Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RADDA
E. PÜRZL
Preface
Among the killifishes the Cyprinodonts of the tropical Africa are certain to
belong to the most gorgeously coloured fishes that we know. These 146
species of the rain forests of West and Central Africa listed in this volume,
make up almost precisely a third of the extent of all the species of the
hitherto known and described oviparous toothcarps. The remaining two
thirds are mainly spread over savanna areas of Africa as well as in South
and Central America and in the more temperate zones of North America.
Only a few species are found in Europe and Asia.
The predominant majority of these killifishes dealt with in this book are
dependant ecologically on the rain forest and there are only a few forms
that were able to inhabit the neighbouring savanna areas. Both rain forests
and coral reefs shelter most of the fauna species and among the smaller
fishes of running waters the killies surely represent one of the most frequently
found groups having abundant species.
In this volume only species of the rain forests are taken up and beyond this,
only those inhabitants of the savanna whose distribution areas at least
partly reach to the rain forests (z. B.: E. spilargyreius, E. bifasciatus, Aply.
normani). Strictly inhabitants of savanna as for instance, A. banforense,
Aply. pfaffi, Aply. lamberti and others are excluded. Since publication of
Scheels ,Rivulins of the Old World", of late the first guiding monography
on killifishes, nearly twenty years have passed in which time numerous
trips for both studying and collecting to the various regions of West and
Central Africa have been undertaken. Due to these journeys not only many
species could be found and described but our knowledge of the distribution,
ecology and biology of these fishes greatly increased.
On this occasion some people representing all those persons who have
contributed to the knowledge of killifishes of the rain forests within this
period are to be named in alphabetical order: Dr. V. ETZEL, Cuxhaven,
Dr. J. H. HUBER, Paris, Dr. M. POLL, Tervuren, Dr. R. ROMAND, Dakar
and Dr. J. J. SCHEEL, St. Laurent du Var.
We thank Mr. R. H. WILDEKAMP for many valuable discussions and for
providing the drawings of fishes in this book. Likewise a great help was
provided by the part on Cyprinodontidae of the recently published Volume
2 of the „Catalogue of Freshwater Fishes of Africa" which has been written
by the authors WILDEKAMP, ROMAND and SCHEEL.
Furthermore we are grateful to Mrs. T. RADDA, Vienna, for translating some
chapters into English and to Mr. Fred WRIGHT, Bwlch, Wales, for kindly
correcting the English version.
After analysing all the literature at our disposal, the results of our own
investigations - which had hitherto been published in numerous single
papers - were summarized in this monography. We hope to offer all persons
and institutions who have interest in this fascinating group of fishes, either
for scientific or private reasons, a useful tool which will be suitable to answer
all questions on taxonomy, systematics, distribution, ecology and biology of
the Cyprinodonts of the rain forests of West and Central Africa.
The rainforests of tropical Africa are spread over a large area beginning in the
West in southern Guinea and Sierra Leone throughout Liberia, Ivory Coast,
Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ecuatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo,
Cabinda to Zaire in the Southeast. There are, however, some species which
are also living in savanna areas and therefore they reach to Senegambia,
Guinea Bissau, Mali, Bourkina Faso (former Upper Volta) and to many other
northern States (Fig. 1). The socalled Dahomey gap in southeastern Ghana,
Togo and Benin interrupts the western part and the central african part of the
tropical rainforest belt.
River systems are very important in respect to the evolution of new forms and
they are barriers for many species of the cyprinodonts (Fig. 2).
3
Fig. 3: Rainfall.
Rainfall and temperature depend on the relief in a high degree. The rainfall is
highest at the coast but diminishes steadily northwards and towards the in-
l and, respectively. It is also higher in mountainous regions. The Dahomey gap
i s due to the fewer rainfall in this area.
The distribution of the different types of vegetation is mainly influenced by the
variation of rainfall. Rainforest needs an annual rainfall of at least 2000 mm.
Areas of 1000 to 1500 mm of annual rainfall are grown with Guinea savanna. If
the amount of rain is below 1000 mm, only dry or Sudan savanna can grow,
and landscapes with rainfall of 500 mm or below are developing a vegetation
of the Sahel savanna (Fig. 3).
The coastal region is characterized by estuaries, creeks and swamps and is
mainly covered by the typical Mangrove. The coastal lowlands with their abun-
dant rainfall which drains away very slowly are covered with a dense swamp
forest with a high density of different plant species. Towards the inland the
evergreen rainforest is spread. Only on very few places this rainforest is still a
primary one, mostly replaced by secondary forest with a much lower species
composition. The inland plateau with its rainforest has lower temperatures
and less rainfall. In mountainous regions of higher elevations a quite different
plant association - the socalled highland savanna - with mountain forest or
tall grass vegetation can be found.
The bordering parts of the inland are grown with Guinea savanna. Trees can
usually be observed in wet parts along rivers and the characteristic plants are
different tall grass species. Sudan and Sahel savanna show only grass
elements and thorns or scrub, respectively (Fig. 4).
5
Foerschichthys, Adamas and some other dwarf forms prefer swamp habitats
with stagnant water
The water temperatures depend on the respective sea level. In the coastal area
temperatures of 23 to 26 °C can be measured, whereas in the inland plateau
habitats the temperatures are 21 to 24 °C. At higher elevations the water
temperatures are even lower and values of 17 to 21 °C can be observed during
day and night times on the one hand, and in the different seasons of the year
on other hand.
Conductivity values of the natural habitats are very often equal to that of destil-
l ed water and usually vary between 20 and 50 µS . The pH lies in most cases
20
below 5 and 6 and thus is far beyong the neutral value. Measurements of the
total hardness show values lower than 1 German degree in most of the places.
For fish collecting a licence is needed in many western and central african sta-
tes. Non annual species can be found easily in all seasons, but the collection
of annual species is very difficult, however, and depends on the different sea-
sons of the year. Rain and dry seasans are different in the respective parts of
the rainforest (see Fig. 6).
6
Family Cyprinodontidae
Subfamily Fundulinae
Genus Fundulus, Lucania, Leptolucania, Oxyzygonectes, Cubanichthys,
Chriopeoides, Valencia, Empetrichthys, Crenichthys, Profundulus, Adinia
Subfamily Cyprinodontinae
Genus Cyprinodon, Megupsilon, Floridichthys, Jordanella, Cualac, Aphanius,
Subfamily Lamprichthyinae
Genus Lamprichthys
Subfamily Orestiatinae
Genus Orestias
Subfamily Pantanodontinae
Genus Pantanodon
Subfamily Procatopodinae
Genus Aplocheilichthys, Procatopus, Hypsopanchax, Plataplochilus,
Hylopanchax, Congopanchax
Subfamily Rivulinae
Genus Rivulus, Trigonectes, Rivulichthys, Pterolebias, Rachovia, Austro-
fundulus, Cynolebias, Aphyosemion, Nothobranchius, Adamas, Epiplatys,
Aplocheilus, Pachypanchax, Callopanchax
Subfamily Fluviphylacinae
Genus Fluviphylax
7
Superfamily Cyprinodontoidea PARENTI, 1981
Family Goodeidae JORDAN, 1923
Subfamily Empetrichthyinae JORDAN, EVERMANN and CLARK, 1930
Subfamily Goodeinae JORDAN, 1923
Family Cyprinodontidae GILL, 1865
Subfamily Cubanichthyinae, PARENTI, 1981
Subfamily Cyprinodontinae GILL, 1865
Tribe Orestiini BLEEKER, 1860
Tribe Cyprinodontini GILL, 1865
The genera treated in this book belong either to the former Rivulinae and Pro-
catopodinae, respectively, or to the Aplocheilidae and Aplocheilichthyinae,
using PARENTI's classification. We followed in our book the latter one. The
family Aplocheilidae can be divided into two groups of genera: Aplocheilus,
Pachypanchax, Epiplatys, Foerschichthys and probably Episemion on the one
hand and Nothobranchius, Aphyosemion, Adamas, Fundulosoma and Prono-
thobranchius on the other hand. We referred both groups to the subfamilies
Aplocheilinae and Nothobranchiinae, respectively.
The Aplocheilichthyinae comprise the socalled lampeye genera Aplocheilich-
thys, Procatopus, Plataplochilus, Hypsopanchax, Hylopanchax and Congo-
panchax. They are sister groups of the viviparous subfamily Poeciliinae and
the oviparous and monotypic subfamily Fluviphylacinae, forming together the
family Poeciliidae.
8
we lowered its rank to a subgenus. The subgenera Paludopanchax, Fundulo-
panchax, Gularopanchax and Raddaella are comprising annual forms occu-
ring from the Dahomey gap to Gabon, Congo and most probably also to the
Zaire river basin. Kathetys contains only three species in Nigeria/Cameroon to
the Central African Republic and Aphyosemion s.s. also reaches Zaire with
most of its species.
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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24
25
26
27
28
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34
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10 1
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
106
107
10 8
10 9
11 0
11 1
11 2
11 3
11 4
11 5
11 6
11 7
Aphyosemion elegans ( BOULENGER, 1899)
Suborder: Aplocheiloidei PARENTI, 1981 Family: Aplocheilidae BLEEKER, 1860
Subfamily: Nothobranchiinae RADDA, 1981 Subgenus: Aphyosemion MYERS, 1924
First Description: Ann. Mus. Congo Belge Zool. 2, 112
Type Locality: "Bikoro et Coquilhatville" (Mbandaka); Zaire
Synonyms: Haplochilus elegans BOULENGER, 1899; Panchax elegans AHL, 1924
Meristics: D 8, A 14-15, S 30-32 Total Length: M 50 mm, F 45 mm
Systematic Relationship: Closely related to the other members of the subgenus
Aphyosemion s.s.
Subspecies: None
Distribution: Middle Zaire river drainage in western and central Zaire
Variability: Medium
Syntopic Occurrence: None?
Habitat: Brooks and swampy streams, pools and ponds, border region of lakes (L. Tumba)
Temperatures: 22-30 °C
Biology: A non-annual species with an incubation period of 10-14 days
Maintenance and Breeding: Difficult
11 8
11 9
120
12 1
12 2
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125
12 6
12 7
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12 9
130
13 1
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13 7
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140
14 1
14 2
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14 5
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14 7
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14 9
150
Plataplochilus terveri HUBER, 1981
Suborder: Cyprinodontoidei PARENTI, 1981 Family: Poeciliidae GARMAN, 1895
Subfamily: Aplocheilichthyinae MYERS, 1928 Subgenus: Plataplochilus AHL, 1928
First Description: B. K. A. Publ. 39
Type Locality: Mpassa river, upper Ogowe, southeastern Gabon
Synonyms: Haplochilus loemensis PELLEGRIN, 1930; P. cabindae LAMBERT, 1967
Meristics: D 11-12, A 18-19, S 27-28+2-4 Total Length: M 45 mm, F 35 mm
Systematic Relationship: Closely related to the other members of this genus
Subspecies: None
Distribution: Inland plateau of the southeastern Gabon
Variability: Moderate
Syntopic Occurrence: A. coeleste
Habitat: Brooks and streams in the gallery forest
Temperatures: 20-22 °C
Biology: A non-annual species with an incubation period of 10-14 days
Maintenance and Breeding: Difficult
15 1
15 2
15 3
154
15 5
Maintenance and Breeding
With the exception of some species the maintenance and breeding of killifish
from the tropical rainforests of West Africa is quite simple and without pro-
blems. If kept in a tank with the same species these fishes will exhibit their
beauty best while if kept in a community tank they will mostly remain shy and
retiring rarely showing their gorgeous colours.
When furnishing a tank the needs of the inhabitants should be considered.
The measurements of the tanks depend upon the size of the species, number
and their natural swimming ability of the species to be kept therein. Because
of the more or less strong rivalry among some males of Aphyosemion species
i t is necessary to provide the tank with hiding places in the form of plants,
stones or pieces of wood but sufficient space for swimming and for shoaling
must be given.
As the Epiplatys species dwell just below the water surface they prefer a light
cover of floating aquatic plants or some floating leaves of water lilies which
correspond to their natural environment. A bottom layer of dark sand or peat
has also proven successful. Neutral to slightly acid water of medium hardness
with a temperature between 18 and 25 degrees centigrade is suitable for both
maintenance and spawning.
Every kind of living food of suitable size is taken, insects and insect larvae
being preferred. Shoaling fish like to take dry food from the water surface.
I f you do not insist on intensive breeding you may quite easily breed the non-
annual species in tanks which have plenty of floating water plants provided
that the aquarium is free from Planarian. If the breeding individuals are well
fed they will seldom resort to chasing fry and eating spawn. Two or three
weeks after putting the breeding individuals into the tank fry can be found
among the floating plants and can be taken with a spoon from the water sur-
face. The fry are then transferred to a separate container. The fishes will spawn
on water plants, peat or nylon yarn. Especially Procatopus and Plataplochilus
species place their spawn in holes of roots, slits of wood and cork bark.
The spawn can be removed from the substratum and hatched in suitable con-
tainers. The newly hatched fry are then fed with Artemia nauplii or slipper ani-
macule. Because of the small size of the fry it is absolutely necessary to feed
some Aplocheilichthys species on Rotifer and slipper animacule. Within one
to three weeks you can make the change over to larger types of food. Thus the
young fishes will thrive and grow fairly quickly especially in good water condi-
tions and regular feeding. Therefore, it is recommended that the water be
changed as often as possible to guarantee the good quality of the water.
The annual species are bred in thanks whose bottom should be covered with a
l ayer of peat to a depth of not less than one inch. The breeding fishes will
spawn in the peat which can be removed after ten days and dried. After the
embryos have developed lukewarm water (15 to 18 degrees centigrade) is
poured into the peat. The fry hatch within a day and will take Artemia nauplii at
once. Further spawning will take place as previously described.
As we have observed, the reason why the breeding of some species is more
difficult than others is partly because it is not easy to produce the conditions
15 6
which are absolutely necessary for breeding. Water conditions and quality
play an essential role and it is recommended to change half the water regularly
once or twice a week in order that the nitrate content be kept low. This should
assure the good growth and well being of the fish. Should the nitrate level ex-
ceed the certain values the fishes are discomforted at once, take less food and
become sensitive to certain diseases like Oodinium and tuberculosis.
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15 8
Alphabetical Index
genus species Page genus species Page
Adamas formosus 130 Aphyosemion ndianum 55
occidentale 40
Aphyosemion abacinum 78 ocellatum _ 98
ahli 82 oeseri 88
amieti 57 ogoense 102
arnoldi 59 ottogartneri 104
aureum 113 pascheni 83
australe 85 petersii 49
bamilekorum 129 124
batesii 67 primigenium
polli
96
bitaeniatum 69 puerzli 56
bivittatum 71 punctatum 112
bualanum 128 raddai 89
buytaerti 107 rectogoense 115
calliurum 79 riggenbachi 73
cameronense 90 robertsoni 61
celiae 80 roloffi 47
chauchei 120 rubrolabiale 60
christyi 122 scheeli 86
cinnamomeum 53 schioetzi 119
citrineipinnis 99 schluppi 105
coeleste 97 schwoiseri 65
cognatum 123 sjoestedti 62
congicum 125 splendopleure 70
cyanostictum 76 spoorenbergi 54
decorsei 121 striatum 92
deltaense 64 thysi 101
elegans 118 viride 44
exigoideum 95 volcanum 72
exiguum 127 wachtersi 106
ferranti 110 walkeri 50
filamentosum 58 wildekampi 111
franzwerneri 81 zygaema 109
fulgens 77 Aplocheilichthys camerunensis 141
gabunense 94 hutereaui 136
gardneri 51 macrophthalmus 139
georgiae 75 nimbaensis 134
geryi 46 normani 137
guineense 42
rancureli 138
gulare 63 scheeli 140
hanneloreae 117
schioetzi 135
herzogi 84 spilauchen 133
hofmanni 116
jeanpoli 45 Congopanchax brichardi 143
joergenscheeli 100 myersi 142
kribianum 66 Epiplatys annulatus 19
kunzi 68 barmoiensis 12
labarrei 108 berkenkampi 25
lamberti 114 biafranus 28
liberiense 48 bifasciatus 11
loennbergi 74 boulengeri 30
louessense 103 chaperi 20
lujae 126 chevalieri 33
maculatum 91 dageti : 34
maeseni 43 duboisi 37
marmoratum 87 esekanus 23
microphthalmum 93 fasciolatus 13
mirabile 52 grahami 35
monroviae 41 hildegardae 18
159
Contents
page
Preface 2
Geography, Climate and Vegetation 3
Habitats, Collecting and Protection __ _ 5
Classification, Systematics and Taxonomy 6
9
10-155
Explanations
Description of the individual species
Maintenance and Breeding 156
Bibliography _ 157
Alphabetical Index : 159
Contents 160
16 0