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Original Article
First record of the mosquito control potentiality of
Stigmatogobius sadanundio (F. Hamilton, 1822) Gobiidae,
Perciformes in laboratory condition
Priti Ranjan Pahari, Niladri Prasad Mishra, Abhijit Sahoo, Rama Prasad Bhattacharya1, Tanmay Bhattacharya2
Department of Zoology, Tamralipta Mahavidyalya, Tamluk, 1Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata,
2
Formerly Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In recent years, resurgence of mosquito-borne diseases has become a serious
health problem in India. In the present study, Stigmatogobius sadanundio, a common indigenous fish, has
been tested for its biocontrol potentiality for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. This small larvivorous
fish can consume large number of Culex larvae even in the presence of alternate prey. This is the first report
on the mosquito control ability of this fish.
Materials and Methods: Experimental fishes were captured from tidal canals of Rupnarayan River in Purba
Medinipur district, West Bengal. Mosquito larvae, pupae, and chironomid larvae were collected from
Tamralipta municipality drainage system. Predation efficacy of the fish was evaluated on C. quinquefasciatus
larvae and pupae as well as on Chironomus ramosus larvae which were collected from the drainage system
of Tamralipta municipality and reared in the laboratory maintaining similar water parameters. Prey were
offered to the fish separately and in paired combination to study its dietary preference.
Results: S. sadanundio is a diurnal predator consuming significantly large number of prey during daytime. It
prefers mosquito and chironomid larvae over mosquito pupae. The rate of predation was very high during
1st h of predation. It consumed more chironomid larvae in the presence of mosquito larvae during daytime
but consumed large number of mosquito larvae as compared to other larvivorous fish.
Conclusion: S. sadanundio, an indigenous fish, is an effective biocontrol agent for the larvae of
C. quinquefasciatus in laboratory condition. Even though the presence of alternate prey chironomid larvae
influences the predation rate, it consumed large number of mosquito larvae. However, careful controlled
field trials must be conducted before this fish is used as a biocontrol agent.
Keywords: Biocontrol, Chironomus larvae, Culex larvae, larvivorous fish, Stigmatogobius sadanundio
Address for correspondence: Dr. Priti Ranjan Pahari, Department of Zoology, Tamralipta Mahavidyalya, Purba Medinipur, Tamluk - 721 636,
West Bengal, India.
E-mail: priti.pahari@rediffmail.com
Submitted: 23-Aug-2019 Revised: 10-Feb-2020 Accepted: 10-Feb-2020 Published: 25-Jan-2021
INTRODUCTION
The use of fish in mosquito control has been well known
for more than 100 years. Petr[1] reported that the use
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DOI:
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of larvivorous fishes for vector control is simple and
inexpensive and should be considered as a component of
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remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit
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For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com
How to cite this article: Pahari PR, Mishra NP, Sahoo A,
Bhattacharya RP, Bhattacharya T. First record of the mosquito control
potentiality of Stigmatogobius sadanundio (F. Hamilton, 1822) Gobiidae,
Perciformes in laboratory condition. Trop Parasitol 2020;10:130‑5.
© 2021 Tropical Parasitology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
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Pahari, et al.: Mosquito control potentiality of Stigmatogobius sadanundio
integrated strategies. Use of native fish should be preferred
because use of exotic fish has raised environmental
concern in past as it results in significant elimination
of native fish[2] and adversely affects biodiversity of the
region.[3] The indigenous larvivorous fishes coexisting in
mosquito larval habitat naturally offer an alternative in
this regard. The use of indigenous fishes could reduce the
reliance on insecticides and may provide a cost‑effective,
ecofriendly, safe, and target‑specific vector control device.
According to Lloyd,[4] the suitability of a native fish for
mosquito control will depend to a great extent on its
effectiveness as a predator and should be evaluated under
laboratory condition before field trials are taken. The use
of indigenous larvivorous fishes for biocontrol has been
documented from different parts of the world.[5‑7] In
India, such attempts have been undertaken by Sharma
and Ghosh[8] and Chandra et al.[9] The present study
explores the suitability of an indigenous fish, Stigmatogobius
sadanundio (F. Hamilton, 1822),[10] in controlling mosquito
larvae under laboratory condition. The present study is
aimed at evaluating the prey preference of S. sadanundio
using Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) as
the target prey and Chironomus ramosus Chaudhuri, Das
and Sublette, 1992 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomonae)
as an alternative prey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of fish
Stigmatogobius sadanundio (F. Hamilton, 1822) [Figure 1]
was collected from intertidal canal system of Rupnarayan
River by gill net and locally used hand net. Collected
specimens were immediately transported to the laboratory
in a 20 l plastic container filled with canal water. These
fishes were released in a large (120 cm × 90 cm × 60 cm)
aquarium in the laboratory filled with tap water after
adding four teaspoons full common salt. Fishes were fed
with zooplankton collected from a pond situated in the
college campus.
Rearing of fish and acclimatization
Fishes were then transferred to a glass aquarium
(120 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm), filled with mixture of canal
water and tap water in 4:1 ratio; raising the volume of water
to 300 l, Lemna minor L. and Pistia stratiotes L. were placed
in the aquarium to simulate the natural habitat. The canal
water was prefiltered by a plankton net (mesh size 72 µm)
to remove plankton and unwanted materials. The aquarium
was placed beside a glass window, to provide sufficient
sunlight. The temperature of the water was maintained at
22°C–24°C. Salinity level of <0.5 parts per thousand and
pH between 8.1 and 8.4 were maintained. The floor of
the aquarium was covered with pebbles and sand. Fishes
were fed with zooplankton everyday. In this condition, the
experimental fishes were kept for 1 month to acclimatize.
Every 5th day, one‑third water was replaced maintaining the
same temperature, pH, and salinity.
Collection and maintenance of mosquito larvae and
pupae
The mosquito (C. quinquefasciatus) larvae were collected from
different sewage drains using a hand net (mesh size 200 µm)
within Tamralipta municipality. The collected mosquito
larvae were stored in a glass tank (60 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm)
with sewage water. The density of larvae in the tank was
maintained at approximately 10,000/1800 cm2. No artificial
food was given to the larvae. Every 2nd day, the tank sewage
water was replaced with the sewage water from where these
were collected.
Collection and maintenance of chironomid larvae
The chironomid (C. ramosus) larvae (1.5–15 mm in length)
were collected from different sewage drains. The chironomid
larvae were stored in a tank (60 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) with
sewage water and sediments.
Experimental aquaria
Five equal‑sized (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) glass aquaria
were used for experimental purpose. Each tank was filled
with 10 l of filtered canal and tap water mixed in 4:1 ratio.
These aquaria were placed beside the window. Temperature,
pH, and salinity of water were maintained as mentioned
earlier.
After 1 month of acclimatization, randomly five fishes
were chosen with equal length and weight for pilot and
trial experiment.
Experimental protocol
Figure 1: Photograph of Stigmatogobius sadanundio (F. Hamilton, 1822)
Tropical Parasitology | Volume 10 | Issue 2 | July-December 2020
Twenty‑four hours before the start of experiments, five
acclimatized fishes of approximately same size (5.2–5.6 cm
length) and weight (1.858–2.097 g) were randomly picked
131
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Pahari, et al.: Mosquito control potentiality of Stigmatogobius sadanundio
from the stock aquarium and released one fish each in five
experimental glass aquaria at 06:00 h and were starved for
24 h. The experiment commenced at 06:00 h next morning
when 100 prey were released. A number of prey consumed
were recorded at an interval of 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, i.e., at
07:00 h, 12:00 h, 18:00 h, and 06:00 h. Next morning, by
counting unconsumed prey, 100 prey were supplemented
at an interval of 1, 6, and 12 h. There were five sets of
experiments as mentioned below, and each experiment
was repeated for three times. As such, there were 15
observations for each experimental set.
Experimental sets
First set: five aquaria, each containing one fish and only
mosquito larvae as prey. Repeated three times.
Second set: five aquaria, each containing one fish and only
mosquito pupae as prey. Repeated three times.
Third set: five aquaria, each containing one fish and only
chironomid larvae as prey. Repeated three times.
RESULTS
Findings reveal that when prey were offered separately, the rate
of feeding was very high in the 1st h for all the prey. Thereafter,
the rate of feeding gradually declined particularly so in case
of chironomid larvae after 6 h [Figure 2]. Experiments also
revealed that diurnal predation was significantly higher than
the nocturnal predation [Figures 2‑6 and Table 1]. The fish
consumed significantly more number of mosquito larvae
as compared to pupae irrespective of the fact whether
those were offered separately [Figure 2 and Table 2]
or simultaneously [Figure 3 and Table 3]. S. sadanundio
consumed mosquito larvae and chironomid larvae with high
efficiency [Table 5 and Figure 4] but consumed significantly
more mosquito larvae during night when those were offered
separately [Table 4 and Figure 6]. However, when these were
offered together, it consumed significantly more chironomid
larvae except during night time when the fish consumed
less number of chironomid larvae, but the difference was
insignificant [Table 5 and Figure 7].
Fourth set: five aquaria, each containing one fish and
mosquito larvae + mosquito pupae as prey. Repeated
three times.
Fifth set: five aquaria, each containing one fish and
mosquito larvae + chironomid larvae as prey. Repeated
three times.
Thus, the prey were offered separately and together in
paired combination.
Figure 2: A comparison of the consumption of prey by Stigmatogobius
sadanundio when offered separately
Statistical analysis
Table 1: A comparison of the diurnal and nocturnal predation
Stigmatogobius sadanundio
For statistical analysis of the data, Prism 5 and Microsoft
Excel were used.
Dietary preference index was analyzed using the formula
of Chesson as in Krebs.[11]
ˆ i =
log pˆ i
m
∑ pˆ j
j =0
where, ̂ i = Manly’s alpha (preference index) for prey type
i; pi, pj = proportion of prey i or j remaining at the end
of the experiment (i = 1, 2, 3…m) (j = 1, 2, 3...m) = ei/ni;
ei = number of prey type i remaining uneaten at end of
experiment; ni = initial number of prey type i in experiment;
m = number of prey types.
Ethical statement
No ethical issues were involved in this study.
132
Test (x̅±SE)
Day
Night
t
P
Mosquito larvae
187.47±2.12 114.40±1.60 27.4753 <0.0001***
Mosquito pupae
100.10±1.341 78.00±1.45 11.0000 <0.0001***
Chironomid larvae 266.73±3.89 52.33±1.12 52.9530 <0.0001***
***Extremely significant. SE: Standard error
Table 2: Number of prey consumed (x̅±standard error) by
Stigmatogobius sadanundio when Culex quinquefasciatus
larvae and pupae were offered separately
Time (h)
1
6
12 (day)
12 (night)
24
Culex quinquefasciatus
Larvae
Pupae
64.73±2.01
(53-79)
112.2±1.72
(99-124)
187.46±2.11
(175-201)
114.4±1.60
(102-124)
301.86±2.74
(290-317)
35.0 0±0.87
(31-42)
70.53±1.22
(63-77)
100.13±1.34
(93-109)
78.00±1.45
(66-87)
178.13±2.49
(159-194)
t
P
13.5249
<0.0001***
19.7136
<0.0001***
34.8146
<0.0001***
16.7850
<0.0001***
33.3700
<0.0001***
***Extremely significant
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Pahari, et al.: Mosquito control potentiality of Stigmatogobius sadanundio
Figure 3: A comparison of the consumption of Mosquito larvae and
pupae by Stigmatogobius sadanundio when offered together
– ± standard error) by Stigmatogobius
Figure 5: Number predated (χ
sadanundio when prey were offered separately
One‑way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in
the consumption of the prey types (F [2,42] = 610.7;
P < 0.0001). Tukey’s multiple comparison test based
on 24 h has revealed significant differences (P < 0.05)
in relative consumption of mosquito lar vae and
chironomid larvae (|q| = 5.607), mosquito larvae and
pupae (|q| = 39.72), and between mosquito pupae
and chironomid larvae (|q| = 45.33). Chesson index
values also revealed that S. sadanundio has a high dietary
preference for chironomid larvae (0.40), followed by
mosquito larvae (0.33) and mosquito pupae (0.26) in
this order.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, potentiality of S. sadanundio, an
indigenous fresh water fish, has been investigated as a
potent biocontrol for the first time. This species is native
to south Asia, from India to Indonesia including Sri Lanka
and Andaman islands. S. sadanundio satisfies all the criteria
of a larvicidal fish such as small in size, hardy in nature,
and capable of living in shallow water as stated by Kim
et al.[12] Findings of the present study revealed that in starved
S. sadanundio, the predation rate was very high during 1st h
under laboratory condition. Similar observations have
Tropical Parasitology | Volume 10 | Issue 2 | July-December 2020
Figure 4: A comparison of the consumption of Chironomid and
Mosquito larvae by Stigmatogobius sadanundio when offered together
– ± standard error) by Stigmatogobius
Figure 6: Number predated (χ
sadanundio when mosquito larvae and chironomid larvae were offered
together
Table 3: Number of prey consumed (x̅±standard error) by
Stigmatogobius sadanundio when Culex quinquefasciatus larvae
and pupae were offered together
Time (h)
1
6
12 (day)
12 (night)
24
Culex quinquefasciatus
Mosquito
Mosquito
larvae
pupa
45.46±1.05
(37-52)
74.26±2.53
(57-87)
142.46±1.91
(128-156)
118.86±1.45
(110-128)
261.33±2.38
(253-282)
16.06±0.88
(11-21)
30±1.10
(23-36)
44.46±1.16
(41-51)
49.33±1.16
(41-56)
93.8±1.84
(80-103)
t
P
21.3916
<0.0001***
15.9826
<0.0001***
43.7964
<0.0001***
37.3181
<0.0001***
55.5271
<0.0001***
***Extremely significant
also been made by Griffin[13] for Australian mangrove
fish (Pseudomugil signifer, Hypseleotris galii, and Pseudogobius sp.). S.
sadanundio on an average consumed 300 Culex larvae in 24 h,
which is considerably higher than the daily consumption of
Colisa fasciatus (100 larvae/day) and by Oreochromis mossambica,
Aplocheilus panchax, Rasbora elegans, Rasbora daniconius, Puntius
ticto, Puntius sophore, Esomus danricus, Danio rerio, Oryzias
melastigma (75–99 larvae/day). Next to this category comes
Channa gachua, Anabas testudineus, Notopterus notopterus, Puntius
sarana, Puntius phutunio, Chela aptar, Channa punctatus (50–74
larvae/day), Mystus bleekeri, Colisa lalia, Oxygaster bacaila,
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Pahari, et al.: Mosquito control potentiality of Stigmatogobius sadanundio
Table 4: Number of prey consumed (x̅±standard error) by Stigmatogobius sadanundio when Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and
Chironomus ramosus larvae were offered separately
Time (h)
Feeding rate
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae
Chironomus ramosus larvae
64.73±2.017 (53-79)
112.2±1.72 (99-124)
187.46±2.11 (175-201)
114.4±1.60 (102-124)
301.86±2.74 (290-317)
134.13±1.28 (126-141)
236.13±2.19 (224-250)
266.73±3.88 (246-288)
52.33±1.12 (46-59)
319.06±3.85 (295-345)
1
6
12 (day)
12 (night)
24
t
P
−29.0240
−44.4822
−17.6709
31.6241
−3.6390
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
<0.0011***
***Extremely significant
Table 5: Number of prey consumed (x̅±standard error) by Stigmatogobius sadanundio when Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and
Chironomus ramosus larvae were offered together
Time (h)
1
6
12 (day)
12 (night)
24
Feeding rate
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae
Chironomus ramosus larvae
45.53±2.31 (32-66)
58.73±3.65 (41-93)
85.6±3.16 (61-109)
40.13±2.22 (21-51)
125.73±4.76 (93-156)
71.13±1.56 (62-81)
99±3.06 (78-117)
139.06±2.14 (121-151)
39.4±1.11 (32-46)
178.06±2.89 (150-195)
t
P
−9.1566
−8.4427
−13.9900
0.2946
−9.3890
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
<0.7705*
<0.0001***
*Insignificant, ***Extremely significant
The presence of alternative prey considerably influences
mosquito larvae consumption rate of larvivorous
fishes.[18,19] In the presence of alternative prey, biocontrol
potentiality is considerably reduced in dytiscid beetles,[20]
odonate larvae[21,22] and in heteropteran bugs.[23‑25] Relative
abundance of alternative prey can also alter the mosquito
larval consumption rate of the fish.[26]
CONCLUSION
– ± standard error) by Stigmatogobius
Figure 7: Number of predated (χ
sadanundio when mosquito larvae and pupae were offered together
Chela laubuca (25–49 larvae/day) and Nemacheilus savona, and
Nemacheilus aureus (1–24 larvae/day) as reported by Das
et al.[14] This makes S. sadanundio a very efficient and potent
biocontrol agent of C. quinquefasciatus. Like C. gachua[15] and
R. daniconius,[16] S. sadanundio is also a diurnal predator as
it predates significantly more on larvae and pupae during
daytime, but has a greater preference for larvae over pupae.
Larvivorous predators have a wide range of prey choice,
and the presence of alternative prey may adversely affect
the target prey consumption. In the present study, it was
observed that S. sadanundio has a preference for Chironomus
larvae over mosquito larvae, particularly during daytime.
This finding is also confirmed by the higher Chesson index
for chironomid larvae. However, during nocturnal feeding,
such preference could not be noticed. During daytime, the
fish relies more on the visual cue for predation as has been
suggested by Mills et al.[17] for yellow perch, Perca flavescens.
Perhaps, S. sadanundio was attracted more to the chironomid
larvae during daytime because of its bright red color.
134
Findings of the present study indicate that S. sadanundio,
a common freshwater fish, may be effectively used in
the biocontrol of C. quinquefasciatus larvae due to its
high larval consumption rate. Being indigenous may be
recommended as an ideal alternate to other larvivorous fish
such as Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulata on ecological
consideration. Its effectiveness, however, must be tested
beforehand in complex natural condition on the basis of
detailed in depth field trials.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Principal, Tamralipta
Mahavidyalaya for laboratory facilities. Authors express
their sincere thanks to Sri Khokon Chandra Ghorai, Sri
Gouri Sankar Mandal, and Sri Rakesh kumar Patra for
helping in the field work.
Financial support and sponsorship
Department of Science and Technology, Government of
West Bengal Research Project (Memo No. 172 (Sanc.)/
ST/P/S & T/1G‑70/2017 Dated March 16, 2018).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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Pahari, et al.: Mosquito control potentiality of Stigmatogobius sadanundio
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