View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk
brought to you by
CORE
provided by EKE Repository of Publications
CONTRIBUTION TO THE BRYOPHYTE
FLORA OF INDIA: SILENT VALLEY
NATIONAL PARK IN THE WESTERN GHATS,
INDIA
Manju, C.N,1&2, 1Rajilesh, V.K., 1Prajitha B., 1R.
Prakashkumar and 2K.P. Rajesh
1Malabar Botanical Garden, G.A. College PO, Calicut-673 014, Kerala, India
2Department of Botany, Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, G.A. College PO, Calicut673 014, Kerala, India
Corresponding author: manjucali@gmail.com
Key words: Bryophytes, Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, India,
Western Ghats.
Abstract: The bryophyte flora of the Silent Valley National Park is
catalogued. The catalogue consists of 148 taxa (109 mosses, 36 liverworts, 3
hornworts), of which nine species viz., Chrysocladium flammeum (Mitt.)
M.Fleisch., Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch., Glossadelphus
bilobatus (Dix.) Broth., Hypnum flaccens Besch., Notoscyphus paroicus
Schiffn., Macromitrium turgidum Dix., Calyptothecium pinnatum Nog.,
Brotherella amblystegia (Mitt.) Broth. and Wijkia deflexifolia (Ren. & Card.)
Crum. are newly reported for Peninsular India. Another four species viz.,
Lejeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb., Radula obscura Mitt., Radula meyeri Steph.
and Barbella turgida Nog. are new record of occurrence for Kerala State.
Trichostelium stigmosum (Manju et al., 2012) and Aerobryopsis wallichii (Brid.)
Fleisch. (Prajitha et al., in press), has been reported as new records for India
from Silent Valley.
Introduction
The Silent Valley National Park, also known as Sairandhri Vanam, located in the Nilgiri Hills of Palakkad District in Kerala state, is one of the
73
most popular protected areas in India. It raised as a legend of conservation
and environmental protection movement in India and elsewhere. It forms
the part of the Nilgiri Sub-Cluster of Western Ghats World Heritage Site
designated by UNESCO. The National Park spreads over an area of 91
km2 forms the major part of the Nilgiri International Biosphere Reserve.
The area in this National park was historically explored in 1847 by the
botanist Robert Wight. The Park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of
the South Western Ghats montane rain forests and tropical moist evergreen forest in India. Contiguous with the proposed Karimpuzha National
Park (225 km²) to the north and Mukurthi National Park (78.46 km²) to
the north-east, it is the core of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
It rises abruptly to the Nilgiri Plateau in the north and overlooks the
plains of Mannarkkad in the South forming the core area of Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve. Silent Valley perhaps, is one among the most
magnificent gifts of nature to mankind. The mean annual temperature is
20.2°C. The hottest months are April and May when the mean
temperature is 23 °C and the coolest months are January and February
when the mean temperature is 18o C.
The great diversity in ecological factors and high range of altitudinal
variation have been responsible for the very rich and diverse vegetation of
the area. It belongs to the Indo-Malayan eco-region (Olson et al., 2001)
and the major vegetation types include North Western Ghats montane rain
forests (IM0135) (Tropical wet evergreen forests), North Western Ghats
moist deciduous forests (IM0134) (Tropical Moist deciduous forests
(300-800 m)), South Western Ghats montane rain forests (IM0151) (Subtropical montane forest (1400-1868) and grass lands. These grass lands of
the higher altitudes are seen over the crest of the Silent Valley National
Park and at the Poochipara area. The soil is very shallow and vegetation
comes after the monsoon. There is a clear demarcation of vegetation types
based on the altitudinal range.
Manoharan (1999) edited a book on the Silent Valley Whispers of
Reason, which contains 38 articles on various aspects of Silent Valley
such as on the historical and managerial evolution of Silent Valley National Park as well as on its biodiversity. The first major attempt to document the bryophyte diversity of the area has been made by Vohra et al.
(1982). Later some other authors such as Asthana and Srivastava (1986),
Srivastava & Sharma (2000) reported the occurrence of some more species. Daniels et al. (2010) reported a new endemic genus, Indopottia with
74
the species I. zanderii. Manju et al. (2012) reported the occurrence of
Trichostelium stigmosum from Silent Valley as a new record for India.
However, a comprehensive account on the bryophyte diversity of this area
is still lacking, which is attempted here. This paper tries to present a detailed account on the bryophyte diversity, mainly based on the recent collections, and also incorporating earlier accounts. Some of the taxa reported earlier such as by Vohra et al. (1982) were now sunk into the synonymy, and which are mentioned under respective species.
Enumeration of species
The specimens were collected by Manju C.N. (MCN), Rajilesh, V.K.
(RVK), Anoop, K.P. (AKP) and Hareesh (HA) between 2001-2011 and
were identified and confirmed by Manju C.N. (first author), L.T. Ellis of
Britisch Natural History Museum (BM) during 2001-2012. The specimens are deposited in the Calicut University Herbarium (CALI) and the
Malabar Botanical Garden (MBG). Each species is listed with author citation followed by the observations on the substrate/s on which it was found
growing in the study area, the locality, altitude, the collector’s name, collection number, and with comments on the distribution of species; (species not found in Tropicos is given the sign !),. Microphotographs of new
records of species were provided.
List of Species
Marchantiophyta
Aytoniaceae
Asterella leptophylla (Mont.) Pande,- This is an Indian endemic species. (Based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Marchantiaceae
Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees- On rocky patch near streams were
water drips regularly. Silent Valley National Park (1500 m), RVK & al.
5026, 5525, 5526 (MBG). This is widely distributed in the high altitude
areas of the Western Ghats. It has wide distribution in Southern India
(Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka), Northern India (Simla, Mussoorie,
Kumaon, Pachmahri), Nepal, Japan, Brazil, Mexico, Jamaica, North &
75
South America, Europe, New Zealand, Hawaii and Africa. (Srivastava
and Sharma, 2000 also collected this species).
Targioniaceae
Cyathodium cavernarum Kunze- On moist soil, rocks and on concrete
walls. Silent Valley National Park (1000 m), RVK & al. 5480 (MBG).
This is a widely distributed species from low to high altitude areas. (Srivastava and Sharma, 2000 also reported this species)
Targionia hypophylla L.- On rocky patch. Silent Valley National Park
(1600 m), RVK & al. 5406 (MBG). Distributed in India (Kerala, Tamil
Nadu) China, Australia, Europe, Ireland, Madagscar, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and South America. (Srivastava and Sharma, 2000 also
reported this species).
Targionia indica Udar & Gupta,- On rocky patch and crevices of
rocks. This is an Indian endemic species. (Based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Pallaviciniaceae
Pallavicinia indica Schiffn.- On land cuttings and on soil covered
rocks; Silent Valley National Park (1500 m), RVK & al. 5532 (MBG). It is
distributed in India (Eastern Himalayas, Meghalaya, Khasi hills, Kerala),
Nepal, Java, Sumatra and Tahiti. Manju and Rajesh (2011) reported this
species from Parambikulam Tiger Reserve as new record of occurrence to
the Peninsular India.
Pallavicinia lyellii Schiffin., on base of tree trunks and on rhizome of
ferns near stream. Silent Valley National Park (1200-1500m), RVK & al.
5529, 5528, 5339, 5398a (MBG). It is distributed in Southern India (Kerala, Karnataka), North-east India (Assam, Gauhati, Shillong, Pachmahri),
Sri Lanka, Europe, Jamaica, Cuba, Brazil, Java, Singapore, Philippines,
Japan (Ryukyu), Moluccas, New Zealand, Africa and America.
Fossombroniaceae
Fossombronia cristula Austin- On land cuttings, and on moist rocks
near stream. Silent Valley National Park (1600 m). RVK & al. 5402
(MBG). It is distributed in India (Kerala), Japan and America. (Srivastava
and Sharma, 2000 also reported this species).
76
Fossombronia indica Steph.- On moist soil in association with other
bryophytes. This is an Indian endemic species. (based on Srivastava and
Sharma, 2000)
Calypogiaceae
Calypogia khasiana Singh et Nath, On bark, Siruvani (1200 m) RVK
& al. 5527, 5370b (MBG). It is distributed in India (Eastern Himalaya,
Meghalaya, Kerala).
Geocalycaceae
Heteroscyphus argutus (Nees) Schiffn.- On land cuttings and on roots
of higher plants near streams. Silent Valley National Park (1200 – 2000
m) RVK & al. 5390b, 5533b, 5359a, 5349, 5503, 5345 (MBG). A widely
distributed species in India in the high altitude areas of Kerala, Tamil Nadu & Karnataka and North-eastern India (Darjeeling, West Himalaya,
Pachmahri, Assam, Sikkim, Manipur, Meghalaya). distribution extends to
Borneo, Brazil, Myanmar, China, Java, Japan, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Sumatra and Taiwan.
Lophocolea minor Nees- On land cuttings where water drips regularly,
Silent valley tower area (1200 – 2000 m) RVK & al. 5350 (MBG). Distributed in India (Eastern Himalayas, Meghalaya, East khasi Hills,
Mawphlong forest), Europe, America, Asia, China, Nepal, Japan, Siberia
and Korea.
Aneuraceae
Riccardia tenuicostata Schiffn.- On moist rocks. Silent Valley National Park (1200 – 1500m) RVK & al. 5533a, 5353 (MBG). Widely distributed species in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya and
Western Himalayas in India and distribution extends to Singapore and
Java.
Riccardia levieri Schiffn.- On moist soil and on rocks. Silent Valley
National Park (1500 m) RVK & al. 5404 (MBG). Distributed in India
(Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Western and Eastern Himalayas), Bhutan.
(Srivastava and Sharma, 2000 also reported this species).
Riccardia multifida (L.) Gray.- On rocky patch and on land cuttings
near stream. Distributed in India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Western and Eastern Himalayas), Sri Lanka, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Ireland, Scotland
and Netherlands. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
77
Cephaloziellaceae
Cephaloziella kiaerii (Austin) Arnell.- On moist soil along with other
liverworts. Silent Valley National Park (1500m) RVK & al. 5401 (MBG).
Distributed in India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Western Himalayas), Sri
Lanka, China, Java, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Taiwan and Africa.
(Srivastava and Sharma (2000) also reported this species).
Plagiochilaceae
Plagiochila devexa Steph., On tree trunk, Silent Valley (1200-2000m)
RVK & al. 5341 (MBG). It is distributed in North-eastern India (Sikkim,
Himalaya), South India (Kerala), China, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Jungermanniaceae
Notoscyphus paroicus Schiffn.- On rocks, Silent Valley (1200-2000
m) RVK & al. 5381, 5390a, 5392 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Eastern Himalaya, Meghalaya), Java, Japan, Vietnam, Luzon, Sumatra and
Banca. The present collection is a new record for the Peninsular India
(Plate 3 H-Q).
Jungermannia tetragona Lindenb.- On moist soil and on land cuttings. A widely distributed species in high altitude areas. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Jungermannia truncata Nees, Terrestrial on moist soil. Distributed in
India, Borneo, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Java, Korea, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Jubulaceae
Frullania acutiloba Mitt.- On bark. It is distributed in India and Sri
Lanka. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dumort. subsp. obscura (Verd.) S.Hatt., On
bark. Silent Valley (1450 m) MCN 70080 (CALI). It is a widely distributed species in Southern India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Northern India (Himalaya), Sri Lanka, Malaysia, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Europe.
78
Lejeuneaceae
Archilejeunea apiculifolia Steph., Epiphytic. Endemic to India. (based
on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Dicranolejeunea gilva Steph., Epiphytic. Distributed in India and Nepal (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Lejeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb., Grows on soil covered rock, Silent
Valley (1200–2000 m) RVK & al. 5359b (MBG). It is distributed in India
(Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim Himalaya, Assam-Shillong), Nepal,
China, Siberia, Caucasus, Europe and United States. The present collection is a new record for Kerala State (Plate 4. A-E).
Lejeunea flava (Sw.) Nees- Epiphytic and also terrestrial, Silent Valley (1200–2000m), RVK & al. 5399b (MBG). It is distributed in India
(Eastern Himalayas, Meghalaya, Kerala ), China, Taiwan, Philippines,
Thailand, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Widespread Pantropical species. Srivastava and Sharma (2000) also reported this species.
Lopholejeunea abortiva (Mitt.) Steph., Epiphytic. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Lopholejeunea javanica (Nees) Schiffn.- On rocky soil and boulders.
This species is distributed in India, java, Japan and Philippines. (based on
Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Lopholejeunea sikkimensis Steph.- Epiphytic. Distributed in India and
Nepal. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Lopholejeunea subfusca (Nees) Steph.- Epiphytic, Silent Valley
(1200–2000 m), RVK & al. 5375b (MBG). Widely distributed species.
Srivastava and Sharma (2000) also reported this species.
Microlejeunea ulicina A.Evans, Epiphytic. Distributed in India, Japan
and North America. (based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
!Taxilejeunea indica A. Agarwal, Epiphytic. Indian endemic species
(based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Radulaceae
Radula obscura Mitt.- on bark of trees, Silent Valley (1200–2000m),
RVK & al. 5399a (MBG). It is distributed in India (Eastern Himalayas,
Meghalaya), China, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
The present collection is a new record for Kerala (Plate 4. F-H).
Radula meyeri Steph.- On rocky patch, Silent Valley (1200–2000 m),
RVK & al. 5375 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Eastern Himalayas,
79
Meghalaya), China, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
The present collection is a new record for Kerala (Plate 4. I-K).
Radula kurzii Steph.- On rocky patch. (based on Srivastava & Sharma,
2000).
Radula pandei Udar & Kumar, On rocky patch and on bark. (based on
Srivastava & Sharma, 2000).
Anthocerotophyta
Anthocerotaceae
Anthoceros crispulus (Mont.) Douin,- On land cuttings near stream.
Silent Valley National Park (1500-1600 m) RVK. & al. 5407 (MBG).
Distributed in India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Western & Eastern Himalayas),
Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Europe and United States of America.
(Srivastava and Sharma, 2000 also collected this species).
Folioceros udarii Asthana & Srivastava,- Terrestrial. This is an Indian
endemic species. (Based on Asthana and Srivastava, 1986; and Srivastava
and Sharma, 2000).
Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. subsp. laevis Prosk.- Terrestrial. Distributed in India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Western Himalayas) North America
and Britian. (Based on Srivastava and Sharma, 2000).
Bryophyta
Polytrichaceae
Atrichum pallidum Renauld & Cardot- On land cuttings. Silent Valley
National Park (1300-1600 m) RVK & al. 5409 (MBG). This species is
distributed in India (Kerala, Darjeeling, Khasia, Western Hiamalaya),
Nepal and Tibet. Vohra et al. 1982 reported this species as Atrichum aculeatum (Card. & Vard.) Broth.
Pogonatum microstomum (Schwaegr.) Brid.- On land cuttings. Silent
Valley (1200-1500 m), RVK & al. 5334a (MBG). This species has wide
distribution in the Western Ghats. It is a South-east Asiatic species reported from Southern India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka), Northeastern India (Darjeeling, Western Himalaya, Meghalaya, Sikkim), Sri
Lanka, Bhutan, Taiwan, Nepal, Philippines, Setchwan, Vietnam and
Yunnan. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
80
Pogonatum hexagonum Mitt.= P. patulum (Harv.) Mitt.- On earth
bank. (based on Vohra, et. al., 1982).
Diphysciaceae
Diphyscium involutum Mitt., on rocky patch, Silent Valley (13001500m), RVK & al. 5330 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Khasia Hills,
Palni Hills) Sri Lanka and the Philippines.
Dicranaceae
Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid.- On rocks and soil, Silent Valley
(1250 m), RVK & al. 5334, 5342 (MBG). This is a cosmopolitan species
mostly occurring in high altitude areas. It has been reported earlier from
Southern India (Kerala; Eravikulam National Park), North India (Western
Himalaya), China, East Nepal, Algeria, Abyssinia, Madagascar, New
Zealand, Oceania and Siberia.
Campylopus involutus (C.Mueller) A.Jaeger. On rocky patches. Silent
Valley (1200m), RVK & al. 5517a, (MBG). An Indo-Malesian species
distributed in North India (Darjeeling), Southern India (Tamil Nadu:
Nilgiri hills; Kerala: present collection). Vohra et al (1982) reported this
species as Campylopus erythrognaphalus (C.Mueller) A.Jaeger.
Campylopus schmidii (C.Mueller) A.Jaeger- on tree trunks. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
Dicranella divaricata (Mitt.)A.Jaeger- on earth bank. (based on Vohra
et al. 1982).
Leucoloma taylorii (Schwaegr.) Mitt., On bark, Silent Valley (1250m),
RVK & al. 5517, 5346, 5341, 5358a, 5386, 5393, 5394, (MBG). It is a
South–east Asiatic species distributed in India (Kerala), Nepal, Malaya
and Myanmar.
Calymperaceae
Calymperes lonchophyllum Schwaegr.- Epiphytic. Silent Valley National Park (1300 m) RVK & al. (MBG). A widely distributed pantropical
species (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Calymperes tortelloides Broth. & Dix.- on tree trunks (based on Vohra
et al. 1982).
Syrrhopodon gardneri (Hook.) Schwaegr., On bark, Silent Valley
(1500 m), RVK & al. 5393a (MBG). Pantropical species. India (Northwestern Himalayas, West Bengal, Khasia hills), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bor81
neo, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sumatra and Vietnam. (Vohra et al.
1982 also reported this species).
Leucobryaceae
Leucobryum mittenii Besch.-On logs, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m),
RVK & al. 5502, 5516, 5521 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Khasia
Hills, Kerala) and Japan.
Leucobryum nilghiriense Müll. Hal.-On tree trunk, Silent Valley
(1200–1500m), RVK & al. 5329 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Darjeeling, Tamil Nadu, Kerala), East Nepal, Bhutan, Khasia Hills, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines, China, Korea, Japan and Fiji.
Fissidentaceae
Fissidens asperisetus Sande-Lac.-On earth bank, Silent valley (12001500m) RVK & al. 5524 (MBG). It is distributed in South India (Tamil
Nadu, Kerala), Andaman Island, Sri Lanka, Celebes, Java and Philippines. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Fissidens crispulus Brid.- On soil, rocks and bases of tree trunks, Silent valley (1200-1500 m) RVK & al. 5360,5372 (MBG). A widely
distributed species in India (Noth–east, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), China, Malaysia, Madagascar and Cameron. Vohra et al. (1982) reported this species as Fissidens sylvaticus Griff.
Fissidens firmus Mitt.- on submerged rocks. (based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Fissidens virens Thwait. ex Mitt., On earth bank near stream, Silent
Valley (1500 m) RVK & al. 5360 (MBG). Asiatic mainland species distributed in North-eastern India (Assam, West Bengal), South India (Kerala) Nepal and Vietnam. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Pottiaceae
Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch., On rocks, Silent valley
(1200 m); RVK & al. 5366 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Eastern
Himalaya, Western Himalaya), Western Tibet, Europe, Caucasus, Siberia,
Tajikistan, China, Japan, N.&S. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, N.&S.
America and Oceania. The present collection is a new record for Peninsular India (Plate 1 G-L).
82
Hyophila involuta (Hook.) A. Jaeger, seen on wide variety of habitats
such as on rocks, soil, bark, etc. Silent Valley (1200-1500m), RVK & al.
5343, 5366a (MBG). It is a widely distributed species. (Vohra et al. 1982
also reported this species).
Hyophila mollifolia Dix. & Vard.- on rocks. (based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Hyophila nymaniana (M.Fleisch.) Menzel, On rocky patch. Silent
Valley (1500 m) RVK & al. 5375a. This is an Indo-Pacific species distributed in Peninsular India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat), North-east
India (Western Himalaya, Orissa) and Philippines. Vohra et al. (1982)
reported this species as Hyophila comosa.
Hymenostylium recurvirostre (Hedw.) Dixon, on rocks, Silent valley
(1500 m), RVK & al. 5375 (MBG). it is distributed in South India (Kerala), north-east India (Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Kumaon, Khasi Hills,
Kangra, Ladakh, Mussorrie, Sikkim), Afganistan, China, Japan, Korea,
Myanmar, New Zealand, New Guinea, Philippines, Pakistan and Western
Tibet.
Indopottia zanderi A.E.D. Daniels, R.D.A. Raja & P. Daniel- Lignicolous, in association with Syrrhopodon spiculosus. Endemic to Silent Valley National Park in Kerala (980–1070 m). (based on Daniels et al.,
2010).
Pseudosymblepharis indica Dix. & Vard. = P. bombayensis
(C.Mueller) P.Sollman, On tree trunks and rocks. (based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 72. 1824.
On rocks. (based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Funariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., on rocks and on earth bank, Silent Valley (1600 m), RVK & al. 5344b (MBG). A cosmopolitan species. (Vohra
et al. 1982, also reported this species).
Bryaceae
Anomobryum auratum (Mitt.) A.Jaeger, on moist rocks and soil, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m) 5343a, 5347a (MBG). It is distributed in
South India (Kerala: Eravikulam National Park; Karnataka: Mahabaleswar; Tamil Nadu), North–east India (Darjeeling, Western Himalayas, Kashmir, Meghalaya, Naga Hills, Sikkim), Sri Lanka, China, Bhutan,
83
Nepal, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar.
(Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Brachymenium nepalense Hook., on bark, Silent Valley (1300) RVK
& al. 5347c (MBG). B. nepalense is an Afro-Asiatic species distributed in
South India (Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu), North-east India (Simla,
Kumaon, Garhwal), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes,
New Guinea, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and
Africa. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Bryum apalodictyoides Müll. Hal.- On wet soil. (based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Bryum coronatum Schwaegr.- On concrete walls. (based on Vohra et
al. 1982).
Bryum capillare Hedw., On rocky patch, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m)
5352 (MBG). It is a cosmopolitan species found distributed in South India
(Tamil Nadu: Palni hills, Kerala), North India (Western Himalaya, Kashmir), China, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, Jappan, Siberia, Central
Asia, Europe, North and Central Africa, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand.
Bryum cellulare Hook., On earth bank, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m)
5519, 5338, 5344a, 5383 (MBG). This is distributed widely in North India
(Western Himalayas, Kerala) Myanmar, China, Japan, Sumatra, Java,
Philippines, Taiwan, Europe, North and Central Africa and Australia.
Bryum curyphyllum Dix. & P.Vard.- On soil near stream. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
Bryum rugosum Müll. Hal.- = Brachymenium pendulum Mont.- On
submerged rocks. (based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Bryum vellei Card. & P. Vard. var. robustum Dix. & Vard. = B. billardierei var. billardierei Schwaegr. (based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Bryum wightii Mitt.-On rocky patch, Silent Valley (1300-1500m)
5383 (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India, South India (Mahabaleswar, Nilgiri, Palni), Sri Lanka, East Nepal.
Pohlia flexuosa (Hook.) Mitt.- On earth bank. (based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Bartramiaceae
Bartramidula dispersa Card. & Vard.= Philonotis dispersa (Cardot &
P. de la Varde) D.G. Griffin & W.R. Buck.- On earth bank. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
84
Philonotis anisoclada Card. & Vard.= P. falcata - On earth bank.
(based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Philonotis hastata (Duby) Wijk. & Marg., on soil and rocky patches,
Silent Valley (1200–1500 m) 5366a (MBG). It is a pantropical species
earlier reported from South India (Kerala, tamil Nadu, Karnataka) North–
East Inda (Calcutta, Assam, Sikkim), Sri Lanka, Borneo, Bolivia, Java,
Thailand, Celebes, Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, Chile, Oceanic island,
Peru, Venezuela, Africa, South America and Australia. (Vohra et al. 1982
reported this species as Philonotis heterophylla Mitt.).
Philonotis mollis (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt., On rocky patch, Silent Valley
(1500 m) 5352 a (MBG). Distributed in South India (Karnataka, Kerala),
Central India (Rajasthan), Andaman Islands, Sri Lanka, Borneo, Java,
Indonesia, Japan, Madagascar, Philippines, Sumatra and Vietnam. (Vohra
et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Philonotis thwaitesii Mitt., on soil cuttings and moist rocks, Silent
Valley (1200–1500 m) 5519b, 5343b (MBG). Distributed in South India
(Kerala, Tamil Nadu; Palni hills), North India (Western Himalaya), Sri
Lanka, China, Borneo, Bolivia, Colombia, Japan, Korea, New Guinea and
Taiwan.
Orthotrichaceae
Macromitrium calimperidium Mitt.- Epiphytic. (Based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Macromitrium moorcrofti (Hook & Grev.) Schwaegr., On bark, Silent
Valley (1200–1500 m) 5347b (MBG). It was earlier reported from South
India (Karnataka: Coorg, Kerala), North–East India (Western Himalaya,
Khasi hills, Sikkim, Darjeeling) Andaman and Nicobar Islands, China,
Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
Macromitrium perrottetii Müll. Hal.- Epiphytic. (Based on Vohra et
al. 1982).
Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid., on bark, Silent Valley (1200–
1500 m) 5365 (MBG). It is widely distributed in South India (Kerala,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Borneo, Kampuchea, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
Macromitrium turgidum Dix., on bark, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m)
5364 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Naga Hills, Arunachal) and Thailand. The present collection is a new record for Peninsular India (Plate 2
H-L).
85
Myuriaceae
Myurium rufescens (Reinw. et Hornsch.) Fleisch., on bark, Silent Valley (1350 m) RVK & al. 5384 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Darjeeling, Khasia Hills), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Malacca, Celebes, Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines, China, Jappan, Australia and New Caledonia.
Racopilaceae
Racopilum cuspidigerum (Schwaegr.) Angstr., earth bank and on soil
covered rocks; Silent Valley National Park (1500 m) RVK & al. 5532a
(MBG). Distributed in South India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala), Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New
Guinea.
Racopilum schmidii (Müll. Hal.) A.Jaeger- On earth bank. (Based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
Trachypodaceae
Diaphanadon blandus (Harv.) Renauld & Cardot., on bark, Silent Valley (1350 m) 5361 (MBG). It is distributed in South India (Kerala,Karnataka Tamil Nadu), North-east India (Mussoorie, Simla, Kumaon,
West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Dargeeling), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan,
Borneo, Ceram, Halmahera, Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Sumatra and
Yunnan.
Trachypus bicolor Reinw. & Hornsch., On bark, Silent Valley
(1250m) RVK & al. 5346a (MBG). Widely distributed species in high
altitude areas. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Trachypodopsis crispatula (Hook.) Fleisch.- On tree trunks and rocks.
(based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Pterobryacceae
Pterobryopsis orientalis (Müll. Hal.) M.Fleisch.- On bark, Silent Valley (1200 -1500 m) 5515b (MBG) It is a south -cost Asiatic species found
distributed in South India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), North – East India (Mussoorie, Kumaon, Darjeeling, Sikkim, Naga hills), Myanmar, Thailand,
North Vietnam and Yunnan.
Pterobryopsis schmidii (Müll. Hal.) Fleisch.- Epiphytic. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
86
Pterobryopsis tumida (Dicks. Ex Hook.) Dixon- Epiphytic. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
Symphysodontella involuta (Mitt) Fleisch., on bark, Silent valley
(1200-1500m) 5508 (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India and Arunachal. (Vohra et al.1982 also reported this species).
Meteoriaceae
Aerobryopsis longissima (Dozy & Molk.) M.Fleisch., hanging from
the branches of trees, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m) 5341 (MBG). It is
distributed in South India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala), Eastern India
(Sikkim), Sri Lanka, China, Caroline Islands, Indian Archipelago, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Pacific Ocean Island, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam, Australia and Yunnan (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Aerobryopsis wallichii (Brid.) Fleisch., On branches, Silent Valley
(1200–1500 m) RVK & al. 5337 (MBG). Distributed in East Nepal and
Sri Lanka. Gangullee (1971) commented that this species is endemic in
these areas. The present collection from Silent Valley NP extends its distribution and it is a new record for India. (Prajitha et al. in press).
Aerobryum speciosum Dozy & Molk., on base of tree trunk, Silent
Valley (1200–1500 m) 5396 (MBG). An east and South east Asiatic species earlier reported from South India (Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu,
Kerala), North – Eastern India (Darjeeling, Arunachal Pradesh, Khasi
hills, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Celebes, China,
Taiwan, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, New Guinea and Vietnam.
Aerobryidium filamentosum (Hook.) Fleisch.-On tree trunks. Silent
Valley National Park (1500 m) RVK & al. 5410 (MBG). A South east
Asiatic species distributed in India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Coorg, Western
& Eastern Hiamalayas, Darjeeling), Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes and Philippines.
(Vohra et al.1982 also reported this species).
Barbella convolvens (Mitt.) Broth.- On branches of trees. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
Barbella turgida Nog., on tree trunk, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m)
5336 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Western Himalaya, Tamil Nadu),
East Nepal. The present collection is a new record for Kerala (Plate 4. LP).
87
Barbella flagellifera (Card.) Nog.- On branches of trees. (based on
Vohra et al. 1982).
Chrysocladium flammeum (Mitt.) M. Fleisch.- On bark, Silent Valley
(1200–1500 m) 5515a (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India, Sikkim,
Darjeeling, East Nepal. The present collection is a new record for Peninsular India (Plate 1 A-F).
Cryptopapillaria chrysoclada (Müll. Hal.) A.Jaeger- On tree trunks.
(based on Vohra et al.1982).
Cryptopapillaria feae (M.Fleisch.) M.Menzel – On tree trunks (based
on Vohra et al. 1982)
C. Mueller et Fleisch.- on tree trunks. (based on Vohra et al.1982)
Cryptopapillaria fuscescens (Hook.) A. Jaeger- On tree trunks and on
logs, Silent Valley (1200-1500m) 5523 (MBG). It is a widely distributed
in species in high altitude areas of South India (Kerala, Goa, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu), North–East India (Kumaon Himalaya, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Indonesia, Indian Aruchipelago, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Floribudaria floribuda (Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch.- on branches, Silent
Valley (1200–1500m), 5376 (MBG). It is distributed in India (Sikkim,
Darjeeling, Bhutan, Arunachal, Assam, Khasia Hills, Manipur) and East
Nepal. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species)
Floribundaria sparsa (Mitt.) Broth.- On branches, Silent Valley
(1200–1500 m), 5358b (MBG). It is distributed in India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Khasia Hills), East Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Java and Taiwan.
Floribundaria walkerii (Renauld & Cardot) Broth., on branches and
on rocky patch, Silent Valley (1200m). 5395 (MBG). It is an Indian endemic species distributed in Eastern Himalayas, West Bengal and Kerala.
(Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species).
Meteoriopsis reclinata (Müll. Hal.) M.Fleisch., on tree trunks and on
branches, Silent Valley (1200–1500m) 5377 (MBG). It was earlier recorded from South India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala), North–east India (Mussoorie, Kumaon, Bihar, Meghalaya, Sikkim), Sri Lanka, China,
Japan, Indonesia, Malacca, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Celebes, Nepal,
New Guinea, Sumatra and Australia.
Meteoriopsis squarrosa (Hook) M.Fleisch., on bark and on small
branches, Silent Valley (1200–1500m) 5514 (MBG). It is distributed in
South India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala), North–east India (Sikkim,
Darjeeling, Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Khasi hills, Manipur), Sri
88
Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, New
Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan and Yunnan. (Vohra et al. 1982 also reported this species)
Papillaria crocea (Hamp.) A.Jaeger, on bark, Silent valley (1250m)
RVK & al. 5397a (MBG). Distributed in South India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala), Sri Lanka, China, Japan, New Zealand and Australia.
Pseudobarbella compressiramea (Ren.& Card.) Nog.- On branches,
Silent Valley (1450 m) 5522, 5385 (MBG). It was earlier recorded from
Eastern India (Sikkim, Darjeeling and Naga Hills) and East Nepal.
Neckeraceae
Calyptothecium pinnatum Nog., hanging from bark and branches, Silent Valley (1250 m) 5379 (MBG). An east Asiatic species distributed in
Eastern India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Khasia Hills), Eastern Nepal, Taiwan
and Myanmar, Taiwan. The present collection is a new record for Peninsular India (Plate 2 A-G).
Cryptoleptodon flexuosus (Harv.) Ren. & Card. – On tree trunks.
(based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Handeliobryum setschwanicum Broth. = H. sikkimense (Paris)
Ochyra.- On tree trunks and on rocks. (Based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Himantocladium rugulosum (Mitt.) Fleisch. = H. cyclophyllum
(C.Mueller) Fleisch.- On tree trunks. (based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Himantocladium plumula (Nees) M.Fleisch., base of tree trunk, Silent
Valley (1400 m) RVK & al. 5535 (MBG). An Indo–Pacific species found
distributed in North–east India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Khasi hills),
Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, Japan, Sumatra, Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Australia and Pacific Ocean Islands.
Homaliodendron flabellatum (Sm.) M.Fleisch., on tree trunks and on
rocks, Silent Valley (1200–1500m) RVK & al. 5378 (MBG). It was earlier
reported from South India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri hills, Madurai,
Thirunelveli, Kanyakumari, Karnataka). North – East India (West Bengal,
Sikkim, Darjeeling, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya), Sri Lanka, Java,
Borneo, Philippines, Japan, Pacific Ocean Island Sumatra, Tailand and
Australia. et al. (1982) also reported this species.
Pinnatella foreauana Ther. & Vard.- On tree trunks. (Based on Vohra
et al.1982).
89
Leskeaceae
Rhegmatodon orthostegium Mont.- Epiphytic. (Based on Vohra et al.
1982).
Thuidiaceae
Claopodium assurgens (Sull. & Lesq.) Card.- On tree trunks. (Based
on Vohra et al. 1982).
Claopodium nervosum (Harv.) Feisch. = C. prionophyllum (Müll.
Hal.) Broth. On wet rock. (Based on Vohra et al. 1982)
Haplocladium vestitum Dix. et Vard. = Haplocladium microphyllum
subsp. virginianum (Brid.) Reimers – On tree trunks. (Based on Vohra et
al. 1982).
Thuidium pristocalyx (Müll. Hal.) A.Jaeger., on rocks near stream, Silent Valley (1200–1500 m) 5534, 5357 (MBG). It is distributed in India
(Eastern Himalayas, Kerala) Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and
Philippines. Vohra et al. (1982) reported this species as Thuidium glaucinum (Mitt.) Bosch & Sande Lac
Thuidium cymbifolium (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk., on rocks, Silent valley (1200-1500m) RVK & al. 5373 (MBG). A widely distributed
very common species in the tropics at high altitude areas. (Vohra et al.
1982 also reported this species).
Plagiotheciaceae
Stereophyllum tavoyense (Hook.) A.Jaeger = Entodontopsis tavoyensis (Hook. Ex Harv.) W.R. Buck & Ireland. On tree trunks. (based on
Vohra et al., 1982).
Brachytheciaceae
Eurhynchium swartzii (Thurn.) Curnow., on rocky patch, Silent Valley (1300–1500m), 5370a (MBG). It is distributed in East India, East Nepal, Darjeeling, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Siberia, Kurdistan, Caucasus,
Europe, Azores, Algeria, Central and South Africa, Canada and United
States of America.
Sematophyllaceae
Brotherella amblystegia (Mitt.) Broth., on bark, Silent Valley (1200–
1500 m) RVK & al. 5400a (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India (Dar90
jeeling, Arunachal Pradesh, Naga Hills). The present collection is a new
record for Peninsular India (Plate 2 M-Q).
Clastobryum patentifolium Dix. & Vard.- On tree trunks. (Based on
Vohra et al.1982).
Chionostomum rostratum (Griff.) Müll. Hal., on bark, Silent Valley
(1200–1400 m) RVK & al. 5335, 5391 (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern
India (Darjeeling, Khasia Hills, Coorg), Sri Lanka, Thaliland, North &
South Vietnam, Philippines and Taiwan.
Glossadelphus bilobatus (Dix.) Broth.- On wet rocks, Silent Valley
(1200–1500 m) RVK & al. 5526, 5339b (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India (Naga Hills), Sri Lanka and Moluccas. The present collection is
a new record for Peninsular India (Plate 1 M-R).
Sematophyllum phoeniceum (Müll. Hal.) M. Fleisch.- On logs, Silent
valley (1400m), 5346b (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India, South
India, Andaman Island, Thailand, Vietnam, South China and Bangladesh.
Taxiphyllum taxirameum (Mitt.) M.Fleisch.- On logs. Silent valley
(1400m), 5346b (MBG). Widely distributed in the tropics including
North-east India (Mussoorie, Simla, Nainital, Ranikhet, Almora, Sikkim,
Abor, Assam, Khasi hills), Southern India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala), Sri
Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan and Vietnam. (Vohra et al., 1982 also reported
this species).
Trichosteleum stissophyllum (Hamp.) A.Jaeger = Papillidiopsis stissophylla (Hampe & C.Mueller) B.C. Tan & Y.Jia- On tree trunks. (based
on Vohra et al., 1982).
Trichosteleum stigmosum Mitt., on bark, Silent Valley (1300–1500 m)
RVK & al. 5332, 5333 (MBG). Manju et al. (2012) recorded this species
as new record for India.
Wijkia deflexifolia (Ren. & Card.) Crum., on bark, Silent Valley (1500
m) RVK & al. 5520 (MBG). It is distributed in Eastern India, Darjeeling
and Bhutan. The present collection is a new record for Peninsular India
(Plate 3 A-G).
Entodontaceae
Entodon obtusatus Card. & Vard.= Entodon obtusatus Broth.- On tree
trunks. (based on Vohra et al. 1982)
Entodon perplicatus Ther. & Vard. = !Campylopodium perplicatum On tree trunks (based on Vohra et al. 1982).
91
Hypnaceae
Bryosedgwickia kirtikarii (Bel.) Mitt.= Platygyriella kirtikarii (Cardot
& Dixon) W.R. Buck- On tree trunks. (based on Vohra et al. 1982)
Ectropothecium cyperoides (Hook.) A. Jaeger- On submerged stones.
(based on Vohra et al. 1982).
Ectropothecium drepanocladioides Broth. & Vard.- On tree trunks.
(based on Vohra et al.1982).
Hypnum macrogynum Besch., on rocky patch and on roots of higher
plants, Silent Valley (1200m) RVK & al. 5369 (MBG). It is distributed in
Eastern India, East Nepal, Myanmar, South China and Taiwan.
Hypnum flaccens Besch.- on roots of higher plants, Silent Valley
(1400 m) RVK & al. 5388 (MBG).It is distributed in India (Easty Nepal),
Sikkim, Bhutan . The present collection is a new record for Peninsular
India (Plate 1 S-X).
Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwaegr.) Broth.- On rocks, Silent Valley
(1350–1500 m) RVK & al. 5348 (MBG). It is distributed in North–east
India (Western Himalaya, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh), South India
(Kerala), China, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines,
Australia and Oceania.
Vesicularia reticulata (Dozy & Molk.) Broth. - on rocks, Silent valley
(1500 m) RVK & al. 5373 (MBG). Distributed in India (Sikkim, Arunachal, Assam, Naga hills, Kerala) Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Philippines, Japan, Oceania and New Zealand. Vohra et al. (1982) reported this species
from Silent Valley NP.
Conclusion
A preliminary report of the bryophytes of Silent Valley National Park
is presented here. The catalogue consists of 148 taxa including 109 mosses, 36 liverworts and 3 hornworts. Of these nine species viz., Chrysocladium flammeum (Mitt.) M. Fleisch., Gymnostomum calcareum Nees &
Hornsch., Glossadelphus bilobatus (Dix.) Broth., Hypnum flaccens
Besch., Macromitrium turgidum Dix., Calyptothecium pinnatum Nog.,
Brotherella amblystegia (Mitt.) Broth., Notoscyphus paroicus Schiffn.
and Wijkia deflexifolia (Ren. & Card.) Crum. are newly reported for Peninsular India. Another four species viz., Lejeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb.,
Radula obscura Mitt., Radula meyeri Steph. and Barbella turgida Nog.
are new record of occurrence for Kerala State. Trichostelium stigmosum
92
(Manju et al., 2012) and Aerobryopsis wallichii (Brid.) Fleisch. (Prajitha
et al., in press), has been reported as new records for India from Silent
Valley.
Vohra et al. (1982) reported a preliminary checklist of mosses of Silent
Valley National Park. They reported 70 species of mosses from the area,
but in the present collection, we could locate only 28 species, reported by
Vohra et al. (1982). Among these 70 species 21 were synonymised under
different names. Vohra (1981) reported Pogonatum hexagonum an endemic moss to India from Silent Valley, which is now synonymised under
P. patulum (Harv.) Mitt. Srivastava and Sharma (2000) also reported 24
species of Liverworts and three species of hornworts from Silent Valley
National Park. In the present collection we could locate eight species of
liverworts and one species of hornwort reported by Srivastava and Sharma (2000). Asthana and Srivastava (1986) described a new Folioceros
species, as F. udarii Asthana & Srivastava from Silent Valley. Recently a
new genus viz., Indopottia along with its species I. zanderii has been described from Silent Valley (Daniels et al., 2010). Hence in a preliminary
survey we could report 148 species of bryophytes from the area. Explorations of smaller areas are often found very effective in biodiversity documentation, especially when searching cryptogrammic groups such as bryophytes. This report also suggest to study the area more in detail.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Kerala State Council for Science Technology & Environment (KSCSTE), Thiruvananthapuram for the financial
assistance. We are thankful to the staff members of the Kerala Forest Department for extending support during the field study. The authors
acknowledge Mr. Anoop, K.P. and Mr. Hareesh. K.T. for their help in the
field for collection of specimens. First author sincerely acknowledges the
support provided by the authorities of the Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan
College, Calicut.
93
References
Asthana, A.K. & Srivastava, S.C. (1986): A new Folioceros from Silent
Valley. Cryptogamie. Bryol. et Lichenol. 7(2): 149-153.
Daniels, A.E.D., Raja, R.D.A. & Daniel, P. (2010): Indopottia zanderi
(Bryophyta, Pottiaceae) gen. et sp. nov. from the Western Ghats of
India. J. Bryol. 32: 216–219.
Manju, C.N. & Rajesh, K.P. (2011): Contribution to the Bryophyte flora
of India: the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghats.
Archive for Bryology 42: 1-10. [ISSN 0945-3466].
Manju, C.N., Prajitha, B. Rajilesh, V.K., Anoop, K.P. & Prakashkumar,
R. (2012): Trichosteleum stigmosum (Sematophyllaceae) from Silent Valley National Park, a new record for India. Taiwania 57:
222-224.
Manoharan, T.M. (Ed.). (1999): Silent Valley: Whispers of Reason.
Kerala Forest Department & Kerala Forest Research Institute.
Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., D’amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E.,
Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y.,
Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R.
(2001): Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on
Earth. – BioScience 51: 933-938.
Srivastava, S.C. & Sharma, D. (2000): A preliminary study on the liverwort and hornwort flora of Silent Valley (Kerala). In: Chauhan
(ed.), Prof D.D. Nautiyal Commemoration Volume Recent Trends in
Botanical Researches, pp. 55-75.
Prajitha, B., Manju, C.N. & Prakashkumar, R. (2013): Aerobryopsis wallichi (Bryophyta), a new record for India. Geophytology 42(2). (in
press).
Vohra, J.N. (1981): Pogonatum hexagonum Mitt., an endemic moss to
India from Silent Valley, Kerala. B.S.I. News Letter 7(1): 8.
Vohra, J.N., Roychoudhary, K.N., Gosh, K.N., Kar, R.K., Singh, B.D. &
Singh, R.K. (1982): Observations on the cryptogamic flora of Silent
Valley. In: Botanical Studies on Silent Valley. Special Bulletin, pp.
1-40, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.
94
95
96
97
98