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Pelvic girdle in dorsal view of (a) Lithodoras dorsalis, MZUSP 91562, 450 mm SL; (b) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 101693, 172.0 mm SL; (c) Hemidoras morei, MZUSP 32526, 153.2 mm SL. BAS basipterygium, lap anterolateral process, lp lateral process, map anteromedial process, PFR pelvic-fin rays, pp posterior process. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
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A phylogenetic analysis based on 311 morphological characters is presented for most species of the Doradidae, all genera of the Auchenipteridae, and representatives of 16 other catfish families. The hypothesis that was derived from the six most parsimonious trees support the monophyly of the South American Doradoidea (Doradidae plus Auchenipteridae...
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... The driftwood catfish family, Auchenipteridae, is a monophyletic clade supported by morphological and molecular synapomorphies (Birindelli, 2014;Calegari et al., 2019). This family is composed by 25 genera and 128 valid species (Fricke 2 relationships. ...
Centromochlinae is a widely diverse subfamily with more than 50 species and several taxonomic conflicts due to morphological similarity between Tatia and Centromochlus species. However, cytogenetic studies on this group have been limited to only four species so far. Therefore, here we present the karyotype of Centromochlus schultzi from the Xingu River in Brazil using classic cytogenetic techniques, physical mapping of the 5S and 18S rDNAs, and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n. The species had 58 chromosomes, simple NORs and 18S rDNA sites. Heterochromatic regions were detected on the terminal position of most chromosomes, including pericentromeric and centromeric blocks that correspond to interstitial telomeric sites. The 5S rDNA had multiple sites, including a synteny with the 18S rDNA in the pair 24st, which is an ancestral feature for Doradidae, sister group of Auchenipteridae, but appears to be a homoplastic trait in this species. So far, C. schultzi is only the second species within Centromochlus to be karyotyped, but it has already presented characteristics with great potential to assist in future discussions on taxonomic issues in the subfamily Centromochlinae, including the first synteny between rDNAs in Auchenipteridae and also the presence of heterochromatic ITSs that could represent remnants of ancient chromosomal fusions.
... According to Takagui et al. [2021], the ancestral diploid number for the Doradidae family still remains as an open question, but several lines of evidence support the 2n = 58 chromosomes as a plesiomorphic feature in the family and as the likely ancestral karyotype configuration. Furthermore, this diploid number also occurs in most species of Auchenipteridae [Lui et al., 2009[Lui et al., , 2010[Lui et al., , 2013a[Lui et al., , 2013b[Lui et al., , 2015Felicetti et al., 2021;Machado et al., 2021;Santos et al., 2021], the sister group to Doradidae family [Arce et al., 2013;Birindelli, 2014;Sabaj and Arce, 2021]. ...
Anadoras is a thorny catfish genus widespread through the Amazon and Paraguay basins. It includes two nominal species, Anadoras grypus and A. weddellii, plus Anadoras sp. “araguaia”, an undescribed species only recognized morphologically. Since Anadoras occupies a basal position within the Astrodoradinae phylogeny, it is crucial to identify its cytogenetic features to comprehend the mechanisms involved in the chromosomal diversification of this subfamily. Therefore, we performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis including all species of Anadoras. And, we applied a species delimitation analysis based on 600bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) to investigate the taxonomic status of the species. Cytogenetic markers revealed a high degree of similarity among Anadoras weddellii and Anadoras sp. “araguaia”: 2n=56 chromosomes (24m + 10sm + 22st/a), single NORs sites on pair 28a, and 5S rDNA sites on pair 15sm. Anadoras grypus has the most divergent chromosomal characteristics because even though it also has 2n=56 chromosomes, it exhibits several differences in the chromosome formula, heterochromatin distribution, and number/position of the rDNA sites. In sum, we believe that the chromosome diversification of Anadoras is due to four mechanisms: centric fusion, pericentric/paracentric inversions, non-reciprocal translocations, and activity of transposable elements. Additionally, our phylogenetic tree revealed well-supported clades and, by barcode species delimitation analysis, confirmed the existence of three molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), including the putative new species Anadoras sp. “araguaia”.
... Each part of the cranium was photographed using a Canon EOS 700D camera, while the image was edited using Adobe Photoshop CS6 version 13.0.1. Each part of the cranium was named by comparing the similarity of the shape and location of each part with the bone morphology of several fish species that Rojo had previously describedRojo (10), Lundberg et al. (24), and Birindelli (25). All observations were analyzed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. ...
To date, information related the skeletal morphology of fish in Indonesia is still limited. Therefore, we first described the morphology of the cranium of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) collected from an aquaculture pond in Aceh Province, Indonesia. In the present study, research methodology included the preparation of cranium, photographing, editing images, and identifying the terminology of the cranium. The cranium was prepared physically and chemically. Each part of the cranium was documented using a Canon EOS 700D camera and edited using Adobe Photoshop CS6. The cranium nomenclature was determined by comparing the similarity of the shape and location of each part of the fish cranium that has been studied previously. The cranium of African catfish was divided into two major parts, namely neurocranium (ossa neurocranii) and splanchnocranium (ossa splanchnocranii). Neurocranium had four regions belonging to ethmoidal, orbital, otic, and occipital, while splanchnocranium had five regions belonging to maxillaris, mandibularis, arcus mandibularis, arcus hyoideus, and apparatus opercular. The African catfish had a solid and thick neurocranium structure. however, orbital, arcus hyoideus, and opercular apparatus regions were not well developed. The results of this study could be used as a basis for further research, especially in taxonomy and the phylogeny of fish.
... The infranuchal scute is exceptionally composed of both an expanded tubule and an ossified ligament that runs between the nuchal region of the cranium and the rib supported by the sixth vertebra, which is the first long-formed rib. As such, the infranuchal scute represents an unambiguous synapomorphy for Doradidae (Birindelli, 2014). Another synapomorphy for doradids is the presence of Sörensen's ligament (Fig. 2), an unossified ligament between the anterolateral rim of the Müllerian disk and an ossified tubule or scute in the tympanic region (Birindelli, 2014). ...
... As such, the infranuchal scute represents an unambiguous synapomorphy for Doradidae (Birindelli, 2014). Another synapomorphy for doradids is the presence of Sörensen's ligament (Fig. 2), an unossified ligament between the anterolateral rim of the Müllerian disk and an ossified tubule or scute in the tympanic region (Birindelli, 2014). ...
... A few doradids (e.g., Rhinodoras Bleeker, 1862) often (2014) assembled the most comprehensive morphological data set to date to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Doradidae and its sister family Auchenipteridae. Based on those results, Birindelli (2014) firmly diagnosed Doradidae and proposed a new subfamily, Wertheimerinae. Other recent studies have described variation in gas bladder morphology (Birindelli et al., 2009), sperm morphology (Quagio-Grassiotto et al., 2011), bioacoustics (Kaatz, Stewart, 2012;Zebedin, Ladich, 2013;Knight, Ladich, 2014), digestive tube morphology (de Melo Germano et al., 2014) musculature (Arce H., 2015) and cytogenetics (Baumgärtner et al., 2018;Takagui et al., 2019). ...
... Auchenipterus nuchalis was the first species described for Auchenipterus Valenciennes, 1840, however, it was initially classified as Hypophthalmus nuchalis Spix and Agassiz, 1829 (Birindelli 2014). After the genus description, A. nuchalis was included and kept in Auchenipteridae since then, mainly due to the presence of sexual dimorphism (Miranda Ribeiro 1968), a character that proves to be very informative for the family (Calegari et al. 2019). ...
... Nonetheless, Entomocorus shares characters with Centromochlinae and other siluriforms and diverges by some diagnostic characteristics of Auchenipteridae (Reis and Borges 2006;Calegari et al. 2019). This set of characteristics shared among members of the clade and other groups of catfish, according to Birindelli (2014), is what could explain this group (Entomocorus (Auchenipterus (Epapterus)) as basal in the family, as proposed by Royero (1999). Regarding the relationship between Entomocorus and Centromochlinae, Bayesian Inference analyses (BI) based on molecular characters reinforced its inclusion in the subfamily, besides Entomocorus shares the genital tube anteriorly to the anal fin base and separated from its first rays like seen in members of Centromochlinae (Calegari et al. 2019). ...
... In Auchenipteridae, cytogenetic analyses are restricted to few species and most of them present diploid number of 58 chromosomes (e.g., Ravedutti and Júlio Jr. 2001;Fenocchio et al. 2008;Lui et al. 2009Lui et al. , 2010Lui et al. , 2013a, except Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura with 56 chromosomes (Fenocchio and Bertollo 1992;Lui et al. 2013b) and Centromochlus with 46 chromosomes (Kowalski et al. 2020) (Table 1), caused by fusion events confirmed by the presence of ITS (Interstitial Telomere Sequence) (Lui et al. 2013b). In Doradidae, sistergroup of Auchenipteridae (e.g., Pinna 1998;Sullivan et al. 2006Sullivan et al. , 2008Birindelli 2014;Calegari et al. 2019), the most frequent diploid number is also 58 chromosomes (Milhomen et al. 2008;Takagui et al. 2017Takagui et al. , 2019, which reinforces it as a basal condition for both families and it is also corroborated by the data obtained in the species of this study. In Neotropical fish, the variation of karyotypic formula among different populations of a given species or among species of the same family with maintenance of 2n is a common process resulted of chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions or translocations (Ravedutti and Júlio Jr. 2001;Fenocchio et al. 2008;Lui et al. 2009Lui et al. , 2013a, as seen in T. galeatus (cited as P. galeatus) and G. ribeiroi (Lui et al. 2010(Lui et al. , 2015. ...
According to Auchenipteridae initial morphological data, Auchenipterus and Entomocorus have been considered phylogenetically close, and cytogenetic analyses are limited only to Auchenipterus osteomystax. Herein, we provide the first cytogenetic results about Auchenipterus nuchalis from Araguaia River and Entomocorus radiosus from Paraguay River. These data were generated in order to contribute to the investigation of the Auchenipterus chromosomal diversity and to attempt to better understand the phylogenetic relationship of these Auchenipterinae genera, mainly due to the existence of incongruous characters between Entomocorus and Centromochlinae. The two species presented 2n=58 chromosomes and had different karyotype formulas. The heterochromatin distribution was primarily shown in terminal regions, along with interstitial and/or pericentromeric blocks in submetacentric/subtelocentric pairs in A. nuchalis and E. radiosus. Single and terminal AgNORs were confirmed by 18S rDNA for the analyzed species, differing from A. osteomystax (cited as A. nuchalis) from Upper Paraná River. The variation in the number of 5S rDNA between species and its equilocality in E. radiosus suggest that the dispersion of the gene associated with the amplification of heterochromatic regions in the interphase, possibly promoted by the Rabl model system. The differences found between the species of Auchenipterus can work as species-specific characters and assist in studies of these taxa, which historically have been wrongly identified as a single species with wide distribution throughout the Neotropical region, when they are actually different species. Furthermore, there are cytogenetic similarities between E. radiosus and members of Centromochlinae like pointed out by recent morphological and molecular analyses in the family.
... Acanthodoras are small Doradidae catfishes known to secrete a conspicuous milky-looking substance through an axillary pore just below the posterior cleithral process, which is considered to be poisonous by aquarium keepers (Burgess 1989). The few published studies that included species of Acanthodoras (e.g., Sabaj and Ferraris 2003;Birindelli 2014) deal with taxonomic and/or phylogenetic analyses, and do not refer this secretion. The genus is considered to include three valid species, Acanthodoras spinosissimus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888), Acanthodoras depressus (Steindachner, 1881), and Acanthodoras cataphractus (Linnaeus, 1758), distributed in the Amazon and Orinoco basins and coastal drainages of the Guianas (Sabaj and Ferraris 2003). ...
Acanthodoras is the only genus of catfish known to secrete a conspicuous and abundant milky-looking substance through an axillary pore located just below the base of the posterior cleithral process. Despite this remarkable feature, there is no published information on the anatomical structures that produce the secretion and its possible biological/ecological functions. Dissection and histological analysis of preserved specimens of A. spinosissimus revealed the presence of a saccular axillary gland with large, binuclear secretory cells, similar to those found in other poisonous catfish. Secretory cells near the lumen appear to lose nuclei and become filled with secretory products, possibly with proteinaceous elements, as indicated by their eosinophilic appearance. As far as we know, the saccular morphology of the gland appears to constitute a unique characteristic of Acanthodoras among Doradidae catfishes. Further studies are necessary to determine the chemical composition of the secretion, as well as its possible uses by the catfish in its natural environment.
... It is classified in the Doradidae family, and is known as "thorny catfish" or "talking catfish" as it produces sounds through the air bladder, the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra, known as the Mullerian ramus (Birindelli et al. 2009). It also presents one row of mediolateral scutes, each scute with a single posteriorly oriented spine, three pairs of barbels and a strong cephalic shield (Birindelli 2014;Birindelli and de Sousa 2018). ...
... In particular, the presence of scutes with poisonous thorns (Wright 2009;Birindelli 2014) in the spotted raphael catfish could increase its abundance by reducing predation mortality as in the case of Pterygoplichthys spp. (Hoover et al. 2014;Orfinger and Gooding 2018). ...
These are the first records of the spotted raphael catfish Agamyxis pectinifrons in a Mexican basin. Three adult specimens, two female and one undetermined, were collected in the floodplain of the Grijalva river near the Metropolitan Zone of Villahermosa. The presence of catfish is likely due to releases by aquarists. Whether this non-native catfish is able to settle and spread in the floodplain of the Grijalva basin is uncertain. If established, this detection will indicate another step in continuous increase in non-native catfish species in Mesoamerican basins dominated originally by native cichlid and poeciliid species.
... Os Doradidae são considerados grupo-irmão de Auchenipteridae, com os quais formam o grupo dos Doradoidea (Birindelli 2014). O primeiro estudo filogenético das relações entre os doradídeos, integrando dados morfológicos e moleculares, foi publicado por Moyer et al. (2004). ...
... O primeiro estudo filogenético efetivamente publicado sobre a família foi o de Curran(1989). As relações entre os Auchenipteridae (juntamente com Doradidae) foram revistas porBirindelli (2014).Calegari et al. (2019) realizaram a análise mais abrangente até o momento, integrando dados morfológicos e moleculares com base no princípio de evidência total. A filogenia da subfamília Centromochlinae, que inclui os gêneros Tatia, Centromochlus (9 spp.), Gelanoglanis, Gephhyromochlus (1 sp.), Glanidium e Tatia foi reanalisada com base em dados morfológicos por Sarmento-Soares &Martins-Pinheiro (2020). ...
The fish fauna occurring in Brazilian small streams comprises 36 families of teleost freshwater fishes. The systematics and phylogenetic knowledge about this fauna greatly expanded during the last two decades, but is still very heterogeneous. For some taxonomic groups there are taxonomic identification keys and well-documented phylogenetic hypotheses, while other groups are mostly comprised by poorly known species. The increase in the knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity was associated with the significant growth of hypotheses about their evolution and contributed to the understanding of the phylogenetic history of fish comunities and their structure in small streams.
... Tip of posterior cleithral process straight and blunt. The presence of a series of well-spaced aligned spines in AMU-CURS-1225 distinguishes this fossil from most species of Doradidae, as this is a characteristic feature of Astrodoradinae (Higuchi et al. 2007;Birindelli 2014). Among Astrodoradinae, only Amblydoras, Anadoras, and Astrodoras possess relatively large, distinct well-spaced spines that are aligned on the posterior cleithral process. ...
... Tip of posterior cleithral process somewhat tilted laterally. The presence of strong ridges (Fig. 8J2, J3), including a horizontal series of spines (even as denticulated ridges), distinguishes this fossil from most species of Doradidae, as this is a characteristic feature of Astrodoradinae (Higuchi et al. 2007;Birindelli 2014). The presence of denticulated longitudinal series and the distally curved posterior cleithral process is only present in Scorpiodoras (Fig. 8K1, K2). ...
The Pliocene–Pleistocene transition in the Neotropics is poorly understood despite the major climatic changes that occurred at the onset of the Quaternary. The San Gregorio Formation, the younger unit of the Urumaco Sequence, preserves a fauna that documents this critical transition. We report stingrays, freshwater bony fishes, amphibians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, aquatic and terrestrial turtles, and mammals. A total of 49 taxa are reported from the Vergel Member (late Pliocene) and nine taxa from the Cocuiza Member (Early Pleistocene), with 28 and 18 taxa reported for the first time in the Urumaco sequence and Venezuela, respectively. Our findings include the first fossil record of the freshwater fishes Megaleporinus, Schizodon, Amblydoras, Scorpiodoras, and the pipesnake Anilius scytale, all from Pliocene strata. The late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene ages proposed here for the Vergel and Cocuiza members, respectively, are supported by their stratigraphic position, palynology, nannoplankton, and 86Sr/88Sr dating. Mammals from the Vergel Member are associated with the first major pulse of the Great American Biotic Interchange. In contrast to the dry conditions prevailing today, the San Gregorio Formation documents mixed open grassland/forest areas surrounding permanent freshwater systems, following the isolation of the northern South American basin from western Amazonia. These findings support the hypothesis that range contraction of many taxa to their current distribution in northern South America occurred rapidly during at least the last 1.5 million years.
... The Centromochlinae is a well-supported subfamily within the Auchenipteridae and its species can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters relative to sexual dimorphism in adult males: anal fin with oblique orientation relative to body axis; urogenital papilla emerging from a cutaneous flap at base of anal fin; and proximal radials not interdigitated with hemal spines, but fused totally or partially part to form an insemination structure (Soares-Porto, 1998;Akama, 2004;Birindelli, 2014). Centromochlus Kner, 1858 is the type genus of Centromochlinae, and its species have undergone several taxonomic rearrangements over the years (Bleeker, 1862;Mees, 1974;Soares-Porto, 1998;Ferraris, 2007;Calegari et al., 2019;Sarmento-Soares & Martins-Pinheiro, 2020). ...
... Specimens were cleared and stained (CS) according to the protocol of Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Osteological nomenclature and vertebral counts follow Dahdul et al., (2010) including adaptations suggested by Birindelli (2014). Orientation of dentation on the pectoral-fin spine follows the scheme proposed by Vanscoy et al., (2015). ...
... On the other hand, Centromochlus schultzi has a wider distribution, in Tocantins-Araguaia and Xingu river basins. Until now, Centromochlus akwe is only known in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin, and it occurs in sympatry with C. schultzi (Figure 10), despite both having six or seven branched rays in the anal-fin while Centromochlus usually has five or six, as noted by Birindelli (2014), they are easily distinguished by the color pattern (see diagnosis and color description). Color pattern variation is quite common among neotropical freshwater fishes. ...
The genus Centromochlus includes eight catfish species in the Amazon and Orinoco river systems: C. schultzi from Xingu and Tocantins-Araguaia rivers; C. melanoleucus from Tapajós and Teles Pires rivers; C. macracanthus from Negro River; C. orca from Nhamundá River; C. heckelii and C. existimatus from Amazon and additionally at the Essequibo rivers; C. carolae and C. musaica from Orinoco River system. Recent field expeditions and collection examination revealed an undescribed species of Centromochlinae that has compatible features with Centromochlus. We herein describe a new species of Centromochlus from the Tocantins-Araguaia River drainage, diagnosed among most Centromochlinae by having a vermiculated color pattern on the dorsum and included in Centromochlus by sharing the derived features: ventrolateral position of eye socket; sphenotic notched for the exit of infraorbital canal; and posterior serrations along pectoral-fin spine numerous. The new species is diagnosed from congeners by having the pectoral-fin spine with dark bars, alternating with light bars (vs. pectoral-fin spine with light and uniform color in all Centromochlus); and it is further distinguished from its congeners (except C. carolae) by the ventral surface of head moderate to largely pigmented (vs. ventral surface of head unpigmented in C. heckelii, C. existimatus, C. orca, C. musaicus, C. schultzi, with few scattered dark chromatophores in C. macracanthus and C. melanoleucus; see diagnosis). A discussion about the systematics of the genus, plus the conservation status of the new species, and an identification key to species of Centromochlus, are also provided.
