The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 26(2): 55-60
DOI: 10.31398/tpjf/26.2.2019A0007
July - December 2019
SHORT COMMUNICATION
First report of the Non-native Midas Cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus
(Gunther, 1864), in Laguna de Bay, Philippines
Jennifer A. Poniente1, John T. Dela Peña1, Romualdo M. Pol2, Levita H. Zapanta2+ and Mudjekeewis D. Santos1*
1
Genetic Fingerprinting Laboratory, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute,
Quezon City, Philippines
2
National Inland Fisheries Technology Center, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Tanay, Rizal, Philippines
ABSTRACT
In recent years, increasing global trade, travel, and transport had rapidly increased the rate of
introduction and diversity of non-native fish species. Once established, some introduced fish species can
become aggressive and dangerously invasive. Here, we provide the first report of the occurrence of a non-native
Midas cichlid Amphilophus citrinellus in Laguna de Bay using morphological analysis and genetic marker,
specifically the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1). The results provide important
information on the presence of another invasive species in Laguna de Bay that needs to be addressed since this
species can competitively exclude, predate, and displace native species.
E-mail address: mudjiesantos@gmail.com*
Received: October 3, 2019
Accepted: December 17, 2019
N
on-native species may cause changes in the
ecosystems to which they are introduced
(Jeschke et al. 2012). These changes can be
manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and
biodiversity. In some cases, these changes are dramatic
and may result in the extinction of native species or
radical changes in ecosystem functioning (Kulhanek
et al. 2011; Simberloff and Gibbons 2014). In recent
years, the rate of introduction of alien species in many
ecosystems has increased because of increasing global
trade, travel, and transport (Joshi 2006). Next to habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species is
the second major cause of loss of biodiversity (IUCN
1999).
Laguna de Bay is the Philippines’ largest inland water with 900 km2 surface area and the third
largest in Southeast Asia (Israel 2007). The lake has
numerous economic uses to the surrounding population, one of which is aquaculture. Studies have been
conducted on the development and growth of aquaculture in Laguna de Bay. Delmendo and Gedney
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The Philippine Journal of Fisheries
Keywords: Amphilophus citrinellus, non-native fish,
Laguna de Bay, invasive species, cichlid
(1976) reported that the natural food supply of the
lake could sustain the rearing of milkfish in the lake.
Nicholas and Librero (1977) indicated that fish pen
operations in the lake were extremely profitable while
Garcia and Medina (1987) pointed out that fish cage
culture like fish pen culture was also a highly profitable operation in the lake. The study was supported
by Basiao (1989), who indicated that fish cage culture
of tilapia in particular, even without supplemental
feeding, can be conducted successfully in the lake. The
analysis of Israel (2007) showed that fish pen and fish
cage culture in Laguna de Bay has significant economic and social contributions not only to the country but
also to the bay municipalities.
After more than 40 years, the aquaculture
industry in the lake rapidly developed, mainly using
species not native to the lake. The lake is now populated with non-native species, including species that
are considered invasive and nuisance (Cuvin-Aralar
2014). These non-native species were intentionally
introduced for aquaculture, while some were acciden-
+
Author added based on the request of Romualdo M. Pol dated
January 17, 2020
First report of the non-native Midas Cichlid, Amphilophus
citrinelus (Gunther, 1864), in Laguna de Bay, Philippines
tal introductions emanating from the ornamental fish
industry. The Asiatic catfish (Clarias batrachus) has
been recorded to have ecologically displaced the native catfish (Clarias microcephalus) in Laguna de Bay
(Juliano et al. 1989) and other water bodies in Luzon
where it has been introduced. The Pterydoplicthys dysjunctivus, locally known as janitor fish, is a nuisance
fish that has caused economic losses to fisherfolk in
Laguna de Bay by reducing their fish catch with gillnets and fish corals (Chavez et al. 2006). The “clown
featherback” (Chitala ornata), a native species in Thailand, is believed to have escaped into the lake after
a flooding event caused by Typhoon Ondoy in 2009
(Guerrero 2014). As early as 2011, the destructive
and highly carnivorous knife fish had been reported
to infest Laguna de Bay. The “black-chinned tilapia”
Sarotherodon melanotheron, a native species in Africa,
was reported to be competing for food and space of
cultured stocks in the Laguna de Bay (Aquino et al.
2011) and in the brackish fishponds of Bulacan (Ordoñez et al. 2015; Chavez 2013; Cervantes 2013).
Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus, a
freshwater and benthopelagic fish, has been reported
to have a maximum length of 24.4 cm. According to
Conkel (1993), the species coloration is mostly bright
orange to orange-red in adults; mature males are larger, with longer fins, and with a distinct hump on their
heads. They are mostly found in lakes, omnivorous,
eating mostly snails and small fishes; also feeds on
insect larvae, worms, and other bottom-dwelling organisms (Yamamoto and Tagawa 2000). This cichlid
is a native of Central America, particularly in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Introduced by the aquarium trade
industry, the species escaped into the natural waters
(Nico et al. 2007).
Identification of fish species through morphology-based methods has been proven to be extremely difficult even for trained taxonomists when
the key characters for identification to the species level
are lacking. Hence, DNA based methods, particularly
DNA barcoding, have been used in identifying various
cichlid species in the Philippines (Ordonez et al. 2015
and 2016). In this study, a non-native cichlid fish species collected in Laguna de Bay was identified using
DNA barcoding.
The sample was collected from fishers in
Kinagatan, Talim Island, Binangonan, Rizal in February 2019, who caught the fish by hook and line near
the island shore by Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources – National Inland Fisheries Technology
Center (BFAR-NIFTC). The whole fish sample was
sent to the National Fisheries Research and Develop-
ment Institute – Genetic Fingerprinting Laboratory
(NFRDI-GFL) on February 6, 2019, for DNA-based
identification (see Fig. 1).
The whole sample was examined for morphological features. Morphometric measurements (in
cm) were taken with a standard ruler. Muscle tissues
of about 150 mg were obtained from the fish sample,
then preserved in 95% ethanol and stored at -20 °C.
DNA extractions were carried out in triplicate coded as 19R1FC 1, 19R1FC 2, and 19R1FC 3.
DNA was extracted using 10% Chelex based on the
protocol of Walsh et al. (1991). The quality and quantity of the DNA extracts were measured using NanoPhotometer (IMPLEN – Guill – Bern Corporation).
The DNA template concentrations ranged from 130140 ng/ µL.
Figure 1. Sample (labelled 19R1FC) submitted by BFAR-NIFTC
for morphological and molecular identification. Photo by John T.
dela Peña.
A region of cytochrome c oxidase I (~600 bp)
gene was amplified using the following primers: VF2_
t1
(5’TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC3’), FishF2_t1 (5’TGTA
AAACGACGGCCAGTCGACTAATCATAAAGATATCGGCAC3’), FishR2_t1 (5’CAGGAAACA
GCTATGACACTTCAGGGTGACCGAAGAATCAGAA3’), and Fr1d_t1 (5’CAGGAAACAGCT ATGACACCTCAGGGTGTCCGAARAAYCARAA3’)
(Ward et al. 2005; Ivanova et al. 2007). The 25 - μl PCR
reactions consisted of water, 2.5 µL 10x PCR buffer with 1.5 mM MgCl2, 2.5 µL MgCl2 (25mM), 2.5
µL dNTP’s (2mM), 2 μL of each primer (10μM), 0.2
unit Taq polymerase and 2 μl of template. The PCR
cocktails were subjected to the following conditions:
initial step of 94°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 1
min, 50°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and a final exten-
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The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 26(2): 55-60
sion of 72°C for 5 min. Product amplicons were electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium
bromide and submerged in 1x TAE buffer. Standard
sequencing and DNA purification were outsourced to
Macrogen Inc., Korea.
Resulting bi-directional sequence electropherograms were visualized, aligned, and manually
edited using Geneious Pro 6.1 software (Biomatters
Ltd., Aukland, New Zealand). Voucher CO1 sequences were obtained using BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov) and BOLD (www.boldsystems.org). MEGA 7.0
(Tamura et al. 2013) was used for aligning DNA sequences together with the reference sequences. Species identification was inferred using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree based on the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P)
model with 500 bootstrap replications (Tamura et al.
2013). Mean genetic distance was computed between
the sample and the reference sequence using K2P
model (Kimura 1980).
Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus
The sample submitted weighted 200 g, a total length of 17.4 cm, a standard length of 13.5 cm,
a body depth of 4.5 cm, had 26 dorsal fin rays, and
13 anal fin rays. Amphilophus citrinellus is a member
of the cichlid species assemblage (Amphilophus spp.),
a group of closely related, morphologically similar
species thought to comprise recent adaptive radiation
(Barluenga and Meyer 2010). It resembles a cichlid
species because it exhibits a wide variety of striking
color morphs that range from oranges, yellows, whites,
and combinations of these colors. The taxonomic determination of Midas cichlid was inferred from the
description of FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2014) and
Nico and Neilson (2013).
The sample sequences matched with GenBank sequences JN024800, JN024798, and HQ654655
of Amphilophus citrinellus using BLAST analysis.
These sequences formed a distinct monophyletic clade
with a bootstrap value of 100% in the NJ tree (Fig,
2). To further support the inferred species identity of
the sample, the genetic distances were also computed and are shown in Table 1. Computation of mean
genetic distance between the fish sample and voucher
sequences occurring at 0.000-0.002. The threshold value for species delineation among the included species
was set a 3.0%-3.5% (Ward et al. 2009). These values
of nucleotide differences fall below the threshold value
and are very low strengthen positive identification of
the sample as Amphilophus citrinellus. The CO1 sequences of the sample were submitted to BOLD with
the following accession number: 19R1FC_MN796349.
Figure 2. Neighbor-Joining tree generated using Kimura 2-parameter model of mtDNA COI sequences from the sample with the voucher
sequences. GENBANK accession numbers are shown next to the species name. [Outgroup: Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Ordonez et al.
2015)]. The analysis involved 11 nucleotide sequences.
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First report of the non-native Midas Cichlid, Amphilophus
citrinelus (Gunther, 1864), in Laguna de Bay, Philippines
Table 1. Computed genetic distances between the sample submitted and voucher sequences from GenBank using Kimura 2-parameter
model. The number of base substitutions per site from between sequences is shown. Standard error estimate(s) are shown above the diagonal and were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (500 replicates). The analysis involved 11 nucleotide sequences.
Ordoñez et al. (2015) reported the presence
of blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, in
the coastal waters of Manila Bay and the occurrence of
Mayan cichlid, Cichlosoma urophthalmus, in Hagonoy,
Bulacan for its range expansion and for the negative
impacts of its existence due to the competitive interactions. The current infestation of Midas cichlid in
Laguna de Bay is considered to be similar to the introduction of the Mayan cichlid and the blackchin tilapia.
There is no evidence yet regarding their negative impact on both environmental and economic aspects.
This is the first record of Midas cichlid in Laguna de Bay. This species has been reported in Taal
Lake in 2011 (Aquilino et al. 2011). When and how
this species was introduced in the Philippines is unknown. We suspect that the species was introduced
through ornamental fish trade, intentionally farmed
in fishponds, and escaped during flooding events.
In this study, we identified Amphilophus citrinellus through DNA barcoding of a specimen collected from the island shore of Laguna de Bay. It is a native
cichlid of Central America. This study provided vital
information that could be used in the development of
management actions for its control. Thorough monitoring should be carried out to determine the current
distribution and the future spread of the species in the
country.
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