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Changes in physicochemical parameters of streams along an elevation gradient in Cusuco National Park, Honduras in summer 2013.
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Este estudo analisou características reprodutivas e taxas de crescimento de Heterandria bimaculata (Poeciliidae) no Parque Nacional de Cusuco (CNP), uma reserva florestal nubosa no norte de Honduras, América Central. No CNP, H. bimaculata ocorre na ausência de outras espécies de peixes e grandes predadores invertebrados, ao longo de um gradiente de...
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... Particularly, fin and head size increased at decreasing elevation (in the lower river reaches), while the position of the eyes, mouth, and pectoral fin were lower, indicating a change of the fish position in the water column moving from the headwater to the river outlet. Evidence of the influence of the elevation gradient on morphological traits is widely available in literature for other fish species [112,113]. ...
Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can lead to environment-related morphological and genetic variations in freshwater fish. Studying the responses of fish to environmental changes is crucial to understand their vulnerability to human-induced changes. Here, we used a latitudinal gradient as a proxy for past and present environmental factors and tested its influences on both genetic and morphological patterns. We selected as a suitable biogeographic model, the barbels, which inhabit 17 Adriatic basins of the central-southern Italian Peninsula, and explored association among attributes from genetic, morphological, and environmental analyses. The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region evidenced a southward significant increase in the number of private haplotypes, supporting the isolation of the southernmost populations related to the Mio-Pleistocene events. In contrast, morphology was mainly affected by changes in the present environmental conditions. Particularly, the number of scales and fish coloration were clearly associated to latitude, and thus thermal and hydrological conditions. Other morphometric and functional traits varied under the selective pressure of other environmental factors like elevation and distance from headwater. These results highlight the sensitivity of barbels to climate changes, which can serve as a basis for future eco-evolutionary and conservation studies.
... Reproductive aspects of some native species such as Poeciliopsis occidentalis have been studied, finding that females born in places with less food availability reach sexual maturity in one year (Constantz, 1979). P. bimaculatus has also been studied, whose total length at sexual maturity was determined, 27 mm in males and 40 mm in females, a fertility of 7-79 embryos at the time of analysis, and it was determined that females live more than two years, while males only one (Olinger et al., 2016). Reproductive aspects of Xiphophorus species, such as X. pygmaeus, X. multilenatus and X. nigrensis, have been studied, it has been reported that the size of the litter depends on the size of the female and the time of year without presenting superfetation, unlike other species such as Poeciliopsis gracilis, which do present this pattern (Morris & Ryan, 1992;Frías, 2015). ...
Objective: To present a review about the knowledge of the fish of the family poecilidade in Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The present review was carried out through the search and bibliographic compilation of literature, as well as in the consultation of articles in different databases, for its subsequent analysis. Results: Mexico has a great diversity of poeciliids with 105 species registered, 64 are endemic, most are in some category of protection, distributed throughout the national territory, mainly in the Usumacinta River basin. In this area, their reproductive biology and feeding have been studied, which vary according to the species. Their culture in Mexico, focuses on the commercialization of ornamental species both native and exotic. Limitations on study/implications: The poecilid fishes are a well study group; however, the information about the mexican species is scattered and in different areas are limited. Findings/conclusions: Mexico is the country with the greatest diversity of poecilid fish worldwide, most of which are in some category of protection, and are a group well distributed throughout the national territory, with potential as environmental indicators and toxicological studies.
... This species had not been reported previously at this site and it is, thus, considered a recent introduction (Kingston, 1978;López-López & Paulo-Maya, 2001;Miller & Fitzsimons, 1971;Webb & Miller, 1998). Previous studies have reported that P. bimaculatus presents high trophic plasticity, highly adaptable reproductive traits, and tolerance to environmental degradation (Mercado-Silva et al., 2002;Olinger et al., 2016;Trujillo-Jiménez & Toledo-Beto, 2007). We found a high abundance and biomass of P. bimaculatus in all of the sites (Fig. 4), even under different conditions of environmental variables and habitat characteristics. ...
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 92 (2021): e923433 Conservation Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblage structure in a neotropical Mexican river Variación espacial y temporal de la estructura del ensamblaje de peces en un río neotropical mexicano Abstract The introduction of non-native fish into the Teuchitlán River, in west-central Mexico, was suggested as a key factor behind the change in the fish assemblage, and even in the extinction of endemic species. The characterization of the fish assemblage and the relationship between fish abundance and the anthropogenic conditions were evaluated over 2-year period. Fish assemblage structure, species replacement, and dominance were examined along a longitudinal environmental gradient. Physical and chemical parameters of the water were recorded. The relationship between fish abundance and abiotic factors was inferred from multivariate analysis. The results showed that the non-native poecilid Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus was dominant, and the abundance and biomass of non-native species exceeded 50% in all sites and seasons. Species diversity and native fish abundance were greater in upstream sites, which presented higher dissolved oxygen and lower nitrates. The native ichthyofauna of the Teuchitlán River has been replaced by non-native species. This decline of the native fish species seems to be due not only to the interaction with non-native species but also to the multiple human impacts on the lotic system.
... A menor riqueza e abundância de espécies em ambientes de riacho deve conferir menor resistência à invasão, especialmente quando o invasor tem préadaptações a esse tipo de ambiente e é capaz de aproveitar recursos alimentares não utilizados (i.e., detritos), tornando estes ambientes vulneráveis ou "permissivos" a certos grupos de espécies (Magalhães & Jacobi 2017. Por outro lado, a existência de características ambientais muito particulares, como baixa temperatura e profundidade, regime hidrológico imprevisível, restrições hidráulicas e baixa produtividade (i.e., quantidade de matéria orgânica produzida), devem representar restrições importantes ao estabelecimento de outras espécies (Olinger et al. 2016, Magalhães et al. 2020a. Nesses casos, o invasor precisa ter atributos ecológicos específicos para suportar as condições ambientais; caso da truta arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss -Salmoniformes, Salmonidae), que conseguiu se estabelecer em riachos serranos de águas frias e oligotróficas (e.g., Magalhães et al. 2002a, Lazzarotto & Caramaschi 2009). ...
Biological invasions are among the main causes of biodiversity loss on planet. Losses are accentuated in streams, which are sensitive to human impacts, since they have specialized fauna and higher degree of endemism. Despite this, studies on invasions by non-native fish in streams are incipient in Brazil. In this review, we present an introduction on the process (i.e., stages) of biological invasion, the environmental factors that influence the establishment and the impacts of non-native species in streams. A methodological step-by-step is also presented as a way to guide the conduct of studies on non-native species in Brazilian streams. In addition, management actions measures are presented to prevent new cases of introductions and suggestions for studies on invasions in streams. Avoiding propagule pressure and environmental education, as well as legal aspects of Brazilian legislation, are management actions that can prevent new introductions. Finally, gaps in knowledge and perspectives are raised as an incentive for interested parties to enter the subject and develop new studies on non-native fishes in Brazilian streams.
... A life history strategy defines how an organism utilizes and optimizes energy to survive and reproduce (Fisher, 1930;Williams, 1966;Stearns, 1977;Roff, 1992). The optimal strategy can be influenced by extrinsic factors such as mortality rate (Strauss, 1990;Jennions et al., 2006;Riesch et al., 2013;Mukherjee et al., 2014;Olinger et al., 2016), resource availability (Reznick et al., 1992;Riesch et al., 2013;Moore et al., 2016;Zandonà et al., 2017), population density (Bronikowski et al., 2002;Schrader and Travis, 2012), and environmental conditions (e.g., salinity, gradient, elevation, etc.) (Zúñiga-Vega et al., 2007;Jourdan et al., 2016;Rius et al., 2019). Predator environments have often been used to study the effects of mortality rate on life history strategies (Law, 1979;Reznick and Endler, 1982;Johnson and Belk, 1999;Gosline and Rodd, 2008) and have been found to affect a wide variety of taxa, including fish, anurans, and insects. ...
... We term these sites as "high predation environments" or "low-predation environments, " respectively. High-predation and low-predation environments are expected to vary in predation risk but also may be confounded with other environmental factors such as resource availability, temperature, elevation, flow, and density (Johnson, 2002;Jourdan et al., 2016;Olinger et al., 2016). Thus, predation environments are characterized by the presence or absence of a predator, but they are called "environments" to encompass the many different factors that may be causally or incidentally correlated with the presence or absence of a predator (see Johnson, 2002). ...
Predation is known to have a significant effect on life history diversification in a variety of species. However, physical constraints of body shape and size can sometimes limit life history divergence. We test this idea in the Costa Rican livebearing fish Alfaro cultratus. Individuals in this species have a narrow body and keeled ventral surface, and females do not develop a distended abdomen when pregnant like other livebearing fishes. Here, we describe the life history of A. cultratus from 20 different populations across both high-predation and low-predation environments. We found significantly lower reproductive allotment in females from high-predation environments than in females from low-predation environments, but no significant difference in female or male size at maturity, number of offspring produced by females, or size of offspring. We found that A. cultratus exhibit isometric patterns of allocation for clutch dry mass in relation to female dry mass in high-predation and low-predation environments. Our results suggest that body shape constraints in this species limit the life history divergence we typically see between populations from high-predation and low-predation environments in other species.
... The habitat category variation from poor to sub-optimal and the physical and chemical characteristics of the water were not related to the biological condition of the two fish species' populations. The habitat processes, such as the habitat structure, amount of canopy cover, and the input of allochthonous food items, affect the food availability and the population structure of poeciliids (Olinger et al., 2016). According to the environmental categories found in the Jalpan River, the poor habitat category showed the highest frequency of fishes of both species, and this habitat category had the lowest values of water turbidity, which favored the visibility of fish to find food. ...
... Therefore it can inhabit different types of ecosystems, even when the level of dissolved oxygen in the water is extremely low (Plath et al., 2003). This species is one of the largest species in the family Poeciliidae (Miller, 2009), it has high reproductive rates, and it can feed on filamentous algae, diatoms, aquatic vegetation and insects larvae (Plath et al., 2003;Olinger et al., 2016), that represents the more available elements in aquatic ecosystems. Even more, some studies assumed that P. mexicana is an exotic species in the Pacific slope and that it can exclude native fishes of Goodeid family by food competition (Escalera-Vázquez, 2006). ...
Despite the increase of exotic species in bodies of water, studies on the population structure of coexisting native and exotic fish species are rare. We evaluated the population structure of the native Poecilia mexicana and non-native Poeciliopsis gracilis species in an environmental gradient and its relation to the habitat characteristics in the Jalpan River, located in the state of Queretaro, Mexico. We calculated size structure, sex ratio, gonad stage, and condition factor for both species. Visual-based habitat quality, riparian quality, and physical and chemical characteristics of water were also evaluated. A total of 322 individuals of P. gracilis and 762 of P. mexicana were captured with different fishing nets due to the habitat heterogeneity. Study sites were classified into three categories of habitat conditions: poor, marginal, and sub-optimal. P. mexicana females showed a complete structure of sizes in the poor habitat category. P. gracilis did not show a complete structure in any habitat category. The sub-optimal category of habitat conditions had the lowest number of specimens for both species. Poor category showed a sex ratio of 1:1 (females: males) for P. mexicana while in P. gracilis, females were more abundant than males (sex ratio 5:1). Fulton's factor was higher for P. mexicana than for P. gracilis. Our results showed that habitat quality of the river affected size structure, stages of development, and sex ratio of the two species, but did not show conclusive evidence of favored species or reproductive competition.
... plants: Abbott & Brennan, 2014;invertebrates: Diamond & Chick, 2018;Gordon et al., 2018;reptiles: Álvarez-Ruiz et al., 2018;birds and mammals: Weir & Schluter, 2007), but is particularly varied for fishes, *Corresponding author. E-mail: rudiger.riesch@rhul.ac.uk which have, for example, been studied along elevational gradients (Rahel & Hubert, 1991;Olinger et al., 2016), salinity gradients (Mück & Heubel, 2018), temperature gradients (Ohlberger et al., 2008) and predation gradients (Walsh & Reznick, 2009). However, these studies are often constrained by focusing on a single environmental variable, when it is more likely that across the studied populations additional gradients exist that might select for similar or different responses compared to the focal gradient (Reznick et al., 2001;Riesch et al., 2015). ...
Within-species diversity is often driven by changing selective regimes along environmental gradients. Here, we pro- vide a direct test of the environmental factors underlying phenotypic diversity across the wide native distribution of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). We investigated life-history and body-shape divergence (including mul- tiple measures of body size) across more than 14 degrees of latitude in North America, and used Akaike’s information criterion-based model selection to determine the relative contributions of thermal regime, population densities and habitat productivity as potential drivers of latitudinal phenotypic variation. We found thermal regime to be the most important driver of large-scale latitudinal phenotypic patterns: populations in colder climates with greater season- ality and range in temperature exhibited larger body size, larger reproductive investment coupled with smaller off- spring size, and shallower bodies with a smaller head and more anterodorsally positioned pectoral fins. Nonetheless, population density and habitat productivity also influenced trait divergence, but independent of latitudinal patterns, and some variation in body shape was due to apparent covariation with life histories. Our study confirms thermal regime as an important driver of latitudinal phenotypic differentiation even in ectotherms, but also uncovers mul- tiple additional factors that shape phenotypic diversity, emphasizing the importance of the multivariate approach we employed here.
... We also found gravid females of all non-native species with small sizes, which can indicate probable dwarfing or stunting. This phenomenon may be due to three reasons in the studied creeks: (i) intraspecific and interspecific competition due to overcrowding, (ii) low autochthonous food resources availability (typical of headwater habitats) and; (iii) increased survival rate due to the absence of large top predators (Olinger et al., 2016). ...
... All six poeciliid species produced small broods in comparison with larger broods recorded for these species introduced in other countries (Sa-nguansil, Lheknim, 2010;Froese, Pauly, 2016). According to Olinger et al. (2016), in upstream habitats (i.e. headwaters), female poeciliids have been shown to exhibit small broods and larger fingerlings when resources are scarce. ...
... headwaters), female poeciliids have been shown to exhibit small broods and larger fingerlings when resources are scarce. Small broods may give these non-native livebearers a competitive advantage over native oviparous species, because fry are larger, feed at birth, grow more quickly and become predators´ faster (Rupp, 1996;Olinger et al., 2016). ...
Headwater creeks are environments susceptible to invasion by non-native fishes. We evaluated the reproduction of 22 populations of the non-native livebearers guppy Poecilia reticulata, black molly Poecilia sphenops, Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera, green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii, southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, and variable platyfish Xiphophorus variatus during an annual cycle in five headwater creeks located in the largest South American ornamental aquaculture center, Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. With few exceptions, females of most species were found reproducing (stages 2, 3, 4) all year round in the creeks and gravid females of all species showed small sizes indicating stunting. Juveniles were frequent in all sites. The fecundity of the six poeciliids was always low in all periods. The sex ratio was biased for females in most species, both bimonthly as for the whole period. Water temperature, water level and rainfall were not significantly correlated with reproduction in any species. Therefore, most populations appeared well established. The pertinence of different management actions, such as devices to prevent fish escape, eradication with rotenone and research about negative effects on native species, is discussed in the light of current aquaculture practices in the region. Riachos de cabeceira são ambientes susceptíveis à invasão por peixes não-nativos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a reprodução de 22 populações dos poecilídeos não-nativos guppy Poecilia reticulata, molinésia preta Poecilia sphenops, molinésia Poecilia velifera, espadinha Xiphophorus hellerii, plati Xiphophorus maculatus e plati variado Xiphophorus variatus durante diferentes anos em cinco riachos de cabeceira localizados no maior polo de piscicultura ornamental da América do Sul, bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil. Foram encontradas fêmeas da maioria das espécies em reprodução (estágios 2, 3, 4), durante todos os anos nos riachos e fêmeas grávidas de todas as espécies apresentaram pequeno tamanho indicando nanismo. Juvenis de todas as espécies foram frequentes em todos os locais. A fecundidade das seis espécies sempre foi baixa em todos os períodos. Para os períodos bimestrais e totais, encontrou-se mais fêmeas que machos na maioria das espécies. Temperatura e nível de água dos riachos, bem como precipitação pluviométrica não foram correlacionadas com a reprodução. Todas as populações estão estabelecidas nos locais e ações de gerenciamento como dispositivos para impedir a fuga de peixes, erradicação com rotenona e pesquisa científica sobre os efeitos negativos nas espécies nativas são discutidas em relação às práticas de piscicultura na região.
... We also found gravid females of all non-native species with small sizes, which can indicate probable dwarfing or stunting. This phenomenon may be due to three reasons in the studied creeks: (i) intraspecific and interspecific competition due to overcrowding, (ii) low autochthonous food resources availability (typical of headwater habitats) and; (iii) increased survival rate due to the absence of large top predators (Olinger et al., 2016). ...
... All six poeciliid species produced small broods in comparison with larger broods recorded for these species introduced in other countries (Sa-nguansil, Lheknim, 2010;Froese, Pauly, 2016). According to Olinger et al. (2016), in upstream habitats (i.e. headwaters), female poeciliids have been shown to exhibit small broods and larger fingerlings when resources are scarce. ...
... headwaters), female poeciliids have been shown to exhibit small broods and larger fingerlings when resources are scarce. Small broods may give these non-native livebearers a competitive advantage over native oviparous species, because fry are larger, feed at birth, grow more quickly and become predators´ faster (Rupp, 1996;Olinger et al., 2016). ...
Headwater creeks are environments susceptible to invasion by non-native fishes. We evaluated the reproduction of 22 populations of the non-native livebearers guppy Poecilia reticulata, black molly Poecilia sphenops, Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera, green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii, southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, and variable platyfish Xiphophorus variatus during an annual cycle in five headwater creeks located in the largest South American ornamental aquaculture center, Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. With few exceptions, females of most species were found reproducing (stages 2, 3, 4) all year round in the creeks and gravid females of all species showed small sizes indicating stunting. Juveniles were frequent in all sites. The fecundity of the six poeciliids was always low in all periods. The sex ratio was biased for females in most species, both bimonthly as for the whole period. Water temperature, water level and rainfall were not significantly correlated with reproduction in any species. Therefore, most populations appeared well established. The pertinence of different management actions, such as devices to prevent fish escape, eradication with rotenone and research about negative effects on native species, is discussed in the light of current aquaculture practices in the region.
Poeciliids are widely recognised as successful invaders, possessing traits associated with invasion success. Native to Central America and south-eastern Mexico, the twospot livebearer (Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus) is a species recently recognised as invasive in both Central and Northern Mexico. Despite its invasive status, limited research exists on its invasion process and the potential threats it poses to native species. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on the twospot livebearer and mapped its current and potential distribution worldwide. The twospot livebearer shares similar traits with other successful invaders within the same family. Notably, it exhibits high fecundity throughout the year and demonstrates resilience to highly polluted and oxygen-deprived water conditions. This fish serves as a host for several parasites, including generalists, and has been extensively translocated for commercial purposes. Recently, it has also been used for biocontrol within its native range. Apart from existing outside its native range, the twospot livebearer, under current climate conditions and if transported there, could readily colonise biodiversity hotspots in tropical zones worldwide, including the Caribbean Islands, the Horn of Africa, North of the Madagascar Island, the south-eastern Brazil, and Asia-Pacific. Given that this fish is highly plastic and our Species Distribution Model, we consider that all areas with a habitat suitability >0.2 should prevent its arrival and establishment. Our findings underscore the urgent need to recognise this species as a threat to freshwater native topminnows and prevent its introduction and spread.
