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(a) Acanthodoras cataphractus, MZUSP 103284, 76.6 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (b) Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 92759, approximately 55 mm SL, rio Amazonas, Santarém, Pará, photographed live by Leandro Sousa; (c) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, MZUSP 86807, 123 mm SL, río Apure, Arismendi, Venezuela; (d) Doras zuanoni, INPA uncatalogued, approximately 110 mm SL, rio Araguaia basin, photographed live by Jansen Zuanon.
Source publication
A phylogenetic analysis based on 311 morphological characters is presented for most species of the Doradidae, all genera of the Auchenipteridae, and representatives of 16 other catfish families. The hypothesis that was derived from the six most parsimonious trees support the monophyly of the South American Doradoidea (Doradidae plus Auchenipteridae...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... doradids Acanthodoras, Agamyxis, Doras zuanoni, Orinocodoras eigenmanni, and Platydoras (except P. costatus) have a very distinct coloration of head and body, consisting of black background with pale conspicuous blotches and/or stripes (yellow in life) (Fig. 3). This color pattern is related to the elaborate behavior of cleaning fishes in Platydoras armatulus , and possibly also in the others. All other examined species have pale or brown background color, uniform or covered by dark or pale (faint white in life) blotches and/or ...
Context 2
... et al., 2009: fig. 18), and in the auchenipterid Ageneiosus (except A. atronasus, A. brevis, A. pardalis, and A. piperatus Pérez. 1972: 23;Ferraris, 1988: #V9;Walsh, 1990: #24;Royero, 1999: #147;Akama, 2004: #74;. Only a few other catfishes have a somewhat similar condition, including the bagrid Rheoglanis dendrophorus (see Chardon, 1968: fig. 35), and the pimelodids Callophysus, Luciopimelodus, Aguarunichthys, and Pinirampus (Chardon, 1968;Stewart, 1986). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterids Pseudotatia and ...
Context 3
... from the main bladder by a basal constriction. Scorpiodoras, and auchenipterids Auchenipterichthys, and Tetranematichthys (Fig. 13;Britski, 1972: 33;Higuchi, 1992: #114;Akama 2004: #72;Sousa, 2010: #94;. The same condition is also present in members of the Malapteruridae (Bridge & Haddon, 1892: fig. 71), Pangasiidae (Bridge & Haddon, 1892: fig. 93), and in some species of the Ictaluridae (Lundberg, 1970: #91) and Pimelodidae (Lundberg & Akama, 2005). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterids Pseudotatia and ...
Context 4
... Lithodoras, Megalodoras, Pterodoras, Orinocodoras, Oxydoras, and Rhinodoras ( Fig. 15a; Sousa, 2010: #100). The same condition is also present in the Ariidae (Bridge & Haddon, 1892: fig. 44;Marceniuk & Birindelli, 2010), Bagridae (Bridge & Haddon, 1892: fig. 18), Heptapteridae (Chardon, 1968: fig. 57), and Pimelodidae (Bridge & Haddon, 1892: fig. 34). All other examined taxa have a gas bladder without inner trabeculae. This character was coded as missing data for auchenipterids Pseudotatia and Spinipterus. 41. Lateral diverticula on gas bladder (ordered): 0-absent; 1- present only on the main bladder; 2-present on the main bladder and on the secondary chamber of the bladder (CI ...
Context 5
... most catfishes, a thin layer of skin covers the anterior and posterior portions of the mesethmoid (Figs. 20-28, 30-31). However, in the doradids Trachydoras steindachneri, and auchenipterids Liosomadoras, Trachelyopterus, Trachelyopterichthys, Trachycorystes, and Spinipterus (latter based on Akama & Ferraris, 2011: fig. 3), the anterior portion of the mesethmoid is covered by a thick layer of skin and distinct from the posterior region, which is covered by a thin layer of skin ( Fig. 29; Higuchi, 1992: ...
Context 6
... distinct ventral process (CI 1.0, RI 1.0). The anteroventral portion of the mesethmoid in most catfishes is ventrally flattened. However, in the species of Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and there is an anteroventral keel on the mesethmoid to which are connected the reduced premaxillae (Fig. 32a). Furthermore, in the doradid Trachydoras this keel is developed into a distinct ventral process (Fig. ...
Context 7
... ventrally flattened. However, in the species of Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and there is an anteroventral keel on the mesethmoid to which are connected the reduced premaxillae (Fig. 32a). Furthermore, in the doradid Trachydoras this keel is developed into a distinct ventral process (Fig. ...
Context 8
... Pterodoras granulosus, and Wertheimeria, the anterior cranial fontanel is divided into two openings by a thin bridge between frontals (Figs. 21, 23;Eigenmann, 1925: 284;Higuchi, 1992: #10, #A19;Sousa, 2010: #14). In the auchenipterid Auchenipterus, the anterior cranial fontanel is divided into two openings by a wide bridge between frontals (Fig. 30). This character was coded as polymorphic (0,1) for the auchenipterids Tatia and Centromochlus, and doradids Acanthodoras, Kalyptodoras, Platydoras armatulus, Pterodoras granulosus, and ...
Context 9
... vomer is present on the ventral face of the cranium in most catfishes (Fig. 33). However, in the examined specimen of the auchenipterid Gelanoglanis the vomer is absent, corroborating the observation of Ferraris (1988: #N11), a condition not mentioned in Soares-Porto (1998) and SoaresPorto et al. (1999). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 10
... catfishes have a T-shaped vomer with distinct anterior processes ( Fig. 33a; Lundberg, 1970). However, the vomer is shaped as an "I", with rudimentary lateral processes anteriorly in the Diplomystidae (Arratia, 1992: #50), Malapteruridae, Nematogenyidae, species of Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Tenellus, and Trachydoras (Higuchi, 1992: #14), and auchenipterids ...
Context 11
... However, the vomer is shaped as an "I", with rudimentary lateral processes anteriorly in the Diplomystidae (Arratia, 1992: #50), Malapteruridae, Nematogenyidae, species of Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Tenellus, and Trachydoras (Higuchi, 1992: #14), and auchenipterids Ageneiosus and Tetranematichthys ( Fig. 33b; Britski, 1972: 23;Ferraris, 1988: #N18;Walsh, 1990: #3;Akama, 2004: #24). Soares-Porto (1998: #11) described the vomer as I-shaped in two species of Centromochlus not included in the present study. This character was coded as inapplicable for the auchenipterid Gelanoglanis, which lacks the vomer; and as missing data for the ...
Context 12
... examined species, the lateral process of the basioccipital is present and clearly distinct only in members of the Ariidae (except Galeichthys), Aspredinidae, Auchenipteridae, Claroteidae, Doradidae, Erethistidae, Mochokidae, and Sisoridae ( Fig. 33; Royero, 1999: #46;Vigliotta, 2008: #13;Marceniuk et al., 2012: #75). This feature was proposed by Lundberg (1993: 180) as support for grouping the undescribed fossil "Titanoglanis" with the Ariidae, Auchenipteridae, Doradidae and Mochokidae. This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 13
... ventral face of the basioccipital is flat, without a ventral extension, in most catfishes ( Fig. 34a-b). However, the doradid Hassar has the basioccipital extended as a ring that surrounds the aorta ventrally ( Fig. 34c; , and the doradid Trachydoras has the basioccipital ventrally extended as a lamina ( Fig. 34d; Higuchi, 1992: #41). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 14
... ventral face of the basioccipital is flat, without a ventral extension, in most catfishes ( Fig. 34a-b). However, the doradid Hassar has the basioccipital extended as a ring that surrounds the aorta ventrally ( Fig. 34c; , and the doradid Trachydoras has the basioccipital ventrally extended as a lamina ( Fig. 34d; Higuchi, 1992: #41). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 15
... ventral face of the basioccipital is flat, without a ventral extension, in most catfishes ( Fig. 34a-b). However, the doradid Hassar has the basioccipital extended as a ring that surrounds the aorta ventrally ( Fig. 34c; , and the doradid Trachydoras has the basioccipital ventrally extended as a lamina ( Fig. 34d; Higuchi, 1992: #41). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 16
... most catfishes, the exoccipital contacts the neural arch of the complex vertebra via cartilage ( Fig. 35a; Arratia, 1987). However, in members of the Auchenipteridae and Doradidae, those two bones are sutured together ( Fig. 35g; Ferraris, 1988: #V1; de Pinna, 1993: #190; Royero, 1999: #49; Akama, 2004: #45). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 17
... most catfishes, the exoccipital contacts the neural arch of the complex vertebra via cartilage ( Fig. 35a; Arratia, 1987). However, in members of the Auchenipteridae and Doradidae, those two bones are sutured together ( Fig. 35g; Ferraris, 1988: #V1; de Pinna, 1993: #190; Royero, 1999: #49; Akama, 2004: #45). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 18
... is interpreted as the posttemporal fossa, and is absent in all other examined taxa. This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid Spinipterus. The transcapular process is at an angle of approximately 45° relative to the body axis in the auchenipterids Ageneiosus, Auchenipterus, Epapterus, Pseudepapterus, and Tetranematichthys ( Fig. 36a; Royero, 1999: #47;Akama, 2004: #44). In all other examined taxa, that process is approximately transverse to the body axis ( Fig. 36b-d). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 19
... auchenipterid Spinipterus. The transcapular process is at an angle of approximately 45° relative to the body axis in the auchenipterids Ageneiosus, Auchenipterus, Epapterus, Pseudepapterus, and Tetranematichthys ( Fig. 36a; Royero, 1999: #47;Akama, 2004: #44). In all other examined taxa, that process is approximately transverse to the body axis ( Fig. 36b-d). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 20
... the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and Trachydoras, the transcapular process is ventrally extended into a bony lamina, associated with the dorsally extended coracoid, serving as a bony diaphragm ( Figs. 34b-d; Eigenmann, 1925: 287;Higuchi, 1992: #29, #30, #41). The transcapular process is blunt, not extended ventrally in all other examined species (Fig. 34a). The nasal of catfishes is usually a tubular bone associated to the supraorbital canal, with a lateral branch that is variably ossified (Figs. 20-21, 25-27, 30-31). However, in the ...
Context 21
... Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and Trachydoras, the transcapular process is ventrally extended into a bony lamina, associated with the dorsally extended coracoid, serving as a bony diaphragm ( Figs. 34b-d; Eigenmann, 1925: 287;Higuchi, 1992: #29, #30, #41). The transcapular process is blunt, not extended ventrally in all other examined species (Fig. 34a). The nasal of catfishes is usually a tubular bone associated to the supraorbital canal, with a lateral branch that is variably ossified (Figs. 20-21, 25-27, 30-31). However, in the examined species of doradids Kalyptodoras and Platydoras (except Platydoras sp.), and auchenipterids Tatia, Trachelyopterus galeatus, Trachelyopterichthys, ...
Context 22
... the auchenipterids Auchenipterus, Epapterus, and Pseudepapterus, the suture between infraorbital 1 and the lateral ethmoid is elongate, extended over most of medial margin Fig. 30 ;Ferraris, 1988: #I9;Royero, 1999: #8;Akama, 2004: #96); whereas in other catfishes this contact is relatively short, or eventually absent in some specimens (Figs. 20-29, ...
Context 23
... most catfishes, infraorbital 1 is shaped as a sickle with the anterior portion anteriorly acute and notably smaller than its posterior portion ( Fig. 37a; Lundberg, 1970: fig. 55; Arratia, 1987: fig. 13; Sabaj fig. 4A). However, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras carinatus, D. higuchii, D. micropoeus, Hassar, and Leptodoras, the infraorbital 1 has an expanded anterior portion, which is similar in size to the posterior portion ( Fig. 37b; ...
Context 24
... acute and notably smaller than its posterior portion ( Fig. 37a; Lundberg, 1970: fig. 55; Arratia, 1987: fig. 13; Sabaj fig. 4A). However, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras carinatus, D. higuchii, D. micropoeus, Hassar, and Leptodoras, the infraorbital 1 has an expanded anterior portion, which is similar in size to the posterior portion ( Fig. 37b; ...
Context 25
... second posteriormost infraorbital (= infraorbital 3 of most auchenipterids and doradids) is plate-like in doradids Acanthodoras, Agamyxis, Kalyptodoras, Lithodoras, Megalodoras, Platydoras (except Platydoras sp.), and Pterodoras ( Figs. 22, 23; Higuchi, 1992: #26, #27), whereas in other examined taxa the structure is tubular (Figs. 20-21, 24, 26-27, 31). The infraorbital 2 is plate-like in Acanthodoras, Agamyxis, Kalyptodoras, and Platydoras (except Platydoras sp.) (Fig. 22;Higuchi, 1992: #25), whereas it is tubular in all other examined taxa (Figs. 20-21, 23-24, 26-27, 31 ...
Context 26
... into smaller canals with multiple pores near the skin in the Ariidae, Pangasiidae, Pimelodidae, and Plotosidae (Lundberg, 1970;Arratia, 1992 The lateral line is sinusoidal in all species of the Auchenipteridae ( Figs. 38b-d;Ferraris, 1988: #I12;Akama, 2004: #97), except for the examined species of Gelanoglanis, Glanidium, Tatia, and Spinipterus (Fig. 38a). Ferraris (1988: #I12) mentioned that this feature is present in the auchenipterids Centromochlus, Glanidium, and Tatia, and Akama (2004: #97) in Glanidium and Tatia, but the only specimens of Centromochlinae examined herein with sinusoidal lateral line are those of Centromochlus heckelii (Fig. 38b). The lateral line is straight in ...
Context 27
... Gelanoglanis, Glanidium, Tatia, and Spinipterus (Fig. 38a). Ferraris (1988: #I12) mentioned that this feature is present in the auchenipterids Centromochlus, Glanidium, and Tatia, and Akama (2004: #97) in Glanidium and Tatia, but the only specimens of Centromochlinae examined herein with sinusoidal lateral line are those of Centromochlus heckelii (Fig. 38b). The lateral line is straight in other examined ...
Context 28
... auchenipterids (except Ageneiosus, Auchenipterus, Entomocorus, Epapterus, Gelanoglanis, Pseudepapterus, Spinipterus and Tetranematichthys) have vertical rows of neuromasts dorsal to the lateral line ( Fig. 38d; Ferraris, 1988: #I13); a condition absent in all other examined ...
Context 29
... most doradids, each midlateral scute has a retrorse thorn (Figs. 39b-f). In Wertheimeria, however, the midlateral scutes are usually smooth (without spines) and covered by thick skin (Fig. 39a). Retrorse thorns are present only in the midlateral scutes of the caudal peduncle in specimens up to 75 mm SL of Wertheimeria. This character was coded as inapplicable for all non-Doradidae taxa, which lack ...
Context 30
... most doradids, each midlateral scute has a retrorse thorn (Figs. 39b-f). In Wertheimeria, however, the midlateral scutes are usually smooth (without spines) and covered by thick skin (Fig. 39a). Retrorse thorns are present only in the midlateral scutes of the caudal peduncle in specimens up to 75 mm SL of Wertheimeria. This character was coded as inapplicable for all non-Doradidae taxa, which lack midlateral ...
Context 31
... the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Tenellus, and Trachydoras, the midlateral scutes are oblique, at an approximately 60° angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the body, with the dorsal wing anterior to the ventral wing (Fig. 39f). This character was coded as inapplicable for all non- Doradidae taxa, which lack midlateral scutes. 121. Depth of midlateral scutes: 0-generally one-fifth to one- half of body depth at anal-fin origin; 1-generally more than half of body depth at anal-fin origin (CI 0.5, RI 0.667). In doradids Acanthodoras, Agamyxis, Astrodoras, ...
Context 32
... to one- half of body depth at anal-fin origin; 1-generally more than half of body depth at anal-fin origin (CI 0.5, RI 0.667). In doradids Acanthodoras, Agamyxis, Astrodoras, Platydoras armatulus, P. brachylecis, P. hancockii (among examined species), the midlateral scutes are deep, with depth more than half of body depth at anal-fin origin ( Fig. 39c; Higuchi, 1992: A64; Sabaj, 2002: #22; Sousa, 2010: #29). In other doradids the midlateral scutes are shallower (Fig. 39a- b,d-f). This character was coded as inapplicable for all non- doradid taxa, which lack midlateral ...
Context 33
... 0.667). In doradids Acanthodoras, Agamyxis, Astrodoras, Platydoras armatulus, P. brachylecis, P. hancockii (among examined species), the midlateral scutes are deep, with depth more than half of body depth at anal-fin origin ( Fig. 39c; Higuchi, 1992: A64; Sabaj, 2002: #22; Sousa, 2010: #29). In other doradids the midlateral scutes are shallower (Fig. 39a- b,d-f). This character was coded as inapplicable for all non- doradid taxa, which lack midlateral ...
Context 34
... all have an elongate, rod-like maxilla (Figs. 25, 27, 33b; Higuchi, 1992: #44; Sousa, 2010: ...
Context 35
... most catfishes, the coronomeckelian bone is a small bony bridge surrounding the meckelian cartilage and extended immediately posterior to the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve (Fig. 43b). However, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Franciscodoras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Kalyptodoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Orinocodoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Platydoras sp., Rhinodoras, Rhynchodoras, Tenellus, Trachydoras, Wertheimeria, and some specimens of Pterodoras granulosus ( Fig. 43a; de Pinna, 1993: #51; Britto, 2002: #159; Sousa, ...
Context 36
... posterior to the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve (Fig. 43b). However, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Franciscodoras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Kalyptodoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Orinocodoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Platydoras sp., Rhinodoras, Rhynchodoras, Tenellus, Trachydoras, Wertheimeria, and some specimens of Pterodoras granulosus ( Fig. 43a; de Pinna, 1993: #51; Britto, 2002: #159; Sousa, 2010: #35), the coronomeckelian bone is anteriorly extended, surrounding the mandibular ramus of the Among examined specimens, the coronoid process of the lower jaw is absent only in the Mochokidae and auchenipterid Asterophysus (de Pinna, 1993: #50; Britto, 2002: #151; Diogo, 2004: ...
Context 37
... the Malapteruridae, ariid Genidens (Marceniuk et al., 2012: #108), and the auchenipterids Auchenipterus, Entomocorus, Epapterus, and Pseudepapterus, one or two ventral processes are present on the dentary. Those processes are probably associated with the mental barbels ( Fig. 30; Ferraris, 1988: #J17;Akama, 2004: #53). In all other examined specimens those processes are absent. This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 38
... catfishes have numerous small teeth arranged in several rows on the dentary (Fig. 43). However, reduction in the number of teeth on the dentary occurs in some ...
Context 39
... most catfishes, the teeth are inserted directed on the surface of the dentary bone (Fig. 43). However, in all species of the Mochokidae (except Mochokiella and Mochokus), the dentary has a deep depression that supports the teeth (Vigliotta, 2008: #30, #32). A similar condition occurs in the Amphiliidae, Loricariidae, and Astroblepidae (de Pinna, 1993: #49; Britto, 2002: #160; Diogo, 2004: ...
Context 40
... most catfishes, the articulation between the hyomandibula and cranium is through the pterotic and sphenotic ( Fig. 33b; Mo, 1991: #21;Arratia, 1992: #35;Royero, 1999: #56;Britto, 2002: #181). However, in the Diplomystidae, Nematogenyidae and Mochokidae (except Mochokus) the articulation also occurs through the prootic (Alexander, 1965: 97;Arratia, ...
Context 41
... Wertheimeria, the hyomandibula articulates with the cranium only via the sphenotic (Fig. 33a). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 42
... between metapterygoid and lateral ethmoid or vomer) is relatively small in most catfishes ( Fig. 44; Britto, 2002: #186;Arratia, 1992: #20-21;Vigliotta, 2008: #44). However, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Tenellus, and Trachydoras, the entopterygoid is relatively large, larger than the metapterygoid (Figs. 26, 27, 33b; Britski, 1972: 23;Higuchi, 1992: #50, #51;Sousa, 2010: #41). This character was coded as inapplicable for the Claroteidae and mochokids Mochokiella and Mochokus (Vigliotta, 2008: #44); and as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 43
... pharyngobranchial toothplate is rounded, with its length slightly greater than its width, in most catfishes (Figs. 53-54). However, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and Trachydoras, the pharyngobranchial tooth plate is elongate, with its length approximately twice its width. In the auchenipterid Asterophysus it is extremely elongate, with its length approximately three times its ...
Context 44
... the doradids Orinocodoras and Rhinodoras, the first vertebra is laterally expanded, which results in a somewhat trapezoidal shape in ventral view ( Fig. 36b; Higuchi, 1992: #63). In other examined taxa, lateral expansions are absent from the first vertebra (Fig. 36a,d, 35). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 45
... the doradids Orinocodoras and Rhinodoras, the first vertebra is laterally expanded, which results in a somewhat trapezoidal shape in ventral view ( Fig. 36b; Higuchi, 1992: #63). In other examined taxa, lateral expansions are absent from the first vertebra (Fig. 36a,d, 35). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 46
... doradids Anduzedoras and Leptodoras have a pair of conjoined bony capsules on the ventral surface of the anterior vertebrae ( Fig. 36c; Higuchi, 1992: #64;Birindelli & Sousa, 2010), absent in other examined taxa (Figs. 35, 36a-b,d). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid Spinipterus. . Shape of bony capsules on anterior vertebrae (unordered): 0-small, with large posterior opening; 1-small, with small posterior opening; 2-large, with small ...
Context 47
... doradids Anduzedoras and Leptodoras have a pair of conjoined bony capsules on the ventral surface of the anterior vertebrae ( Fig. 36c; Higuchi, 1992: #64;Birindelli & Sousa, 2010), absent in other examined taxa (Figs. 35, 36a-b,d). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid Spinipterus. . Shape of bony capsules on anterior vertebrae (unordered): 0-small, with large posterior opening; 1-small, with small posterior opening; 2-large, with small posterior opening (CI 1.0, RI ...
Context 48
... most catfishes, the anterior ramus of the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra is truncated distally and sutured to the transcapular process ( Fig. 35b; Bridge & Haddon, 1892;Chardon, 1968). However, this attachment is lost, and the ramus becomes flexible (= Müllerian ramus) and associated with a modified muscle (= protractor muscle of the Müllerian ramus) in some catfishes. This modified set of structures forms the elastic spring apparatus as initially described by Müller (1842a, ...
Context 49
... the Ariidae (except Galeichthys), the Müllerian ramus is largely unmodified, except for its freedom from the transcapular process and distal point ( Fig. 35d; Tavolga, 1962;Marceniuk & Birindelli, 2010). In the species of Mochokidae, the Müllerian ramus is modified with a long thin base and rounded distal disc, the latter attached to the ventral face of the gas bladder ( Fig. 35f; Vigliotta, 2008;Ladich, 2001). In the species of Malapteruridae and Pangasiidae, the Müllerian ramus is similar ...
Context 50
... the Müllerian ramus is largely unmodified, except for its freedom from the transcapular process and distal point ( Fig. 35d; Tavolga, 1962;Marceniuk & Birindelli, 2010). In the species of Mochokidae, the Müllerian ramus is modified with a long thin base and rounded distal disc, the latter attached to the ventral face of the gas bladder ( Fig. 35f; Vigliotta, 2008;Ladich, 2001). In the species of Malapteruridae and Pangasiidae, the Müllerian ramus is similar to the one present in mochokids, although it is more rectangular and elongate than disc-like (state 2). In the species of Auchenipteridae and Doradidae, the Müllerian ramus is also greatly modified with a thin short base and ...
Context 51
... the Müllerian ramus is similar to the one present in mochokids, although it is more rectangular and elongate than disc-like (state 2). In the species of Auchenipteridae and Doradidae, the Müllerian ramus is also greatly modified with a thin short base and rounded distal disc, the latter attached to the dorsal face of the gas bladder ( Fig. 35h; Bridge & Haddon, 1892;Regan, 1911;Alexander, 1965: 110;Chardon, 1968;Britski, 1972: 20;Curran, 1989: #17;Royero, 1999: #67, #71; Akama, 2004: #66, #76). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid Spinipterus. In all species of Auchenipteridae (except Ageneiosus and Centromochlus heckelii), Doradidae (except ...
Context 52
... Tenellus, Trachydoras (Eigenmann, 1925: 297;Higuchi, 1992: #67) and the auchenipterid Centromochlus heckelii (Britski, 1972: 20;Ferraris, 1988: #V8;Soares-Porto, 1996: #16;Royero, 1999: #67;Akama, 2004: #68), the disc of the Müllerian ramus is shaped as a cone, posteriorly protruded against the wall of the bladder causing it to become indented (Fig. 36c). In the doradid Physopyxis (Sousa, 2010: #46) and in large-sized species of the auchenipterid Ageneiosus (including A. inermis) the disc of the Müllerian ramus is compact, reduced in size (Britski, 1972: 20;Ferraris, 1988: #V3;Walsh, 1990: #23;Higuchi, 1992: #A52;Royero, 1999: #74;Akama, 2004: #67). This character was coded as ...
Context 53
... catfishes have the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra with anterior and posterior rami (Fig. 35b,d,f). However, the posterior ramus of the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra is absent in the species of Auchenipteridae and Doradidae (Figs. 35h, 36; Regan, 1911;Vigliotta, 2008: #79). This character was coded as innaplicable for the auchenipterid ...
Context 54
... catfishes have the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra with anterior and posterior rami (Fig. 35b,d,f). However, the posterior ramus of the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra is absent in the species of Auchenipteridae and Doradidae (Figs. 35h, 36; Regan, 1911;Vigliotta, 2008: #79). This character was coded as innaplicable for the auchenipterid ...
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... of the fifth vertebra is relatively large, distinctly larger than those of the subsequent vertebrae (de Pinna, 1996: #57, #62;Britto, 2002: #231;Diogo, 2004: #138). The parapophysis of the fifth vertebra in doradids (except Leptodoras juruensis) and auchenipterids (except Gelanoglanis) is reduced in size, or occasionally [or rarely] absent (Figs. 35g,h, 36; Bridge & Haddon, 1892: 230;Regan, 1911;Alexander, 1965: 111;Vigliotta, 2008: #80). In specimens of Auchenipteridae and Doradidae, the parapophysis may be present on one side of a specimen, but absent on the other. In examined species of the auchenipterid Gelanoglanis and doradid Leptodoras juruensis, the parapophysis of the fifth ...
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... 111;Vigliotta, 2008: #80). In specimens of Auchenipteridae and Doradidae, the parapophysis may be present on one side of a specimen, but absent on the other. In examined species of the auchenipterid Gelanoglanis and doradid Leptodoras juruensis, the parapophysis of the fifth vertebra is moderate in size, similar to those of subsequent vertebrae (Fig. 36c). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
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... complex vertebra is covered ventrally by a superficial ossification in most catfishes (Figs. 35a,b,e,f). However, in members of the ariid Genidens (Alexander, 1964: 435;Arratia, 1992: #55;Marceniuk et al., 2012: #69), Aspredinidae, Auchenipteridae (except Auchenipterus, Epapterus, Pseudotatia), Doradidae (except Rhynchodoras), Erethistidae, mochokid Chiloglanis, the superficial ossification also covers the aorta, forming the aortic canal ...
Context 58
... 35a,b,e,f). However, in members of the ariid Genidens (Alexander, 1964: 435;Arratia, 1992: #55;Marceniuk et al., 2012: #69), Aspredinidae, Auchenipteridae (except Auchenipterus, Epapterus, Pseudotatia), Doradidae (except Rhynchodoras), Erethistidae, mochokid Chiloglanis, the superficial ossification also covers the aorta, forming the aortic canal (Figs. 35c,d,g,h, 36; Higuchi, 1992: #71, #72;Sousa, 2010: #49). Some specimens of the auchenipterids Centromochlus, Liosomadoras and Tatia, and doradid Rhinodoras dorbignyi present ventrally opened aortic canal whereas others have it closed; this character was coded as polymorphic for these taxa. This character was coded as missing data for the ...
Context 59
... only in the doradids Oxydoras niger and O. sifontesi ( Fig. 25; Higuchi, 1992: #A53). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid Spinipterus. In most catfishes, the anterior ribs articulate with the ventral face of the parapophysis (the posterior ribs are articulated either to the posterior or dorsal face of the parapophysis) (Figs. 35b,d,f). However, in the Auchenipteridae and Doradidae the anterior ribs articulate with the dorsal face of the parapophysis (Figs. 35h, 36 ;Ferraris, 1988: #V12;Vigliotta, 2008: #84). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
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... auchenipterid Spinipterus. In most catfishes, the anterior ribs articulate with the ventral face of the parapophysis (the posterior ribs are articulated either to the posterior or dorsal face of the parapophysis) (Figs. 35b,d,f). However, in the Auchenipteridae and Doradidae the anterior ribs articulate with the dorsal face of the parapophysis (Figs. 35h, 36 ;Ferraris, 1988: #V12;Vigliotta, 2008: #84). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
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... the auchenipterids Ageneiosus and Tetranematichthys the cephalic-shield bones are trabeculate ( Fig. 31; Britski, 1972: 12;Royero, 1999: #30), whereas they are compact in all other examined taxa (Fig. ...
Context 62
... and loss of this element, leaving the space to be occupied by the middle nuchal plate (Birindelli et al., 2007: 680). Nevertheless, in some other catfishes (e.g., Akysidae, Erethistidae, Scoloplacidae, Sisoridae, and callichthyids Aspidoras and Corydoras), the anterior nuchal plate may actually fuse into the middle nuchal plate ( de Pinna, 1996: fig. 35; Britto, 2002: #280). This character was coded as inapplicable in the Amblycipitidae, Amphiliidae, Astroblepidae, Clariidae, Loricariidae, Malapteruridae, Nematogenyidae, Trichomycteridae, and Siluridae, which lack a supraneural; and as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 63
... most catfishes, the middle nuchal plate is separated from the parietal-supraoccipital (Figs. 20-26, 28-30). However, there is contact between the middle nuchal plate and the parietal- supraoccipital in the auchenipterids Ageneiosus, Gelanoglanis, Glanidium cesarpintoi, Pseudepapterus, Tetranematichthys, and some species of Centromochlus ( Fig. 31; Britski, 1972: 27;Ferraris, 1988: #D3;Walsh, 1990: #4; Soares-Porto, 1998: #9; Royero, 1999: ...
Context 64
... catfishes, the first two dorsal-fin pterygiophores (and usually the supraneural) are sutured to their corresponding neural spines, only in the Auchenipteridae, Chacidae, Doradidae, and Mochokidae ( Fig. 35e,g ;1972: 26;Royero, 1987;Royero, 1999: #75;Britto, 2002: #286;Akama, 2004: #125) whereas in other catfishes they are apart or united only by ligaments (Fig. 35a-c). This character was coded as inapplicable for the Malapteruridae, which lack a middle nuchal plate; and as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 65
... the first two dorsal-fin pterygiophores (and usually the supraneural) are sutured to their corresponding neural spines, only in the Auchenipteridae, Chacidae, Doradidae, and Mochokidae ( Fig. 35e,g ;1972: 26;Royero, 1987;Royero, 1999: #75;Britto, 2002: #286;Akama, 2004: #125) whereas in other catfishes they are apart or united only by ligaments (Fig. 35a-c). This character was coded as inapplicable for the Malapteruridae, which lack a middle nuchal plate; and as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 66
... the auchenipterids Centromochlus existimatus and C. heckelii, the dorsal-fin spine is elongate, approximately one- third of the SL (Soares-Porto, 1998: #23). In the auchenipterids Epapterus and Pseudepapterus, on the other hand, the dorsal- fin spine is extremely reduced in size and thickness ( Fig. 38c; Britski, 1972: 27;Ferraris, 1988: #D13;Curran, 1989: #14;Ferraris, & Vari, 2000;Akama, 2004: #127). This character was coded as inapplicable for the Malapteruridae, which lack a dorsal ...
Context 67
... smaller than that of longitudinal portion). In the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and Trachydoras, the dorsoposterior border of the coracoid is extremely elevated dorsally, forming a bony diaphragm, and strongly associated with the ventral process of the transcapular process (Figs. 34b-d, 60e,f; Higuchi, 1992: #102; Sousa, 2010: #72). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
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... anteromedial process of the basipterygium is distinct in most catfishes (Figs. 62a, 63a). However, they are partially incorporated in the basipterygium by a bony lamina in the doradids Acanthodoras, Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras stenopeltis, H. stubelii, Tenellus leporhinus, T. ternetzi, and auchenipterids Ageneiosus, Gelanoglanis, and Tetranematichthys (Figs. 62b, 63b). On the other hand, in the doradids Hemidoras ...
Context 69
... of the basipterygium is distinct in most catfishes (Figs. 62a, 63a). However, they are partially incorporated in the basipterygium by a bony lamina in the doradids Acanthodoras, Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras stenopeltis, H. stubelii, Tenellus leporhinus, T. ternetzi, and auchenipterids Ageneiosus, Gelanoglanis, and Tetranematichthys (Figs. 62b, 63b). On the other hand, in the doradids Hemidoras morei, H. morrisi, Ossancora, and Trachydoras ( Fig. 62c; Higuchi, 1992: #109, #110; Sousa, 2010: #76), and auchenipterids Auchenipterus, Epapterus, and Pseudepapterus ( Fig. 63c; Shelden, 1937: fig. 20), the anteromedial processes are indistinct and incorporated in the basipterygium by ...
Context 70
... H. stubelii, Tenellus leporhinus, T. ternetzi, and auchenipterids Ageneiosus, Gelanoglanis, and Tetranematichthys (Figs. 62b, 63b). On the other hand, in the doradids Hemidoras morei, H. morrisi, Ossancora, and Trachydoras ( Fig. 62c; Higuchi, 1992: #109, #110; Sousa, 2010: #76), and auchenipterids Auchenipterus, Epapterus, and Pseudepapterus ( Fig. 63c; Shelden, 1937: fig. 20), the anteromedial processes are indistinct and incorporated in the basipterygium by bony lamina. This character was coded as inapplicable for the Aspredinidae, which lack the anterior processes of the basipterygium; and as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 71
... examined species, a suture between the paired anterolateral processes of the basipterygium is present only in the auchenipterids Auchenipterus, Entomocorus, Epapterus, and Pseudepapterus (Fig. 63c). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid ...
Context 72
... posterior process of the basipterygium is acute, tapering posteriorly, in most catfishes (Figs. 62, 63a-b). However, it is truncate in the auchenipterids Auchenipterus, Entomocorus and Pseudepapterus (Fig. 63c;Akama, 2004: #121). This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterids Epapterus and Spinipterus. fin 287. Number of branched anal-fin rays (ordered): 0-five to eight; 1-nine to 13; 2-14 to 31; 3-32 or more (CI 0.2, RI ...
Context 73
... mature males of the auchenipterids Gelanoglanis and Tatia the anal fin is relatively short, with distance from anal-fin base origin to tip of longest anal-fin ray 5 to 10% of SL ( Fig. 38a; Soares-Porto, 1998: #27;Soares-Porto et al., 1999). The base of the anal fin in males of Gelanoglanis and Tatia is also extremely short, 1.8 to 8.0% of SL ( Soares-Porto et al., 1999;Sarmento-Soares & Martins-Pinheiro, 2008: 498). Although both of those characters were treated as exclusive to Tatia (SarmentoSoares & Martins-Pinheiro, ...
Context 74
... caudal fin is usually bifurcated in catfishes (Figs. 3bd, 4, 38). However, in the Malapteruridae and doradid Acanthodoras, the caudal fin is rounded ( Fig. 3a; Higuchi, 1992: #76;Sousa, 2010: #82) (Ferraris, 1988: #C1;Walsh, 1990: #26;Royero, 1999: #142;Akama, 2004: #135), and doradids Amblydoras, Astrodoras, Hypodoras, and Physopyxis (Higuchi, 1992: #74, #75;Sousa, 2010: ...
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... The driftwood catfish family, Auchenipteridae, is a monophyletic clade supported by morphological and molecular synapomorphies (Birindelli, 2014;Calegari et al., 2019). This family is composed by 25 genera and 128 valid species (Fricke 2 relationships. ...
Centromochlinae is a widely diverse subfamily with more than 50 species and several taxonomic conflicts due to morphological similarity between Tatia and Centromochlus species. However, cytogenetic studies on this group have been limited to only four species so far. Therefore, here we present the karyotype of Centromochlus schultzi from the Xingu River in Brazil using classic cytogenetic techniques, physical mapping of the 5S and 18S rDNAs, and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n. The species had 58 chromosomes, simple NORs and 18S rDNA sites. Heterochromatic regions were detected on the terminal position of most chromosomes, including pericentromeric and centromeric blocks that correspond to interstitial telomeric sites. The 5S rDNA had multiple sites, including a synteny with the 18S rDNA in the pair 24st, which is an ancestral feature for Doradidae, sister group of Auchenipteridae, but appears to be a homoplastic trait in this species. So far, C. schultzi is only the second species within Centromochlus to be karyotyped, but it has already presented characteristics with great potential to assist in future discussions on taxonomic issues in the subfamily Centromochlinae, including the first synteny between rDNAs in Auchenipteridae and also the presence of heterochromatic ITSs that could represent remnants of ancient chromosomal fusions.
... According to Takagui et al. [2021], the ancestral diploid number for the Doradidae family still remains as an open question, but several lines of evidence support the 2n = 58 chromosomes as a plesiomorphic feature in the family and as the likely ancestral karyotype configuration. Furthermore, this diploid number also occurs in most species of Auchenipteridae [Lui et al., 2009[Lui et al., , 2010[Lui et al., , 2013a[Lui et al., , 2013b[Lui et al., , 2015Felicetti et al., 2021;Machado et al., 2021;Santos et al., 2021], the sister group to Doradidae family [Arce et al., 2013;Birindelli, 2014;Sabaj and Arce, 2021]. ...
Anadoras is a thorny catfish genus widespread through the Amazon and Paraguay basins. It includes two nominal species, Anadoras grypus and A. weddellii, plus Anadoras sp. “araguaia”, an undescribed species only recognized morphologically. Since Anadoras occupies a basal position within the Astrodoradinae phylogeny, it is crucial to identify its cytogenetic features to comprehend the mechanisms involved in the chromosomal diversification of this subfamily. Therefore, we performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis including all species of Anadoras. And, we applied a species delimitation analysis based on 600bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) to investigate the taxonomic status of the species. Cytogenetic markers revealed a high degree of similarity among Anadoras weddellii and Anadoras sp. “araguaia”: 2n=56 chromosomes (24m + 10sm + 22st/a), single NORs sites on pair 28a, and 5S rDNA sites on pair 15sm. Anadoras grypus has the most divergent chromosomal characteristics because even though it also has 2n=56 chromosomes, it exhibits several differences in the chromosome formula, heterochromatin distribution, and number/position of the rDNA sites. In sum, we believe that the chromosome diversification of Anadoras is due to four mechanisms: centric fusion, pericentric/paracentric inversions, non-reciprocal translocations, and activity of transposable elements. Additionally, our phylogenetic tree revealed well-supported clades and, by barcode species delimitation analysis, confirmed the existence of three molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), including the putative new species Anadoras sp. “araguaia”.
... Each part of the cranium was photographed using a Canon EOS 700D camera, while the image was edited using Adobe Photoshop CS6 version 13.0.1. Each part of the cranium was named by comparing the similarity of the shape and location of each part with the bone morphology of several fish species that Rojo had previously describedRojo (10), Lundberg et al. (24), and Birindelli (25). All observations were analyzed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. ...
To date, information related the skeletal morphology of fish in Indonesia is still limited. Therefore, we first described the morphology of the cranium of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) collected from an aquaculture pond in Aceh Province, Indonesia. In the present study, research methodology included the preparation of cranium, photographing, editing images, and identifying the terminology of the cranium. The cranium was prepared physically and chemically. Each part of the cranium was documented using a Canon EOS 700D camera and edited using Adobe Photoshop CS6. The cranium nomenclature was determined by comparing the similarity of the shape and location of each part of the fish cranium that has been studied previously. The cranium of African catfish was divided into two major parts, namely neurocranium (ossa neurocranii) and splanchnocranium (ossa splanchnocranii). Neurocranium had four regions belonging to ethmoidal, orbital, otic, and occipital, while splanchnocranium had five regions belonging to maxillaris, mandibularis, arcus mandibularis, arcus hyoideus, and apparatus opercular. The African catfish had a solid and thick neurocranium structure. however, orbital, arcus hyoideus, and opercular apparatus regions were not well developed. The results of this study could be used as a basis for further research, especially in taxonomy and the phylogeny of fish.
... The infranuchal scute is exceptionally composed of both an expanded tubule and an ossified ligament that runs between the nuchal region of the cranium and the rib supported by the sixth vertebra, which is the first long-formed rib. As such, the infranuchal scute represents an unambiguous synapomorphy for Doradidae (Birindelli, 2014). Another synapomorphy for doradids is the presence of Sörensen's ligament (Fig. 2), an unossified ligament between the anterolateral rim of the Müllerian disk and an ossified tubule or scute in the tympanic region (Birindelli, 2014). ...
... As such, the infranuchal scute represents an unambiguous synapomorphy for Doradidae (Birindelli, 2014). Another synapomorphy for doradids is the presence of Sörensen's ligament (Fig. 2), an unossified ligament between the anterolateral rim of the Müllerian disk and an ossified tubule or scute in the tympanic region (Birindelli, 2014). ...
... A few doradids (e.g., Rhinodoras Bleeker, 1862) often (2014) assembled the most comprehensive morphological data set to date to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Doradidae and its sister family Auchenipteridae. Based on those results, Birindelli (2014) firmly diagnosed Doradidae and proposed a new subfamily, Wertheimerinae. Other recent studies have described variation in gas bladder morphology (Birindelli et al., 2009), sperm morphology (Quagio-Grassiotto et al., 2011), bioacoustics (Kaatz, Stewart, 2012;Zebedin, Ladich, 2013;Knight, Ladich, 2014), digestive tube morphology (de Melo Germano et al., 2014) musculature (Arce H., 2015) and cytogenetics (Baumgärtner et al., 2018;Takagui et al., 2019). ...
... Auchenipterus nuchalis was the first species described for Auchenipterus Valenciennes, 1840, however, it was initially classified as Hypophthalmus nuchalis Spix and Agassiz, 1829 (Birindelli 2014). After the genus description, A. nuchalis was included and kept in Auchenipteridae since then, mainly due to the presence of sexual dimorphism (Miranda Ribeiro 1968), a character that proves to be very informative for the family (Calegari et al. 2019). ...
... Nonetheless, Entomocorus shares characters with Centromochlinae and other siluriforms and diverges by some diagnostic characteristics of Auchenipteridae (Reis and Borges 2006;Calegari et al. 2019). This set of characteristics shared among members of the clade and other groups of catfish, according to Birindelli (2014), is what could explain this group (Entomocorus (Auchenipterus (Epapterus)) as basal in the family, as proposed by Royero (1999). Regarding the relationship between Entomocorus and Centromochlinae, Bayesian Inference analyses (BI) based on molecular characters reinforced its inclusion in the subfamily, besides Entomocorus shares the genital tube anteriorly to the anal fin base and separated from its first rays like seen in members of Centromochlinae (Calegari et al. 2019). ...
... In Auchenipteridae, cytogenetic analyses are restricted to few species and most of them present diploid number of 58 chromosomes (e.g., Ravedutti and Júlio Jr. 2001;Fenocchio et al. 2008;Lui et al. 2009Lui et al. , 2010Lui et al. , 2013a, except Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura with 56 chromosomes (Fenocchio and Bertollo 1992;Lui et al. 2013b) and Centromochlus with 46 chromosomes (Kowalski et al. 2020) (Table 1), caused by fusion events confirmed by the presence of ITS (Interstitial Telomere Sequence) (Lui et al. 2013b). In Doradidae, sistergroup of Auchenipteridae (e.g., Pinna 1998;Sullivan et al. 2006Sullivan et al. , 2008Birindelli 2014;Calegari et al. 2019), the most frequent diploid number is also 58 chromosomes (Milhomen et al. 2008;Takagui et al. 2017Takagui et al. , 2019, which reinforces it as a basal condition for both families and it is also corroborated by the data obtained in the species of this study. In Neotropical fish, the variation of karyotypic formula among different populations of a given species or among species of the same family with maintenance of 2n is a common process resulted of chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions or translocations (Ravedutti and Júlio Jr. 2001;Fenocchio et al. 2008;Lui et al. 2009Lui et al. , 2013a, as seen in T. galeatus (cited as P. galeatus) and G. ribeiroi (Lui et al. 2010(Lui et al. , 2015. ...
According to Auchenipteridae initial morphological data, Auchenipterus and Entomocorus have been considered phylogenetically close, and cytogenetic analyses are limited only to Auchenipterus osteomystax. Herein, we provide the first cytogenetic results about Auchenipterus nuchalis from Araguaia River and Entomocorus radiosus from Paraguay River. These data were generated in order to contribute to the investigation of the Auchenipterus chromosomal diversity and to attempt to better understand the phylogenetic relationship of these Auchenipterinae genera, mainly due to the existence of incongruous characters between Entomocorus and Centromochlinae. The two species presented 2n=58 chromosomes and had different karyotype formulas. The heterochromatin distribution was primarily shown in terminal regions, along with interstitial and/or pericentromeric blocks in submetacentric/subtelocentric pairs in A. nuchalis and E. radiosus. Single and terminal AgNORs were confirmed by 18S rDNA for the analyzed species, differing from A. osteomystax (cited as A. nuchalis) from Upper Paraná River. The variation in the number of 5S rDNA between species and its equilocality in E. radiosus suggest that the dispersion of the gene associated with the amplification of heterochromatic regions in the interphase, possibly promoted by the Rabl model system. The differences found between the species of Auchenipterus can work as species-specific characters and assist in studies of these taxa, which historically have been wrongly identified as a single species with wide distribution throughout the Neotropical region, when they are actually different species. Furthermore, there are cytogenetic similarities between E. radiosus and members of Centromochlinae like pointed out by recent morphological and molecular analyses in the family.
... Acanthodoras are small Doradidae catfishes known to secrete a conspicuous milky-looking substance through an axillary pore just below the posterior cleithral process, which is considered to be poisonous by aquarium keepers (Burgess 1989). The few published studies that included species of Acanthodoras (e.g., Sabaj and Ferraris 2003;Birindelli 2014) deal with taxonomic and/or phylogenetic analyses, and do not refer this secretion. The genus is considered to include three valid species, Acanthodoras spinosissimus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888), Acanthodoras depressus (Steindachner, 1881), and Acanthodoras cataphractus (Linnaeus, 1758), distributed in the Amazon and Orinoco basins and coastal drainages of the Guianas (Sabaj and Ferraris 2003). ...
Acanthodoras is the only genus of catfish known to secrete a conspicuous and abundant milky-looking substance through an axillary pore located just below the base of the posterior cleithral process. Despite this remarkable feature, there is no published information on the anatomical structures that produce the secretion and its possible biological/ecological functions. Dissection and histological analysis of preserved specimens of A. spinosissimus revealed the presence of a saccular axillary gland with large, binuclear secretory cells, similar to those found in other poisonous catfish. Secretory cells near the lumen appear to lose nuclei and become filled with secretory products, possibly with proteinaceous elements, as indicated by their eosinophilic appearance. As far as we know, the saccular morphology of the gland appears to constitute a unique characteristic of Acanthodoras among Doradidae catfishes. Further studies are necessary to determine the chemical composition of the secretion, as well as its possible uses by the catfish in its natural environment.
... It is classified in the Doradidae family, and is known as "thorny catfish" or "talking catfish" as it produces sounds through the air bladder, the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra, known as the Mullerian ramus (Birindelli et al. 2009). It also presents one row of mediolateral scutes, each scute with a single posteriorly oriented spine, three pairs of barbels and a strong cephalic shield (Birindelli 2014;Birindelli and de Sousa 2018). ...
... In particular, the presence of scutes with poisonous thorns (Wright 2009;Birindelli 2014) in the spotted raphael catfish could increase its abundance by reducing predation mortality as in the case of Pterygoplichthys spp. (Hoover et al. 2014;Orfinger and Gooding 2018). ...
These are the first records of the spotted raphael catfish Agamyxis pectinifrons in a Mexican basin. Three adult specimens, two female and one undetermined, were collected in the floodplain of the Grijalva river near the Metropolitan Zone of Villahermosa. The presence of catfish is likely due to releases by aquarists. Whether this non-native catfish is able to settle and spread in the floodplain of the Grijalva basin is uncertain. If established, this detection will indicate another step in continuous increase in non-native catfish species in Mesoamerican basins dominated originally by native cichlid and poeciliid species.
... Os Doradidae são considerados grupo-irmão de Auchenipteridae, com os quais formam o grupo dos Doradoidea (Birindelli 2014). O primeiro estudo filogenético das relações entre os doradídeos, integrando dados morfológicos e moleculares, foi publicado por Moyer et al. (2004). ...
... O primeiro estudo filogenético efetivamente publicado sobre a família foi o de Curran(1989). As relações entre os Auchenipteridae (juntamente com Doradidae) foram revistas porBirindelli (2014).Calegari et al. (2019) realizaram a análise mais abrangente até o momento, integrando dados morfológicos e moleculares com base no princípio de evidência total. A filogenia da subfamília Centromochlinae, que inclui os gêneros Tatia, Centromochlus (9 spp.), Gelanoglanis, Gephhyromochlus (1 sp.), Glanidium e Tatia foi reanalisada com base em dados morfológicos por Sarmento-Soares &Martins-Pinheiro (2020). ...
The fish fauna occurring in Brazilian small streams comprises 36 families of teleost freshwater fishes. The systematics and phylogenetic knowledge about this fauna greatly expanded during the last two decades, but is still very heterogeneous. For some taxonomic groups there are taxonomic identification keys and well-documented phylogenetic hypotheses, while other groups are mostly comprised by poorly known species. The increase in the knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity was associated with the significant growth of hypotheses about their evolution and contributed to the understanding of the phylogenetic history of fish comunities and their structure in small streams.
... Tip of posterior cleithral process straight and blunt. The presence of a series of well-spaced aligned spines in AMU-CURS-1225 distinguishes this fossil from most species of Doradidae, as this is a characteristic feature of Astrodoradinae (Higuchi et al. 2007;Birindelli 2014). Among Astrodoradinae, only Amblydoras, Anadoras, and Astrodoras possess relatively large, distinct well-spaced spines that are aligned on the posterior cleithral process. ...
... Tip of posterior cleithral process somewhat tilted laterally. The presence of strong ridges (Fig. 8J2, J3), including a horizontal series of spines (even as denticulated ridges), distinguishes this fossil from most species of Doradidae, as this is a characteristic feature of Astrodoradinae (Higuchi et al. 2007;Birindelli 2014). The presence of denticulated longitudinal series and the distally curved posterior cleithral process is only present in Scorpiodoras (Fig. 8K1, K2). ...
The Pliocene–Pleistocene transition in the Neotropics is poorly understood despite the major climatic changes that occurred at the onset of the Quaternary. The San Gregorio Formation, the younger unit of the Urumaco Sequence, preserves a fauna that documents this critical transition. We report stingrays, freshwater bony fishes, amphibians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, aquatic and terrestrial turtles, and mammals. A total of 49 taxa are reported from the Vergel Member (late Pliocene) and nine taxa from the Cocuiza Member (Early Pleistocene), with 28 and 18 taxa reported for the first time in the Urumaco sequence and Venezuela, respectively. Our findings include the first fossil record of the freshwater fishes Megaleporinus, Schizodon, Amblydoras, Scorpiodoras, and the pipesnake Anilius scytale, all from Pliocene strata. The late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene ages proposed here for the Vergel and Cocuiza members, respectively, are supported by their stratigraphic position, palynology, nannoplankton, and 86Sr/88Sr dating. Mammals from the Vergel Member are associated with the first major pulse of the Great American Biotic Interchange. In contrast to the dry conditions prevailing today, the San Gregorio Formation documents mixed open grassland/forest areas surrounding permanent freshwater systems, following the isolation of the northern South American basin from western Amazonia. These findings support the hypothesis that range contraction of many taxa to their current distribution in northern South America occurred rapidly during at least the last 1.5 million years.
... The Centromochlinae is a well-supported subfamily within the Auchenipteridae and its species can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters relative to sexual dimorphism in adult males: anal fin with oblique orientation relative to body axis; urogenital papilla emerging from a cutaneous flap at base of anal fin; and proximal radials not interdigitated with hemal spines, but fused totally or partially part to form an insemination structure (Soares-Porto, 1998;Akama, 2004;Birindelli, 2014). Centromochlus Kner, 1858 is the type genus of Centromochlinae, and its species have undergone several taxonomic rearrangements over the years (Bleeker, 1862;Mees, 1974;Soares-Porto, 1998;Ferraris, 2007;Calegari et al., 2019;Sarmento-Soares & Martins-Pinheiro, 2020). ...
... Specimens were cleared and stained (CS) according to the protocol of Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Osteological nomenclature and vertebral counts follow Dahdul et al., (2010) including adaptations suggested by Birindelli (2014). Orientation of dentation on the pectoral-fin spine follows the scheme proposed by Vanscoy et al., (2015). ...
... On the other hand, Centromochlus schultzi has a wider distribution, in Tocantins-Araguaia and Xingu river basins. Until now, Centromochlus akwe is only known in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin, and it occurs in sympatry with C. schultzi (Figure 10), despite both having six or seven branched rays in the anal-fin while Centromochlus usually has five or six, as noted by Birindelli (2014), they are easily distinguished by the color pattern (see diagnosis and color description). Color pattern variation is quite common among neotropical freshwater fishes. ...
The genus Centromochlus includes eight catfish species in the Amazon and Orinoco river systems: C. schultzi from Xingu and Tocantins-Araguaia rivers; C. melanoleucus from Tapajós and Teles Pires rivers; C. macracanthus from Negro River; C. orca from Nhamundá River; C. heckelii and C. existimatus from Amazon and additionally at the Essequibo rivers; C. carolae and C. musaica from Orinoco River system. Recent field expeditions and collection examination revealed an undescribed species of Centromochlinae that has compatible features with Centromochlus. We herein describe a new species of Centromochlus from the Tocantins-Araguaia River drainage, diagnosed among most Centromochlinae by having a vermiculated color pattern on the dorsum and included in Centromochlus by sharing the derived features: ventrolateral position of eye socket; sphenotic notched for the exit of infraorbital canal; and posterior serrations along pectoral-fin spine numerous. The new species is diagnosed from congeners by having the pectoral-fin spine with dark bars, alternating with light bars (vs. pectoral-fin spine with light and uniform color in all Centromochlus); and it is further distinguished from its congeners (except C. carolae) by the ventral surface of head moderate to largely pigmented (vs. ventral surface of head unpigmented in C. heckelii, C. existimatus, C. orca, C. musaicus, C. schultzi, with few scattered dark chromatophores in C. macracanthus and C. melanoleucus; see diagnosis). A discussion about the systematics of the genus, plus the conservation status of the new species, and an identification key to species of Centromochlus, are also provided.
