonuç dil balığı için hesaplanan WLRs denklemi parametreleri arasındaki ilişkinin güçlü
olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, önceki çalışmalardan elde edilen log(a) ve b değerleri regresyona tabi tutulduğunda, bu çalışmada tüm A. kessleri
bireyler için (dişi+erkek) elde edilen sonuçların önceki çalışmalarla tutarlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Karadeniz kıyı
sularında A. kessleri popülasyonlarının sürdürülebilir balıkçılık yönetimini desteklemek için türün boy ağırlık ilişkisi hakkında yeni temel
bilgiler sunmaktadır.
Anahtar sözcükler: Arnoglossus kessleri, balıkçılık yönetimi, boy ağırlık ilişkisi (WLRs), Dil balığı, Karadeniz.
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Anadolu Çev. ve Hay. Dergisi, Yıl:4, Sayı:3, (354-358) 2019
J. Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, Year:4, No:3, (354-358) 2019
INTRODUCTION
weight length relationships (WLRs) of A. kessleri caught by
experimental purposes beam trawl in the Black Sea, Turkey
and to compare the WLRs parameters of A. kessleri from
different geographical locality for contributing for marine
biologist and fisheries managers to fisheries management of
this fish species in the Black Sea.
Although there have been reports of six marine fish
species distributed along the Turkish coasts belong to
Bothidae family: Arnoglossus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810),
Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt, 1915, Arnoglossus laterna
(Walbaum, 1792), Arnoglossus rueppelii (Cocco, 1844),
Arnoglossus thori Kyle, 1913 and Bothus podas (Delaroche,
1809), only three fish species belonging to this family: A.
kessleri, A. laterna and A. thori have been reported from the
Black Sea (Bilecenoğlu et al., 2014). According to
FISHBASE (Froesa & Pauly, 2019) and the IUCN red list of
threatened species (Golani et al., 2011; de Sola et al., 2014);
Scaldback, A. kessleri (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae), is
endemic to the Mediterranean and Black seas and present all
through the Mediterranean Sea coast, except for Morocco and
Algeria. It also exists in the Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara,
Crimean peninsula and the Sea of Azov (Golani et al., 2011;
Bilecenoğlu et al., 2014; de Sola et al., 2014). It found on the
upper part of the continental shelf, and feeds on small fish
and invertebrates and its reproductive period is between May
and August (Froesa & Pauly, 2019). It is uncommon species,
but it is unknown if it is naturally rare, or rare due to fishing
activities. Therefore, A. kessleri is listed as data deficient
(DD) species in the IUCN red list of threatened species
(Golani et al., 2011; de Sola et al., 2014).
Knowledge on biological features such as weightlength relationships (WLRs), growth characteristics, etc. of
fish species are important tools for fisheries management.
The WLRs is also useful for fisheries research because they
allow estimating the condition and food and feeding, life
histories of certain species such as reproduction activities and
spawning (Stergiou & Moutopoulos, 2001). According to
Pauly (1993) and Stergiou & Moutopoulos, (2001), the
WLRs are very useful for fisheries research because they: (i)
allow the conversion of growth-in-length equations to
growth-in-weight for use in stock assessment models; (ii)
allow the estimation of biomass from length observations;
(iii) allow an estimate of the condition of the fish; and (iv) are
useful for between region comparisons of life histories of
certain species. Moreover, the WLRs parameters can be
applied in different factors such as age, gonad activities,
amount of food and feeding, sea water temperature, seasons
etc. (Weatherley, 1972).
The WLRs parameters of A. kessleri were
previously reported from different geographic regions such as
Aegean Sea (Ilkyaz et al., 2008; Altın et al., 2015; Bayhan et
al., 2008; Türker-Çakır et al., 2008), Marmara Sea (Ozen et
al., 2009; Türker-Çakır et al., 2003; Keskin & Gaygusuz,
2010), Mediterranean (Ergüden et al., 2018) and also Black
Sea (Ak et al., 2009). Moreover, previous research into the
WLRs parameters of A. kessleri has been rather fragmentary
in the Black Sea. Only one study has been conducted on the
subject in the Black Sea coast of Turkey so far (Ak et al.,
2009). The present study was conducted to determine the
MATERIALS and METHODS
Sample Collection: Samples of the Scaldback (A.
kessleri) were collected via an experimental purposes beam
trawl with 15 mm cod-end stretched mesh size up to 30 m
water depths between December 2012 and November 2013
on the Rize province coasts of the southeastern Black Sea
(Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Beam trawl fishing operations sampling area on the Rize
coasts in the southeastern Black Sea, Turkey.
Although beam trawl fishery is banned in the Rize
province coasts of the southeastern Black Sea during the
year, sampling surveys were conducted with a special permit
to determine crab population dynamics project samples.
Weight-Length Relationships (WLRs): The total
length (TL) and the wet body weight (W) of A. kessleri were
measured after blot drying with a piece of clean towel. All
specimens were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and weighed
to the nearest 0.01 g. The weight-length relationships
(WLRs) parameters were calculated and analyzed using MS
Excel software. However to compare the WLRs results for A.
kessleri obtained in this study with the results of previous
studies, the Log (a) values were drawn against b values.
The weight length relationship was estimated as:
W = aTLb,
where W is the body weight (g), TL is the total length (cm), a
is the intercept, and b is the slope of the regression line.
Comparison of the difference of slope value from b = 3
(isometric growth), Pauly’s t-test was performed (Pauly,
1984). Pauly’s t-test statistic was calculated as below:
t
355
Sd log TL | b 3 |
Sd logW 1 r 2
n2
Anadolu Çev. ve Hay. Dergisi, Yıl:4, Sayı:3, (354-358) 2019
J. Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, Year:4, No:3, (354-358) 2019
are different from zero (P < 0.05), indicated that A. kessleri
has higher correlation in WLRs equations.
To compare the estimations calculated from the
present study with other studies (showed in Table 1), log(a)
values were plotted against values of b (fig. 3), proved to be
consistent with previous studies data for A. kessleri.
where SdlogTL is the standard deviation of the log TL values,
SdlogW is the standard deviation of the log W values, n is the
number of specimens used in the computation. The value of b
is different from b = 3 if calculated t value is greater than the
tabled t values for n-2 degrees of freedom (Pauly, 1984).
Comparison of the difference of correlation coefficient (r)
from zero t-test (Snedecor & Cochran, 1989) was calculated
as follow:
t
6
r * ( n 2)
Weight (g)
5
(1 r )
W = 0.0083TL
Female
4
where n is the number of fish used in the computation and r
is the correlation coefficient. The value of correlation
coefficient is different from zero if t value is greater than the
tabled t values for n-2 degrees of freedom. T test was used to
compare the means betwen the sexes in PAST ver 1.75b
software package (Hammer et al., 2001). Differences were
considered statistically significant when P < 0.05.
3.000
2
R = 0.916
N = 682
P < 0.05
2
3
2
1
Length (cm)
0
1
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
W = 0.0053TL3.287
Male
R2 = 0.955
N = 866
P < 0.05
RESULTS
4
Size Structure: A total of 1548 A. kessleri (682
female, 866 male) were sampled between December 2012
and November 2013. Female total lengths ranged between
2.0 and 7.6 cm (mean 5.0 ± 0.03 cm) and male total lengths
ranged between 3.0 and 8.1 cm (mean 5.3± 0.03 cm). Mean
total length of A. kessleri was calculated between 2.0 - 8.1
cm (mean: 5.1±0.02 cm, n = 1548) for combined data (female
+ male). Size frequency distribution were significantly
different (Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test; d = 0.192,
P = 9.05381E-13) between female and male. The mean total
length of male was significantly greater than female mean
total length (t - test; P = 1.1543E-09).
Weight-Length Relationships (WLRs): The WLRs
results and statistics of A. kessleri between male, female and
combined sex showed below and in fig. 2.
W = 0.0083TL3.000, r2 = 0.916, SdlogL = 0.0701,
SdlogW = 0.2196, n = 682, Pauly’ t test = 0.000, P > 0.05,
isometric growth (female).
W = 0.0053TL3.287, r2 = 0.955, SdlogL = 0.0763,
SdlogW = 0.2566, n = 866, Pauly’ t test = 11.846, P < 0.05,
positive allometric (or hyperallometric) growth (male).
W = 0.0063TL3.182, r2 = 0.940, SdlogL = 0.0744,
SdlogW = 0.2441, n = 1548, Pauly’ t test = 8.913, P < 0.05,
positive allometric growth (female+male).
The WLRs of A. kessleri samples collected from the
Rize province coast in the Black Sea were showed that A.
kessleri showed isometric growth (b = 3.000) characteristics
for female (Pauly’ t test, P > 0.05) and negative allometric
growth (b = 3.287) for male (Pauly’ t test, P < 0.05).
However, in order to comparison of the difference of
correlation coefficient (r) from zero t-test (Snedecor and
Cochran, 1989) was applied and the values of (r) for female
(r = 0.957, t test: 297.089), for male (r = 0.977, t test:
135.443) and for combined data (r = 0.970, t tets: 155.675)
5
Weight (g)
3
2
1
Length (cm)
0
1
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Weight (g)
W = 0.0063TL3.182
5
2
Female + Male
R = 0.940
N = 1548
P < 0.05
4
3
2
1
Length (cm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Figure 2. Weight - length relationships (WLRs) of the Scaldback
(Arnoglossus kessleri) in the Black Sea.
-2.5
Log(a)
9
8
-2.3
6
7
-2.1
Log(a) = -0.8612b + 0.602
-1.9
1
2
R2 = 0.8326
N=9
3
5
-1.7
4
-1.5
Slope (b)
-1.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Figure 3. Test plot of log (a) against b for different WLRs of the
Scaldback (Arnoglossus kessleri). Black dot = present study parameter.
Grey dot = estimated parameters of different studies conducted from Black
Sea (5: Ak et al., 2009; 7: present study), Marmara Sea (2: Türker-Çakır et
al., 2003; 6: Ozen et al., 2009; 9: Keskin and Gaygusuz, 2010), Aegean Sea
(1: Bayhan et al., 2008; 3: Ilkyaz et al., 2008; 8: Altın et al., 2015) and
Mediterranean Sea (4: Ergüden et al., 2018).
356
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J. Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, Year:4, No:3, (354-358) 2019
increase at the same rate (isometric growth), if the slope < 3,
a fish increases less in weight than predicted by its increase
in length, i.e., it becomes more elongated (hypoallometric or
negative allometric), if the slope > 3, a fish increases more in
weight than predicted by its increase in length, i.e., it
becomes less elongated or more roundish (hyperallometric or
positive allometric) (Froese et al., 2011). The differences in
the b values may be due to seasonal changes in the water
temperature and the maturity stage, different sampling area,
age, sex and differences of other biotic and abiotic factors
such as salinity, competition, food and feeding, degree of
stomach fullness, etc. The correlation coefficient (r) both
female and male for A. kessleri has higher correlation in the
WLRs equations and also log (a) values were plotted against
b values for A. kessleri (fig. 3) proved to be consistent with
previous studies data. Similar result for different fish species
such as thornback ray (Raja clavata) and turbot
(Scophthalmus maximus) was reported by Bilgin & Köse
(2018) from the Black Sea.
In conclusion, the present study reports new WLRs
parameters for both female and male of the native species, A.
kessleri inhabiting the Black Sea and provides some essential
information on A. kessleri from the Rize province coasts of
the southeastern Black Sea. The data on the WLRs
parameters are expected to be helpful in fisheries
management especially of the coastal waters in the Black
Sea, Turkey, since the species has been declared as a data
deficient (DD) species in the IUCN red list of threatened
species (Golani et al., 2011; de Sola et al., 2014).
DISCUSSION
In all previous studies, except for the present study
conducted in the Black Sea and Ergüden et al., (2018)'s study
conducted in the Iskenderun Bay (Eastern Mediterranean),
the b values were reported regardless of fish sexes (Table 1).
The reported b values for unsexed specimens ranged between
2.600 and 3.474 (mean: 2.997±0.093, n = 9). From the
reported b values for A. kessleri populations from Black Sea,
Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean, it can be
inferred that this fish species exhibits different growth
characteristics. Beside this, our data fit the regression for the
species A. kessleri excellently and growth parameters are
highly similar to three of the previous 9 studies conducted in
Aegean Sea (Altın et al., 2015) and Marmara Sea (Ozen et
al., 2009; Keskin & Gaygusuz, 2010) (see Table 1). In the
literature, this is the second study evaluating the WLRs
parameters by sex for the relevant A. kessleri fish species.
When the b values were evaluated according to sexes, our b
values (3.287 in male and 3.000 in female) were different
than Ergüden et al. (2018)'s study (2.790 in male and 2.680 in
female). The b values of the WLRs showed that females (b =
3.000) have isometric growth type, while males (b = 3.287)
have hyperallometric or positive allometric growth type.
Based on the slope (b) of the relation between weight and
length, it can be checked whether the growth of a fish species
is isometric (b = 3), hypoallometric (b < 3) and/or
hyperallometric (b > 3) (Frose, 2006; Froese et al., 2011).
Namely, if the slope is equal to 3, all fish dimensions
Table 1. The weight - length relationships (WLRs) parameters of Scaldback (Arnoglossus kessleri), from different geographical locality. TL:
total length (cm), a: intercept, b: slope, n: number of samples. Data (a and b) marked with (*) has been used to draw of test plot of log(a) against
b in figure 3.
a
0.0185
0.0050
0.0179
0.0067
0.0174
0.0041
0.0190
0.0210
0.0063
0.0170
0.0053
0.0220
0.0083
b
2.740
3.292
2.601
3.150
2.682
3.474
2.740
2.984
3.182
2.790
3.287
2.680
3.000
r2
0.961
0.933
0.878
0.974
0.869
0.968
0.957
0.725
0.940
0.960
0.955
0.953
0.916
n
7
393
76
44
32
24
133
60
1548
65
866
68
682
TL range (cm)
6.9-9.6
1.3-11.2
6.0-8.9
2.9-9.8
5.2-9.5
4.2-8.7
7.0-11.9
4.3-9.8
2.0-8.1
7.0-11.9
2.0-7.6
7.7-11.8
2.0-7.6
Sex
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Unsexed*
Male
Male
Female
Female
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Locality
Aegean Sea
Aegean Sea
Aegean Sea
Marmara Sea
Marmara Sea
Marmara Sea
Mediterranean
Black Sea
Black Sea
Mediterranean
Black Sea
Mediterranean
Black Sea
References
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Ergüden et al., (2018)
Ak et al., (2009)
Present study
Ergüden et al., (2018)
Present study
Ergüden et al., (2018)
Present study
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*Corresponding author’s:
Doç. Dr. Sabri BİLGİN
Sinop University Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture,
TR57000, Sinop, Turkey
E-mail : sbrbilgin@hotmail.com
ORCID : https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-8981
Tel
: +90 (368) 287 62 54-3391
Fax
: +90 (368) 287 62 69
358
Sabri Bilgin