PROJECT PPT SWAPNIL.pptx

STUDY OF WETLAND PLANTS FROM FEW LAKES OF KUHI AND GOREGAON TAHSIL
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to
RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY
For Partial Fulfilment of Master Degree in Botany
In The Faculty of Science & Technology
By
Mr. SWAPNIL N. BAHEKAR
Supervisor
Dr. N. M. DONGARWAR
Co Supervisor
Dr. RITUPARNA DASGUPTA
Post Graduate Teaching Department of Botany Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
Nagpur University Nagpur - 440033
2022-2023

Introduction.
Materials and methods.
Results and Observations.
Discussions and Conclusions.
References.
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
• Ramsar convention, which defines wetlands as “areas of marsh, fen,
peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or
temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt,
including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does
not exceed six meters”.
• The three important characteristics that were associated with and
used to constitute a wetland include hydrology, hydrophytic
vegetation, and hydric soils.
• The hydrophytic vegetation refers to plants adapted to wet conditions
and areas that are covered by water for at least part of the growing
season.

Ramsar Convention classifies wetlands habitats into three main categories
Classification of wetlands
Marine/Coastal
wetlands
Inland
wetlands
Man-made
wetlands

Hydrophytes
Hydrophytes are plants that live in water. They are adapted to living in
aquatic environments. They are found in areas such as ponds, rivers and
streams, lakes, wetlands, and other aquatic environments.
They develop certain features (adaptations) to ensure their survival in
aquatic environment.
 Hydrophytes either float on the surface of water, or remain fully
submerged or half submerged in water.
Some aquatic plants grow in soil which is permanently saturated with
water.
These plants are referred as emergent species. Hydrophytes depend on
water for their growth and support.

• Arber (1920) categorized - Rooted and non-rooted.
• The hydrophyta was further subdivided into: Natantia ; Radicantia ; Adnata
• Radicantia was further divided into Emersa i.e., partially emerged plants and submerse i.e., floating plants.
• Emersa was further divided into Foliacea i.e., plants with well-developed leaves, Junciformia i.e., plants with reduced leaf
development and Nymphoidea i.e., plants with floating leaves.
• Based on attachment of the plants to the soil, Luther (1949) classified hydrophytes into different types
• Haptophytes plants attached to the substrate; example- algae, lichens, bryophytes, and angiosperms,
• Rhizophytes plants in which the basal parts penetrate the soil or the substrate in which they grow,
• Planophytes freely floating plants with submerged or surface-floating photosynthetic organs.
• Penfound (1952) categorized hydrophytes into three aquatic forms — emergent, floating, and submerged.
• The British ecologists, Tansley (1949), Spence (1964) and Sculthorpe (1967) classified vascular hydrophytes based on this
recognition.

To study about Aquatic Wetland Plants and Physico - chemical character of water I have
selected Kuhi Taluka, Ambhora lake and Mandhal (wetland) as the study areas.
Kuhi Taluka Kuhi is a Town and Tehsil in Nagpur District of Maharashtra. According to census
2011 information the sub-district code of Kuhi Block (CD) is 04035. Total area of kuhi tehsil is
816 km². Kuhi tehsil has a population of 1,23,977 peoples. Kuhi tehsil has a population density
of 152 inhabitants per square kilometer. There are about 28,791 houses in the sub-district.
When it comes to literacy, 69.53% population of kuhi tehsil is literate, out of which 75.39%
males and 63.46% females are literate. There are about 169 villages in kuhi tehsil
Ambhora is a village in the Nagpur district of Maharashtra. This village falls in the Kuhi taluka
of Nagpur district. It is a famous pilgrimage site and is situated on the banks of the Wainganga
River the place is situated at the confluence of five rivers namely Wainganga, Kanhan, Aam,
Murza, and Kolari.
Mandhal is a major commercial town in the Kuhi Taluka of Nagpur district. Mandhal is famous
for Chilly production and is a major market attracting traders from across the state and the
state of Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, and Chhattisgarh. The Agricultural produce market
committee (APMC) of Mandhal is one of the largest in the district that serves to 186 towns and
villages in the Kuhi Taluka. The historical name for Mandhal was Matangnagari.
Study Area

Cont.…
• Gondia district was carved out by division of the Bhandara district. This is underdeveloped
district and most of land is covered with forest. Paddy is main agriculture produce. The other
agriculture produce in the district are Jawar, Linseed, wheat, tur. The main profession of
people is farming. Gondia city is popularly known as rice city due to large number of rice
mills. Wainganga river is the largest and most important river. Gondia district lies at
lattitudes 20.39 and 21.38 North and longitudes 79.27 to 80.42 east. Minimum temperature
of 7.4 D.C. and Maximum temperature of 47.5 D.C. recorded in the year 2011. Gondia district
receives rainfall from South- Western winds mainly in the months of June, July, August, and
September. July and August are the months during which the maximum rainfall as well as
maximum continuous rainfall occurs.
• To study about Aquatic Wetland Plants and Physico - chemical character of water I have
selected Goregaon Taluka, Chopa lake and Kalpathri lake (wetland) as the study areas.
Goregaon is a Town in the Goregaon Taluka in Gondia District of Maharashtra State, India. It
belongs to Vidarbh region. It belongs to the Nagpur Division which is located 14 km towards
the South from district headquarters, Gondia. Goregaon is surrounded by Gondia Taluka
towards the North, Amgaon Taluka towards the East, Sadak Arjuni Taluka towards the South,
and Tirora Taluka towards the West

Study Area
A. Ambhora Lake B. Chopa Lake
C. Mandhal Lake D. Kalpathri Lake

To digital documentation of collected Plants.
OBJCTIVE OF PRESENT INVESTIGATION
Documentation of Aquatic and Wetland plants
of Ambhora, Mandhal, Chopa & Kalpathri Lake.
Study of Physico-chemical characters of
Ambhora, Mandhal, Chopa & Kalpathri Lake
To study anatomical character of aquatic plants

MATERIALS AND METHOS
Physico-Chemical Analysis
&
Morphology, Anatomy

CHEMICAL TESTS
1. Dissolved Oxygen (Winkler's lodometric Method)
REAGENTS: -
A. Sodium thiosulphate, (0.025N)
6.205 g Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O; 5 H2O) was dissolved in some distilled water and 1.5 ml of NaOH (6N) was added and
diluted to 1 liter.
B. Alkaline potassium iodide solution
250 g of KOH and 67.5gm of Nal, sodium iodide was dissolved in 400 ml of distilled water. Then separately 10 gm of sodium
azide was dissolved in 20 ml distilled water.
C. Manganous sulphate solution
480 g of Manganous Sulphate (MnSO4) was dissolved in 800 ml distilled water and diluted it up to 1 liter.
D. Starch solution
2g of starch was dissolved in 100 ml of warm (80°C -90°C) distilled water and added a few drops of formaldehyde solution.
E. Sulphuric acid
PROCEDURE
1. The sample was filled in a glass bottle of known volume (100-300ml) carefully avoiding any kind of bubbling and trapping
of the air bubbles in the bottle after placing the stopper

2. 200ml of bottle was fully filled with water at respective lake.
3. To this added 1 ml of MnSO4 Solution and 1 ml of alkali iodide azide. Sample was mixed well up to 30 min.
4. After this the Precipitate was allowed settle down. If brown Precipitate is observed then it shows presence of oxygen
and if white precipitate is observed. Then it showed absence of oxygen.
5. To observe the brown precipitate 1ml con. H₂SO, was added which causes the precipitate dissolved. The bottle was
shaken for at least 40-50 times for proper mixing.
6. Sample was allowed to stand at last for 5-10 min. Then this sample was taken and titrated against sodium thiosulphate
using starch as indicator.
Formula: - Dissolved oxygen in Mg/ml = 𝟎.𝟏×𝒗𝒐𝒍.𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒍.𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
2. pH test
Water pH test was measured with pH meter.
3. CHLORIDE TEST
Reagent: -
1. Silver nitrate, 0.02N: -
Dissolve 2.5g of silver nitrate in 500ml distilled water mix well and store in it amber bottles.
2. Potassium dichromate, 5: -
Dissolve 2.5g of Potassium dichromate in 500ml distilled water (for 50ml).
Procedure: -
1. Take 50ml of sample in a conical flask and add 2ml of Potassium dichromate solution.
2. Titrate the contents against 0.02 N AgNO3 until a persistent red ting appears.
Calculation: - Chloride, mg/L = (𝒎𝒍×𝑵) 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒈𝑵𝑶𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟑𝟓.𝟓
𝒎𝒍 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍e

4. TOTAL SOLIDS (TS)
PRINCIPLE
Total solids are determined as the residue left after evaporation of the unfiltered sample.
Procedure:
1. Take an evaporating dish (made up of silica, porcelain, or platinum) of at least 100ml capacity. Ignite at 550-50˚C in a
muffle furnace for about an hour, cool in a desiccator and weigh.
2. Evaporate 100ml of unfiltered sample (or more in case the solids are less than 250 Mg/L) in the evaporating dish on a
water bath or a hot plate having temperature not more than 98˚C.
3. Heat the residue at 103-105˚C in an oven for one hour and take the final weight after cooling in a desiccator.
Calculation:
Total Solids mg/L = 𝑨−𝑩 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑽
Where, A = Final weight of the dish in g
B = Initial weight of the dish in g
C = Volume of sample taken in ml
5. SULPHATE TEST
I. Gravimetric method
Reagents:
A. Methyl red indicator: - 50 mg methyl red sodium salt in distilled water to prepare 100 ml of solution.
B. Hydrochloric acid: - (1+1)
C. Barium Chloride solution: - Dissolve 50g BaCl2 .2H2O in distilled water to prepare 500ml of solution. Filter the solution
through a filter paper before use.

D. Silver nitrate – nitric acid reagent: -
Dissolve 8.5g of AgNO3 and 0.5 ml concentrated HNO8 in distilled water to prepare 500 ml reagent.
Procedure:
1. Add a few drops of methyl red to the sample and adjust the pH to 4.5- 5.0 by addition of HCI until the Colour changes to
orange. additional 1-2 ml of HCI.
2. Boil the solution and add warm BaCl, solution slowly in excess until the precipitation completes.
3. Heat the precipitate at 80-90°C for at least 2 hours or more.
4. Filter the precipitate through ashless filter paper (Whatman No. 42) by adding some pulp of the same filter paper as an
aid for filtration.
5. Wash the precipitate repeatedly with warm distilled water until the filter is free from chloride which can be tested by
AgNO3, solation. In the presence of chloride, AgNO3, gives a white turbidity.
6. Dry the filter paper containing precipitate and ignite it in a crucible at 800°C for about 1 hour. Cool it in a desiccator and
weight the precipitate of BaSO4.
Calculation:
SO4. mg/L = 𝒎𝒈 𝑩𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 ×𝟒𝟏𝟏.𝟓
𝒎𝒍 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍e

The water samples from the four selected sites of Ambhora, Mandhal, Chopa, Kalpathri lakes were collected for the physico-
chemical analysis of water. In the present investigation, water analysis was carried out with different parameters according to
suggested readings; the results are incorporated as the mean values in the form of final figures.
pH
pH from Ambhora lake was found to be 9.19, Mandhal lake 8.65, Chopa lake 8.01, Kalpathri lake 7.80. It was noticed that
maximum pH was recorded Ambhora lake was found to be 9.19. minimum pH was recorded Kalpathri lake7.80.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen obtained of Ambhora lake 4 mg/lit, Mandhal lake was obtained 6.88 mg/lit Chopa lake 23.6 mg/lit & Kalpathri
lake 104.532 mg/lit. In four lakes, maximum DO was recorded at Kalpathri lake 104.532 mg/lit followed by Chopa lake 23.6
mg/lit & Mandhal lake 6.88 mg/lit and minimum DO was recorded at Ambhora lake 4 mg/lit.
Total Hardness
In Ambhora lake, the total hardness was found 112 mg/lit. In Mandhal lake the total hardness was found 67 mg/lit. In Chopa
lake, the total hardness was found 107 mg/lit. In lake Kalpathri lake the total hardness was found 64 mg/lit. The maximum
value of hardness in Ambhora lake was recorded 112 mg/lit & minimum value is 64 mg/lit in Kalpathri lake.
Chloride
In Ambhora, the chloride was found 1164.4 mg/lit & in Mandhal lake was recorded in the 994 mg/lit. The maximum chloride in
Ambhora lake was recorded 1164.4 mg/lit and minimum chloride was recorded 994 mg/lit.
Sulphate
In Ambhora lake, the sulphate was found 1.513 g & in Mandhal lake the sulphate was found 1.572 g in Chopa Lake the sulphate
was found 1.312 g & in Kalpathri lake sulphate was found 1.282 g. in four lakes maximum sulphate was found in Mandhal lake
1.572 g and minimum sulphate was found in Kalpathri lake 1.282 g
RESULTS & OBSERVATION

TEST Ambhora Lake Mandhal Lake Chopa Lake Kalpathri Lake
pH 9.19 8.65 8.01 7.8
Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/lit 6.88mg/lit 23.6mg/lit 104mg/lit
Total Hardness 112mg/lit 67mg/lit 107mg/lit 64mg/lit
Chloride 1164mg/lit 994mg/lit - -
Sulphate 1.513 g 1.572 g 1.572 g 1.282 g
The water samples from the four selected sites of Ambhora, Mandhal, Chopa, Kalpathri
lakes were collected for the physico-chemical analysis of water. In the present investigation,
water analysis was carried out with different parameters according to suggested readings;
the results are incorporated as the mean values in the form of final figures.

Anatomy of aquatic wetland Plants
• A well-developed aerenchyma is a major characteristic of aquatic plants. Because
such tissues are also found in wetland and terrestrial plants, it is not always
possible to use their presence or absence to distinguish aquatic species. Whereas
patterns of aerenchyma in roots have been studied. A well-developed aerenchyma
is more common in most organs of aquatic plants than in wetland plants, this
presence cannot be used as strict evidence for the aquatic quality of vascular
plants.
• Aerenchyma formation is therefore important for the adaptation of plants in
environments with excess water, such as plants with roots in waterlogged soils or
submerged shoots. Aerenchyma can form in primary tissues (primary aerenchyma)
and in secondary tissues (secondary aerenchyma).

Sr.no Plant Name Family Mandhal Ambhora Chopa Kalpathri
Submerged Plant
1 Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae + - - -
2 Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharitaceae - - + -
3 Najas major Hydrocharitaceae - - + -
4 Vallisneria spiralis Hydrocharitaceae - + - -
Free Floating Plants
5 Azolla pinnata Azollaceae + - - -
6 Eichhornia crassipes Pontenderiaceae - + - -
7 Lemna perpusilla Araceae - - + -
8 Pistia stratiotes Araceae - + - -
9 Spirodela polyrhiza Lemnaceae + - - -
Anchored Floating Leaf Plants
10 Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae - - - +
11 Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae - - + -
Collected plants are categorized into five growth forms Submerged, Free Floating. Anchored Floating Leaf, Anchored Floating Stem
and Emergent. Plants in each growth forms are arranged alphabetically genera wise and the family name is given in bracket.

12 Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae + - - -
13 Nymphoides indicum Meyanthaceae - - - +
14 Trapa natans Trapaceae - + - -
Emergent Leaf Plant
15 Alternanthera paronychioides Amaranthaceae + - - -
16 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae + - - -
17 Ammannia baccifera Lythraceae + - - -
18 Centella asiatica Apiaceae + - - -
19 Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae + - - -
20 Cyperus corymbosus Cyperaceae + - - +
21 Grangea maderaspatana Asteraceae + - - -
22 Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae + - - -
23 Hygrophila schulli Acanthaceae + - + -
24 Kyllinga tenuifolia Cyperaceae + + - -
25 Lindernia antipoda Acanthaceae + - - -
26 Marsilea minuta Marsileaceae + - + -
27 Polygonum glabra Polygonaceae + - - -
28 Polygonum plebeium Polygonaceae + - - -
29 Rotala rotundifolia Lythraceae + - - -
30 Schoenosplectus articulatus Cyperaceae + - - -

The taxonomical Chronicle of the collected Plants is as follows:
1. Vallisneria spiralis Linn. (Hydrocharitaceae) Sp. Pl. 1015. 1753; Hook.f.Fl. Brit. India 5:660.
1888; Fl. of Maharashtra 3:5; Fl. Nagpur 343.
Herbs, tufted, submerged. Leaves linear, ribbon-shaped, sheathing at base, apex obtuse,
margins faintly dentate or entire. Flowers dioecious, on long or short scapes; male spathes
shortly peduncled, ovate; female spathes, tubular. Fruits 5-10 cm long linear, included in
spathes. Seed numerous, oblong to fusiform, embedded in a gelatinous mass.
Fls. & Frts.: October- April.
Location: - Ambhora Lake
Vallisneria spiralis Linn. (Hydrocharitaceae)
This pattern follow by others plants for the description.

A : Pistia stratiotes Linn (Araceae) B : T.S of Leaf Pistia stratiotes C :T.S of Offset Pistia stratiotes
D : Marsilea minuta Linn.
(Marsileaceae)
E : T.S of Rhizome F : T.S of Petiol
G : Hydrilla verticillata Linn. (Hydrocharitaceae)
H : T.S of stem
Hydrilla verticillate I : Vallisneria spiralis Linn. (Hydrocharitaceae)

A : Eichhornia crassipes Mart. (Pontenderiaceae) B : T.S of Offset C : T.S of Petiole D : T.S of Root
E: Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. (Ceratophyllaceae) F : T.S OF Leaf
G: T.S OF Steam
H : Trapa natans Linn. (Trapaceae) I : T.S of leaf J : T.S of Root

A : T.S of Stolon Trapa natans B : T.S of Petiole (solan part) C : T.S of Petiol (non solan part)
D : Najas major Linn. (Hydrocharitaceae) E : Azolla pinnata R. Br. (Azollaceae)
F : Alternanthera paronychioides (Amaranthaceae) G : Grangea maderaspatana Linn.(Asteraceae)

A : Nymphoides indicum Linn. Meyanthaceae B : Polygonum plebeium R. Br. (Polygonaceae)
C : Schoenoplectus articulatus Linn. (Cyperaceae) D : Spirodela polyrhiza Linn. (Lemnaceae)
E : Lemna perpusilla (Araceae) F : Centella asiatica Linn. (Apiaceae)

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:
Aquatic Wetland plants
Submerged forms represented by four species (Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillate,
Najas Major, Vallisneria spiralis);
Free floating species were five (Azolla pinnata, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna perpusilla, Pistia
stratiotes, Spirodela polyrhiza); followed by two species that were categorized as
Plants with floating leaf ( Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nouchali); three as
Anchored plant species with floating stem (Ipomoea aquatica, Nymphoides indicum, Trapa
natans); and 16 species as emergent leaf plants.
Monocot family - Cyperaceae and Hydrocharitaceae were dominant families represented by three
species each following Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Araceae with two species each. In the
Present investigation, two aquatic pteridophyte members (Azolla pinnata and Marsilea minuta)
were also recorded.
Weeds like Ipomoea aquatica, Polygonum glabra are posing threats to these wetlands due to their
fast aggressive growth, encroaching inwards thus reducing the area of these lakes day by day. If
no proper measures are undertaken to get rid of this plant, the villages may lose the natural beauty
of these lakes and a refuge for several aquatic fauna and avail population.

Table .no:- 1 Tabulated data presenting the reported hydrophyte species along with their respective families.
Sr.
no
Family No. of
Species
Species
1 Acanthaceae 2 Hygrophila schulli, Lindernia antipoda
2 Amaranthaceae 2 Alternanthera paronychioides
Alternanthera sessilis
3 Apiaceae 1 Centella asiatica
4 Araceae 2 Lemna perpusilla
Pistia stratiotes
5 Asteraceae 1 Grangea maderaspatana
6 Azollaceae 1 Azolla pinnata
7 Boraginaceae 1 Heliotropium indicum
8 Ceratophyllaceae 1 Ceratophyllum demersum
9 Commelinaceae 1 Commelina benghalensis
10 Convolvulaceae 1 Ipomoea aquatica
11 Cyperaceae 3 Cyperus corymbosus, Kyllinga tenuifolia
Schoenosplectus articulatus
12 Hydrocharitaceae 3 Hydrilla verticillate, Najas Major
Vallisneria spiralis
13 Lythraceae 2 Ammannia baccifera, Rotala rotundifolia
14 Marsileaceae 1 Marsilea minuta
15 Meyanthaceae 1 Nymphoides indicum
16 Nelumbonaceae 1 Nelumbo nucifera
17 Nymphaeaceae 1 Nymphaea nouchall
18 Polygonaceae 2 Polygonum glabra, P. plebeium
19 Pontenderiaceae 1 Eichhornia crassipes
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Fig. 1. Graph showing dominant hydrophyte species

Total Hardness:
Hardness of water refers to the amount of dissolved minerals, typically calcium and
magnesium, in the water. Water can be classified as either hard or soft, depending
on the amount of dissolved minerals present. Hardness of water in an aquatic
wetland can vary depending on various factors such as the source of the water, the
type of soil and rocks present, and the amount of vegetation in the wetland.
However, in general, wetlands tend to have soft to moderately hard water.
The hardness of water in an aquatic wetland can range from about 50 to 200 mg/L
of calcium carbonate..
The maximum value of hardness from the sample of Ambhora lake was recorded
112 mg/L which indicates that the concentration of dissolved minerals is high &
usually this hardness affect the growth of aquatic plants. While the minimum value
reported was 64 mg/L in Kalpathri lake indicating that the water conditions are
quite suitable for the growth of aquatic plants.

pH –
Hydrogen ion concentration p+ lays an important role in the biological processes of almost
all aquatic organisms.
1. lower pH in Kalpathri lake denotes the increased in productivity due to pollution free
condition in lake.
2. Higher pH values denote the decreased productivity which may be due to polluted water
discharge in the Ambhora lake.
Dissolved Oxygen –
It is one of the most important indicators of water quality, essential for the survival of
aquatic organisms. Oxygen dissolves in surface water due to the aerating action of winds.
Oxygen is also introduced into the water as a byproduct of aquatic plant photosynthesis.
Dissolved Oxygen content obtained from the Ambhora lake sample was 4 mg/L which is less
than the normal Dissolved Oxygen measurement indicate less amount of Oxygen. The
reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen becomes risk factor for the survival of the existing
aquatic organisms.

Chloride –
Chloride can have both positive and negative effects on aquatic wetlands and
their plants, depending on the concentration and exposure duration.
At low concentrations, chloride is generally not harmful to aquatic plants and
can even be essential for some plant species. Chloride is a micronutrient
required by some wetland plants, such as salt-tolerant plants like cordgrass
and salt meadow hay, to grow and survive.
The maximum chloride in Ambhora lake was recorded 1164.4 mg/L
denotes that at high concentrations, chloride can be toxic to plants and can
cause a range of negative effects, including reduced growth, leaf damage, and
increased susceptibility to disease and other stresses. Chloride toxicity can
also lead to changes in plant community composition and can reduce
biodiversity in aquatic wetlands.

Sulphate: -
Sulphate can have both positive and negative effects on the aquatic wetlands, depending on the
concentration and the surrounding environmental conditions.
1) Negative effects: High levels of sulphate in wetlands can cause a decrease in pH, making the
environment more acidic. This can be harmful to aquatic plants and animals, especially those that are
sensitive to changes in pH. Sulphate can also react with other chemicals in the water to form sulphides,
which are toxic to many species of plants and animals.
2) Positive effects: Sulphate can also have positive effects on wetlands. For example, sulphate can serve
as a nutrient source for plants, such as cattails and other emergent species. It can also promote the
growth of certain types of bacteria that help to break down organic matter and improve water quality.
3) The maximum sulphate concentration was reported in the sample of Mandhal Lake i.e., 1.572 g and
the minimum concentration of sulphate was found in the Kalpathri Lake i.e., 1.282 g.

References
• Chatterjee S., Datta S., Mallick P H., Mitra A., Veer V., & Mukhopadhyay S K (2013). Use of wetland plants in
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals. Soil Biology: 19 December.
• Colmer TD., Winkel A., Pedersen O. 2011. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plr030 A perspective on underwater photosynthesis in
submerged terrestrial wetland plants. AoB PLANTS.
• Garnet KN., Megonigal JP., Litchfield CH., Taylor G.E. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.10.003.
Physiological control of leaf methane emission from wetland plants.
• Gopal B, Goel U. 1993. Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities. The Botanical Review; 59:155-210.
• Jung J., Lee S C., Choi H.K 2008. Journal of Plant Biology, November 2008, 51(6): 428-439 Anatomical patterns of
aerenchyma in aquatic and wetland plants.
• Keller RP., Masoodi T & Shackleton RT 2018. The impact of invasive aquatic plants on ecosystem services and human
well-being in Wular Lake, India. regional Environmental Change volume 18, pages847–857.
• Kumari PS., Dhadse., Choudhary & Wate SR 2008. A Biomonitoring of Plankton to Assess Quality of Water in the Lakes
of Nagpur City. Proceeding of Taal: 12th World Lake Conference: 160-164
• Mustafa HM., Hayder G., 2021. studies on applications of aquatic weed plants in phytoremediation of wastewater. Volume
12, Issue 1, March, Pages 355-365.

PROJECT PPT SWAPNIL.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to PROJECT PPT SWAPNIL.pptx

Similar to PROJECT PPT SWAPNIL.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

PROJECT PPT SWAPNIL.pptx