Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
I n t e r n a t i o n a l
J o u r n a l
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O c e a n o g r a p h y
a n d
Volume 50, No. 3, September 2021
pages (269-277)
H y d r o b i o l o g y
ISSN 1730-413X
eISSN 1897-3191
Growth parameters of Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) (Actinopterygii,
Poeciilidae) – an introduced species in brackish water of Wadi AlBahayes (Oman)
by
Abstract
Salim Serkan Güçlü1,*,
Saud M. Al Jufaili2,
Laith A. Jawad3
This work is one of the first studies on the growth of
Poecilia latipinna outside its natural habitat. The objective of
our study was to investigate the growth parameters of the
population of P. latipinna, which is an alien species in Oman
(Wadi Al-Bahayes). The population structure of P. latipinna in
Wadi Al-Bahayes (Oman; 23°40’47”N; 58°11’36”E) was studied
in June and August 2020, using 124 fish. In the course of this
study, the number of individuals of each sex, age, weight
and size composition were determined. In addition, the total
length–weight relationship (LRW) was calculated, as well
as the von Bertalanffy growth equation. The mean growth
performance (phi prime) and the condition factor were
calculated. Males accounted for 37.10% and females for
62.90% of the population. The length–weight relationship
and the von Bertalanffy growth equation were W = 0.0214
× L 2.7889 R2 = 0.9212, Lt = 11.46 (1 − e −0.127 (t + 2.71)) for males
and Lt = 14.51 (1 − e−0.072 (t + 3.98)) for females. The mean growth
performance and the condition factor were calculated as
1.22 for males and 1.18 for females and 1.54 for all specimens.
The study shows that the population of the species
is characterized by a wide age range. Consequently,
monitoring of this alien species is highly recommended.
DOI: 10.2478/oandhs-2021-0023
Category: Original research paper
Received: February 16, 2021
Accepted: April 2, 2021
1
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty
of Eğirdir Fisheries, Basic Sciences Department,
Inland Water Biology Division, 32260 East
Campus, Isparta, Turkey
2
Sultan Qaboos University, Department of
Marine Science and Fisheries, P.O. Box 34,
Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman
3
School of Environmental and Animal Sciences,
Unitec Institute of Technology, 139 Carrington
Road, Mt Albert, Auckland 1025,
New Zealand
Key words: Arabian Peninsula, alien species,
sailfin molly, growth, LRW parameters
* Corresponding author: salimguclu@isparta.edu.tr
online at www.oandhs.ug.edu.pl
©2021 Salim Serkan Güçlü et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
270
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021
Salim Serkan Güçlü, Saud M. Al Jufaili, Laith A. Jawad
1. Introduction
Poecilia is one of the genera that occupies an
important place in the aquarium trade worldwide, is
used in biological control of insects and as a source
of protein, and is distributed to many countries
around the world (Al Jufaili & Jawad 2020). The genus
Poecilia is represented by 40 valid species native to the
Americas; some species in this genus are euryhaline
(Al Jufaili & Jawad 2020). Poecilia latipinna is native to
the southeastern US and southern Mexico, but due to
its wide environmental tolerance (Nunes et al. 2015)
and popularity as an aquarium fish, P. latipinna has
been widely introduced (Al-Faisal & Abdullah 2014)
and has established breeding populations in most
countries. In their native range, sailfin mollies are
common in ponds, marshes, roadside ditches, and
thrive under poor water quality conditions (Al Jufaili
& Jawad 2020). The sailfin molly is a small species,
rarely exceeding 12.5 cm in length, but can sometimes
reach 15 cm in length (Abu El-Regal & Al-Solami 2020).
Several countries have reported adverse ecological
effects of P. latipinna following its introduction (Smith
1997). To date, the sailfin molly has been introduced in
29 countries located mainly in Asia, Oceania, Central
and South America. The only record from Europe has
been reported from a brackish geothermal lagoon
(Lake Vouliagmeni near Athens) in Greece (Koutsikos
et al. 2017). In Asia, the species has been introduced to
some countries in the Middle East. It has been reported
from Al-Hammar Marsh in Iraq (Hussain et al. 2009),
estuaries in the Gulf of Oman (Randall 1995; Al Jufaili
& Jawad 2020), Iran (Sabet 2018), Saudi Arabia (first
record comes from Ank from 1983), the Wadi Haneefah
Stream, Riyadh (AI-Akel et al. 2010), and Lake Manzala
in Egypt (Abu El-Regal & Al-Solami 2020). Al-Jufaili
et al. (2010) reported the presence of this species in
inland waters of Oman, but no locality was assigned to
this record, which is considered incomplete. However,
Al Jufaili & Jawad (2020) reported the occurrence of
P. latipinna in two freshwater localities (Wadi
Al-Bahayes and Al-Amirat) and reported the first record
from Oman in their study.
Although the potential impact of the sailfin molly
on the aquatic life in Wadi Al-Bahayes may seem
insignificant at first glance, it is important to the fish
fauna there due to the introduction of new species,
predation, competition, habitat and genetic changes,
and the emergence of parasites and diseases. Research
is needed to obtain basic information about the
population of the sailfin molly, as well as the causes of
introduction of the species and its effects on local and
endemic fish communities in Wadi Al-Bahayes.
There are very few studies on breeding and feeding
characteristics (Al-Ghanim 2005; Alkahem et al. 2007;
AI-Akel et al. 2010) and growth parameters of sailfin
mollies (Klassen et al. 2004; Morris 2005; dan Hasnidar
2019) in the natural environment, and among them
there is no study on their population in Oman. Such
data are lacking from Oman and could be useful for
management of this invasive species. The sailfin molly
is a robust species that shows great plasticity in its
life cycle. Due to the fact that this species is currently
well established in Omani waters, an assessment of its
impact and ecological role is indeed worthwhile and
necessary. Therefore, the objective of our study was to
investigate the growth parameters of the P. latipinna
population in Wadi Al Bahayes, where the species was
recorded for the first time in Oman. The present study
represents the first step in that direction.
2. Materials and methods
The care of experimental animals was in
compliance with the Animal Welfare Law issued by
the Sultanate of Oman, as well as other guidelines and
policies approved by the Sultan Qaboos University
Animal Ethics Committee (Project name: Omani
Freshwater Fish, Classification and Biology – permit
reference number: SQU/AEC/2020-2021/2).
The study was carried out in Wadi Al-Bahayes
(Oman; 23°40’47”N; 58°11’36”E; Fig. 1). Wadi Al-Bahayes
is a densely vegetated flat brackish water body.
Sampling was carried out in June and August 2020
using a hand net-fish trap and a crab net baited with
bread. A total of 124 individuals were caught from
Wadi Al-Bahayes (Fig. 2). The fish species Aphaniops
stoliczkanus and Cryptocentroides arabicus were found
at the same locality. They are endemic to the Arabian
Peninsula. Specimens were measured to the nearest
0.01 cm (total length, TL) and weighted to the nearest
0.01 g (total weight, W). The age was determined from
scales taken from the left side of the body, between
the end of the pectoral fin and the beginning of the
dorsal fin.
The distribution of females and males was
determined according to age. The overall ratio of
males to females was estimated using χ2 (0.05) test
(Düzgüneş et al. 1995). Total length (in cm) and weight
(in g) frequency distribution for all specimens was
calculated. The relationship between weight and
total length was determined using the exponential
regression equation W = a × TLb, where W is the body
weight in g, TL is the total length in cm, “a” is the
intercept and “b” is the regression coefficient. The
coefficient of determination (R2) was also estimated
(Ricker 1975). The growth of the P. latipinna population
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271
Population structure of Poecilia latipinna
Figure 2
Poecilia latipinna, Wadi Al Bahayes (Oman), 49.6 mm SL
♂, 50.6 mm SL ♀ (photo by Dr. Salim Serkan Güçlü)
Figure 1
Sampling area – Wadi Al-Bahayes in Oman (photo by Dr.
Saud Al Jufaili)
was estimated using the following von Bertalanffy
growth equation: Lt = L∞ (1 − e −k (t − to)), where Lt is
the total length in cm at age “t”, L∞ is the average
asymptotic length in mm, k is the body growth
coefficient, “to” is the hypothetical age, and “a” and
“b” are constants (Le Cren 1951). The measured and
calculated (von Bertalanffy growth equation) total
length was evaluated by t test (0.05). Average growth
performance (Ø', phi prime) was calculated using the
following formula Ø' = Log k + 2 × Log L∞ (Gayanilo
et al. 1988). Fulton’s coefficient of the condition factor
was calculated by Cf = (W/TL3) × 100 (Sparre & Venema
1992).
3. Results
The age of the fish ranged from 1 to 4 years. The
dominant age groups were I and II (Table 1). Of the
total fish examined, 46 (37.10%) were males and 78
(62.90%) were females. The overall ratio of males to
females was 0.59:1.00 and χ2 analysis showed that it
was significant (p < 0.05; Table 2). The distribution of
total length classes by age is shown in Table 2, and the
frequency distributions of total length and total weight
are shown in Figure 3. The total length ranged from
3.70 to 7.50 cm (Table 2). The body weight range was
0.77–4.81 g (Fig. 3).
The following von Bertalaffy growth equations
were obtained for males Lt = 11.46 [1 − e −0.127 (t + 2.71)]
and females Lt = 14.51 [1 − e −0.072 (t + 3.98)] (Fig. 4). The
differences between the observed and expected
total lengths were statistically not significant in all
age groups (t test, p > 0.05; Table 3). Average growth
performance (Ø', phi prime) was 1.22 for males and 1.18
for females.
Total length–weight relationships were calculated
for females, males and all P. latipinna specimens.
Length–weight relationships are presented in
Fig. 5. The estimated values of parameter b in the
length–weight relationships were 2.5907 (males),
Table 1
Age and sex distribution for females (F), males (M) and
all P. latipinna specimens from Oman (N – Number of
samples, N% – Percent of samples)
Females
N
%N
N
1
37
29.84
24
2
28
22.58
3
11
4
∑
Age
Males
%N
All
N
%N
19.35
61
49.19
12
9.68
40
32.26
8.87
4
3.23
15
12.10
2
1.61
6
4.84
8
6.45
78
62.90
46
37.10
124
100
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M:F
0.65:1.00
(p < 0.05)
0.43:1.00
(p < 0.05)
0.36:1.00
(p < 0.05)
3.00:1.00
(p < 0.05)
0.59:1.00
(p < 0.05)
272
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021
Salim Serkan Güçlü, Saud M. Al Jufaili, Laith A. Jawad
Table 2
Size and age composition for females (F) and males (M) of P. latipinna
Age class
I
II
Total length
(cm)
♀
♂
3.70–4.20
9
8
4.21–4.70
26
11
4.71–5.20
2
5
III
♀
♂
IV
♀
♂
♀
17
5.21–5.70
37
21
5
7
7
5.71–6.20
33
1
15
10
4
6.21–6.70
1
1
1
6.71–7.20
7.21–7.70
∑
37
Total
♂
24
28
12
11
4
2
16
3
4
1
1
1
1
6
124
TL ± sd (min.–max)
♀
4.44 ± 0,04
(3.70–4.78)
5.13 ± 0.03
(4.83–5.56)
5.81 ± 0.02
(5.61–5.99)
6.41 ± 0.17
(6.16–6.66)
4.93 ± 0.06
(3.70–6.66)
♂
4.34 ± 0.07
(3.70–4.79)
5.20 ± 0.04
(4.99–5.45)
5.93 ± 0.02
(5.85–5.99)
6.61 ± 0.19
(6.15–7.50)
5.00 ± 0.12
(3.70–7.50)
Figure 3
Total length and weight in frequency distributions for P. latipinna in Oman (F = females, M = males, F + M = all
specimens)
Table 3
Measured and calculated average total length values for each age in the von Bertalanffy growth equation
Age (Year)
Observed average length (cm)
Expected average length (cm)
t test
1
4.34 ♂
4.44 ♀
4.30 ♂
4.37 ♀
p > 0.05
2
5.20 ♂
5.13 ♀
5.15 ♂
5.07 ♀
p > 0.05
3
5.93 ♂
5.81 ♀
5.91 ♂
5.73 ♀
p > 0.05
4
6.61 ♂
6.41 ♀
6.57 ♂
6.34 ♀
p > 0.05
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273
Population structure of Poecilia latipinna
a)
3.0398 (females) and 2.7889 (all specimens). The
determination coefficient (R2) values were close to 1 for
all specimens (Fig. 5). The mean values of the condition
factor were 1.61 (females), 1.42 (males) and 1.54 (all
specimens).
4. Discussion
b)
Figure 4
L∞ value according to the von Bertalanffy growth
equation (a – males, b – females)
Research conducted on Poecilia species primarily
involves aquaculture. There are few studies designed
to determine population characteristics in the natural
environment. Most of them report only length–weight
relationships (Table 4). There are very few studies that
report all population characteristics of species. In this
respect, very few studies addressed P. latipinna (Table
4). There are only one or two studies from the USA
and Mexico, where the species has natural distribution
areas, and two studies from countries where it has
been introduced for aquarium trade or mosquito
control.
In this study, the age of P. latipinna from Wadi
Al-Bahayes (Oman) ranged from 1 to 4 years. The age
range of small fish species is limited (Nikolsky 1980).
Nevertheless, the age range of the studied population
is wide. Nikolsky (1980) suggested that the wide
Figure 5
Total length–weight relationships (females, males and all specimens) of P. latipinna from Oman
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Table 4
274
Comparison of the growth parameters of Poecilia species reported in different studies
Status
Locality
Ref.
N
TL (range)
W (range)
M:F
L∞
k
t0
Ø'
a
b
R2
native South Pacific, Mexico
1
1868
1.5–6.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.023
3.27
0.968
P. butleri
native Gulf of California, Mexico
2
44
1.75–5.54
0.18–5.54
-
-
-
-
-
0.0026
3.13
0.99
P. gillii
native Chocó region, Ecuador
3
601
1.36–5.21
0.06–4.52
-
-
-
-
-
0.0233
3.16
0.969
P. mexicana
native Jalpan River, Mexico
4
762
0.8–5.0
1.7–3.6
1.00:1.00
-
-
-
-
0.22
7.41
0.84
P. mexicana
native Grijalva River Basin, Mexico
5
158
3.3–7.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.0038
2.782
0.941
P. reticulata
native Santa Marta, Colombia
6
231
-
-
0.69:1.00
39.8
0.21
−0.91
2.52
0.008
3.045
-
P. reticulata
native Bodoquena Plateau, Brazil
7
49
0.0219
3.09
0.965
P. reticulata
native Mundaú River Basin, Brazil
8
204
P. reticulata
native
9
840
P. sphenops
native South Pacific, Mexico
1
1604
1.8–7.1
P. sphenops
native Grijalva River Basin, Mexico
5
58
P. velifera
native Yucatan, Mexico
10
P. velifera
alien
P. vivipara
1.50–3.29 0.083–1.03
0.01–0.17
-
-
-
-
-
0.009
2.982
0.807
0.63–4.13 0.004–1.85
-
-
-
-
-
0.0216
3.107
0.966
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.034
3.00
0.978
3.0–7.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.0028
2.970
0.979
89
1.4–5.2
0.10–6.40
-
-
-
-
-
0.022
3.302
0.972
11
6.033
0.7–6.9
-
1.00:1.80
73.58
0.82
0.99
-
0.000013 ♂
0.000014 ♀
3.237 ♂
3.194 ♀
0.986 ♂
0.987 ♀
native Coastal Lagoons, Brazil
12
318
1.0–6.0
0.01–3.27
-
-
-
-
-
0.008
3.368
0.96
P. vivipara
native Guaratiba Mangrove, Brazil
13
555
1.8–7.8
0.07–6.48
-
-
-
-
-
0.0078
3.28
0.97
P. vivipara
native
14
24
2.06–4.07
0.11–0.95
-
-
-
-
-
0.00795
3.49
0.961
P. latipinna
native Everglades, USA
15
1671
0.6–5.4
-
0.31:1.00
-
-
-
-
0.0267
2.880
0.930
P. latipinna
native Gulf of Mexico, USA
16
14
2.6–.5.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.6674
2.90
0.94
P. latipinna
alien
Indonesia
17
1062
2.6–7.6
-
0.53:1.00
-
-
-
-
0.00003
3.02
0.85
P. latipinna
alien
Wadi Al-Bahayes, Oman
This
study
124
3.7–7.5
0.77–4.81
0.59:1.00
11.46 ♂
14.51 ♀
−0.127 ♂
−0.072 ♀
−2.71♂
−3.98♀
1.22 ♂
1.18 ♀
Humid forest enclaves,
Brazil
Songkhla, Thailand
Atlantic coastal drainage,
Brazil
1.0–2.6
0.0272 ♂
2.5907 ♂
0.9579 ♂
0.0151 ♀
3.0398 ♀
0.9368 ♀
0.0214 ♂+♀ 2.7889 ♂ + ♀ 0.9212 ♂ + ♀
References; 1: Velázquez-Velázquez et al. 2009; 2: Moreno Sa´nchez et al. 2012; 3: Jiménez‐Prado et al. 2018; 4: Bermúdez-González et al. 2020; 5: Velázquez-Velázquez et al. 2015; 6: Garcia et al. 2008; 7: Severo-Neto et al. 2018; 8:
Terra et al. 2017; 9: Gurgel-Lourenço et al. 2017; 10: Vega-Cendejas et al. 2017; 11: Sa-nguansil 2009; 12: Franco et al. 2014; 13: da Costa et al. 2014;; 14: Gasparini et al. 2016; 15: Klassen et al. 2004; 16: Morris 2005; 17: dan Hasnidar
2019
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021
P. butleri
Salim Serkan Güçlü, Saud M. Al Jufaili, Laith A. Jawad
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Species
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021
275
Population structure of Poecilia latipinna
range of age distribution in a population should be
considered as an indication of sufficient food resources
in the aquatic environment. A reduction in the number
of individuals from old age groups in the population
will result in an increase in the number of individuals
from young age groups, reducing competition
for food. Individuals from age group I account for
49.19% of the population, which is almost half of the
population. Fish in the 4.203–5.204 cm length groups
account for 56.45% of the population. These length
groups also include individuals from age groups I and
II.
The sex ratio of females to males of P. latipinna
from Wadi Al-Bahayes (Oman) is 0.59:1.00 (χ2, p < 0.05).
It is different from the ratios of 1.00:1.00 or 1.00:3.00
reported by Nikolsky (1980). According to Nikolsky
(1980), the sex ratio varies considerably from species to
species, but in the majority of species it is close to one.
The fact that the M:F ratio was outside the expected
ratio in our study is probably due to the sampling
method. Due to the short sampling time, it can be
concluded that it is not a selective method. To confirm
the sex ratio, samples should be collected from
different areas of the wadi. In this study, sampling was
restricted to one area. The M:F ratio in our study was
found to be consistent with other studies on P.latipinna
and Poecilia species (Table 4). Females were almost
50% more abundant than males. This is consistent with
what has been found for wild populations by e.g. Rodd
& Reznick (1997), who also observed that females were
frequently more abundant than males. Petersson et al.
(2004), who studied wild populations, found that the
sex ratio was a dynamic feature varying in time and
space (Garcia et al. 2008).
Differences in the growth parameters may be due
to ecological differences between the study areas,
water temperature, water quality and the amount
of nutrients in the environment (Atar & Mete 2009).
Differences between the observed and expected total
lengths were statistically not significant (t test, p > 0.05)
for P. latipinna. The population reaches 11.46 cm (L∞)
for males and 14.51 cm (L∞) for females at the age of
approximately 40 years and 60 years, respectively.
The average growth performance (Ø', phi prime)
was calculated as 1.22 for males and 1.18 for females.
There are no studies with the von Bertalanffy growth
equation for P. latipinna, which is the subject of our
study. There are studies on P. reticulata and P. velifera
(Table 4). The differences in L∞ values across the
studies suggest that it may vary depending on species,
environment, feeding and season.
Length–weight relationship parameters are
important parameters for management and proper
exploitation of fish populations (Dutta et al. 2012).
The exponent b in the length–weight relationship
in the present study varies between 2 and 4,
but often reaches a value close to 3; a value of 3
indicates isometric growth and values other than 3
indicate allometric growth (Tesch 1971). According
to Le Cren (1951), the b value in the length–weight
relationship also varies with season, depending on
the development of gonads in fish. The exponent of
the total length–weight relationship is b = 2.7889 for
all specimens of P. latipinna, with males (b = 2.5907)
showing positive allometric growth and females
(b = 3.0398) showing isometric growth. Typically, a
narrower length range and reduced abundance of
smaller fish can result in a higher b value because
small and juvenile fish tend to have a more “pumpkin”
body shape and become more fusiform with age
(Froese 2006). In studies involving both P. latipinna and
other Poecilia species, positive allometric growth was
generally observed (Table 4). The overall regression
coefficient of the length–weight relationship for all
samples is R2 = 0.9212. The value of the regression
coefficient R2 is generally similar to other studies. The
differences may also vary with sample homogeneity,
season and environment (Table 4).
Among the methods of introducing alien species
is the aquarium trade, which turns out to be the
main route of introduction (Nunes et al. 2015). In
Wadi Al-Bahayes, where the fish specimens were
collected, there are aquarium shops that trade in any
freshwater fish species. There are two possibilities
for the presence of sailfin mollies in the inland waters
of Oman. The first high-probability possibility is that
molly fish may have been released in the area by an
ornamental fish hobbyist. The second low-probability
possibility is that they may have come from samples
of mixed fish from neighboring countries to control
malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
In general, poeciliids are affected by salinity
(Meffe & Snelson 1989; Martin et al. 2009). Sailfin
molly populations in the brackish water system of
Wadi Al-Bahayes adapted well to changes in salinity
in the environment. Due to the brackish aquatic
environment, lentic conditions and the ground
covered with muddy vegetation, Wadi Al-Bahayes
provides a very suitable habitat for the sailfin molly to
establish a population.
P. latipinna has adapted quite well and established
a growing population in this environment. A single
female can easily colonize a new area as she carries
sperm and gives birth to live young. Because sailfin
mollies easily adapt and thrive, they may have a
negative effect on A. stoliczkanus and C. arabicus, both
of which are endemic species with whom they share
the same habitat. Therefore, further spread of the alien
Journal owner: Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
276
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021
Salim Serkan Güçlü, Saud M. Al Jufaili, Laith A. Jawad
species P. latipinna in Wadi Al-Bahayes, one of the two
localities in Oman, should be prevented. Aquarium
fish trading places around Wadi Al-Bahayes should
be controlled. Consequently, monitoring of this alien
species is highly recommended.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by Geo-Resources
Environmental and Earth Science Consultants owned
by Mr. Ahmed Al Ghafri whom we thank for his support
for science, under the SQU consultant project (No. CR/
AGR/FISH/20/03).
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