Fish conservation on Anguilla anguilla
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Anguilla anguilla is also known as an European eel which is " critically endangered" species on IUCN red data list and need proper conservation.
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Fish conservation on Anguilla anguilla
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- 2. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordate Class: Actinopterygii Order: Anguilliformes Family: Anguillidae Taxon name: Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus,1758) Jacoby, D. & Gollock, M. 2014. Anguilla anguilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T60344A45833138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T60344A45833138.en 2
- 3. The European Eel , Anguilla anguilla , is listed as “Critically Endangered” On the IUCN Red List Of Threatened species across Europe as well as in Sweden, Denmark, France, Norway and Ireland . Current Population Trend : Decreasing 3
- 4. •Distribution 1. North Cape in Northern Norway 2. Southwards along the coast of Europe 3. All coasts of the Mediterranean and on the North African Coast (Schmidt 1909, Dekker 2003). 4. It has been recorded eastward to the Pechora River in northwest Russia. •The species occurs in low abundance in the Black Sea where it migrates east to the Kuban drainage (occasional individuals reach the Volga drainage through canals), in northern Scandinavia and eastern Europe. •Spawn in the Sargasso Sea in the West Central Atlantic between late winter and early spring (Schmidt 1912, Aarestrup et al. 2009). 4
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- 6. Life cycle of the European eel (created by Rob Slapkauskas). 6
- 7. •Barriers to upstream and downstream migration which includes mortality Hydropower turbines and water management system. -Across Europe, there are a total of 24,350 hydropower plants (van der Meer 2012). -In the Netherlands alone there are a total of 4,671 water pumping stations which Inhibit the spawning migration of adult silver eels downstream and upstream migration of young glass eel. - In North Africa, Due to the Dam construction (Azeroual 2010). •Barriers to migration 7
- 8. Mortality of European eels passing through hydropower turbines (© Sustainable Eel Group)8
- 9. •accumulation of lipophilic chemical -The accumulation of lipophilic chemical pollutants by maturing eels could have potentially toxic effects on migrating adults. These chemicals are stored by the fish and released when fat stores are broken. 9
- 10. •Climate change - Role in fluctuations of abundance in A. anguilla – particularly larval transport and glass eel recruitment - Changing ocean climate might potentially be responsible for fluctuations in productivity and thus food availability for leptocephali (Miller et al., 2009). - Climate change-induced increase in sea surface temperature in the Sargasso Sea from 1979 (Bonhommeau et al., 2008a,b) which is declining the primary productivity. -Temperature change in the region may also be shifting the spawning location (Miller et al., 2009). 10
- 11. •Disease and parasites (particularly Anguillicola crassus) The parasite nematode (Anguillicola crassus), introduced when the Japanese Eel (A. japonica) was imported to Europe for culture in the early 1980s -Swim bladder damage which impairs swimming performance (Palstra et al. 2007) 11
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- 13. •Current regulations 1. In 2007, the EU adopted the Eel Regulation(Council Regulation No 1100/2007). 2. EU Member States have developed Eel Management Plans (EMPs) 3. As part of the EMPs, any Member State that allowed fishing for eels of <12 cm total length – generally referred to as glass eel fisheries - was required to reserve a minimum of 35% of their catch for restocking purposes (i.e. restocking rivers with glass eels from elsewhere) in 2010, rising to 60% from 31 July 2013. 13
- 14. Below is a list of areas of research and management that have been highlighted in the report and the associated references that require improvement to ensure the species is better protected and managed. •Fisheries enforcement and management •Freshwater habitat restoration, improvement and protection – including water quality •Trans-boundary protection •Monitoring programmes – particularly in North Africa and the Mediterranean •Stock assessments •Area protection for key locations e.g. Sargasso Sea •Easement of barriers such as dams and hydropower units to improve both upstream and downstream freshwater passage – including trap and transport programmes •Threat assessment at the local, national and international level •Water abstraction management e.g. screening of intakes and reduction of hydropower turbine activity during silver eel escapement •Understanding of the benefits and limitations of restocking programmes 14
- 15. References •Jacoby, D. & Gollock, M. 2014. Anguilla anguilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T60344A45833138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T60344A45833138.en •Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2012, 92(4), 843 – 851. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2011 doi:10.1017/S002531541100124X •CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES, UNEP/CMS/COP11/Doc.24.1.18Rev.1 12 September 2014 15
- 16. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 16