Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(3):481-494, 2008
Copyright © 2008 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia
Platydoras brachylecis, a new species of thorny catfish (Siluriformes:
Doradidae) from northeastern Brazil
Nivaldo M. Piorski1, Julio C. Garavello2, Mariangeles Arce H.3 and Mark H. Sabaj Pérez4
Platydoras brachylecis, new species, is described from coastal drainages of northeastern Brazil (Pindaré to Parnaíba rivers),
and diagnosed from congeners by the unique combination of: pale yellow to white stripe beginning above orbits, continuing
midlaterally on body and onto middle rays of caudal fin; skin in axil of each midlateral thorn without concentration of pigment
forming small dark spot, midlateral scutes shallow (depth of 10th scute 8.8-11.9% of SL), and midlateral scutes on caudal
peduncle distinctly separated by strip of skin from middorsal and midventral caudal-peduncle plates. Three additional species
of Platydoras are recognized as valid: P. armatulus (lower Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná drainages), P. costatus
(coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana), and P. hancockii (upper Orinoco, Negro, Essequibo and Demerara drainages). The nominal species P. dentatus and P. helicophilus are tentatively treated as junior synonyms of P. costatus. A key to
species of Platydoras is provided.
Platydoras brachylecis, espécie nova, é descrita para as drenagens costeiras do nordeste do Brasil (rios Pindaré a Parnaíba)
e diagnosticada de suas congêneres pela exclusiva combinação dos seguintes caracteres: faixa amarelo-pálida a branco
iniciando acima das órbitas, continuando médio-lateralmente sobre o corpo e atingindo os raios medianos da nadadeira caudal;
pele das axilas dos espinhos médio-laterais sem concentração de pequenas pintas negras; escudos médio-laterais baixos
(altura do décimo escudo 8.8-11.9% do comprimento padrão) e escudos médio-laterais do pedúnculo caudal distintamente
separados das placas médio-dorsais e médio-ventrais da mesma região por uma faixa de pele. Mais três espécies de Platydoras
são reconhecidas como válidas: P. armatulus (distribuída pelas drenagens do baixo Orinoco, Amazônia e Paraguai-Paraná), P.
costatus (drenagens costeiras do Suriname e Guiana Francesa) e P. hancockii (drenagens do Negro, Essequibo, Demerara e
alto Orinoco). As espécies nominais P. dentatus e P. helicophilus são provisoriamente consideradas sinônimos juniores de P.
costatus. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies do gênero Platydoras é apresentada.
Key words: striped raphael, Platydoras costatus, Platydoras dentatus, Platydoras hancockii, Platydoras helicophilus.
Introduction
Bleeker (1862:5) proposed the genus Platydoras (striped
raphael catfishes) for the species Silurus costatus Linnaeus
1758, and briefly noted its caudal peduncle with multiple scutes
above and below, and elongate, granular lateral scutes. Bleeker
(1863) provided a more complete description and expanded
the genus to include Doras armatulus Valenciennes, 1840,
described from the rio Paraná, Brazil, and questionably Doras
dentatus Kner, 1855, described from Suriname. Later Bleeker
(1864) synonymized D. dentatus with P. costatus and noted
the “habitat” of this species as Suriname. Additional species
placed in Platydoras by Sabaj & Ferraris (2003) were Doras
hancockii described by Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840) based on Hancock’s (1828) Doras costata from
the Demerara River, Guyana, and Doras helicophilus described by Günther (1868a, 1868b) from the Maroni River,
Suriname.
Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus do Bacanga, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n,
65085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil. piorski@ufma.br
2
Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13.569-290 São
Carlos, SP, Brazil. garavelo@power.ufscar.br
3
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Ictiologia, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Caixa
Postal 1429, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. mariangelesarce@yahoo.com.ar
4
The Academy of Natural Sciences, Department of Ichthyology, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
sabaj@acnatsci.org
1
481
482
A new species of Platydoras from northeastern Brazil
Sabaj & Ferraris (2003) also referred the nominal species
Mystus ascita Gronow (in Gray 1854) to Platydoras. This
name, however, is permanently invalid, preoccupied by Mystus
ascita Walbaum (1792). Mystus ascita can be traced back to a
specific Latin polynomial (No. 177) and illustrations (Pl. 5,
figs. 1 and 2) in a pre-Linnaean work by Gronow (under alternate spelling Gronovius) published in 1756 (date erroneously
as 1754 in Sabaj & Ferraris, 2003:464). Linnaeus (1758:306), in
his description of Silurus costatus, explicitly referred to
Gronow’s “No. 177” and the illustrations, thereby establishing the latter as iconotypes. This tie is important to the identification of Silurus costatus, type species of Platydoras, as
there are no known type specimens. Gronow (Gronovius,
1756) did not specify a locality for his “No. 177”; however,
many other neotropical specimens in his collection originated
from Suriname (for accounts of Gronovius collections see
Wheeler, 1958, 1985, 1989).
Examination of extant types and ongoing studies by the
two junior authors (MAH, MHSP) confirm the distinctiveness of three nominal species of Platydoras: P. armatulus
(Paraguay-Paraná and portions of Amazon and Orinoco basins), P. costatus (Corantijn and Maroni basins), and P.
hancockii (Negro, Essequibo, Demerara, and upper Orinoco
basins). Doras dentatus Kner, 1855 and Doras helicophilus
Günther, 1868b, both described from Suriname, the latter from
the Maroni River, are tentatively considered junior synonyms
of P. costatus based on: comparisons of their extant types
and other Suriname specimens to Gronow’s (Gronovius, 1756)
description and illustrations of the Linnaean P. costatus, and
the likelihood that the missing type(s) of P. costatus originated from Suriname. Independent work on Platydoras by
the senior author (Piorski, 1997, 1999) uncovered a distinct,
undescribed form from northeastern Brazil. The purpose of
this study is to diagnose and describe this form as a new
species of Platydoras.
Material and Methods
Measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm using
dial or digital calipers (<180 mm) or a beam compass (>180
mm). This paper combines two studies conducted independently by two groups of authors using different methodologies for compiling and comparing morphometric data. As a
result of this collaborative effort two sets of measurements
were recorded separately: one for comparing the new species
to Platydoras armatulus and nearby populations of
Platydoras in the Tocantins and Xingu basins (Platydoras
sp.) using a canonical variate analysis, and the second for
presentation of standard morphometric data and broader comparisons among a larger set of specimens from throughout
the range of Platydoras.
The first set of measurements (NMP, JCG) was obtained
by the “trussnet” method (Strauss & Bookstein, 1982) whereby
anatomical points (landmarks) were selected and numbered
for the lateral head and body “A” and dorsal head and nuchal
shield “B” (see also Piorski, 1997). Morphometric variables
in the lateral head and body “trussnet” (Fig. 1a) are: A1 (1-2)
= distance from posteriormost margin of mouth opening to
tip of snout; A2 (1-3) = from posteriormost margin of mouth
opening to anteriormost base of pectoral-fin spine; A3 (1-4) =
from posteriormost margin of mouth opening to middorsal
anterior margin of middle nuchal plate; A4 (2-3) = from tip of
snout to anteriormost base of pectoral-fin spine; A5 (2-4) =
distance from tip of snout to middorsal anterior margin of
middle nuchal plate; A6 (3-4) = from anteriormost base of
pectoral-fin spine to middorsal anterior margin of middle nuchal
plate; A7 (3-5) = from anteriormost base of pectoral-fin spine
to origin of pelvic-fin; A8 (3-6) = distance between anteriormost
bases of pectoral-fin spine and dorsal-fin locking spine; A9
(4-5) = from middorsal anterior margin of middle nuchal plate
to origin of pelvic fin; A10 (4-6) = from middorsal anterior
margin of middle nuchal plate to anteriormost base of dorsalfin locking spine; A11 (5-6) = from origin of pelvic fin to
anteriormost base of dorsal-fin locking spine; A12 (5-7) =
distance between origins of pelvic and anal fins; A13 (5-8) =
from origin of pelvic fin to posteriormost base of dorsal fin;
A14 (6-7) = from anteriormost base of dorsal-fin locking spine
to origin of anal fin; A15 (6-8) = length of dorsal-fin base; A16
(7-8) = from posteriormost base of dorsal fin to origin of anal
fin; A17 (7-9) = length of anal-fin base; A18 (7-10) = from
origin of anal fin to posteriormost base of adipose fin; A19 (89) = from posteriormost base of dorsal fin to posteriormost
base of anal fin; A20 (8-10) = distance between the
posteriormost bases of dorsal and adipose fins; A21 (9-10) =
distance between the posteriormost bases of anal and adipose fins; A22 (9-11) = from posteriormost base of anal fin to
posterior margin of last lateral line scute; A23 (10-11) = from
posteriormost base of adipose fin to posterior margin of last
lateral line scute.
Morphometric variables in the dorsal head and nuchal
shield “trussnet” (Fig. 1b) are: Bl (1-2) = transverse distance
between posteriormost limits of paired limbs of posterior
nuchal plate; B2 (1-4) = diagonal between right posteriormost
and left anteriormost limits of posterior nuchal plate; B3 (2-4)
= lateral distance between anteriormost and posteriormost
limits of left half of posterior nuchal plate; B4 (3-4) = transverse distance between anteriormost limits of paired limbs of
posterior nuchal plate; B5 (3-6) = diagonal between right
posteriormost and left anteriormost limits of middle nuchal
plate; B6 (4-6) = lateral distance between anteriormost and
posteriormost limits of left half of middle nuchal plate; B7 (56) = transverse distance between paired anteriormost limits
of middle nuchal plate; B8 (5-8) = diagonal between right
anteriormost limit of middle nuchal plate and left intersection
of opercle and posttemporal-supracleithrum; B9 (6-8) = lateral distance between left anteriormost limit of middle nuchal
plate and left intersection of opercle and posttemporalsupracleithrum; B10 (7-8) = transverse distance between the
posteriormost limits of paired opercles; B11 (7-10) = diagonal
between right intersection of opercle and posttemporal-
483
N. M. Piorski, J. C. Garavello, M. Arce H. & M. H. S. Pérez
Fig. 1. Sets of anatomical landmarks (numbered) and distance measurements among them for trussnets of lateral head and
body (A) and dorsal head and nuchal shield (B).
supracleithrum and left posteriormost limit of orbit; B12 (810) = lateral distance between left posteriormost limit of orbit
and left intersection of opercle and posttemporalsupracleithrum; B13 (9-10) = transverse distance between the
posteriormost limits of paired orbits; B14 (9-12) = diagonal
between right posterior and left anteriormost limits of paired
orbits; B15 (10-12) = largest orbital diameter; B16 (11-12) =
transverse distance between anteriormost limits of paired orbits; B17 (11-14) = diagonal between right anteriormost limit
of orbit and left posterior nares; B18 (12-14) = lateral distance
between anteriormost limit of left orbit and left posterior nares;
B19 (13-14) = transverse distance between posterior nares;
B20 (13-16) = diagonal between right posterior nares and left
anterior nares; B21 (14-16) = lateral distance between the left
anterior and posterior nares; B22 (15-16) = transverse distance between anterior nares.
The “trussnet” data were subjected to a size-free canonical variate analysis (SFCVA) using the statistical package
SAS-PC (SAS Institute Inc.). Sixty-seven specimens (Table
1) were grouped accordingly: Platydoras armatulus (Paraguay-Paraná and Madeira basins; n = 32), P. brachylecis
(Itapecuru-Mearim and Parnaíba basins; n = 22) and Platydoras
sp. (Tocantins and Xingu basins; n = 13).
The second set of measurements (MAH, MHSP) represents point-to-point straight-line distances used in the species description with the following reported as percentages
of standard length (SL), snout tip to posterior-most margin of
hypural plate (midlateral point above and below which faint
oblique creases follow bases of caudal-fin rays when caudal
fin is gently flexed): head length (HL) = snout tip to posteriormost extremity of fleshy opercular flap (also expressed as
percentage of PdD); predorsal distance (PdD) = snout tip to
posterior margin of middle nuchal plate coinciding with medial sagittal plane; snout–postcleithral process (SPcPD) =
snout tip to distal-most tip of postcleithral (humeral) process; dorsal origin–posterior adipose distance (DOAD) = from
groove between medial posterior margin of middle nuchal
plate (anterior to base of dorsal-locking spine) to posterior
base of adipose fin; adipose–caudal distance (AdCD) = posterior base of adipose fin to flexion point of hypural plate
coinciding with posterior terminus of SL; prepectoral distance (PpD) = snout tip to point between notch formed by
margin of cleithrum and anterior base of erected (30-45 degrees) pectoral-fin spine; pectoral-pelvic distance (PPD) =
from anterior base of pectoral-fin spine (terminus of PpD) to
base of first (anterior-most) pelvic-fin ray (best measured by
abducting pelvic fin); pelvic-anal distance (PAD) = from anTable 1. Loadings of variables on the first and second sizefree canonical variates for separate analyses of lateral and
dorsal trussnets in Platydoras armatulus (n=32), P.
brachylecis, new species (n=22), and Platydoras sp.
Tocantins/Xingu (n=13). ** = probability (p) < 0.01, * 0.01 <
p < 0.05, ns = not significant.
Variable
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
A21
A22
A23
Body trussnet
CV I p CV II
-0.30 * 0.30
-0.07 ns 0.08
-0.25 * 0.01
-0.14 ns 0.19
-0.23 ns -0.06
-0.49 ** 0.25
0.41 ** 0.01
-0.57 ** 0.28
0.35 ** 0.05
0.17 ns -0.09
0.11 ns 0.15
0.24 * -0.17
-0.11 ns 0.09
0.59 ** -0.23
0.36 ** -0.30
0.51 ** 0.19
0.57 ** -0.04
0.31 * -0.39
0.68 ** -0.22
0.64 ** -0.28
-0.40 ** -0.25
0.05 ns 0.35
-0.01 ns 0.42
p
*
ns
ns
ns
ns
*
ns
*
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
*
ns
ns
**
ns
*
*
**
**
Variable
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
Head trussnet
CV I p CV II
0.29 * -0.19
-0.01 ns 0.24
0.12 ns 0.28
-0.31 ** 0.15
-0.42 ** 0.23
0.22 ns -0.29
-0.31 ** 0.42
-0.59 ** 0.24
-0.32 ** -0.29
-0.29 * 0.31
-0.27 * 0.56
0.06 ns 0.48
-0.40 ** 0.40
-0.58 ** -0.16
0.12 ns -0.77
-0.59 ** -0.17
-0.28 * 0.07
-0.43 ** -0.27
0.19 ns -0.01
-0.24 * 0.18
0.20 ns -0.24
-0.50 ** 0.48
p
ns
*
*
ns
ns
*
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
ns
**
ns
ns
*
ns
ns
*
**
484
A new species of Platydoras from northeastern Brazil
terior base of first pelvic-fin ray to anterior base of first analfin ray; anal-caudal distance (AnCD) = from posterior base of
posterior-most anal-fin ray to flexion point of hypural plate
coinciding with posterior terminus of SL; dorsal-fin spine
length (DSL) = from groove between medial posterior margin
of middle nuchal plate and base of dorsal locking spine to
bony tip of erected (30-45 degrees) dorsal-fin spine excluding
soft break-away tip if present; pectoral-fin spine length (PSL)
= from anterior base of erected (30-45 degrees) pectoral-fin
spine to bony tip, excluding soft break-away tip if present;
pelvic fin length (PFL) = from anterior-most base of first ray
to distal-most tip of fin (not the measurement of an individual
ray); anal-fin base (AnFB) = distance between anterior-most
and posterior-most bases of anal-fin insertion; head width
(HW) = greatest transverse distance between lateral contours
of opercula (opercula compressed to normal position if flared)
anterior to cleithra (also expressed as percentage of PdD);
cleithral width (CW) = greatest transverse distance between
lateral contours of cleithra (also expressed as percentage of
PdD); head depth (HD) = vertical depth in medial sagittal
plane at middle pitline (transverse groove) across center of
supraoccipital (also expressed as percentage of PdD); body
depth (BD) = vertical depth in medial sagittal plane between
shallow crest of posterior margin of middle nuchal plate and
midventral contour of body (also expressed as percentage of
PdD); caudal peduncle depth (CPD) = least depth of caudal
peduncle.
The following measurements are reported as percentages
of predorsal distance: adipose eyelid diameter (AED) = horizontal diameter of eye including thin adipose eyelid; orbital
diameter (OD), diameter of bony concavity dorsally enclosing eye from posterior lateral corner of lateral ethmoid to point
formed usually by anterior-most lateral corner of sphenotic
or rarely by posterior lateral corner of frontal (line of measurement at slight angle to that of AED); snout-anterior nares
distance (SAND) = snout tip to center of opening of anterior
nares; snout-posterior nares distance (SPND) = snout tip to
center of opening of posterior nares; snout-posterior orbit
distance (SPOD) = snout tip to posterior-most bony corner of
orbital concavity (posterior terminus of OD); anterior naresposterior orbit distance (ANPOD) = from center of opening
of anterior nares to posterior-most bony corner of orbital concavity (posterior terminus of OD); posterior nares-posterior
orbit distance (PNPOD) = from center of opening of posterior
nares to posterior-most bony corner of orbital concavity (posterior terminus of OD); internares distance (ID) = between
centers of openings of anterior and posterior nares; postorbital length (PL) = from posterior-most bony corner of orbital
concavity (posterior terminus of OD) to posterior margin of
middle nuchal plate in medial sagittal plane; postcleithral (humeral) process length (PcPL) = from posterior-most tip to point
along dorsal margin of exposed surface of process that is
vertically aligned with posterior-most margin of fleshy opercle
(exposed surface of postcleithral process appears slightly
elevated and textured compared to smooth face of medially
deflected portion of cleithrum lying beneath opercle);
postcleithral (humeral) process depth (PcPD) = greatest depth
orthogonal to straight line formed by long axis of process
(also expressed as percentage of PcPL); interorbital width
(IW) = shortest transverse distance between bony orbital
margins of frontals.
Finally, two measurements are reported separately as percentages of SL and body depth taken in same transverse
plane (adapted from Böhlke, 1970): depth of fifth (SD5) and
tenth midlateral scutes (SD10) = vertical depth orthogonal to
horizontal line formed by medial thorns of scutes, from dorsal-most exposed margin of fifth (or tenth) plate to ventralmost margin of corresponding plate. The ratio of scute depth
to SL is more consistent and reliable for comparisons between species because ratios of scute depth to body depth
are strongly influenced by the contents of the gut (i.e., full vs.
empty; compare standard deviations for ratios of scute depths
in Table 2).
Counts of dorsal-, anal-, and paired-fin elements are separated into anterior spine (capital roman numeral) or unbranched
soft ray (lower-case roman numeral) and posterior branched
soft rays (arabic numerals). The small locking spine (spinelet)
anterior to the dorsal-fin spine is counted. The last (posterior-most) pectoral-fin ray may appear unbranched, particularly in juveniles); it was counted if clearly segmented with its
base separated from the penultimate ray. In rare instances
the last pectoral-fin ray may be followed by a much smaller
and rather inconspicuous sliver-like element that is clearly
unsegmented; this bony element was not included in the count.
The anterior-most anal-fin ray counted may be extremely small
and closely adhered to the second ray. The last anal ray may
be simple or composed of two branches with bases joined or
in very close proximity (counted as one). Counts of midlateral
scutes begin with the vertically expanded infranuchal scute
that dorsally contacts the posterior nuchal plate, ventrally
contacts or approaches the distal tip of the postcleithral process, and medially contacts the first rib, borne on the 6th vertebra. Though conspicuous and sometimes bearing a medial
thorn, the third scute in the tympanal region (immediately
anterior to the infranuchal scute) was not included in counts
of midlateral scutes.
Museum abbreviations follow Ferraris (2007) with the addition of LISDEBE for Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática
do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da
Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil.
Results
In the SFCVA applied to both trussnets for lateral head
and body and dorsal head and nuchal shield (Fig. 2) the first
(CV1) and second (CV2) canonical variate axes explained
52.48% and 22.8% of the variance, respectively, between
specimens of Platydoras armatulus (Paraguay-Paraná/Madeira; n = 32), P. brachylecis (Itapecuru-Mearim/Parnaíba; n
N. M. Piorski, J. C. Garavello, M. Arce H. & M. H. S. Pérez
= 22) and Platydoras sp. (Tocantins/Xingu basins; n = 13).
Platydoras brachylecis was distinguished from both P.
armatulus and Platydoras sp. on CV1, and Platydoras sp.
was distinguished from both P. brachylecis and P. armatulus
on CV2. Measurement variables distinguishing P. brachylecis
by loading most heavily on CV1 (Table 1) are for the lateral
trussnet (Fig. 1a), in decreasing magnitude: posteriormost
base of dorsal fin to posteriormost base of anal fin (A19;
longer in P. brachylecis), distance between the posteriormost
bases of dorsal and adipose fins (A20; longer in P.
brachylecis), and anteriormost base of dorsal-fin locking spine
to origin of anal fin (A14; longer in P. brachylecis). Measurement variables loading most heavily on CV1 for the dorsal
trussnet (Fig. 1b) are, in decreasing magnitude: diagonal between right anteriormost limit of middle nuchal plate and left
intersection of opercle and posttemporal-supracleithrum (B8;
shorter in B. brachylecis), transverse distance between
anteriormost limits of paired orbits (B16; shorter in B.
brachylecis), and diagonal between right posterior and left
anteriormost limits of paired orbits (B14; shorter in B.
brachylecis).
Measurement variables distinguishing Platydoras sp. by
loading most heavily on CV2 (Table 1) are for the lateral
trussnet, in decreasing magnitude: posteriormost base of
adipose fin to posterior margin of last lateral line scute (A23;
shorter in Platydoras sp.), origin of anal fin to posteriormost
base of adipose fin (A18; longer in Platydoras sp.),
posteriormost base of anal fin to posterior margin of last lateral line scute (A22; shorter in Platydoras sp.). Measurement
variables loading most heavily on CV2 for the dorsal trussnet
are, in decreasing magnitude: largest orbital diameter (B15;
larger in Platydoras sp.), diagonal between right intersection
of opercle and posttemporal-supracleithrum and left
posteriormost limit of orbit (B11; shorter in Platydoras sp.),
transverse distance between anterior nares (B22; shorter in
Platydoras sp.) lateral distance between left posteriormost
limit of orbit and left intersection of opercle and posttemporalsupracleithrum (B12; shorter in Platydoras sp.).
485
cited distribution in Parnaíba].—Soares, 2005: 91 [Mearim
basin, photo, diet, habitat, common names, note on undescribed species from rio Pindaré].
Platydoras [sp.].—Piorski, 1999 [comment recognizing undescribed form from northeast Brazil].
Holotype. MZUSP 43593, 137.7 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, lago
dos Viana, Pindaré-Mearim river system, 03º13’S, 45º10’W, Apr
1984, B.V.O. Moura.
Paratypes. All Brazil. Ceará: ANSP 81733, 3, 180-197 mm SL,
market at Fortaleza, 1937, R. von Ihering. Maranhão: LISDEBE
1969, 6, 91.1-112.6 mm SL, lago Açu, Pindaré basin, Codó market,
16 Feb 1994, N. M. Piorski; LISDEBE 1970, 19, 80.5-113.5 mm
SL, rio Itapecuru, Itapecuru-Mirim, 03°24’S 44°22’W, 18 May
1996, Márvio and Lucemir; MCP 22532, 19, 21.5-49.8 mm SL, rio
Peritoró, Peritoró Municipality, 04°22’23"S 44°20’07"W, 25 Jul
1998, R. E. Reis et al.; MNRJ 30919, 1, 171.5 mm SL, rio Itapecuru,
Coroatá, no date, Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra a Seca;
MZUSP 53240, 1, 150.3 mm SL and MZUSP 53241, 23, 107.2151 mm SL, same data as LISDEBE 1970; MZUSP 53243, 5, 71.896.4 mm SL, same data as LISDEBE 1969; MZUSP 62674, 1,
123.9 mm SL, rio Itapecuru, Rosário, no date, Departamento
Nacional de Obras Contra a Seca; MZUSP 62675, 1, 216 mm SL,
rio Mearim, no date, Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra a
Seca; MZUSP 100197, 5, 126.8-173 mm SL, same data as holotype. Piauí: AUM 28560, 2, 134-138.4 mm SL, rio Parnaíba, Barra
do Longá, Buriti dos Lopes, 03º10’30"S 41º52’01"W, 26 Aug 1970,
J.W. Bezerra et al.; ANSP 187051, 1, 179 mm SL, Mercado de
Teresina, 05°05’S 42°48’W, 19-22 Jun 1966, Expedição do
Departamento de Zoologia; MZUSP 5122, 8, 94.7-127.3 mm SL,
same data as ANSP 187051; NMW 46847, 2, 146.8-170 mm SL, rio
Parnaíba, Teresina, 1903.
Diagnosis. Platydoras brachylecis is diagnosed among
Platydoras by the following unique combination of characters: pale yellow to white stripe beginning above orbits, con-
Platydoras brachylecis, new species
Figs. 3, 4
Doras (Doras) costatus.—Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888: 161
[in part, checklist with cited localities from Rio Puty (=
Poti), ?Rio Preto, San Gonçallo (= São Gonçalo)]
Doras costatus.—Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890: 231-234 [in
part, same localities cited in Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
1888].
Platydoras costatus.—Fowler, 1941: 139 [in part, three specimens from Forteleza, Ceará].—Fowler, 1951: 509-511 [in
part, literature compilation with cited distribution in Ceará
and Rio Poti].—Menezes & Menezes, 1948 [gut length
and contents in specimens from lagoa de Nazaré, Floriano,
Piauí].—Sabaj & Ferraris, 2003: 464 [in part, checklist with
Fig. 2. Scatter plot of individual scores for three groups of
Platydoras resulting from SFCVA of both lateral and dorsal
trussnets. Canonical variate axes 1 and 2 explain 52.48% and
22.8% of the variance, respectively.
486
A new species of Platydoras from northeastern Brazil
tinuing midlaterally on body and onto middle rays of caudal
fin; skin in axil of each midlateral thorn without concentration
of pigment forming small dark spot; midlateral scutes shallow
(depth of 10th scute 8.8-11.9% of SL, n = 15); and midlateral
scutes on caudal peduncle distinctly separated by strip of
skin from middorsal and midventral caudal-peduncle plates
(i.e., modified procurrent caudal-fin rays).
Platydoras costatus lacks the pale yellow to white
midlateral stripe and has a small dark spot in the axil of each
midlateral thorn. Platydoras armatulus has deeper scutes
(depth of 10th scute 12.0-16.6% of SL, n = 59), and midlateral
scutes on caudal peduncle usually contacting, and often interdigitating with, middorsal and midventral caudal-peduncle
plates. Platydoras hancockii has deeper scutes (depth of
10th scute 12.0-17.8% of SL, n = 37), and pale yellow to white
midlateral stripe usually punctuated with small dark spots in
axils of few to many midlateral thorns.
Description. Morphometric data presented for 15 specimens
(111.2-190.0 mm SL) in Table 2. Head moderately depressed,
body more evenly rounded anteriorly, gradually becoming
slightly compressed beyond dorsal fin origin to caudal peduncle; ventral surface moderately flattened from mouth to
vent (Fig. 3). Dorsal profile gradually ascending and very
gently rounded, convex to nearly straight, oblique from between anterior nares to middle pitline of supraoccipital, then
straight and slightly less oblique from middle pitline to dorsal-fin origin; from dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle more
gradually descending, very gently rounded, convex to nearly
straight, oblique. Ventral profile gently rounded, convex to
nearly straight from mouth to anal-fin origin; then rounded,
convex, ascending more steeply along anal fin insertion to
caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle moderately long and relatively narrow (minimum depth 7.5-8.4% SL), profile gently
concave dorsally and ventrally. Nuchal region subtriangular
in cross-section; body depth greatest at dorsal-fin origin (19.326.6% of SL). Body width greatest across cleithral bulges
(width 28.1-32.1% of SL), tapering gradually to caudal fin.
Head moderately long (26.4-29.0% SL, 66.4-73.8%
predorsal distance); in dorsal view weakly triangular with
moderately short, rounded snout. Eyes subcircular, relatively
small, without well-developed adipose eyelid (horizontal adipose eyelid diameter 10.3-13.4% predorsal distance), and
placed dorsolaterally on head with center slightly less than
one-third distance from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin. Bony
orbits well separated (interorbital width 20.5-24.5% of
predorsal distance); dorsal margin distinctly concave in dorsal view with arch not elevated above dorsal profile of head;
enclosed largely by frontal dorsally with anteriormost quarter bordered by lateral ethmoid and posteriormost corner usually formed by anteriormost lateral corner of sphenotic or
rarely by posterior lateral corner of frontal. Four infraorbitals
(including lacrimal as infraorbital one), well ossified, superficially exposed; second one smallest, excluded from orbit; third
one large, horizontal, forming ventral rim of orbit; fourth one
narrower, vertical, completing posterior rim of orbit. Anterior
and posterior nares well separated (internares distance 9.812.1% of predorsal distance). Anterior naris near anterior
margin of snout, opening surrounded by distinct tube of skin.
Posterior naris closer to eye than to anterior one, opening
surrounded by tube of skin with anterior wall enlarged to
form flap. Anterior cranial fontanel with elongate teardrop to
wedge shape (tapered anteriorly); rounded posterior rim extending slightly beyond transverse line through centers of
orbital concavities; opening enclosed by mesethmoid anteriorly and frontals posteriorly and laterally. Posterior cranial
fontanel absent.
Mouth subterminal with moderately fleshy lips weakly
expanded posteriorly as rounded flaps at corners of mouth.
Lip surfaces rugose, weakly scalloped with low, rounded,
closely-space papillae (particularly on lower lip). One pair of
simple (non-fimbriate), slender maxillary barbels with tips extending well beyond pectoral-spine insertion, usually to near
midlength (before tip) of postcleithral process; weakly compressed anteriorly; surfaces relatively smooth, studded with
small papillae. Two pairs of simple, slender mandibular barbels; origin of inner pair slightly more anterior than outer pair,
both origins near lower lip; outer pair longer with tips finishing near transverse line through anteriormost origin of pectoral-fin spines; inner pair usually finishing just shy of transverse line through ventralmost extent of gill openings; both
pairs of barbels studded with small papillae. Branchiostegal
membranes broadly united to isthmus.
Both jaws with many small, conical teeth confined to premaxillae and dentaries. Upper jaw teeth in single rectangular
patch relatively continuous across premaxillae; teeth gradually decreasing in size from outermost to innermost rows.
Lower jaw teeth in two subrectangular patches; each patch
tapered laterally and weakly separated by narrow hiatus at
symphysis; teeth relatively uniform in size. Outermost gill
arch with 3 upper and 8-10 lower rakers (n = 4); rakers stiffened, moderately spaced and moderately long (length up to
about 4 times width).
Nuchal shield well developed, moderately arched in transverse plane; medial furrow generally absent, sometimes evident but shallow from middle pitline of supraoccipital to suture between anterior and middle nuchal plates. Nuchal foramina absent. Anterior nuchal plate moderately wide (length
about equal to width), pentagonal with posteriorly directed
apex sutured to middle nuchal plate; also sharing transverse
anterior suture with supraoccipital and lateral sutures with
epioccipitals. Middle nuchal plate broad with shallowly concave lateral margins; anterior lateral tips of anterior wings
sharing short, weak suture with posttemporal-supracleithrum
(excluding epioccipital from bony margin of shield enclosing
tympanal region). Posterior nuchal plate with paired limbs,
each L- to widely V-shaped superficially with anterolaterally
directed wing contacting third tympanal scute and posteriorly directed wing contacting infranuchal and first
postinfranuchal scutes. Dorsal surfaces of nuchal shield and
N. M. Piorski, J. C. Garavello, M. Arce H. & M. H. S. Pérez
487
Fig. 3. Holotype of Platydoras brachylecis, MZUSP 43593, 137.7 mm SL, Brazil: Maranhão: lago dos Viana, Pindaré-Mearim
river system, 03º13’S 45º10’W, B. V. O. Moura, April 1984. Photos by M. Arce H.
488
A new species of Platydoras from northeastern Brazil
neurocranial bones moderately rugose, ornamented with complex network of low fine ridges and granulations.
Pectoral girdle covered with skin ventrally. Postcleithral
process long and narrow, lanceolate with acute tip; dorsal
margin rises obliquely from base to moderately defined apex
just distal to posterior margin of posttemporal-supracleithrum,
then descends gradually, more or less linearly to posterior
tip; ventral margin more or less straight, shallowly oblique;
both margins largely entire or with minute dentitions.
Postcleithral process with surface ornamentation separable
into two longitudinal fields from base to posterior tip; dorsal
field much wider, dominated by fine granulations and short
irregular ridges; ventral field narrow, slightly elevated with
more elongate longitudinal ridges and often separated posteriorly from dorsal field by low thin carina that continues to
and often ventrally defines posteriormost tip of process.
Tympanal region with three separate ossifications (tympanal scutes); anterior two relatively small, weakly exposed,
without well-defined dorsal and ventral wings; third tympanal scute large, well exposed with distinct dorsal and ventral
wings spanning distance between posterior nuchal plate and
postcleithral process, largely resembling subsequent
midlateral scutes except with low medial carina instead of
distinct thorn.
Sum of midlateral scutes including infranuchal: 56 (1), 57
(2), 58 (3), 59 (3 including holotype), or 60 (8). Midlateral
scutes per left and right sides in 17 specimens: 28 (4), 29 (11),
or 30 (19). Each midlateral scute with well-developed dorsal
and ventral wings above and below sturdy thorn curved posteriorly (thorn sometimes indistinct on infranuchal scute, replaced by carina). Dorsal and ventral wings further separated by deep V-shaped notch along posterior margin in axil
of thorn (location of lateral-line pores). Wings tall,
subrectangular, subequal anteriorly (dorsal wing about a third
taller) becoming equal near anal-fin origin; surfaces weakly
ornamented with low, fine, longitudinal, roughly parallel ridges
in vertical column along posterior half of scute; posterior
margins nearly entire or with minute dentations imparted by
ridges. Infranuchal scute contacts posterior nuchal plate
dorsally, and ventrally slips beneath postcleithral process
(but does not appear to contact internal surface of process).
Scutes weakly overlapping (anterior margin embedded in skin),
deepest anteriorly, becoming gradually shallower posteriorly;
last scute usually on base of caudal fin beyond hypural flexure. Midlateral scutes on caudal peduncle not contacting
middorsal and midventral caudal-peduncle plates (modified
procurrent fin rays), distinctly separated from same plates by
thin strip of skin.
Dorsal fin II,6 (includes spinelet); pectoral fin I,7 (very
rarely I,8); pelvic fin i,6; anal fin iii-iv,8-9; caudal fin i,7/8,i with
10-14 dorsal and ventral procurrent elements (rays and plates).
Dorsal fin triangular with relatively short base. Dorsal-fin
spine sturdy, gently curved posteriorly over entire length,
laterally compressed and relatively smooth sided except for
long, fine, nearly parallel striations running the length of the
spine from base to tip; anterior margin (except distal-most tip)
with 16-29 antrorse serrations; posterior margin (except basal
third and distal-most tip) with 5-14 straight to weakly antrorse
serrations. Serrations surrounded by thick, porous skin, obscuring their presence; anterior serrations small and crowded
basally, becoming gradually larger and more spaced distally;
penultimate usually largest; posterior dorsal-spine serrations
weaker (thinner), more spaced; largest near midlength. Pectoral fin triangular with folded spine extending more or less to
vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral-fin spines sturdy,
gently curved, dorsoventrally compressed, and with surface
striations similar to those on dorsal-fin spine; anterior (leading) margin with 26-37 antrorse serrations to tip; posterior
(trailing) margin with 18-27 retrorse serrations to tip. Serrations similarly surrounded by thick, extremely porous skin;
anterior and posterior serrations similarly developed (smaller
and more crowded basally, largest subterminal), except posterior serrations slightly larger, more broadly triangular. Pelvic fins relatively short with broadly rounded distal margin
when extended. Anal fin also with broadly rounded distal
margin, middle rays longest (length more or less equal to
anal-fin base). Caudal fin distinctly forked with moderately
pointed lobes; lower lobe slightly broader and more rounded
than upper. Upper and lower procurrent caudal-fin rays grading into series of three to five flat, laterally expanded and
weakly overlapping plates. Procurrent plates extend to or
near bases of adipose and anal fins, thereby framing caudal
peduncle dorsally and ventrally. Adipose fin prominent, main
portion elongate and tear-drop shaped (tapered anteriorly)
with origin vertically aligned to that of the anal fin. Adipose
fin continues anteriorly as a low, narrow, fleshy ridge that
begins approximately at the midpoint between verticals
through last dorsal-fin ray and anal-fin origin.
Gas bladder two part with anterior (main) bladder and much
smaller posterior (terminal) bladder (Fig. 4); bladder walls
moderately thick and smooth. Main bladder cordiform with
internal T-shaped septum that partially isolates single anterior chamber and completely divides paired posterior chambers. Posterior bladder elliptical, without internal septum.
Lumen enclosed by terminal bladder apparently continuous
with that of only one of the two posterior chambers of main
bladder through a narrow opening at point of constriction
between two bladders.
Coloration. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces of
head and body dusky, dark gray-brown; undersurfaces largely
pale white to yellow. Midlateral sides with distinct light stripe
along central portions of scutes and thorns (small dark spots
in axils of thorns absent); stripe continues anteriorly through
tympanal region, becoming less distinct as it converges dorsally with its pair in interorbital region. Thin faint light middorsal stripe usually evident from dorsal to adipose fin and
sometimes evident in posterior nuchal region. Barbels dusky
gray-brown with mandibular barbels somewhat lighter than
maxillary barbels. Dorsal fin with dusky gray-brown spine
N. M. Piorski, J. C. Garavello, M. Arce H. & M. H. S. Pérez
489
and dusky spot in distal half of anterior three to four rays and
intervening membranes; remaining portions relatively pale
with few scattered pigment. Adipose fin largely dusky graybrown, becoming somewhat lighter towards distal margin.
Pectoral fin with light to dusky spine; anterior three rays and
intervening membranes usually darker, gray-brown; remaining portions relatively pale. Pelvic fins with anterior three to
four rays and intervening membranes dusky, becoming lighter,
pale posteriorly. Anal fin with large dusky blotch on central
rays and membranes, relatively lighter, pale anteriorly and
posteriorly. Caudal fin with wide dark gray-brown streaks on
central portions of upper and lower lobes (streaks continuous with gray-brown ground color on sides); remaining portions relatively pale.
Distribution. Platydoras brachylecis is known from basins
of rio Mearim, rio Pindaré, rio Itapecuru and rio Parnaíba,
northeastern Brazil (Fig. 5). Fowler (1941:139) reported three
specimens (ANSP 81733) from “Fortaleza, Ceará [State]”, Brazil, collected by Rodolpho von Ihering in 1937. There are no
major rivers emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at the coastal
city of Fortaleza, and Ihering’s specimens, with bellies slit
from pectoral girdle to vent, may have been obtained from a
local market. Their precise origin remains uncertain.
Ecological notes. Menezes & Menezes (1948) studied diet
and relative gut length among 26 specimens (78-129 mm SL)
from lagoa de Nazaré, Floriano municipality, Piauí State, Brazil. Gut contents were dominated by larva and adult insects
(found in 17 specimens) with lesser amounts of fishes, shrimp
and other crustaceans, plant remains and small stones.
Etymology. The specific name brachylecis is derived from the
Greek brachy (short), and lekis (plate or dish), in reference to
the relatively shallow midlateral scutes.
Remarks. Species commonly known as “graviola” in the
Parnaíba River, “grangiola” in the Itapecuru River, and “corró”
in the Mearim river.
Discussion
Platydoras costatus has long been misunderstood despite the early illustrations of Gronow’s type specimen (Pl. 5,
figs. 1 and 2 in Gronovius, 1756) upon which Linnaeus (1758)
based this name. Gronow’s (Gronovius, 1756) illustration depicts a Platydoras with dorsal head and midlateral scutes
uniformly colored. Platydoras costatus, however, is often
applied to specimens with a distinct, continuous light
midlateral stripe (white to yellow in life) that converges
dorsoanteriorly with its pair in the interorbital region. Based
on our examination of Platydoras from throughout its wide
range, only specimens from coastal drainages of Suriname
and French Guiana (i.e., Corantijn, Suriname, Maroni) lack a
distinct light stripe on the head and sides, evidence that the
types of P. costatus originated from this region.
Fig. 4. Ventral (top) and dorsal (bottom) views of gas bladder
in Platydoras brachylecis, ANSP 187051, 179 mm SL. Scale
bar = 1 cm. Photos by M. Sabaj Pérez.
490
A new species of Platydoras from northeastern Brazil
Table 2. Morphometrics of Platydoras brachylecis, new species, reported for holotype, MZUSP 43593, and all measured
specimens (n = 15 total).
range
(n = 15)
Standard Length (SL)
137.7 111.2-190.0
Percents of standard length
Head L (HL)
29.0
26.4–29.0
Predorsal D (PdD)
39.4
38.7-42.8
Snout-postcleithral process D (SPcPD)
43.9
43.6-48.1
Dorsal origin-post. adipose D (DOAD)
46.5
45.4-50.7
Adipose-caudal D (AdCD)
17.9
14.2-17.9
Prepectoral D (PpD)
24.0
22.9-25.1
Pectoral-pelvic D (PPD)
31.0
31.0-37.4
Pelvic-anal D (PAD)
19.7
16.2-21.5
Anal-caudal D (AnCD)
18.7
15.0-18.7
Dorsal spine L (DSL)
26.8
23.9-33.1
Pectoral spine L (PSL)
34.7
33.7-43.0
Pelvic fin L (PFL)
16.6
13.1-16.9
Anal fin Base (AnFB)
13.3
10.1-13.9
Head Width (HW)
23.9
21.6-25.1
Cleithral Width (CW)
28.5
28.1-32.1
Head Depth at middle pitline (HD)
18.2
16.8-20.6
Body Depth (BD)
20.8
19.3-26.6
Caudal peduncle Depth (CPD)
8.1
7.5-8.4
11.9
11.0-14.1
5th scute Depth (SD5)
9.9
8.8-11.9
10th scute Depth (SD10)
Percents of predorsal distance
Head L (HL)
73.8
66.4-73.8
Adipose eyelid Diameter (AED)
12.1
10.3-13.4
Orbital diameter (OD)
13.5
11.4-15.0
Snout-anterior nares D (SAND)
7.9
5.3-8.2
Snout-posterior nares D (SPND)
19.3
15.3-19.3
Snout-posterior orbit D (SPOD)
39.5
37.4-41.3
Ant. nares-post. orbit D (ANPOD)
33.2
30.4-34.7
Post. nares-post. orbit D (PNPOD)
20.1
19.9-23.6
Internares D (ID)
11.6
9.8-12.1
Postorbital L (PL)
65.5
65.2-67.8
Postcleithral process L (PcPL)
41.2
41.2-51.8
Postcleithral process Depth (PcPD)
10.6
8.6-12.3
Interorbital Width (IW)
22.9
20.5-24.5
Head Width (HW)
60.8
53.3-62.6
Cleithral Width (CW)
72.4
67.9-78.7
Head Depth at middle pitline (HD)
46.2
41.4-52.6
Body Depth (BD)
53.0
47.6-66.8
Percents of postcleithral process length
Postcleithral process Depth
25.9
18.1-29.4
Percents of body depth at 5th Scute
62.6
52.8-86.6
5th scute Depth (SD5)
Percents of body depth at 10th Scute
57.1
51.4-67.5
10th scute Depth (SD10)
holotype
mean SD
146.9 25.92
28.0
40.3
45.2
48.1
15.7
23.9
34.6
18.9
17.1
27.7
37.1
15.3
12.4
23.8
29.9
19.4
22.5
7.9
12.6
10.4
0.71
1.07
1.32
1.52
1.05
0.62
1.61
1.40
1.09
3.16
2.90
1.14
0.99
1.02
1.13
1.05
1.90
0.27
1.03
1.03
69.4
11.9
13.8
6.9
17.3
39.1
32.7
21.6
10.8
66.5
45.4
10.3
22.9
59.0
74.3
48.2
55.8
2.08
0.89
1.12
0.90
1.22
1.00
1.13
1.07
0.76
0.91
3.00
0.95
1.39
2.23
3.47
2.74
4.43
scription of D. dentatus (tentatively a junior synonym of P.
costatus). In P. hancockii the black spots are usually present
and more distinct against the light midlateral stripe (particularly in juveniles), but may not occur in the axils of all thorns.
Dark axillary spots are always absent in P. armatulus and P.
brachylecis.
Pigmentation aside, Platydoras from throughout its distribution exhibits variation in the shape of the head and
postcleithral process, relative eye size, scute depth, and the
number of midlateral scutes. All of this variation (coloration,
morphometric and meristic), however, is subtle, complex and
usually characterized by overlapping ranges among the four
valid species recognized herein: P. armatulus, P. brachylecis,
P. costatus, and P. hancockii. For instance, P. hancockii
exhibits the largest eye size (horizontal diameter 56.1-88.9%
of interorbital width, n = 37, 86.4-235.0 mm SL) but overlaps
with ranges for P. armatulus (41.2-58.0%, n = 33, 99.0-216.0
mm SL, Amazonas and Paraguay-Paraná basins; and 47.065.1%, n = 26, 81.4-169.0 mm SL, Orinoco basin), P. brachylecis
(42.9-60.4%, n = 15, 111.2-190.0 mm SL) and P. costatus (38.562.8%, n = 8, 73.1-271.0 mm SL). Specimens from the Xingu,
Tocantins and Tapajós appear separable into two groups
based on eye size. Specimens with large eyes (horizontal diameter 73.0-86.2% of interorbital width, n = 5, 102.2-154.0 mm
SL) exhibit a size range within that of P. hancockii, whereas
specimens with small eyes (horizontal diameter 47.5-62.1%, n
= 5, 114.3-175.5 mm SL) fall within the ranges of P. armatulus
22.9 3.11
68.3 8.72
59.7 6.13
The distinctiveness and width of the light stripe on the
head and sides vary both ontogenetically and geographically in other Platydoras (i.e., P. armatulus, P. hancockii and
P. brachylecis), and the taxonomic utility of this character
remains unclear for these species. Another variable pigmentation feature is the occurrence of small black spots in the
axils of the medial thorns of the midlateral scutes. In P. costatus
these black spots are usually evident in the axils of all medial
thorns (though sometimes poorly contrasted with the dark
plates), and Kner (1855) noted their occurrence in his de-
Fig. 5. Distribution of specimens of Platydoras examined.
Type localities denoted with asterisk except for Platydoras
armatulus (= Brazil, Paraná, not below 27°30’S) and P.
costatus (= likely Suriname). ? = locality data questionable.
Base map by M. Weitzman.
N. M. Piorski, J. C. Garavello, M. Arce H. & M. H. S. Pérez
and P. costatus. Despite correspondences in eye size assignment of these specimens to any of the valid species recognized here remains premature. They are grouped together as
Platydoras sp. and additional investigation is needed to sort
out the correct placement of these specimens among nominal
or additional new species.
Key to species of Platydoras.
1. Sides without light midlateral stripe; midlateral scutes very
shallow, depth of 10th scute 7.2-9.8% of SL; coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana…Platydoras costatus
1’. Sides with light midlateral stripe; midlateral scutes shallow
to deep, depth of 10th scute 8.8-17.8% of SL………………2
2. Light midlateral stripe usually punctated with small dark
spots in axils of few (anteriorly) to all midlateral thorns
(except in some specimens from Negro drainage); eye relatively large, horizontal diameter of adipose eyelid usually
>59% (range 56.1-88.9%) of interorbital width; upper
Orinoco, Negro, Essequibo and Demerara drainages………
…………………………………………Platydoras hancockii
2’. Light midlateral stripe solid, without dark spots; eye relatively small, horizontal diameter of adipose eyelid usually
<59% (range 41.2-65.1%) of interorbital width……………3
3. Midlateral scutes shallow, depth of 10th plate 8.8-11.9% of
SL; midlateral scutes on caudal peduncle clearly separated
by thin strip of skin from middorsal and midventral caudalpeduncle plates (i.e., modified procurrent caudal-fin rays);
coastal drainages from Pindaré to Parnaíba rivers, northeastern Brazil……………………… Platydoras brachylecis
3’. Midlateral scutes deep, depth of 10th plate 12.0-16.6% of
SL; midlateral scutes on caudal peduncle usually contacting, and often interdigitating with, middorsal and midventral
plates (except some specimens from lower Amazon); lower
Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná basins……
…………………………………………Platydoras armatulus
Material examined. Platydoras armatulus.—Argentina: ANSP
181008, 1, purchased from aquarium shop in Corrientes, presumably from vicinity. Bolivia: Beni: CBF 0179, 5, río Machupo;
MNHN 1988-1023, 3, río Mamoré, Is. Santa Rosa, Trinidad; USNM
305825, 1, río Curiraba (Mamoré Dr.), E.B.B Campamento Trapiche.
Brazil: MNHN 4152, holotype of Doras armatulus Valenciennes
in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840, rio Paraná, not below 27°30’S latitude; Amazonas: INPA 4818, 24, rio Uatumã, barragem de Balbina
(dam), Presidente Figueiredo Municipality; INPA 4940, 3, rio Japurá,
Paraná Jaraua, Japurá Municipality; MCP 33193, 5, lago Jaraqui
(system of lago Jarauá), Alvarães, 02°44’10"S 65°04’37"W; USNM
320038, 1, rio Amazonas at Albano, east of Itacoatiara; Mato Grosso:
ANSP 53872, 1, Descalvados, 16°45’S 57°42’W; CBF 2107, 1, rio
Cuiabá; MCP 15538, 1, rio Paraguai, Caceres; MCP 29043, 1, and
MCP 29049, 1, bacia do rio Bento Gomes (Paraguai Dr.), Poconé,
16°15’S 56°37’W; MCP 36416, 1, rio Guaporé, Pontes and Lacerda,
15°12’58"S 59°21’18"W; MZUSP 4424, 1, rio Cuiabá, Santo
Antônio do Leverger Municipality, 15°52’S 56°05’W, 1965;
MZUSP 27711, 1, rio Taquari, Coxim Municipality, 18°30’S
54°45’W; MZUSP 38776, 1, rio Cuiabá, Bocaiuval, Barão de
Melgaço Municipality, 16°11’S, 55°57’W; MZUSP 62663, 1, rio
491
Cuiabá, Porto de Barão de Melgaço, Barão de Melgaço Municipality; MZUSP 62665, 2, rio Cuiabá, Sangradouro Grande, Barão de
Melgaço Municipality; MZUSP 62666, 2, rio Cuiabá, Barão de
Melgaço Municipality, 16°11’S 55°57’W; USNM 326422, 1, rio
Paraguay at Caceres and its environs; Mato Grosso do Sul: MZUSP
36350, 1, rio Paraguai basin, Ladário, Corumbá Municipality,
19°00’S 57°39’W; MZUSP 52532, 3, rio Piquiri, hidden bay,
pantanal de Paiaguás, Santo Antônio farm, 17°18’S 56°43’W;
Rondônia: MZUSP 28379, 3, rio Madeira, lago Piauí, Foz do rio
Jamari, 08º27’S 63º30’W. Colombia: Amazonas: IAvH-P 491, 1,
río Amazonas; IAvH-P 6051, 1, quebrada Mata-mata, Leticia;
Arauca: IAvH-P 2760, 5, río Aguas Limón, Arauquita; IAvH-P 4822,
3, Río Aguas-Limón, Arauquita, 3 Nov 1993; IAvH-P 6052, 2, caño
Jesus; IAvH-P 8107, 5, caño Agua Limón, bridge on Arauca-Tame
road, km 60, La Becerra; Caquetá: IAvH-P 859, 1, quebrada Aduche;
IAvH-P 6050, 1, quebrada El Penal, Araracuara; IAvH-P 6053, 1,
río Caquetá, Araracuara; Meta: ANSP 133134, 13, and ANSP
134457, 229, tributary of caño La Raya (Meta Dr.), 1 km N of La
Siberia, 04°05’N 73°05’W; ANSP 134836, 24, tributary of caño El
Chocho (Meta Dr.), ca. 5 km N of La Siberia, 04°07’N 73°05’W;
ANSP 136486, 3, and ANSP 150676, 9, quebrada Venturosa (trib
Meta), between La Balsa and Puerto Lopez, 04°05’N 72°58’W;
IAvH-P 1037, 1, and IAvH-P 1038, 1, laguna San José, río
Manacacias, Puerto Gaitán; IAvH-P 1467, 2, laguna Las Maracas,
río Manacacias, Puerto Gaitán; IAvH-P 4887, 11, Río Manacacias;
MCP 15357, 5, same data as ANSP 134836. Paraguay: USNM
181694, 1, lago Ypacaray near San Bernardino; Central: UMMZ
207420, 1, W shore of lago Ypacarai (Paraguay Dr.) at lakeside park
in Aregua, rio Salado, 25º18’48"S 57º20’42"W; Concepcion: UMMZ
207839, 3, río Aquidaban (Paraguay Dr.), at Paso Horqueta, ca. 24
km NW of Loreto, 23º03’48"S 27º23’24"W; Paraguari: UMMZ
207534, 3, small bay along río Tabicuary (Paraguay Dr.) at km 159
and just N of new bridge on route #1 at Villa Florida, 26º24’00"S
57º04’48"W. Peru: Loreto: ANSP 181047, 2, purchased from ornamental fishermen in Belen, Iquitos; reportedly from río Itaya &
associated lagoons (Amazon Dr.); INHS 43287, 2, río Itaya &
Quebrada Mazana (Amazonas Dr.), Itaya site 11 km SSW of Iquitos,
Mazana site at its confluence with Itaya just S of Iquitos,
03°49’47.6"S 73°18’02.9"W; INHS 43332, 1, río Itaya (Amazonas
Dr.), 11 km SSW center of Iquitos, bearing 39°, 03°49’47.6"S
73°18’02.9"W; INHS 53948, 1, río Itaya (Amazonas Dr.), approx.
10-15 km SSW center of Iquitos; MUSM 3490, 1, cocha Aguajal,
Caserio Luceropata; USNM 86282, 1, río Morona; USNM 284629,
1, río Itaya, main river channel and lower portions of caños, 5-20
km upstream from Belem (Iquitos), 03°51’S 73°12’W; USNM
284630, 1, río Manite system, caño entering Manite about 10 km
upriver jct. Manite and Amazonas, 03°32’S 72°40’W; USNM
284631, 1, quebrada Corrientillo, at Corrientillo, on rd. running W
from Iquitos to río Nanay, 03°50’S 73°13’W; USNM 284632, 1,
green water caño on left bank of río Manite, ca. 8 km upriver of jct.
Manite and Amazonas, 03°31’S 72°40’W; USNM 284633, 14,
Yarinacocha, side caño, District Coronel Portillo, 08°16’S 74°36’W;
USNM 167841 [ex. 15875], 1, río Morona; Madre de Dios: MUSM
16190, 1, río Tambopata, lago Tres Chimbadas; Ucayali: ANSP
120336, 1, Yarinacocha, near Pucallpa, 08°15’S 74°43’W; MUSM
0584, 1, río Ucayali, Pucallpa, Utuquimá; USNM 284628, 6, main
channel and side pools of río Ucayali, ca. 10 km upstream of
Pucalllpa, 08°31’S 74°22’W. Venezuela: Anzoategui: ANSP
166801, 1, río Orinoco Basin, Soledad, L. Tineo, 08°11’25"N
63°28’20"W; Apure: ANSP 179247, 2, río Claro (Orinoco Dr.),
presumably in vicinity of San Fernando de Apure; INHS 28055, 1,
492
A new species of Platydoras from northeastern Brazil
río Arauca (Apure Dr.), overflow Pool, N edge of Elorza, 07°4.18’N
69°29.86’W; INHS 28119, 1, caño Salina (Apure Dr.), 07°14.62’N
70°49.40’W; INHS 28191, 2, caño Guaritico (= caño Maporal,
Apure Dr.), 58 km SSW Bruzual, 07°33.21’N 69°38.70’W; INHS
29764, 2, caño Guaritico (Apure Dr.), 58 km SSW Bruzual,
07°33.21’N 69°38.69’W; INHS 29822, 17, caño Caicara (Apure
Dr.), 2 km N Lave, 07°33.95’N 69°15.48’W; INHS 30042, 1, caño
Caicara (Apure Dr.), N Laye on Hwy. 2, 07°33.59’N 69°15.48’W;
INHS 30056, 16, caño Guaritico (= caño Maporal, Apure Dr.), 58
km SSW Bruzual, 07°33’24"N 69°38’68"W; INHS 32062, 7, caño
Guaritico (Apure Dr.), 58 km SSW Bruzual, 07°33’21"N
69°38’69"W; INHS 55357, 1, caño Potrerito (Orinoco Dr.), ca. 15
km N Puerto Paez, on rd. to San Fernando, 06°24’43"N 67°31’55"W;
INHS 56185, 1, río Claro (Orinoco Dr.), 102 rd. km N Puerto Paez
on rd. to San Fernando, 07°09’08"N 67°38’06"W; INHS 61495, 2,
caño San Miguel (Cinaruco-Orinoco Dr.), 06°34’24"N 67°17’32"W;
USNM 258128, 1, side channel of río Apure ca. 5 km W of San
Fernando, 07°53’N 67°29’W; USNM 258163, 5, side channel of
río Apure about 3 km W of center of San Fernando, 07°53’N
67°29’W; USNM 260221, 20, caño 1 km S of ferry crossing on río
Apurito, where crossed by rd. from San Fernando to Cunaviche,
07°33’N 67°38’W; Barinas: INHS 35479, 1, caño Capa (MasparroApure Dr.), 2 mi E El Tombor, 08°21’35"N 69°46’07"W; MCP
19914, 2, caño Indiecito, cerca de la boca in rio Suripa; Bolivar:
ANSP 135593, 4, caño Chuapo, ca 20 min. downstream from Jabillal
(opposite bank) on río Caura, 07°07’N 65°00’W; ANSP 135603,
22, caño Barranca, ca 1.25 hours downstream from Jabillal (opposite bank) on río Caura, 07°08’N 65°04’W; ANSP 135617, 75, caño
Puerto Cabello at Puerto Cabello, 07°10’N 65°01’W; ANSP 139568,
1, isolated backwater of río Nichare, ca 10 min. from río Nichare-río
Caura junction, 06°35’N 64°48’W; ANSP 139855, 6, small caño
tributary of río Mato (left bank), 07°08’N, 65°10’W; ANSP 160379,
1, confluence of río Orinoco and río Caura (las piedras), 07°38’36"N
64°50’W; INHS 55526, 1), río Chaviripa (Orinoco Dr.), on Caicara–
Puerto Ayacucho Rd., 07°07’57"N 66°29’56"W; Delta Amacuro:
AMNH 217703, 1, and ANSP 149463, 1, caño Araguao, small side
caño of río Orinoco, 112 nautical mi. upstream from sea bouy,
08°38’N 61°43’W; ANSP 177995, 5, río Orinoco, first small cano
on W side of caño Paloma,100 m above mouth, 92 nautical mi. from
sea bouy, 08°29’N 61°25’W; ANSP 180890, 18, río Orinoco on
north shore at Isla Portuguesa, ca. mi. 117, in caño Anabata,
08°37’20"N 61°47’30"W; UMMZ 211344, 1, same data as AMNH
217703; USNM 222840, 1, río Orinoco, small caño at mouth of
caño Fiscal, 64 nautical mi. upstream from sea buoy, 08°32’N
61°02’W; USNM 222845, 1, río Orinoco, small caño entering W
end of caño Sacoroco, 08°35’N 61°42’W; USNM 222846, 25, same
data as AMNH 217703; Guarico: ANSP 150675, 16, río Portuguesa,
Camaguan Swamp, on W side of highway to San Fernando de Apure,
ca 2 km N of Camaguán, 08°14’N 67°36’W; ANSP 163475, 1,
lagunas de ‘Prestamos’ between La Antena and caño Falcon; ANSP
163478, 1, río Portuguesa, caño Falcon (Laguna ‘La Raya’), near
Camaguán; INHS 33908, 1, trib. río San Bartolo (Orinoco Dr.), P.N.
Aguaro-Guariquito, Morichal Carnestolendo, 12 km SE La
Esperanza, 08°21’11"N 66°40’22"W; INHS 34294, 1, río Mocapra
(Orinoco Dr.), P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, La Esperanza, 08°16’39"N
66°44’21"W; INHS 34351, 6, río Aguaro (Orinoco Dr.), P.N. AguaroGuariquito, 15 km S Paso Cachimbo, 08°03’06"N 66°25’34"W;
INHS 34498, 7, río San Bartolo (Orinoco Dr.), P.N. AguaroGuariquito, Aguas Muertas, 08°04’14"N 66°40’50"W; INHS 34577,
1, laguna Caricare (Guariquito-Orinoco Dr.), N of Medano de
Gomez, 07°50’41"N 66°32’10"W; INHS 34854, 3, río San Bartolo
(Orinoco Dr.), P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, Aguas Muertas, 08°06’30"N
66°40’19"W; INHS 61867, 3, río San Bartolo (Guariquito-Orinoco
Dr.), at mouth, near Aguas Muertes, P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito,
08°04’40"N 66°40’00"W; UMMZ 214750, 1, caño Falcon
(Portuguesa Dr.), near Camaguán, ca. 25 km N of San Fernando de
Apure; USNM 257990, 1, río Orituco where crossed by rd. from
Calabozo, 08°52’N 67°18’W; Monagas: USNM 222842, 1, río
Orinoco, small caño near mouth of caño Guarguapo, 146 nautical
mi. upstream from sea buoy, 08°41’N 62°14’W; USNM 265655,
2, secondary caño about 500 m from its mouth in caño Guarguapo,
146 nautical mi. from sea buoy, 08°39’24"N 62°14’00"W;
Portuguesa: INHS 31956, 1, caño Igues (Portuguesa Dr.), La Capilla.
Platydoras costatus.—Suriname: BMNH 1866.8.19.1-3, 1, 271
mm SL, syntype of Doras helicophilus Günther 1868, Maroni
River; NMW 46615, 2, Paramaribo; NMW 46616, 1; NMW 46617,
1, Suriname River at Berg en dal; NMW 46869, 112.4 mm SL,
holotype of Doras dentatus Kner 1855; UF 16269, 1, 125.1 mm
SL, Marowijne River at Albina; USNM 226186, 2, Matappi Creek,
Corantijn basin, 05°01’N 57°17’30"W.
Platydoras hancockii.—Brazil: Amazonas: INPA 4939, 3, rio
Caures, lago Carurarra, Barcelos Municipality; INPA 4947, 1, rio
Negro, Arquipélago das Anavilhanas, Novo Airão Municipality;
MZUSP 31099, 1, rio Negro, lago de ilha, Barcelos Municipality,
00º58’S 62º57’W; Roraima: INPA 2058, 1, rio Uraricoera, Ilha de
Maracá, Alto Alegre Municipality; INPA 4885, 1, rio Uraricoera,
Ilha de Maracá, Furo Santa Rosa, Alto Alegre Municipality; NMW
46863, 1, rio Branco, Conceiçao. Colombia: Vichada: IAvH-P 5710,
1, río Tomo, Cumaribo, 05°22’35.1"N 67°51’7.6"W; IAvH-P 5711,
3, caño, río Tomo basin, Cumaribo, 05°22’34.6"N 68°02’12.1"W;
IAvH-P 5712, 3, río Tomo, Cumaribo, 05°22’35.1"N 67°51’07.6"W;
IAvH-P 5728, 1, río Tomo, Cumaribo, 05°22’41.1"N 67°51’07.9"W.
Guyana: ANSP 39817, 2, Rupununi River; ANSP 177349, 2,
Siparuni River, Blackwater camp, 04°44’00"N 58°59’00"W; ANSP
179142, 5, Simoni River (Rupununi Dr.), 4 stations along river from
6.6 km SE to 3.2 km W of Karanambo Ranch, 03°43’09"N
59°15’40"W; ANSP 179143, 1, “Two Puddle Creek”(trib Rupununi
River), road crossing 1.9 km W of Karanambo Ranch, 03°45’11"N
59°19’38"W; ANSP 179144, 2, Rupununi River (Essequibo Dr.),
4.6 km NW of village of Massara, 03°55’34"N 59°16’49"W; ANSP
179145, 1, Circle W Creek (trib Pirara River, Ireng-Takutu Dr.),
26.6 km SW of Karanambo Ranch, 03°39’14"N 59°31’43"W; ANSP
179146, 1, Pirara River (Ireng-Takutu-Branco Dr.), 3.5 km NNW of
Pirara, 03°38’55"N 59°41’20"W; ANSP 179146, 1, Pirara River
(Ireng-Takutu-Branco Dr.), 3.5 km NNW of Pirara, 03°38’55"N
59°41’20"W; ANSP 179628, 1, Takutu River (Branco–Negro Dr.),
ca. 2.75 km W of Saint Ignatius, 03°21’18"N 59°49’51"W; ANSP
180286, 1, Kuyuwini River (Essequibo Dr.), 60.6 km ENE of
Kuyuwini Landing, 179 km SE of Lethem, 02°11’35"N 58°42’15"W;
BMNH 1857.6.13.163, dry mount, holotype of Doras hancockii
Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840, Demerara; USNM
377589, 2, Marlcapa Creek. Venezuela: Amazonas: ANSP 161504,
1, caño Caripo, 1st Casiquiare caño ca. 5 min. from confluence of
Casiquiare and Orinoco, 03°06’N 65°50’W; ANSP 161505, 1, outflow stream from series of morichals ca. 5.0 km from mouth of río
Pamoni, 02°48’N 65°53’W; ANSP 161506, 1, caño of río Casiquiare
ca. 22 km downstream from mouth of río Pamoni (E side), 02°47’N
66°03’W; ANSP 162763, 17, backwater of río Orinoco behind sand
playa ca. 30 minutes upstream from Isla Temblador, 03°04’N
66°28’W; ANSP 165810, 12, caño (Orinoco Dr.) separating island
N. M. Piorski, J. C. Garavello, M. Arce H. & M. H. S. Pérez
and playa just downstream from Quiratare, 02°59’N 66°04’W;
ANSP 182236, 2, small trib to río Manapiare (Ventuari–Orinoco
Dr.), near village Alto Guaviarito, 17.5 km NW San Juan de
Manapiare, 05°26’29"N 66°09’47"W; ANSP 182249, 2, río
Manapiare (Ventuari–Orinoco Dr.), 14 km NW of San Juan de
Manapiare, 05°26’13"N 66°06’51"W; ANSP 182275, 1, mouth of
trib to río Manapiare and associated backwater (Ventuari-Orinoco
Dr.), 17.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05°26’24"N
66°09’42"W; ANSP 182276, 6, caño Guapa Sucia at mouth
(Atabapo-Orinoco Dr.), 2.27 km N of San Fernando de Atabapo,
04°01’52"N 67°41’51"W; ANSP 182795, 1, río Ventuari (Orinoco
Dr.), raudales Tencua (rapids), 56 km ESE of San Juan de Manapiare,
05°02’59"N 65°37’38"W; ANSP 182845, 4, río Ventuari (Orinoco
Dr.), at mouth of caño Camqui, 145 km NNE of Macuruco, 189 km
NE of San Fernando de Atabapo, 05°03’21"N 66°19’39"W; ANSP
185205, 1, río Ventuari (Orinoco Dr.), ca. 20 airmiles east-northeast
of confluence with río Orinoco, near fish market, 04°04’32"N
66°53’34"W; USNM 163201, 1, río Atabapo near San Fernando de
Atabapo.
Platydoras sp. (small eye).—Brazil: Mato Grosso: ANSP 187052
[ex. MZUSP 86217], 1, trib. Rio Araguaia, Corixo da Saudade
(Corixinho), 25 km northwest of Cocalinho, 14°17’20"S
51°09’12"W; MZUSP 86217, 3, same data as ANSP 187052; USNM
320041, 3, trib Batovi River (upper Xingu Dr.), Waura indian village. Pará: INPA 5121, 4, rio Tocantins, lago grande, Itupiranga
Municipality, 05°09’S 49°20’W.
Platydoras sp. (large eye).—Brazil: Mato Grosso: MZUSP 86993,
1, rio Culuene, trib Xingu, Canarana/Gaúcha do Norte Municipalities, 13°30’52"S 53°05’34"W; MZUSP 87029, 1, rio Corisevo,
trib Xingu, Porto do Vitório, near riberão Kevuaieli, Gaúcha do
Norte Municipality, 13°02’05"S 53°25’19"W, 19 Oct 2004; Pará:
ANSP 187053 [ex. MZUSP 36859], 2, rio Xingu (Amazonas Dr.),
cachoeira do Espelho, Altamira Municipality, 03°48’S 52°32’W;
MZUSP 36859, 1, same data as ANSP 187053; MHNG 2586.4, 2,
rio Tapajos, downstream of Itaituba; MZUSP 62671, 1, rio Tapajos,
São Luis Municipality, 04°27’S 56°15’W, 4-5; Tocantins: UNT
155, 1, rio Santa Tereza, Água Branca farm, Peixe Municipality,
11°48’07"S 48°38’21"W.
Acknowledgments
The senior authors (NMP, JCG) are indebted to Heraldo
A. Britski and José L. Figueiredo (MZUSP), the late Haroldo
Travassos and Gustavo A. Nunan (MNRJ), Marie-Louise
Bauchot and Martine Desoutter (MNHN), Barbara Herzig
(NMW) and Soraya Barrera (CBF) for loan of specimens; the
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq) provided funds and a continuing grant
for JCG. For loans of specimens, hospitality during visits,
and help in the field the junior authors (MAH, MHSP) are
indebted to Carlos Agostinho, Jonathan Armbruster, Eduardo
Baena, José Birindelli, Juan Bogotá Gregory, Barbara Brown,
Paulo Buckup, Brooks Burr, David Catania, Raphael Covain,
Margarete de Lucena, William Eschmeyer, Michael Hardman,
Tomio Iwamoto, Flávio Lima, Paulo Lucinda, Nathan Lujan,
James Maclaine, Javier Maldonado, Christine Mayer, Naércio
Menezes, Ernst Mikschi, Jan Mol, Cristiano Moreira, Sonia
493
Fisch-Muller, Douglas Nelson, André Netto-Ferreira, Hernán
Ortega, Osvaldo Oyakawa, Lawrence Page, Patrice Pruvost,
Lúcia Rapp Py-Daniel, Sandra Raredon, Roberto Reis, Rob
Robins, Mary Anne Rogers, Cristina Sabaj Pérez, Scott
Schaefer, Jeff Stewart, Kevin Swagel, Helmut Wellendorf,
Dave Werneke, Philip Willink and especially Leandro Melo
de Sousa. Study supported in part by the All Catfish Species
Inventory (NSF DEB-0315963) including subaward 05-48 to
MAH.
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Accepted September, 2008
Published September 30, 2008