JJBS
Volume 14, Number 1, March 2021
ISSN 1995-6673
Pages 129 - 135
Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences
Life History Traits of the Gangetic scissortail rasbora, Rasbora
rasbora (Hamilton, 1822) in the Payra River, Southern
Bangladesh
Newton Saha1,*, Mohaiminul Haque Rakib2, Md. Mahamudul Hasan Mredul3, Md.
Arifur Rahman4 and Ferdous Ahamed1
1
Department of Fisheries Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh,2Faculty of
Fisheries, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh,3Department of Aquaculture, Patuakhali Science and
Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh,4Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and
Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh
Received Feb 16, 2020; Revised July 25, 2020; Accepted July 25, 2020
Abstract
The near threatened gangetic scissortail rasbora, Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton, 1822), is an economically important, and
nutritionally valuable freshwater food fish in south Asian countries. The present study provides the first inclusive
explanation on life-history traits of R. rasbora in the Payra River, southern Bangladesh. This species invites research interest
due to its nutritional demand and IUCN red list status. Sampling was carried out using different traditional fishing gears
during July to December 2019. For each individual, total length (TL) and standard length (SL) were measured to the nearest
0.01 cm using digital slide caliper, while body weight (BW) was taken by an electronic balance with 0.01 g accuracy. A total
of 215 specimens were measured ranging from 2.6-12.5 cm TL and 0.22- 10.65 g BW during this study. The 4.00 to 4.99 cm
TL was numerically leading group of the total population. The allometric coefficient (b) of the length-weight relationships
(LWRs) indicates negative allometric growth pattern (b<3.00) for R. rasbora in the Payra River. The results also indicate that
the LWRs were highly significant (p<0.001) with r2 values >0.963. In addition, The LLR (SL vs. TL) was highly significant
(p<0.0001) with a coefficient of determination values of 0.988. The estimated form factor (a 3.0 ) was 0.007 indicating this
fish is elongated in body shape and the size at first sexual maturity (L m ) for combined sexes of R. rasbora was calculated as
7.96 (~8.00) cm TL in the Payra River. The allometric condition factor (K A ) varied from 0.0063 to 0.0570 and Fulton′s
condition factor (K F ) varied from 0.3933 to 4.1844. However, K F tended to be lower after 9.0 cm for combined sexes, which
may indicate the start of sexual maturation and therefore L m could be around 8.0 cm TL for R. rasbora. The knowledge
about the biological aspects of gangetic scissortail rasbora may be used for improved management tools in the future.
.
Keywords: Rasbora rasbora, Growth pattern, Conditions, Size at first sexual maturity, Payra River
1. Introduction
Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family
and the largest vertebrate animal family in general, with
about 3,000 species of which only 1,270 remain extant,
divided into about 370 genera (Froese and Pauly, 2015).
The family belongs to the ostariophysian order
Cypriniformes, of whose genera and species the cyprinids
make up more than two-thirds. Rasbora rasbora
(Hamilton, 1822) is a member of family Cyprinidae
commonly known as Gangetic scissortail rasbora.
Apparently, it is native to Bangladesh, India (Gangetic
provinces and Assam), Myanmar, Pakistan and Thailand
(Talwar and Jhingran, 1991). It is a surface feeder fish
(IUCN Bangladesh, 2015). In Bangladesh, R. rasbora is
commonly known as darkina/leuzzadarkina of the
important small indigenous fish (SIS) species. Being a
small indigenous fish species, R. rasbora is well-regarded
as a quality food containing high amount protein, fat,
carbohydrate, calcium and vitamins that helps to eliminate
*
Corresponding author e-mail: newtonsaha@pstu.ac.bd.
malnutrition, particularly for poor women and children in
Bangladesh (Thilsted et al., 1997; Ross et al., 2003). In
addition, it can also be used as an aquarium fish (Froese
and Pauly, 2015). The large numbers of small fish species
are still available in southern water bodies amongst them,
R. rasbora locally known as darkina/ kan chela is one of
important ones. The Payra River (southern Bangladesh) is
considered as an important natural spawning and nursery
grounds for many commercially important fish species and
a significant portion of the country’s fisheries production
is dependent on this coastal river (Islam et al., 2015).
Nonetheless, the untamed population of this species is
waning due to overfishing, reckless fishing of larvae and
juveniles, habitat destruction (siltation), pollution and
other ecological changes to their surroundings (Islam et
al., 2015; Hossen et al., 2015; Hossain et al., 2016, 2015)
and afterward categorized as near threatened in
Bangladesh (IUCN Bangladesh, 2015) although globally
categorized as least concern (IUCN, 2019). Hence, there is
an urgent need to manage and regulate its numerous
130
© 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 1
discrete stocks, which will require basic population
dynamics information for the species (Santos et al., 1995).
Usually, studies of length-frequency distribution (LFD)
express the life-history traits and ecology of fishes (Ranjan
et al., 2005). In addition, length-weight relationships
(LWRs) are considered as a useful tool in fisheries studies
for the estimation of weight, biomass, and condition
indices (Anderson and Gutreuter, 1983; Froese, 2006;
Froese et al., 2019). Moreover, condition factors assist
evaluate the status of fish from which the present and
future population success can be predetermined (Richter,
2007; Rypel and Richter, 2008).
This is believed to be the first report on biological
aspects of this population in this region. However,
sufficient information on this species is still now absent in
the literature from Bangladeshi waters or elsewhere which
attracted our attention. Therefore, the current study
provides a complete and informative depiction of the life
history traits of R. rasbora – including LFD, LWRs, LLR,
form factor (a 3.0 ), size at first sexual maturity (L m ) and
condition factors (allomatric, K A ; Fulton’s, K F ; relative,
K R ) from the Payra River, southern Bangladesh using
many specimens of small to large sizes over a period of six
months.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling:
The present study was carried out in the Payra River
(Fig. 1), a southern coastal river of Bangladesh situated in
the Patuakhali district (straddling 22º 35´ N and 90º 26´ E).
A total of 215 specimens of R. rasbora were collected
occasionally from that region over the period from July to
December-2019, using different types of fishing gears; gill
net (mesh size: 1.5–2.5 cm), square lift net (mesh size ~1.0
cm) and cast net (mesh size: 1.0–2.0 cm). Fish samples
were quickly chilled in ice on site and then preserved in
10% buffered formalin in laboratory until examination. For
each specimen, lengths (total length, TL and standard
length, SL) were measured by digital slide caliper
(Mitutoyo, CD‐6"CSX), and the body weight (BW) was
measured using an electronic balance (AND, FSH, Korea),
to the nearest 0.01cm and 0.01 g precision, respectively.
Figure 1. Map showing location of the study area for R. rasbora in the Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
2.2. Length Frequency Distribution (LFD):
LFD for total population of R. rasbora was constructed
using 1.0 cm intervals of TL.
2.3. Length-weight Relationships and Length-length
Relationship (LWRs and LLR):
The relationship between length and weight was
calculated using expression: W= aLb (Le Cren, 1951)
where the W is the whole body weight (g), L the total
length (cm), a intercept of the regression and b is the
regression coefficient (slope). The parameters a and b of
the weight-length relationship will be estimated by linear
regression analysis based on natural logarithms: ln (W) =
ln (a) + b ln (L) (Frose, 2006; Hossain et al., 2016a).
According to Froese (2006), all extreme outliers were
excluded from the analyses. A t-test was applied to
determine significant differences from the isometric value
(b= 3.0 for length-weight relationship and b = 1.0 for
length-length relationship) (Sokal and Rohlf, 1987).
Deviation of the b value from the theoretical isometric
value indicates either positive (b > isometric value) or
negative (b < isometric value) allometric growth. Analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) (Zar, 1984) was used to test for
significant differences in slopes and intercepts among the
relationships. Additionally, the LLR for SL vs. TL was
estimated by linear regression analysis (Hossain et al.,
2006).
© 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 1
The form factor (a 3.0 ) of R. rasbora was estimated
using the equation of Froese (2006) as: a 3.0 = 10 log a – s (b-3),
where a and b are the regression parameters of LWR, and
is the regression slope of ln a vs. b. The researchers used a
mean slope S = -1.358 (Froese, 2006) for calculating the
form factor because there was no available information on
LWR for this species to estimate the regression (S) of ln a
vs. b.
2.5. Size at First Sexual Maturity (L m ):
The size at first sexual maturity (L m ) of R. rasbora was
calculated using the equation proposed by Binohlan and
Froese (2009) as: log (L m ) = ˗0.1189 + 0.9157×log (L max );
where, L m = size at first sexual maturity in TL, L max =
maximum length (TL) of R. rasbora in the present study.
Furthermore, the maximum length of R. rasbora was
obtained from available literature in the FishBase used to
estimate L m for water bodies throughout the world.
2.6. Condition Factor:
The allometric condition factor (K A ) was calculated by
the equation of Tesch (1971): W/Lb, where W is the body
weight (g), L is the TL (cm), and b is the LWR parameter.
Fultonʹs condition factor (K F ) was estimated using the
equation of Fulton (1904): K F =100× (W/L3), where W is
the body weight (g), and L is the TL in cm. The scaling
factor of 100 was used to bring the K F close to unit
(Froese, 2006). In addition, the relative condition factor
(K R ) was analyzed following the equation of Cren (1951):
K R = W/(a×Lb), where W is the body weight (g), L is the
total length (cm), and a and b are LWR parameters.
2.7. Statistical Analysis:
For statistical analysis, Microsoft® Excel-add-in
DDXL and GraphPad Prism 8 software were used. The
Spearman rank-correlation test was applied to analyze the
relationship of condition factors with TL and BW. All
statistical analyses were considered significant at 5%
(p<0.05).
3. Results
3.1. Length Frequency Distribution (LFD)
During the study period a total of 215 specimens of R.
rasbora were collected from the Payra River, southern
Bangladesh. The length frequency distribution of R.
rasbora is shown in (Figure 2). Table 1 shows the
descriptive statistics of maximum and minimum length
and weight measurement of R. rasbora. LFD showed that
the range of TLs was 2.6 to 12.5 cm (Fig. 2), and that body
weight ranged from 0.22 to 10.65 g there. The 4.00 to 4.99
cm TL size group was numerically dominant and
constituted 41.86% of the total population (Figure 2).
131
Table 1. Length (cm) and weight (g) measurements of combined
sexes of Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton, 1822) from the Payra River,
southern Bangladesh, July 2019 to December 2019.
Measurement
Total
Total length
(TL)
Standard
length (SL)
215
Body weight
(BW)
Min
Max
Mean±SD
2.6
12.5
5.58±2.34
2.4
10.5
4.40±1.99
0.22
10.65
2.30±3.12
n, sample size; Min, minimum; Max; maximum and SD, standard
deviation
60
Frequency (%)
2.4. Form Factor (a 3.0 ):
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Class interval
Figure 2. Total length frequency distribution of R. rasbora in the
Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
3.2. Length -Weight Relationships (LWRs)
The sample size (n), regression parameter, 95%
confidence interval of a and b, coefficient determination
(r2), and growth type (GT), of R. rasbora are shown in
Table 2. In the present study, the calculated allometric
coefficient (b=2.79) and t-test value (t s =-7) of TL vs. BW
indicates a negative allometric growth pattern (Figure 3),
as did the SL-BW relationship (Table 2 and Figure 4) in
the Payra River. The LWRs were highly significant
(p<0.0001) with r2 values >0.963.
Table 2. Descriptive statistics and estimated parameters of the
length–weight and length-length relationships of R. rasbora
(Hamilton, 1822) from the Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
Species
n
Regression
parameters
95% CI
of a
95% CI r2
of b
GT
a
b
0.0120
2.79
0.011 to
0.014
2.726 to 0.969 A2.862
BW = a*SLb
0.0290
2.66
0.026 to
0.032
2.604 to 0.963 A2.747
TL=a+b*SL
0.441
1.169
0.355 to
0.525
1.151 to 0.988 A+
1.186
BW =a*TLb
215
n, sample size; TL, total length; SL, standard length; BW, body
weight; a, intercept; b, slope; CI, confidence interval; r2,
coefficient of determination; GT, growth type; A-, negative
allometric; A+, positive allometric.
© 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 1
132
3.5. Size at First Sexual Maturity (L m )
18
Body weight (g)
15
Size at first sexual maturity for combined sex of R.
rasbora was estimated as 7.96 (~8.00) cm TL in the Payra
River.
BW= 0.0120 (TL)2.79
n=215, r² = 0.969
12
9
3.6. Condition Factors
3.6.1. Allometric Condition Factor (K A )
6
3
0
0
2
4
6
8
Total length (cm)
10
12
14
Figure 3.Total length-body weight relationship of R. rasbora in
the Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
Table 3. Condition factors of R. rasbora (Hamilton, 1822) in the
Payra River (southern Bangladesh).
18
Body weight (g)
15
BW = 0.0290 (SL)2.66
n=215, r² = 0.962
12
The estimated K A of R. rasbora ranged from 0.00630.0570 (Mean ±SD, 0.0128±0.0040) (Table 3). According
to Spearman rank-correlation tests, there was a significant
relationship between BW vs. K A (r s = 0.2219, p = 0.0011),
but not between TL vs. K A (r s = 0.0532, p = 0.4375) (Table
4).
9
6
Condition factors
Min
Max
Allometric condition
factor (K A )
0.0063
0.0570 0.0128±0.0040
Mean±SD
Fulton’s condition
factor (K F )
0.3933
4.1844 0.9110±0.2968
Relative condition
factor (K R )
0.5223
4.7535 1.0638±0.3329
3
Min, minimum; Max, maximum; SD, standard deviation
0
0
2
4
6
8
Standard length (cm)
10
12
Figure 4. Standard length-body weight relationship of R. rasbora
in the Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
3.3. Length-length Relationship (LLR)
The length-length relationship between TL and SL of
R. rasbora along with the estimated parameters of the LLR
and the coefficient of determination (r2), are shown in
Table 2 and Figure 5. During this study, the calculated
allometric coefficent (b=1.16) and t-test value (t s =20) of
the LLR indicates positive allometric growth pattern. The
LLR was highly significant (p<0.0001) with a coefficient
of determination values of 0.988.
Table 4. Ralationships of condition factor with total length (TL)
and body weight (BW) of R. rasbora (Hamilton, 1822) in the
Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
Relationship
r s value
95% CL
of r s
p values
Significance
TL vs. K A
0.05322
-0.08511
to 0.1895
0.4375
ns
TL vs. K F
-0.2354
-0.3614 to
-0.1009
0.0005
***
TL vs. K R
0.05312
-0.08522
to 0.1894
0.4384
ns
BW vs. K A
0.2219
0.08682 to
0.3489
0.0011
**
BW vs. K F
-0.0611
-0.1971 to
0.07726
0.3727
ns
BW vs. K R
0.2218
0.08673 to
0.3488
0.0011
**
14
TL= 1.169 (SL) + 0.441
n=215; r² = 0.988
12
Total length (cm)
10
4
TL, total length; BW, body weight; K A , allometric condition
factor; K F ; Fulton′s condition factor; K R , relative condition factor;
r S , Spearman rank-correlation values; CL, confidence limit; p,
shows the level of significance; ns, not significant; * significant;
** highly significant; ***very highly significant.
2
3.6.2. Fulton’s Condition Factor (K F )
8
6
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Standard length (cm)
Figure 5. Total length-standard length relationship of R. rasbora
in the Payra River, southern Bangladesh.
3.4. Form Factor (a 3 . 0 )
The a 3.0 was calculated as 0.007 for combined sex of R.
rasbora in the Payra River, southern Bangladesh, and this
value indicates that this fish is elongated in shape.
The calculated K F ranged from 0.3933-4.1844 (Mean ±
SD, 0.9110±0.2968) (Table 3). According to Spearman
rank-correlation tests, there was a significant relationship
between TL vs. K F (r s = -0.2354, p = 0.4375), but not
between BW vs. K F (r s = -0.0611, p = 0.3727) (Table 4).
The lowest K F value was found in the size of 12 cm, whilst
the highest in 2 cm for both sexes. Furthermore, the K F
value started decreasing after 9.0 cm TL (Figure 6).
© 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 1
Fulton's Condition Factor (KF)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Total length (cm)
Figure 6. Fulton’s condition factor (K F ) with regard to total
length (cm) for R. rasbora in the Payra River, southern
Bangladesh.
3.6.3. Relative Condition Factor (K R )
The K R of R. rasbora ranged from 0.5223-4.7535
(Mean ± SD, 1.0638±0.3329) during this study (Table 3).
From Spearman rank-correlation tests, K R showed a
significant relationship with BW (r s =0.2218, p =0.0011),
but not with TL (r s = 0.0531, p =0.4384) (Table 4).
4. Discussion:
According to the statement of the local fishers, this fish
is mostly abundant during the summer (June-August) and
autumn (September-October); other times they rarely
found this species in the river which had made a great
hindrance to collect fish sample from January to May. In
our study, it was not possible to sample individuals of R.
rasbora from January to May, for one or more of the
following reasons: the biased selection of fishing gear or
fishermen did not go where the fish were or possibly
because of the fish’s absence on the fishing grounds,
and/or because fishermen discarded smaller fish (Rahman
et al., 2018) or the degradation of ecology of the Payra
River, which signals the need for urgent measures to
conduct extensive studies on these species to provide more
information for their management and conservation.
In present study, it was not possible to collect the R.
rasbora smaller than 2.6 cm, which was attributed to either
the absence of small sized fishes (<2.6 cm TL) in the
populations or the fishermen did not go where the smaller
size exist (Azad et al., 2018, Khatun et al., 2018) or
selectivity of fishing gears (Hossain et al., 2012 a, b).
Furthermore, the maximum length of R. rasbora within the
Payra River was 12.5 cm TL which is slightly lower than
the maximum recorded value of 13.0 cm TL (Froese and
Pauly, 2019). Most likely, this growth differences can be
attributed to differences in environmental factors,
particularly water temperature and food availability
(Ahamed and Othomi; 2012). Generally, maximum length
is considered as a functional tool for fisheries resource
planning and management, and is utmost for the
determination of asymptotic length and growth coefficient
of fishes (Hossain et al., 2019; Khatun et al.,2019; Ahmed
et al., 2012; Hossain et al., 2016b, 2017; Nawer et al.,
2017; Hossen et al., 2016, 2018).
In the current study of R. rasbora, the estimated b
values ranged from 2.67 to 2.79 for LWRs from the Payra
River which were within the usual range (2.50 to 3.50) of
b values for fishes (Carlander, 1969; Froese, 2006). To the
133
best of our knowledge, no references dealing with LWRs
for the studied species are available; thus it was not
possible to compare the present results with previous
references. Hence, the present study was compared with
results from studies dealing with other species of the
Cyprinid family. In this study, estimated b values of the
LWRs (TL vs. BW; SL vs. BW) were <3 suggesting fish
becomes more slender as the length increase for R. rasbora
in the Payra River which was generally in agreement with
results for fishes of same family and same genus (R.
daniconius) obtained from the Sharavathi Reservoir,
Karnataka (Kumar et al., 2005). The length-weight
relationship parameters (a and b) are influenced by a series
of factors including season, habitat, gonad maturity, sex,
diet, stomach fullness, health of the individuals in their
natural habitats as well as the treatment of specimens and
preservation techniques after sampling (Bagenal and
Tesch, 1978; Tesch, 1971). However, LLR for the R.
rasbora was highly correlated (r2=0.988; p<0.0001). Since
the current study is also the first assessment on LLR of R.
rasbora, so lack of references dealing with LLR constrains
the comparison of the present results with previous
literature on the same population/ species.
Form factor (a 3.0 ) can help to determine whether the
body profile of individuals in a particular population or
species differs from others (Froese, 2006). The estimated
a 3.0 for R. rasbora was within the limits 0.00775–0.00906
reported by Frose (2006); suggesting that this fish is
elongated in shape in the Payra River. No references
dealing with a 3.0 for this species are in the literature to
make comparison across the water bodies.
Though most of the studies deal with single condition
factor, we have, however, worked on three condition
factors (K A ; K F and K R ) to evaluate the physical and
habitat status of R. rasbora. Furthermore, study on relative
condition factor (K R ) in preference to the ponderal index
(K) is recommended as the latter is generally influenced by
many environmental and biological factors (Le Cren,
1951). The studied fish species has K R >1, which indicates
good general conditions of the fish (Le Cren, 1951).
Generally, condition factor is influenced by many factors
like sex, season, environmental factors, stress, gonadal
development and availability of forage items (Lambert and
Dutil, 1997; Zargar et al., 2012; Ali et al., 2014).
Furthermore, the lowest K F value was found in the size of
12 cm, whilst the highest in 2 cm for both sexes. The K F
with regard to length class showed a noticeable decrease
after 9.0 cm for combined sexes, which might be attributed
to the start of sexual maturation, as indicated in the present
study, which recorded the size at first sexual maturity of R.
rasbora as ~8.00 cm. Therefore, the size at first sexual
maturity of R. rasbora could be around 8.0 cm TL in the
Payra River, southern Bangladesh. Studies on L m are very
atypical (except Hossain et al., 2019, 2010, 2016a, 2017).
This is the first study on size at first sexual maturity (L m )
for R. rasbora worldwide. Thus, our study will be the base
for more thorough studies.
5. Conclusion:
The 4.00 to 4.99 cm TL size group (41.86%) was
numerically dominant and fish becomes more slender as
the length increases in the Payra River. The fish is
elongated in body shape and ensures good general
134
© 2021 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 14, Number 1
conditions of the fish in the Payra River. The size at first
sexual maturity of R. rasbora could be around 8.0 cm TL
in the Payra River, southern Bangladesh. This study
provides valuable information for the online Fish Base
database, as well as providing an important baseline for
future studies within the Payra River and surrounding
ecosystems, as no information on the biological aspects of
this species are currently available in the literature.
Moreover, further detailed studies (with considering
sampling period throughout the year) on spawning
frequency and some other biological aspects, i.e. growth
and abundance, are still necessary for the future
management of this species.
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to (i) the local fishers of
Payra (Patuakhali, southern Bangladesh) for collecting
samples, and (ii) the Chairman (Department of Fisheries
Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology
University, Bangladesh) for use of the laboratory facilities.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.
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