black sea red data book - Department of Biology

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concerning the frontiers of any country or territory. 

The opinions expressed in this publicaton are those of the individual 

writers and do not necessarily represent the views of the GEF, UNDP or UNOPS. 

Copyright © 1999. 

Published by the United Nations Office for Project Services in the 

context of a project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) 

implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a 

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BLACK SEA 

RED DATA BOOK 

Edited 

by 

Henri J. Dumont 

(Ghent, Belgium) 

Website Editor: 

V.O. Mamaev 

(Istanbul, Turkey) 

Scientific Coordinator: 

Y.P. Zaitsev 

(Odessa, Ukraine)

EDITOR'S PREFACE 

This "paper form" of the Black Sea Red Data book is not an exact copy of its 

predecessor, the Black Sea Red Data web site. In addition to polishing the language 

and style, I added a number of illustrations, and some distribution maps were also 

redrawn. 

Contentwise, I was struck by the high level of commitment of the numerous scientists 

associated with this project. Inevitably, there were differences in approach and in the 

level of thoroughness between contributions. By far the most detailed species sheets 

were those contributed by the ornithologists, while some of the most synthetic ones 

were found among the botanical entries. I tried to conserve as much of the original 

flavour as I could, yet also aimed at harmonising contributions as far as feasible, and 

this was certainly the case for such formal aspects as styling of the references, 

including details of punctuation. The practice of numbering was abandoned in favour 

of an alphabetical system. 

While I welcome the initiative of including some terrestrial groups that populate the 

littoral fringe of the Black Sea, I did have some problems with the choice of species in 

certain cases. For example, it is not because a species is rare in Bulgaria or Romania, 

that it should also be endangered in the rest of the Black Sea fringe. In the case of the 

aquatic insects belonging to the Odonata, I therefore had to widen the scope of some 

items listed in the book to what lives along the south and east margins of the Sea, and 

I included a number of previously unlisted subspecies. This, the vicariance and the 

formation of clines with a various degree of steepness of closely related taxa around 

the basin, is one of the most exciting aspects of the living world of the Black Sea 

fringe. Even so, I regret the selection of particular species of insects and plants, and 

the omission of others since, in addition to the aspect I just stressed, there is a 

concentration of endemics in the south-east corner of the basin, where Caucasian 

biota with very narrow ranges occur down to sea-level. Among dragonflies, I may 

cite Coenagrion ponticum and Cordulegaster mzymtae as examples. I did not 

explicitely add them to the list, but inserted a brief note on them in the section dealing 

with Calopteryx virgo feminalis, which is yet another representative of this category. 

There are doubtlessly many plants in the same category, and hence, the contents of a 

future Red Data book of the Black Sea should be revised in light of this reality. 

Finally, I encountered some problems with the taxonomic nomenclature used. Some 

taxa were listed under names that are widely considered to be junior synonyms or 

otherwise unvalid. In all instances where I stumbled upon such a case (and without 

claiming to have conducted an exhaustive search), I took the responsability of 

replacing it by the binomen that is currently regarded as valid. For the botanical part, 

I was privileged to receive expert help from my colleague Prof. P. Goetghebeur, to 

whom I here extend my greatest thanks. 

Henri J. Dumont 

Ghent, June 1999 

2

INTRODUCTION 

This book was created within the framework of the GEF Black Sea Environment 

Programme, at the Data Base Laboratory of Marine Hydrophysical Institute, 

Sevastopol, Ukraine, but contributors came from all Black Sea countries (for a list, 

see further). 

The GEF Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) was established in June 1993 

with three primary objectives: to strengthen and create regional capacities for 

managing the Black Sea ecosystem; to develop and implement an appropriate policy 

and legal framework for the assessment, control and prevention of pollution and the 

maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity; and to facilitate the preparation of 

sound environmental investments. 

The BSEP is to be implemented through an interactive matrix of national 

coordinators, thematic regional activity centers and focal point institutions targeting: 

emergency response, routine pollution monitoring, special monitoring, biodiversity 

protection, coastal zone management, environmental legislation and economics, data 

management and GIS, and fisheries. The overall programme coordination was 

conducted by a Project Coordination Unit (PCU), based in Istanbul. 

As described in the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the 

Black Sea: "A regional Black Sea Red Data Book (BSRDB), identifying and 

describing endangered species, will be developed because, at present, there are no 

Red Data Books or Lists which cover all the threatened and rare species of the entire 

Black Sea ecosystem. To date, no regional Red Data Book had been prepared for the 

marine environment anywhere in the world — the BSRDB is the first; the BSRDB 

includes Black Sea species which are already mentioned in national and international 

Red Data Books and Lists, plus other Black Sea threatened species which will be 

introduced to the BSRDB by specialists using accumulated data. The Black Sea Red 

Data Book includes: threatened and rare species of marine plants and animals; and, 

threatened and rare species of coastal organisms which are ecologically close to the 

marine environment 

The BSRDB exists in two versions: as a conventional book (this version), and as a 

web site and CD-ROM. Both versions include an Introduction (how to use the 

document.), a main text with species files, and a list of references. 

3

The preparation of the Regional List, one of the most important stages in the design of 

the BSRDB, required multiple cross-consultations between various specialists both 

from within and outside the Black Sea region. The resulting Regional List is therefore 

not be a simple amalgamation of national lists. 

Key Contributors: 

Stanislav Volovik - Deputy Director. Research Institute of the Azov Sea Fishery 

Problems. Rostov-on-Don, 21/2 Beregovaya str., 344007, Russian Federation. Tel: 

(7-8632)-624850, Fax: (7-8632)-624742 

Akaki Komakhidze - Director. The Black Sea Ecology and Fisheries Institute. 51, 

Rustaveli str., P.B.58, Batumi, Republic of Georgia. Tel: (7-88200)-35519,36315, 

Tel: (Satellite): 873-140-6444. Fax: (Satellite): 873-140-6443 

Boris Alexandrov - Director. Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas. 37, 

Pushkinskaya str., Odessa, Ukraine. Tel: (7-0482)-250918, Fax: (7-0482)-250918. 

e-mail: inbum@farlep.net. 

Adriana Petranu. Romanian Marine Research Institute. B-dul Mamaia N.300, 8700 

Constantsa 3, Romania. Tel: (40-41)-650870, Fax: (40-41)-831274 

Tsonka Konsulova. Institute of Oceanology. PO Box 152,9000, Varna, Bulgaria. 

Tel: (359-52)-776698, Fax: (359-52)-774256 

Yuvenaly Zaitsev - (Chairman and Main Editor). Institute of Biology of the 

Southern Seas (Odessa Branch). 37, Pushkinskaya str., Odessa, Ukraine. Tel: 

(7-0482)-250917, Fax: (7-0482)-250918. e-mail: inbum@farlep.net. 

Alexei Birkun, Jr. BREMA Laboratory. R. Luxemburg Str. 27-2a, 333720 

Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine. Tel: (380-0652)-253503, Fax: (380-0652)-253503. e- 

mail: alexei@birkun.crimea.ua. 

Cem Kirac. Underwater Research Society. P.K. 420 Yenisehir, Ankara, 06444, 

Turkey. Tel: (90-312)-2151883, Fax: (90-312)-2151883 

Bayram Oztiirk. Istanbul University, (Marine Technology School). Ordu Caddesi 

No. 200, Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: (90-216)-3239050, (90-212)-5913875,3876. 

Fax: (90-216)-323-9050. e-mail: ozturkb@doruk.com.tr. 

4

Vladimir Vladimirov (Software development and Design). Marine Hydrophysical 

Institute. 2, Kapitanskaya str., Sevastopol, 335000, Crimea, Ukraine. Tel: (380-692)- 

525276, Fax: (380-692)-444253. e-mail: vlvlad@alpha.mhi.iuf.net. 

Vladimir O. Mamaev (Overall Coordination and Design). Communications and 

Public Information Officer, Black Sea PCU. Dolmabahce Sarayi, U Harekat Kosku, 

80680 Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: (90-212)-2279927/8/9, Fax: (90-212)-2279933. 

Geographical Coverage of the Black Sea Red Data Book 

It was decided that the geographical scope of the BSRDB should cover the Black Sea 

and the Sea of Azov, and also their coasts, including wetlands connected to the sea. 

The geographical scope of the BSRDB does not cover the entire Black Sea basin or 

extend to the Sea of Marmara. The geographical scope of the BSRDB is thus not 

identical with the scope of the GEF BSEP. 

International Union of Conservation of Nature Categories used in this Red 

DataBook. 

The IUCN Red List Categories of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (1994) to 

describe the status of each species were used, viz. 

-Extinct (EX) 

-Extinct in the Wild (EW) 

-Critically Endangered (CE) 

-Endangered (EN) 

-Vulnerable (VU) 

-Lower Risk (LR) 

-Data Deficient (DD) 

This Book consists of: 

-an introduction 

General Structure of the Black Sea Red Data Book 

-sheets (files) describing threatened species of plants, including Algae (part 1) and 

animals (part 2) 

-annexes (references, indexes) 

5

The book was written in English. The scientific names of each species are also given 

in Latin and in the official languages of the Black Sea countries (Bulgarian, 

Romanian, Russian, Turkish and Ukrainian). The species descriptions (sheets/files) 

are divided into sections according to plant and animal taxonomy. Each species 

description includes the following information: 

-names: full scientific name, synonym(s), common names 

-taxonomy: order, family, taxonomic comments 

-picture of a species (as an aid to its identification) 

-IUCN status: global status, Black Sea regional level (regional view on population 

status), subregional (national) levels 

-distribution (including a map) 

-habitat type, critical habitats, limiting factors 

-notes on biology (since the 1960s, including the dynamics of species numbers) 

-threats (anthropogenic impacts) 

-conservation measures taken 

-conservation measures proposed 

-references 

-the compilers' name(s) 

The Scientists who contributed in compiling species descriptions for the Black Sea 

Red Data Book are: 

Bulgaria 

Andreev, S.; Dencheva, K.; Filipova, M.; Konsulov, A.; Konsulova, T.; Kumanski, 

K.; Nankinov, D.; Prodanov, K.; Siykov, Y.; Stanev^T. 

Georgia 

Komakhidze, A. 

Romania 

Bayaru, A.; Bologa, A.; Dumitrache, C; Gomoiu, M.-T.; Moldoveanu, M.; Petranu, 

A.; Radu, G.; Stanciu, M; Tiganus, V.; Verioti, F. 

Turkey 

Ozturk, B. 

Ukraine 

Alexandrov, B.; Andryushchenko, Y.; Ardamatzkaia, T.;Birkun, A.; Chernichko, J.; 

Dyatlov, S.; Gerasimov, S.; Gorlov, P.; Gubanov, V.; Khutornoy, S.; Kinda, V.; 

Kolodkovskaya, E.; Krivokhizhin, S.; Minicheva, G.; Monchenko, V.; Siokhin, V.; 

Vakhrusheva, L.; Vasilieva, T.; Vorobyova, L.; Yena, A.; Zaitsev, Yu.

Scientific Editor: Academician Yuvenaliy P. Zaitsev, Editor: Dr. Vladimir O. 

Mamaev 

HTML version created by: 

Leader Scientist Dr. Vladimir V.Vladimirov vlvlad@alpha.mhi.iuf.net 

Leader Programmer Vladimir V. Mirosnichenko database@alpha.mhi.iuf.net 

Scientist Vladislav V. Lyubartsev database@alpha.mhi.iuf.net 

Senior Scientist Dr. Alexey V.Mishonov niishonov@alpha.mhi.iuf.net 

SUMMARIES OF RED DATA BOOKS IN THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES 

1. BULGARIA 

by Tsonka Konsulova 

The "Red Data Book (RDB) of the Republic of Bulgaria" was published in 1985 in 

order to make the public familiar with the prevailing state of plant and animal species 

which were found only infrequently in the country, e.g. they were not as widespread 

as "ordinary ones". Three categories of deficiency were adopted: 

-Category A - plant and animal species and subspecies that had disappeared or 

become extinct 

-Category B - plant and animal species and subspecies that were threatened either 

because of an unfavorable change in their habitats and narrow ecological niches or 

because of poor self-restoration of their populations 

-Category C - rare plant and animal species, which either consisted of only a very 

small number of specimens or were extremely limited in occurrence and which, if no 

urgent measures were taken for their protection, were in danger of becoming extinct. 

The two-volume Bulgarian RDB provides a sound basis for a large number of 

initiatives and statutory acts aimed at the improvement, protection and restoration of 

the species included. It also serves as a basis for the adoption of measures to protect 

other species that are not yet included in it. The species in the Bulgarian RDB were 

classified according to our present level of knowledge on their "genetic fund" (= their 

total genetic variation or gene pool); this knowledge is rather scarce on certain groups 

of plants and animals. Volume 2 of the Bulgarian RDB includes information on 157 

vertebrate species of the classes Cyclostomata, Osteichthyes, Amphipoda, Reptilia, 

Aves and Mammalia. The description of each species contains the following

information: Category of the species; Distribution; Abundance (density); Habitat 

characteristics; Reproduction; Factors affecting negative consequences; conservation 

measures taken; Conservation measures proposed; References. 

The Bulgarian RDB gives the number of extinct (Category A), threatened by 

extinction (Category B) and rare (Category C] ) animals as follows: 

Fishes Amphibia Reptilia Birds Mammals Total 

Category A 3 2 9 2 16 

Category B 16 9 57 8 90 

Category C 4 4 34 9 51 

Total 157 

Of these 157 animals, 65 are marine and brackish water species. They are subdivided 

as follows: 

Fishes Amphibia Reptillia Birds Mammals Total 

19 2 39 5 65 

The RDB of Bulgaria (animals) consists of the following chapters: Preface, Maps of 

the Existing and Projected Protected Faunistic Areas of National and International 

Importance, List of Extinct (A), Threatened (B) and Rare (C) Animals in Bulgaria as 

of 1 January, 1982, Fishes (Cyclostomata, Osteichthyes), Amphibia, Reptilia, Birds, 

Mammals, References, Index of Bulgarian names of animal species and subspecies, 

Index of Latin names of animal species and subspecies, Index of Bulgarian RDB 

authors, Summary in Russian, Summary in English, Legend of the chronological 

species maps in Bulgaria 

2. GEORGIA 

by Akaki Komakhidze 

The following publications are available in Georgia: The Red Data Book of the 

USSR, 1984. Vol. 1 and 2, Moscow, Lesnaya promysh-lennost Publ. (in Russian); 

and the Red Data Book of the Georgian Republic. 1982, Tbilisi, Sabchota Sakartvelo 

Publ. (in Georgian). 

The Red Data Book (RDB) of the USSR uses five different status categories: 

-1st category. Endangered species which cannot be saved without special measures. 

-2nd category. Species with respectively high numbers, but declining so dramatically 

that they could quickly become endangered. 

8

-3rd category. Rare species which are not endangered at the moment, but occur in 

such low numbers or in such limited areas that they could become extinct if there 

were unfavorable changes in their habitat due to natural or anthropogenic impacts. 

-4th category. Species whose biology has been insufficiently studied or whose number 

or condition causes concern, but for which the data is insufficient to assign them to 

any of above categories. 

-5th category. Rehabilitated species which are no longer in danger and whose future 

has been secured by protective measures but which are not exploited industrially and 

whose numbers need to be constantly controlled. 

The following species of Black Sea fauna and flora are included in the RDB of the 

USSR: the sturgeon {Acipenser sturio), the monk seal (Monachus monachus); and the 

Black Sea bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus ponticus). 

The RDB of Georgia contains status categories, namely: 

-1st category. Species which are almost extinct or whose habitats are difficult to 

access 

-2nd category. Endangered species 

-3rd category. Rare species 

The following species of Black Sea fauna and flora are included in the RDB of 

Georgia: 

-the sturgeon Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758; 

-the monk seal Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779. 

The compilation of a Black Sea RDB necessitates a consistent approach to 

classification in all the littoral states. It is suggested that the classification adopted in 

1994 by the International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) be taken as a 

basis, namely: 

-Extinct (EX) - a taxon is considered extinct when the last individual dies. 

-Extinct in the wild (EW) - when a taxon can be saved in cultivation, captivity or 

when research cannot locate an individual at the time (daily, seasonally, annually) 

which corresponds to the life cycle of the taxon concerned. 

-Taxon crucially endangered (CR) - when a taxon is endangered under certain 

conditions. 

9

-Taxon endangered (EN) - a taxon which is not threatened with extinction at the 

moment, but faces high risks and may disappear in the near future. 

-Vulnerable (VU) - a taxon is considered vulnerable when does not come under any of 

the above categories, but may become endangered under certain conditions. 

-Taxon with low risk (LR) - all remaining taxa. They can be divided into three 

subcategories: 

-Dependent on conservation. 

-Close to danger. 

-With the lowest risk. 

-Category with deficient data (DD) - includes taxa on which information is inadequate 

to evaluate the risk of extinction. IUCN adopted criteria for each category taking into 

account the number, distribution, habitat and existing potential level of exploitation. 

-Non-evaluated (NE) - includes taxa which cannot be included in any of the above 

categories. 

However, we believe that for the marine hydrobionts such classification is so detailed 

and complicated as to make it impossible to use practically. The issue should be 

studied by relevant experts and an acceptable classification adopted according to their 

recommendations. All the littoral states should set up national expert teams to assist 

with the compilation of a Black Sea RDB. These teams will identify the geographical 

areas (swamps, estuaries, adjacent lakes, etc.) connected with the Black Sea and 

decide whether they should be included in the Black Sea RDB. Only after the 

geographical scope of the book has been finalized can other issues connected with the 

Red Book be discussed. 

3. ROMANIA 

by Adriana Petranu 

There is no national Red Data Book (RDB) in Romania. The preparation of a Danube 

Delta RDB is one of the tasks of the Strategic Plan for the Management of Danube 

Delta, and considerable information concerning the marine sector of the delta is 

already stored in its database. In addition, some Romanian marine biologists have 

published lists of rare and threatened species, including a Red List of extinct, 

endangered, rare and insufficiently known benthic macrophytes in the Romanian 

10

Black Sea. An inventory of marine algae was prepared on the basis of categories 

proposed by the International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Field 

studies covering the last three decades identified 143 macrophytes in Romanian 

maritime waters, including: 20 extinct and endangered species (6 Chlorophyta, 4 

Phaeophyta, 10 Rhodophyta), 34 rare species (6 Chlorophyta, 2 Xanthophyta, 9 

Phaeophyta, 17 Rhodophyta), and four insufficiently known species (1 Phaeophyta, 

3 Rhodophyta). 

Extinct and Endangered Species of Marine Macrophytes in Romania 

Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta 

Cladophora rupestris Myrionema strangulans Corallina elongata 

Cladophora hatchinsiae Petalonia zosterifolia Dasya baillouriana 

Enteromorpha kylinii Pilayella littoralis Erythrocladia irregularis 

Enteromorpha torta Stictyosiphon adriaticus Gelidium latifolium 

Entocladia viridis Gelidiella antipai 

Pseudopringsheimia 

confluens 

Laurencia ortusa 

Lophosiphonia reptarunda 

Polysiphonia riolacea 

Spermothamnion strictum 

Stylonema alsidii 

Five species of Natantia and three species of Reptantia decapods have disappeared 

from Romanian Black Sea coastal waters: 

Extinct Species of Decapods in Romania 

Natantia Reptantia 

Hippolyte inermis Leach, 1815 Callianassa pontica Czern, 1884 

Lysmata seticaudata Risso, 1816 Callianassa truncata Giard-Bonnier, 1890 

Pontophylus fasciatus Hailst, 1835 Macropodia aegiptia Milne-Edov, 1834 

Pontophylus trispinosus Hailst, 1835 

Processa pontica Sorinsky, 1885 

4. RUSSIA 

by Stanislav Volovik 

The Red Data Book of the USSR (1984) and the Red Data Book of the RSFSR (1983) 

were published in Russia. The following Black Sea/Azov Sea Basin animal species 

are included in the Red Data Book (RDB) of the USSR: 

11

-Mammals - 15 species (9 species in Russia); 

-Birds - 22 species (15 in Russia) 

-Amphibians and Reptiles -15 species (4 in Russia) 

-Fish - 1 species (1 in Russia) 

-Arthropods - 66 species (55 in Russia) 

-Crustaceans - 1 species (1 in Russia) 

-Molluscs - 1 species (1 in Russia) 

The RDB of the RSFSR contains less species than the RDB of the USSR, particularly 

as regards aquatic organisms. For example, the RSFSR RDB does not include any 

species of Black Sea/Azov Sea fish or molluscs. 

In 1996 a two-volume book of the rare and endangered plants and animals in the 

Rostov-on-Don region was published. It includes some representatives of Black 

Sea/Azov Sea ecosystems, but the data presented pertains to the early and mid 1980s. 

During the preparation of Russian National Report on Black Sea Biodiversity it was 

found that in recent years the population status of many species in the Rostov-Don 

region has deteriorated. It is possible that a similar situation exists in the Krasnodar 

region, although data has yet to be published. Support should be provided for the 

publication of a RDB for the Black Sea/Azov Sea Basin. The State Committee of 

Fisheries of the Russian Federation promised to provide some financial support for 

the preparation of the book, but only for the section on aquatic organisms. 

All the threatened and rare organisms in the marine and coastal ecosystems (including 

wetlands) should be included in the Black Sea RDB. A source of funding should be 

sought for specialists who will compile data on plants (excluding algae), amphibians, 

reptiles, birds and mammals. 

5. TURKEY 

by Bay ram Ozturk 

No Red Data Book (RDB) has yet been published in Turkey. After the Turkish 

Ministry of the Environment signed the Rio Declaration in 1992, it decided to prepare 

a Turkish RDB. The book will include both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Even 

though Turkey has no RDB, some threatened species are nevertheless under legal 

protection. For example, all catching of Huso huso, Monachus monachus, and three 

cetacean species in the Black Sea is forbidden. DHKD, a Turkish NGO, recently 

compiled a Turkish RDB for birds. 

12

STATUS OF THE MONK SEAL (M.monachus) ON 

THE BLACK SEA COASTS OF TURKEY 

By Cem Kirac 

The existence of the Monk Seals was mentioned by Mursalaglu (1964), Berkes 

(1978), Ozturk (1996) and Kirac & Savas(1996). Two monk seals were recorded on 

the Turkish Black Sea coast in 1991 -1994, swimming along the coast between Cide, 

Gatalzeytin, Inebow, Abana and Doganyurt (Ozturk, 1996). Meanwhile, studies of 

AFAG between Akcakoca and Zonguldak (74 km of coastline) performed between 

1989 and 1994 revealed that monk seal is extinct in this zone, with the last regular 

sighting dating back to December 1987 (Kirac & Savas, 1996). SAD/AFAG made 

two expeditions along these coasts in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Our studies 

included interviews with professional fishermen who spend more hours and days at 

sea than scientists and conservationists can afford. Also, amateur fishermen, sailors, 

divers and other interested people were interviewed. A standard inquiry form of 

AFAG for "Monk Seal Sightings" was used in collecting data; each sighting sheet is 

stored in a Dbase Program. In contrast to our studies made on the western coasts 

(between Akcakoca and Zonguldak), AFAG could not make field studies in the 

Central Black Sea due to limited finance. However, we could obtain preliminary data 

about the existence of monk seals (approximate number and approximate distribution 

on 350 km of coastline). The results show that minimum three monk seals survive on 

the Turkish Black Sea Coasts. This number is not the result of individual 

identifications but reflects the total number of seal sighted together. AFAG obtained 

97 seal sighting data for 1960-1995, against 78 sighting data for 1990-1995 (July). 

There were two seals together (n=4) in three different locations in 1990-1995 and 

three seals together (n=3) in three different locations in 1990 - 1995. The locations 

having multiple seal sightings indicate higher numbers of monk seals than indicated 

above. Habitat degradation is minimal and there is little tourist development in this 

zone of Turkish Black Sea Coast. Protection of species is therefore easier than in 

other parts of Turkey (Kirac & Veryeri, 1996; Guclusoy, 1995,1996). There are also 

17 caves, found by Ozturk (1996) in just one part of the mentioned zone. 

6. UKRAINE 

by Boris Alexandrov 

Law N2750-XU "Red Data Book of Ukraine" was signed on 29 October 1992. 

According to this law, 430 species of plants and 396 species of animals in Ukraine are 

listed as Red Data Book (RDB) organisms. They include 19 species of algae and 100 

species of which are inhabitants of the Black Sea. The first volume of the Ukrainian 

RDB (Animals) was published in 1994. It includes pictures, maps and detailed 

description of extinct and endangered species. The second volume (Plants) was 

13

published in February 1997. It is available from the Ministry for Environmental 

Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine. 

Some Ukrainian specialists recommend including in the Black Sea RDB species 

which do not live in the sea but have causal relations (trophic and living connections) 

with marine ecosystems. These include some species of birds and plants which 

inhabit coastal dunes, peninsulas, islands and wetlands. The following list of these 

organisms has been compiled by ornithologists (Dr. J. Chernichko, Ju. 

Andriuschenko, V. Kinda and P. Gorlov from the Azov-Black Sea Ornithological 

Station of Ukraine) and botanists (Dr. S. Djatlov and Dr. T. Vasiljeva-Nemertsalova 

from Odessa State University): 

Plants 

Eryngium maritimum L. Ephedra distachya L. 

Crambe pontica Stev. Ex. Rupri. Cladium mariscus (L.) R. Br. 

Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. Eremogone cephalotes (Bieb.) Fenzl. 

Ornithogalum refractum Schlecht Pancratium maritimum L. 

Birds 

Pelecanus onocrotalus Accipiter brevipes Antrhopoides virgo 

Pelecanus cripsus Buteo rufinis Otis tarda 

Phalacrocorax aristotelis Circaetus gallicus Tetrax tetrax 

Phalacrocorax pygmaeus Hieraaetus pennatus Burhinus oedienemus 

Areola ralloides Aquiila rapax Charadrius alexandrinus 

Platalea leucorodia Aquila clanga Himanntopus nimantopus 

Plegadis falcinellus Aquila pomarina Haematopus ostralegus 

Ciconi nigra Aquila heliaca Tringa stagnatilis 

Rufibrenta rufficollis Aquiila chrysaetos Numenius tenuirostris 

Cygnus bewickii Larus ichthyaetus Numenius arquata 

Tadorna ferruginea Hydroprogue caspia Numenius phaeopus 

Bucephala clangula Bubo bubo Glareola pratíncola 

Aythya myroca Haliaetus albicilla Glareola nordmanni 

Somateria mollissima Mouticola saxatilis Emberiria melanocepphala 

Oxyura leucocephala Aegypius monochus Sturnus roseus 

Mergus serrator Gyps fulvus Neophron percnopterus 

Pandion haliaetus Falco cherrug Tyto alba 

Milvus milvus Falco peregrinus Lanius senator 

Circus cyaneus Falco naumanni 

Circus macrourus Grus grus 

14

SPECIES SHEETS 

PART I. PLANTS (INCLUDING ALGAE) 

Aegilops geniculate (Roth) 

Synonyms: Aegilops ovatap.p., 1759; Aegilopspontica auct. (Deg.) Valev, 1963; 

Aegilops lorentii auct. Höchst., 1845. 

Common names: Bulg: Kolenchato divo zhito, Pontiyski egilops, Lorentsiev egilops. 

Taxonomic description. A hairy plant with a hairy root, noded stems gathered in 

tufts reaching upwards from 20 cm to 40 cm. Flat and thick leaves. The spike (without 

awns) is 2-3 cm long, hard, with 3-4 spikelets of which the upper 1-2 are always non- 

fructiferous and the lower two always fructiferous, rounded, slightly swollen with 6-8 

awns each. The chaffs of the fructiferous spikelets are strongly bristlelike, rugged 

along the veins but naked between them, ending at the tip, with two long almost 

similar awns. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 

Black Sea Regional level: 

Subregion level: CE 

Order POALES 

Family POACEAE 

15

Synonyms: None 

Allium guttatum Steven, 1809 

Common names: Engl: Spotted onion; Russ: Luk krapchaty; Turk: Kiyi sogani; Ukr: 

Tsybulya krapchasta 

Taxonomic description. A bulbous perennial grassy plant, 30-70 cm in height. 

Daughter bulbs and substituting bulb capsules are yellow or grey. Leaves 

semicylindrical and with a chute on the upper side, not narrowed to petioles. Stem 

thickness about seven mm. Flowers associated in the top umbel floscule without 

bulbs, enclosed into a cover. Perianth petals about 2.5-3.0 mm lengthwise, white with 

a violet or brown spot in the middle, with one vein, and the perianth petals combined 

at the base. Stamen threads longer than perianth petals by a quarter. Interior stamen 

threads extend to a top, three-toothed. Middle tooth, carrying an anther, shorter than 

thread-like lateral ones. 

IUCN Status 

World level: NE 

Black Sea Regional level: EN 

Subregion level: CR in Ukraine 

Order AMARYLLIDALES 

Family ALLIACEAE 

17

Novosad, V. V., 1992. Flora Kerchensko-Tamanskogo Regiona. (The Flora of the 

Kerch-Taman Region). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 277 pp. (in Russian). 

Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification 

Book of the Crimean Higher Plants). Leningrad, Nauka: 550 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by L. Vakhrusheva 

19

Asparagus brachyphyllus Turczaninov, 1840 

Synonyms: Asparaguspallasii Misez., Asparagusponticus Woronow 

Common names: Engl: Short-leaved asparagus; Bulg: Asperja; Russ: SparzJia 

korotkolistnaya, Sparzha Pallasa; Turk: Asparagus; Ukr: Kholodok korotkolysty, 

Kholodok Pallasa 

Taxonomic description. A perennial prostrate grass with slightly rising wriggled 

curved thin stems (2-3 mm in diameter) in the top part. Cladodes 5-10 mm long, 

lengthwise fan-like diverging and slightly sickle-like curved, dove-coloured, in 

bundles of 3-6. The plants are dioecious, the flowers are unisexual, and located on the 

main lateral branches, one or two per floriferous stem. The fruit is a berry. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea Regional level: VU 

Subregion level: VU in Ukraine 

Order ASPARAGALES 

Family ASPARAGACEAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Occurs on a littoral 

strip of steppe and saline land close to the sea coast or to salty lakes. Critical 

habitats: Crimea steppe near Razdol'noye, sandy coast of Karkinit Bay, northern coast 

of Kerch peninsula (Bagerovo, Kurortnoye). Limiting factors: overgrazing, 

destruction by storms and other severe weather conditions. 

20

Velchev, V. (Ed.), 1984. Chervena kniga na NR Bulgaria. Tom 1. Rasteniya. (The 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata 

Akademia na naukite: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian). 

Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red DataBook 

of Ukraine). Kiev, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian). 


22

Asparagus litoralis Steven, 1857 

Synonyms: Asparagus misczenkoi Djin; Asparagus neglectus Kar et Kir; Asparagus 

monoclados Vved.; Asparagus ferganensis Vved 

Common names: Engl: Coastal asparagus; Bulg: Asperja; Russ: Sparzha 

pribrezhnaya; Turk: Kiyi asparagusu Ukr: Kholodok pryberezhny 

Taxonomic description. A perennial grass, 30-50 cm in height. The plant is 

dioecious. Cladodes thick (0.3-0.7 mm in diameter), bare, furrowed, near 1.0-1.5 cm 

lengthwise, to a high degree fan-like diverging from the stem, in bundles of 4-10. The 

flowers are located at the top of the floriferous stems and branches. The berry is red, 

near 7-8 mm in diameter. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The plant prefers 

littoral strips, sands, cockle-shells, and rocks. Critical habitats: Crimean coastline, in 

particular Sudak, Shchebetovka, Maly Mayak, Ayudag mountain. Limiting factors: 

endemism, limited distribution, small population sizes; storm destruction and 

overgrazing. 

Order ASPARAGALES 

Family ASPARAGACEAE 

23

Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. OpredeliteT vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification 


Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red Data 

Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian). 


25

Astrodaucus Uttoralis Prude, 1898 

Synonyms: Daucus bessarabicus DC; Caucalis Uttoralis Bieb 

Common names: Russ: Morkovnitsa pribrezhnaya; Ukr: Morkovnitsya pryberezhna 

Order ARALIALES (APIALES) 

Family APIACEAE (UMB ELLIFERAE) 

Taxonomic description. A monocarpous biennial plant, 30-80 cm in height, with 

parted leaves, their apexes linear, with rare hairs at the leaf margin. Umbels 4-8 cm in 

diameter with 8-18 bare rays. Petals white, slightly pink, hollowed at the top. The 

foetus is 3-7 mm long and 0.3 mm wide (without spout), with thick long pyramidal 

thorns which are about the width of the foetus. 

IUCN Status 

World level: DD 



26

Biology. Flowering in May-June, fruit-bearing in July-August. Reproduction by 

seeds and vegetatively. 

Population trends. Population not abundant and with a tendency to decline. 

Threats. Picking by people for decoration; habitat destruction by the creation of 

artificial beaches. 

Conservation measures taken. The species has been entered in the Red Data Book 

of Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Inventorize the species' locations, population 

monitoring, organization of reservations in the Crimea (in Kerch and Tarkhankut 

peninsula areas). An edible plant that can be cultivated! 

References 

Golubev, V.N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the 

Crimea). Yalta, GNBS: 86 pp. (in Russian). 

Kryukova, I. V., Y A. Luks & L. A. Privalova et a\., 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i 

zhivotnyye Kryma. (Rare Plants and Animals of the Crimea). Simferopol, Tavria: 

176 pp. (in Russian). 

Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova., 1976. Katalog redkikh, 

ischezayushchikh i unichtozhaemykh rasteniy flory Kryma, rekomenduyemykh dlya 

zapovednoy okhrany. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminativ Crimean 

Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. (in Russian). 



24

Biology. Reproduction is by seeds and vegetatively. The species has an early spring 

development by overground shoots. 

Population trends. The population is not abundant. Its range is decreasing by 

habitat destruction. 

Threats. Habitat reduction or complete destruction due to cattle grazing; local people 

pick this plant for decorative purposes. 

Conservation measures taken. The species has been entered in the Red Data Books 

of Bulgaria and Ukraine. It is conserved in the Belosaray spit reservation (Donetsk 

region, Ukraine). 

Conservation measures proposed. Complete inventory of locations, monitoring of 

populations, more reservations needed. 

References 

Golubev, V. N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the 


Kryukova , I.. V., Y. A. Luks, & L. A. Privalova et al, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i 

zhivotnyye Kryma. (Rare Plants and Animals of the Crimea). Simferopol, Tavria: 176 

pp. (in Russian). 

Rubtsov, N .1. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification 


21

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found on a littoral 

strip of sea coast, coastal sands and places near rocks. Critical habitats: Evpatoria, 

Mysovoye (Kazantip Cape), Sudak, Maly Mayak and Karabakh (southern coast of the 

Crimea). Limiting factors: small size of population, elimination during storms and 

other unfavourable natural situations, overgrazing. 

Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing in June-August. Reproduction by seeds. 

Population trends. The population is not abundant, and has a tendency to decline. 

Threats. Habitat destruction by the creation of artificial beaches and construction in 

the coastal zone, recreational stress, collecting for eating. 

Conservation measures taken. The species has been entered in the Red Data Books 

of Bulgaria and Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Complete inventory of locations, population 

monitoring, organization of more nature reservations. Can be cultivated for eating. 

References 


Crimea). Yalta: GNBS: 86 pp. (in Russian). 

Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & L. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh, 


zapovednoy okhrany. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean 

Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp., (in Russian). 

27

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found along a 

littoral strip, coastal sands and cockle-shells, and on steppic hillsides. Critical habitats: 

Arabat spit sands, steppe hillsides near Simferopol. Limiting factors: small natural 

population size and limited distribution. 

Biology. Flowering in July-August. Reproduction by seeds and vegetatively. 

Population trends. The colonies are not abundant, and have a tendency to decrease. 

Threats. Habitat destruction by construction activity, cattle grazing; elimination by 

local inhabitants, creation of local market-gardening. 

Conservation measures taken. No special measures. 

Conservation measures proposed. Regular monitoring of population state; the 

species should be included in the national Red Data Lists of all Black Sea countries. 

References 

Davis, P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols.1-9. 

Edinburgh University Press. 



Luks, Y. A., L.A. Privalova, & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh, 


zapovednoy okhrany. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean 

Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp (in Russian). 

18

Novosad, V. V., 1992. Flora Kerchensko-Tamanskogo Regiona. (The Flora of Kerch- 

Taman Region). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 277 pp. (in Russian). 




Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya Publ.: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian). 


Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Plants). Sofia, Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata Akademia na 

naukite 1: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian). 


28

Calystegia soldanella (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 1810 

Synonyms: Convolvulus soldanella L., 1753 

Common names: Bulg: Kraymorsko chaderche, Soldanelovo chaderche; Russ: 

Povoy soldanelevy; Ukr: Pletukha soldanelovydna 

Taxonomic description. A perennial herb with long root system and procumbent 

stems, 15-50 cm long, naked and smooth. Leaf blades reniform and fleshy. Flowers 

on long pedicels, pentamerous. There are two ovate bracts embracing the receptacle; 

sepals ovate, mucronate, equal to bracts; corolla 3,5-5,0 cm long, infundibular, pink. 

Fruit a capsule. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea Regional level: CR 

Subregion level: VU, EX in Ukraine 

Order POLEMONIALES 

Family CONVOLVULACEAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sandy and shingly 

coasts. Critical habitats: Crimea (Sevastopol, Laspi, Foros, Nikita, Gurzuf, Novy 

Svet, Sudak); Bulgaria (mouth of the river Kamchiya, Nesebr, Pomorie, Burgas, 

Sozopol, Primorsko, Michurin, Akhtopol). Limiting factors unknown. 

29

Biology. Blooms from May to July; fruits from June to August. Propagation both 

vegetative (by runners and suckers) and by seeds. The species is a psammophyte, 

xeromesophyte and halophyte. 

Population trends. Declining in abundance. 

Threats. Lack of non-modified sites along the coast due to the development of resort 

zones. 

Conservation measures taken. Listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria and 

protected in the "Kamchiya" preserve (Bulgaria). 

References 

Davis P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols. 1-9. 


Fyodorov, A. A. (Ed.), 1981. Flora yevropeiskoy chasti SSSR. (Flora of European 

Part of the USSR. Vol. 5). Leningrad, Nauka 5: 380 pp. (in Russian). 



Kryukova , I. V., Y. A. Luks, L. A. Privalova, et al, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i 

zhivotnyye Kryma. (Rare Plants and Animals of the Crimea). Simferopol: Tavria, 


30

Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh, 


zapovednoy okhrany (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean 




Stoyanov, N., B. Stefanov & B. Kitanov, 1967. Flora na Bulgaria. Tom 2. 4 izd. 

(Flora of Bulgaria. Vol.2, 4th Ed.). Sofia, Nauka i Izkustvo: 1325 pp. (in Bulgarian) 


Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata 

Akademia na naukite: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian). 

Vulff, E. W., 1966. Flora Kryma. (Flora of the Crimea). Moscow, Kolos 3 (2): 256 


Yena, A. V., 1997 Nekotoryye itogi izucheniya pribrezhnoy flory Kryma. (Some 

results of the investigation of the Crimean coastal flora). In: Proc. of the Crimean 

Agricultural State University. Simferopol, Tavriya: 200-204 (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Yena and M. Filipova. 

31


Chrysopogon gryllus Linnaeus, Trin., 1820 

Common names: Engl: Scented grass; Russ: Zolotoborodnik tsikadovy; Ukr: 

Zolotoborodnyk tsykadovy 

Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb, 50-150 cm in height. Spikelets associated 

in groups of three, the fertile one of which is unisexual. The two others staminal or 

not completely developed. At the base of each group of spikelets, a bunch of straight 

golden hairs. Groups of uniflorous spikelets associated in elegant panicles with 

whorly grouped branches. Fruit a corn seed. 

IUCN Status 



Subregion level: CR (Ukraine) 

Order POALES 


Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On seaside sands, 

sand spits, saline lands, forest edges. In Ukraine found on the Isle of Dzharylgatch, 

on the coasts near the Reserve of Dunaiskie Plavni. 

32

Biology. Flowering during Fruit-bearing in VIII-IX. Reproducing by seeds. 

Population trends. A local species. Populations not abundant. 

Threats. Destruction of habitats, extraction of sand, creation of artificial forests with 

Pinus sylvestrh, recreational stress. 

Conservation measures taken. The species features in the Red Data Book of 

Ukraine. It is protected in the Chernomorskiy Biosphere Reserve and the Reserve of 

Dzharylgatch of State importance (Ukraine). 

Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones wherever the species 

occurs. 

References 

Red Data Book of Ukraine. 1996. Plant Kingdom, Kiev: 606 pp. 

Tchopik, V. I., 1978. Rare and vanishing plants of Ukraine. Kiev: 216 pp. 

Zaverucha, B. V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova, 1983. Protected plants of 

Ukraine. Kiev: 176 pp. 

Compiled by S. Dyatlov & T. Vasilieva 

33

Synonyms: None. 

Cladium mariscus Linnaeus, Pohl., 1810 

Common names: Engl: Saw grass, Twig rush; Bulg: Rezhets kladium; Russ: Mech- 

trava obyknovennaya; Ukr: Mech-trava bolotna 

Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb with thick rootstock and round leaved 

stem, 1-1.5 m in height. Leaves linear. Flowers associated in compound panicles, 

with a head bunch with long lacerated bracteate leaves. 

IUCN Status 



Subregion level: CR 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A European- 

Mediterranean relict, with disjunctive range. Black Sea coast, on wet seaside sands. 

Biology. Flowering during VI-VU. Fruit-bearing in DC. Reproducing by seeds and 

vegetatively. 

Order CYPERALES 

Family CYPERACEAE 

Population trends. Populations not abundant. 

34

Threats. Draining of wetlands, creation of residental zones. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the Reserve Dunayskiye 

Plavne (Ukraine). 

Conservation measures proposed. Create protected territories where the species 

occurs. 

References 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Plants. Sofia, 1: 447 pp. 

Red Data Book of Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, 1988. Plants. Moscow: 

590 pp. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kiev: 606 pp. 

Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR, Leningrad: 264 pp 

Tchopik ,V. I., 1978. Rare and vanishing plants of Ukraine. Kiev: 216 pp. 

Zaverucha B. V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova , 1983. Protected plants of 

Ukraine. Kiev, 176 pp. 


35

Crambe mitridatis Juzepczuk, 1951 

Synonyms: Crambe koktebelica var. mitridatis Kotov, Crambe orientalis auct 

Common names: Engl: Mithridates crambe, Mithridates colewort; Bulg: Divo zele 

(mitridatis); Rom: Holodean (mitridatis), Tirtan (mitridatis); Russ: Katran 

mitridatskiy; Ukr: Katran mitridats'ky 

Order CAPPARALES 

Family BRAS SIC ACE AE (CRUCIFERAE) 

Taxonomic description. A tall (1.5-2.0 m), annual or biennial plant with numerous 

thin branches. Base leaves long, lyre-like, parted (solid ones are more rare), bare on 

top, with long rare hairs on the veins on the bottom. Flowers white, petals yellowing 

towards the base. Foetus a nut-like podlet. Its base short, empty; top a large sphere, 

bearing one seed. The closely related endemic species C. mitridatis is often 

considered as a taxonomic variety of C. koktebelica because of only subtle differences 

between both. 

IUCN Status 




36

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sand and shingle 

coasts, beaches, cavities and cracks in coastal rocks. Critical habitats: considered 

endemic of Opuk mountain (Kerch peninsula in the Crimea) for a long time; in recent 

years it has spread to the north of Kerch peninsula (Zolotoye, Bagerovo) and to 

Tarkhankut peninsula (Jangul coast). Limiting factors: endemism, small population 

size, overgrazing, elimination by storms. 

Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing in June-September. Reproduction by seeds; a 

low temperature is necessary for germination. 

Population trends. The populationsare scanty. Trends are not quite clear. 

Threats. Overexploitation by local inhabitants, because the plant is edible. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is listed in the Red Data Book of 

Ukraine and conserved in reservation sites at Kazantip Cape and Opuk mountain 

(Kerch peninsula of the Crimea). 

Conservation measures proposed. Population monitoring; cultivation and 

reintroduction measures; creation of Kerch and Tarkhankut natural reservations 

including protected areas on Opuk mountain and Kazantip Cape. 

References 



37

Kryukova, I. V., Y. A. Luks, L. A. Privalova et ah, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i 



Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & L. V. Kryukova., 1976. Katalog redkikh, 


zapovednoy okhrany. 1976. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative 

Crimean Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. (in 

Russian). 




Book of the Crimean Higher Plants). Leningrad:, Nauka: 550 pp. (in Russian). 


Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya: 608 pp (in Ukrainian). 


38

Crambe pontica Stev. ex Rupr., 1869 

Synonyms: Crambe maritima sensu Czerniak 

Common names: Engl: Sea-kale, Colewort; Russ: Katran pontiyskiy; Ukr: Katran 

pontiysky 

Taxonomic description. A perennial herb, 50-60 cm in height. Root thick, plant 

bluish and bare. Leaves fleshy, oval or oblong and elliptical, emarginate-lacerated or 

lobed on the edges. Petals white, near 7-9 mm length. Upper part of the pod 7-12 

mm in length, ovate or almost globe-shaped, smooth or wrinkled. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On seaside sands, 

limestones and sand spits. 

Biology. Flowering during IV-VI. Fruit-in bearing VI-Vm. Reproducing by seeds. 

Population trends. Not numerous. 


Family BRASSICACEAE 

39

Threats. Recreation, building on the seaside. 

Conservation measures taken. No special protection. 

Conservation measures proposed. Creation of protected 

Compiled by S.Dyatlov & T.Vasilieva 

40

Cystoseira barbota (Good. & Wood, 1821) 

Synonyms: Fucus barbatus Goodenough & Woodward, 1797; Cystoseira hoppii 

Agardh, 1821. 

Common names: Rom: Cistoseira. 

Taxonomic description. The thallus is 15-20 cm tall; each branch ends with a conic 

foot (sole); in most cases the basement branches are joined together in a common 

base. The stem is narrow, 3-5 mm thick, cylindrical, its surface smooth and unequal. 

The main branches are alternatively or chaotically branched from the stem, very long, 

cylindrical in shape, with plenty of small branches whose number gradually 

decreases, leaving a few singular cylindrical small branches, much shorter than the 

initial ones; the small branches are uniformly distributed along the main branches or 

come together as brooms near their top. In winter and spring there are many (air) 

bladders on the branches. Cryptostoma are numerous on the surface of the branches 

and (air) bladders. The receptacles are cylindrical, 0.2-1 cm long, strongly stressed on 

the scaphidia surface and with phyliform sterile tops; gathered in dense installments 

on the lateral surface of the branches: often in the receptacles the (air) bladders are 

metamorphozed and are distributed close the top branches . 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN 

Order FUCALES 

Family SARGASACEAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky bottoms on 

pebbly grounds in sublittoral areas at depths of 0.5-10 m. Present also in the Azov 

41

and Mediterranean Seas. Species belonging to inferior northern area. Threatened by 

suspended particles, with decreased light penetration for a consequence. 

Biology. A perennial plant needing much light; reproduction occurs at a depth 

of 0.5-5 m. 

Population trends. Almost disappeared! On the Romanian littoral, in the 

southern zone of Tuzla-Varna Vech, the biomass of Cystoseira has decreased from 

5,4001 fresh weight in 1971 to 755 t in 1973 and 120 t in 1979. The first destruction 

came from the freezing of the sea water during the 1971/1972 winter when floating 

ice destroyed about 80% of the stock of Cystoseira (900 t in 1972). Currently, 

only isolated tufts survive. 

Threats. Hard frosts, hydrotechnical constructions, silting of rocky bottoms by 

suspended matter, lowering of light energy penetration through the water column by 

increased turbidity and eutrophication. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution from point 

and non-point sources; declare the protection of the southern sector of the Romanian 

littoral (2 Mai-Varna Veche) as a natural submarine park. 

References 

Bavaru, A., Bologa A. S. & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine 

algae (except the Diatoms) along the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Rev. roum. 

Biol. biol. veget. 36: 7-22. 

Bologa A. S., 1986. Importanta ecológica a algoflorei bentale de la litoralul 

Romaniasc al Marii Negre. Hidrobiología 19: 75-82. 

42

Bologa, A. S., 1987-88. Annotated bibliography on the macrophytobenthos along the 

Romanian Black Sea coast (1881-1986). Cercet. mar. 20/21: 353-384. 

Bologa, A. S., 1979. Present state of seaweed production along the Romanian Black 

Seashore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109. 

Bologa A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y.P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major 

modifications of Black Sea benthic and planktonic biota in the last three decades. 

Bull. Inst, oceanogr. Monacol5: 85-110. 

Bologa, A. S. & A. Bavaru, in press. Lista rosie a algelor macrofite bentale disparate 

si pe cale de extinctie, rare si insuficient cunoscute din sectoral Romaniasc al Marii 

Negre. Ocrot. nat. prot. med. 

Muller, G. I., 1973. On the possibility of a marine reserve being established on the 

Romanian coast of the Black Sea. in Atti. Conv. Int. "I parchi costieri mediterranei", 

Salerno-Castellabate, 18-22 giugno, pp. 715-730. 

Vasiliu, F., 1984. Causes and consequences of the present status of perennial algae 

from the Romanian Black Sea littoral. Rev.Mus.Mon. 5 (in Romanian). 

Zinova, A. D., 1967. Opredelitel' zelenykh, burykh i krasnykh vodoroslei iuzhnykh 

morei SSSR. Moskva-Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp. 

Compiled by A. Bologa & A .Bavaru. 

43

Cystoseira crinita (Desf. Bory, 1832) 

Synonyms: Cystoseira bosphorica (Sauv.), 1912; Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Duby/. 

bosforica A.Zin.& Kalug 

Common names: Rom: Cistoseira, Russ: Tsistozeira bosforskaya; Turk: Bagazici 

yosunu. 

Taxonomic description. The thallus is over 30-40 cm long and grows in the same 

conditions as Cystoseira barbata. The stem is short or stretched along the whole 

stem, almost 2 mm high; the main branches are 5-10 cm long, one mm thick; its 

branches branch out alternatively. The surface of the stem and branches is smooth. 

The branches are cylindrical with a large number of cryptostoma coming out on the 

surface in shapes visible to the naked eye. The number of (air) bladders is small, 

interspersed or superficial, one or two on small branches at a certain distance from 

one another. These (air) bladders are large, 4-8 mm long and 3-4 mm thick, 

ellipsoidal, sometimes with a lateral growth, or split such a pitch-fork. Cylindrical or 

spare-shaded receptacles at the top of the branches, often with bladders and 

sometimes with some small thorns on their surface, and without sterile shoots 

on the top. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Order FUCALES 

Family SARGASACEAE 

Subregion level: EN, on the north-western and western shelves 

44

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky bottoms on 

pebbly grounds in sublittoral areas. Suspended particles hindering light penetration. 

Biology. Perennial, in need of much light; reproduction at a depth 0,5-5m. Endemic 

of the Black Sea. 

Population trends. The species has almost disappeared and may soon be extinct. 

Threats. Hard frosts, hydrotechnical constructions, silting of rocky bottoms by 

suspended matter, lowering of light penetration to the water column, eutrophication. 

Conservation measures taken. None. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution from point 

and non-point sources; organization of a submarine nature park. 

References 

Bavaru, A., S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka., 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine algae 

(except the Diatoms) along the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Rev. roum. Biol., 

Biol.veget. 36: 7-22. 

Bologa, A. S., 1986. Importanta ecológica a algoflorei bentale de la litoralul 

Romaniasc al Marii Negre. Hidrobiologia 19: 75-82. 



Bologa, A. S., 1979. Present state of seaweed production along the Romanian 

Black Sea shore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109. 

45

Bologa, A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran., V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major 

modifications of the Black Sea benthic and planktonic biota in the last three decades. 

Bull. Inst, oceanogr. Monaco 15: 85-110. 

Bologa, A. S. & A. Bavaru, in press. Lista rosie a algelor macrofite bentale disparate 

si pe cale de extinctie, rare si insuficient cunoscute din sectoral Romaniasc al Marii 

Negre. Ocrot. nat. prot. med. 

Dentsheva, K., 1996. Gradienti na eutrofikacia ustanoweni waw wrazka s promenite 

na stracturata na macrophitobentosnite cenozi w uslowiata na antropogenna 

eutrofikacia. Varna, Marine sciences. Marine technologies 3: 386-392. 

Kalugina-Gutnik, A.A., 1975. Phytobentos Tshernogo morja. Kiev, Naukova 

Dumka: 245 pp. 

Minicheva, G. G., 1993. Strakturno-funkcionalnie osobennosti formirowanij 

soobshtestv morskich bentosnich wodoroslej. Algologia: 3-12. 

Muller, G. I., 1973. On the possibility of a marine reserve being established on the 

Romanian coast of the Black Sea. in Atti. Conv. Int. "I parchi costieri mediterranei", 

Salerno-Castellabate, 18-22 giugno: 715-730. 


morei SSSR. Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp. 

Compiled by A. Bologa, A. Bavaru & K. Dencheva. 

46

Dictiota dichotoma (Lamour, 1809) 

Synonyms: Viva dichotoma Hudson, 1762. 

Common names: Russ: Diktiota dikhotomicheskaya. 

Order DICTYOTALES. 

Family DICTYOTACEAE. 

Taxonomic description. Thallus 10-20 cm tall, with numerous attached risodes. The 

thallome is rude leathern, dichotomic, divided into numerous segments of 2-8 mm 

width. Tips of the segments oval or forked. Diameter of the tetrasporangia 100-150 

um, usually single, distributed over the surface of the thallome. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN (Ukraine) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On rocks, stones 

and shells. Disturbed rocky-stony biotopes are critical. High concentration of organic 

matter is limiting. 

Biology. A yearly plant. Reproduction both sexual and asexual. 

Population trends. In the 1960s it dominated Dilopheta associations. The average 

biomass was 380 g.m 2 

. At present, D. dichotoma is a rare species. 

Threats. Hydrotechnical constructions, eutrophication. 

47

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Book of the Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Protection of biotopes. Lowering the level of 

eutrophication. 

References 

Kalugina-Gutnik A. A., 1975. Phytobenthos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova 


Red Book of the Ukraine. 1996. Plant world. Kiyiv, Ukraniynski Encyclopedia Publ. 

494 pp. 

Zinova A. D.,1967. Definition of green,brown and red algae of the southern seas of 

the USSR. Leningrad, Nauka: 397 pp. 

Compiled by G. Minicheva. 

48

Elymus pycnanthus (Godron) Melderis) 

Synonyms: Agropyron littorale Dumortier, 1823; Triticum littorale Host, 1809; 

Triticum pycnanthum Godr., 1854; Triticum repens L. var. littorale Aschers. & 

Graebn., 1901. 

Common names: Bulg: Kraymorski pirey, Kraybrezhen pirey. 

Order POALES 


Taxonomic description. Blue-greenish plant with stems usually gathered in loose 

tufts, naked, up to 50 cm high, with short rambling roots. Naked blades, rough at the 

margin, short and bristle-like twisted; short stigma ciliated at the top. Inflorescence 

up to 10 cm long, with rough, crumbly axis. The spikelets are reverse ovate to 

lanceolate, 12-18 mm long with (3) 5-7 florets. Chaffs 7 to 9 mm long, naked, rather 

similar to each other, gradually short-pointed out, in the lower spikelets often with a 

prickle with 5 to 7 veins and projecting rough midrib. The lower chaff is naked, from 

7 mm to 10 mm long, lanceolate, blunt, cut or with a short prickle or awn. The upper 

chaff is a bit longer than the lower one, naked and thickly ciliated only around its 

margin. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



49

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands. 

Requires a correct humidity and salinity. 

Biology. A perennial grassy plant. Blooms in July, propagates in August-September. 

Reproduces through seeds and vegetatively through sprouts. 

Population trends. Decreasing. 

Threats. Site contamination. 

Conservation measures taken. The site is located in the Kavatsite resort which is 

within the range of the Reserve "Pyasachna Liliya" (Sandy Lily). 

Conservation measures proposed. Include other sites in protected areas. 

References 

Kitanov, B., 1963. Flora na Balgaria. Rod Agropyrum Gart.: 447-456. 

Stoyanov, N., B. Stefanov & B. Kitanov, 1966. Flora na Bulgaria. 1: 563 pp. Sofia. 

50


Ephedra distachya (Linnaeus, 1753) 

Common names: Engl: Great shrubby, Horse tail; Russ: Efedra dvukhkoloskovaya; 

Turk: Deniz usumu; Ukr: Efedra dvykhkoloskova. 

Taxonomic description. A strongly branching, evergreen small shrub with lying or 

straight-boled stem, 10-50 cm in height. Leaves small and pelliculate. Dioecious 

plants with unisexual strobilae. Cone-berries with red, juicy integuments. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A mediterranean 

and West-Siberian species, growing on stony areas and coastal sands. 

Biology. Flowering during V-VI. Fruit-bearing from VII onwards. Reproducing by 


Order EPHEDRALES 

Family EPHEDRACEAE 

Population trends. Decreasing because of overharvesting for their medical value. 

Threats. Recreation, building at the seaside. 


51

Conservation measures proposed. Organize protected territories in places where 

the species occurs. 

References 

Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad: 

264 pp. 

Compiled by S. Dyatlov & T. Vasilieva. 

52

Synonyms: Arenaria cephalotes Bieb. 

Eremogone cephalotes (Bieb., Fenzl.) 

Common names: Russ: Eremogona golovchataya; Ukr: Eremogona golovchata. 

Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb with straight glabrous stem, 20-50 cm in 

height with shorter fruitless shoots at the base. Leaves 4-12 cm in length. Petioles 

white sessile flowers associated in a thick semiglobed floscule. Fruit an oval pod. 

IUCN Status 



Subregion level: VU (Ukraine) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Seaside sands, 

steppe hillsides and rocky places. 

Biology. Flowering during VI-VU, fruit-bearing during VU-VIII. Reproducing by 


Population trends. Not abundant. 

Threats. Destruction of habitats, output of sand, recreational stress. 

Conservation measures taken. The species features in the Red Data Book of 

Ukraine (1996). 

Order CARYOPHYLLALES 

Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

53

Conservation measures proposed. Set up protected territories in places where the 

species occurs. 

Reference 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1966. Plant Kingdom. Kiev: 606 pp. 


54


Eryngium maritimum Linnaeus, 1753 

Common names: Bulg: Morski vetrogon, Morski eringium; Russ: Sinegolovnik 

primorskiy; Ukr: Mikolaichikprimors^ky 

Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb, 40-70 cm in height. Leaves leathery, light 

green, dissected, heart-shaped. Flowers blue, in the head floscule. Fruits 

cremocarpia. 

IUCN Status 

WorldlevehNE 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal zones of 

the Baltic, Black and Azov Seas. On sand and saline land. Can be found in isolated 

groups. 

Biology. Flowering during VI-IX, fruit-bearing in VII-X. Reproducing by seeds. 

Population trends. Not abundant. 

Order ARALIALES (APIALES) 

Family APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) 

Threats. Picking for bouquets, recreation stress. 

55

Conservation measures taken The species has been entered in the Red Data Book of 

Bulgaria (1984). 

Conservation measures proposed. Organize protected territories in places where 

the species occurs. 

References 

Takhtajan,A- (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad: 264 

pp. 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Plants. Sofia 1: 447 pp. 


56

Euphorbia paralias Linnaeus, 1753 

Synonyms: Tithymalus paralias (L.) J. Hill, 1768 

Common names: Engl: Sea spurge; Bulg: Primorska mlechka; Russ: Molochay 

pribrezhny Turk: Sutlegen; Ukr: Molochay pryberezhny 

Order EUPHORBIALES 

Family EUPHORBIACEAE 

Taxonomic description. A dwarf semishrub, up to 60 cm, tall, glabrous, with 

numerous thick upright densely leaved stems; leaves are setiform, 10-30 mm long, 1-6 

mm in width; inflorescence of 3-5 branches; bracts ovate, cyathium small, wide; seeds 

wrinkled. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands. 

Critical habitats: coasts of the Crimea (Sevastopol, Laspi, Alushta, Karadag) and 

57

Caucasus (southwards from Novorossiysk). Limiting factors: unknown; probably, 

a low competitive ability in coastal communities. 

Biology. Blooms from June to September, fruits from July to October. Successful 

seed propagation. Deep tap root system, psammophyte, mesoxerophyte, halophyte. 


Threats. Lack of non-modified sites along the coast due to the development of the 

coast into a resort zone. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the Karadag natural 

reserve (the Crimea, Ukraine), listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria. 

Conservation measures proposed. Establish additional reserves in Bulgaria, 

Turkey, and Georgia. 

References 

Davis P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols. 1-9. 






58

zapovednoy okhrany (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean 





Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Bulgarska Akademia na naukite: 

448 pp. (in Bulgarian). 

Tzvelyov, N. N. (Ed.), 1996. Flora vostochnoy Yevropy. Tom 9 (Flora of the East 

Europe. Vol.9). Sankt-Peterburg, Mir i Sem'ya 95: 455 pp. (in Russian). 

Vulff, E. W., 1953. Flora Kryma. Moscow, Nauka 2(3): 220 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Yena 

59


Euphorbia peplis Linnaeus, 1753 

Common names: Russ: Molochay buterlakovidny; Turk: Kucuk sutlegen; Ukr: 

Molochay shchebrikovydny 

Taxonomic description. An annual herb. Stern not completely developed, 

consisting of forks of cymose floscule with opposite leaves on the knots. Fleshy 

leaves with subulate white stipuls. Nectaries with linear white appendages. Stipules 

consisting of 2-3 subulate parts. Fruits 3-4 mm long, seeds smooth, 2.75-3 mm long. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal zones of 

western and southern Europe, coasts of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the 

Caspian Sea. This plant can be found alone or with Eryngiwn maritimum and 

Centaurea arenaria on coastal saline sands. 

Biology. Flowering during V-VIU, fruit-bearing during VU-X. Reproducing by 

seeds. 

Population trends. Not clear 

Threats. Recreation, tourism. 


of Bulgaria (1984). 

Order EUPHORB JALES 

Family EUPHORBIACEAE 

60

Conservation measures proposed. Create protected territories in places where the 


References 


447 pp. 


61

Festuca vagi nata (Waldst. & Kit, ex Willd., 1809) 

Synonyms: Festuca ovina L.; var. vaginata Hask., 1882. 

Common names: Bulg: Vlagalischna vlasatka 

Order POALES 


Taxonomic description. A loose tufty plant coated with wax. The stem is from 40 

cm to 60 cm high, smooth, with blunt edges or rounded. The leaves are with long, 

entire, wide axils and with bristly or cylindrically shaped blades with a diameter of 

0.45-1.35 mm, with seven to 15 or most often nine veins, smooth, and two to five 

sclenchymatous fascicles. The corymb is up to 20 cm long, patent and then 

compacted, smooth or slightly rough. The spikelets are small, 5-8 (10) mm long; the 

lower chaff is 2-3 cm long, pointed; the upper one - blunt with an awn at the tip (often 

cilliated along the margin ). The chaffs are 3.5-4 mm long, lanceolate, pointed, most 

often ciliated at their upper end, with or without an awn. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: VU 

/ 

62

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sands, sand dunes 

and rocky areas. 

Biology. A perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in June. Propagates in July. 

Reproduces through seeds or vegetatively. 


Threats. Resort construction and trampling. 

Conservation measures taken. Most of the populations are within the borders of 

protected areas. 

Conservation measures proposed. Strict control in the protected areas where the 

plant still exists. 

References 

Ahtarov, B., 1953. Rodat Festuca L. (Vlasatka) v Balgaria. Izv. Botan. Inst. BAN 3 

3-91. 

Valev, S., 1963. Flora na NRB. I. Rod Festuca L:. 390-416. 

Compiled by M. Filipova. 

63


Common names: Bulg: Frankeniya.. 

Frankenia pulverulenta (Linnaeus, 1753) 

Order TAMARICALES 

Family FRANKENIACEAE 

T'Avfvruvtx.. ^H^^ccTii^"a~upTi^u vn'rditi tKJWn,*rt) to"3t) cnfnigh, 

branched, thick, simply fibrous. Entire blades4-6 in nodes; florets gathered in semi- 

umbels, synoecious and reddish, at the tips of twigs or their offshoots. The receptacle 

is 4-5 cotyledonous, pipe-like; 4-5 petals, narrowed at the bottom; 4-6 stamens; a 

mono-ovule ovary; style with 3-4 stigmata. The fruit is a box. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Salty coastal sands 

and clay soils. Humidity and salinity are threats. 

Biology. An annual herbaceous plant. Blooms in July-August, propagates in August- 

September. Reproduces through seeds. 

Population trends. Rapidly declining. 

Threats. Human activities. 

64

Conservation measures taken. Included in the list of protected plants in Bulgaria. 

Conservation measures proposed. Confirmation of the sites and declaring them 

protected. 

References 

Iordanov, D. & D. Peev, 1979. Flora na NRB. 7. Rod Frankenia L: 416-418. 

Stoyanov, N. & B. Stefanov, 1925. Йога na NRB. 2. 640-1104. 


65


Glacium flavum Crantz., 1763 

Common names: Engl: Yellow horned-poppy; Bulg: Zheltmak, Zhelta paparonka, 

Zhelt rogatets, Zhelt kadenka; Russ: Machok zholty; Turk: Gelincik; Ukr: Machok 

zhovty 

Order PAPAVERALES 

Family PAPAVERACEAE 

Taxonomic description. An annual, biennial or perenial herb, 20-50 cm in height. 

Stem bluish and fleshy. The lower leaves have thick hairs. Flowers large, yellow, with 

four petals like a poppy. The fruit is a pod of up to 25 cm length. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands 

and shingles. 

66

Biology. Flowering during V-VII, fruit-bearing during Reproducing by 

seeds. 

Population trends. Rare, in little groups. Populations are stable (100-130 

specimens). 

Threats. Destroying its ecotopes, by "improving" beaches; high recreational stress 

and overharvesting for the medical value of the species. 


Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones in places where the 


References 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Vol. 1. Plants. Sofia. 


590 pp. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Vegetal Kingdom. Kiev: 606 pp. 


67

Hymenolobus procumbens (L) Nuttall 

Synonyms: Horungia procumbens (L.) Hayek, 1924; Hutschinsia procumbens (L.) 

Desf., 1814; Lepidium procumbens L., 1753; Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt., 

1838. 

Common names: Bulg: Pelzyascha horungiya. 


Family BRAS SICACEAE 

Taxonomic description. The stems are from 3 cm to 20 cm tall, single or branching 

from the base, down or upright, covered with rare, unbranched hairs. The lower 

leaves have petioles and are abruptly pinnatifid. The upper leaves are lanceolate, 

dentate or entire. The inflorescences are thick, cluster-like. Multiple small florets 

with pedicels from 1 mm to 3 mm long (after fading quite elongated, horizontally 

outstretched). White petals with equal sepals. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Salty coastal sands. Treats 

include humidity and salinization. 

68

Biology. An annual or perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms and propagates in April- 

May. Reproduces through seeds. 

Population trends. Rapidly declining. 

Threats. Resort construction and intensive use of sandy coastal strips. 


Conservation measures proposed. To be included in the list of protected plants. 

Reference 

Valev, S., 1970. Flora na NRB. Rod Horungia Reichenb. 4: 545-546. 

Compiled by M. Filipova 

69


Leucojum aestivum Linnaeus, 1759 

Common names: Bulg: Letno blatno kokiche, Kokichka, Lyatno kokiche, Blatno 

kokiche; Russ: Belotsvetnik letniy; Ukr: Bilotsvit litniy 

Taxonomic description. A bulbous perrenial, ephemeroid, 40 cm in height. Leaves 

the same height of the stem or longer. Flowers with a belted perianth in the umbel (3- 

8 on one). Six white petals with a green spot on the edge. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea 

Regional level: CR. Subregion level: CR (Ukraine) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Wet coastal sands. 

Biology. Flowering during IV-V, fruit-bearing during VII-VUJ. Reproducing by 

daughter bulbs and seeds. The species has a wide ecological amplitude, easily 

surviving summer droughts. 

Population trends. Declining. 

Order LILIALES 

Family AMARYLLIDACEAE 

70

Threats. Destruction of its locations; overharvesting for its medical and ornamental 

value. 


Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones in places where it occurs. 

Cultivate the species in botanical gardens. 

References 

Red Data Book of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, 1988. Plants. - 

Moscow: 590 pp. 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Vol. 1. Plants. Sofia: 447 pp. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kiyiv: 606 pp. 


264 pp. 



71


Linaria sabulosa (Czern. ex Klok.)| 

Common names: Engl: Toad flax; Bulg: Lulichka; Russ: L'nyanka peschanka; Ukr: 

L'onok pischany. 

Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb with smooth bluish stem, 15-30 cm in 

height. Stem ascending, not complicated, slightly branched. Leaves orbicular, ovate, 

sessile, almost stem-clasping, alternate, from below fleshy, associated at a base. 

Flowers yellow, 14-16 mm in length. 

IUCN Status 




Order SCROPHULARJALES 

Family SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. South-western 

Crimean peninsula. Coastal sands and cockle-shell beaches. 

72

Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing during VI-VIII. 

Population trends. A rare species. 

Threats. Destruction of its habitat, anthropogenic stress. 


Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones in places where it occurs. 

Reference 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kyiv:606pp. 

Compiled by S. Dyatlov & T. Vasilieva. 

73


Medicago marina Linnaeus, 1753 

Common names: Engl: Sea alfalfa; Bulg: Morska lyutserna; Rom: Lucerna 

(marina); Russ: Lyutsernaprimorskaya; Ukr: Lyutsernaprymors'ka 

Taxonomic description. A perennial white-tomentose herb with procumbent stems; 

leaflets obovate, 5-7 mm long, dentate at the tip; stipules ovate, acute, smooth edged; 

flowers yellow, 6-8 mm long, in densely flowered racemes; beans spiralled, twisted, 

5-6 mm in diameter, prickly. 

IUCNStatus 


Black Sea Regional level: NE 


Order FAB ALES 

Family FABACEAE 

• 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands and 

shingles. Critical habitats: Sevastopol and Evpatoria areas and Tarkhankut Cape (the 

74

only localities in the Crimea). Limiting factors: a low competitive ability in coastal 

plant communities; the stenotopic nature of the species. 

Biology. Blooms from May to June; fruits from July to August; a deep tap root 

system; propagation by seed and vegetatively by long rhizomes. An euxerophyte and 

a halophyte. 


Threats. The expansion of coastal tourism. 

Conservation measures taken. No special measures. 

Conservation measures proposed. The species needs to be monitored; creation of 

Tarkhankut nature reservation. 

References 

Davis, P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols. 1-9. 


Fyodorov, A. A. (Ed.), 1987. Flora yevropeiskoy chasti SSSR. Leningrad, Nauka, 6: 


Kryukova, I. V., Y. A. Luks, L. A. Privalova et al, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i 



75





zapovednoy okhrany. 1976. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative 

Crimean Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. 




Book of Ukraine). Kyiv, Ukrayinska Encyklopediya: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian). 

Vulff, E. W., 1960. Flora Kryma 2 (2). Moscow, Sel'khozgiz: 312 pp. (in Russian). 

Yena, A. V., 1997. Nekotoryye itogi izucheniya pribrezhnoy flory Kryma. (Some 

results of the investigation of the Crimean coastal flora). Proc. Crimean Agricultural 

State University. Simferopol, Tavriya: 200-204 (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Yena. 

76


Nymphoidespeltata S.G.Gmel 

Common names: Russ: Bolototsvetnik shchitolistny; Ukr: Plavun shchitolystny 

Order GENTIAN ALES 

Family MENYANTHACEAE 

Taxonomic description. A perennial water herb with long creeping rootstock, 

holding firm on the bottom of the water. Leaves round, heart-shaped, floating on the 

water surface. Flowers yellow with deeply divided corolla. Fruit an ovate pod. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea Regional level: LR 

Subregion level: LR (Ukraine) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallows (30-50 

cm depth) with rapid or slow-flowing water with sandy and silty sediments. 

Biology. Flowering during VI-Vm. Fruit-bearing during Vffl-IX. Reproducing by 


Population trends. Populations are numerous, but decreasing. 

Threats. Drying, pollution and salinisation of reservoirs. 

77

Conservation measures taken. This species has been entered in the Red Data Books 

of Ukraine (1996) and Bulgaria (1984). It is protected in the Danube delta (Ukraine 

and Romania). 

Conservation measures proposed. Create additional protected zones. 

References 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Vol. 1. Plants. Sofia, 447 pp. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine. Plant Kingdom, 1996. Kyiv: 606 pp. 

Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad, 

Nauka: 264 pp. 


78


Ornithogalum refractum Kit & Schlecht, 1814 

Common names: Engl: Summer snowdrop; Russ: Ptitsemlechnikprelomleny; Turk: 

Tukruk oto; Ukr: Ryastka vidignuta 


Family LILIACEAE 

Taxonomic description. A perenial bulbous herb, 10-15 cm tall. The bulb is ovate, 

with numerous daughter bulbs. Its leaves are linear with a white stripe in the middle. 

The floscules are thin, shielded, consisting of 5-10 flowers; the leaflets of the perianth 

are white with wide green stripes below. 

IUCN Status 




79

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Western Black Sea 

coasts, Zmeiniy Island. 

Biology. Flowering during IV-V. Fruit-bearing during V-VI. Reproducing by seeds 

and daughter bulbs. 

Population trends. Populations are still numerous. 

Threats. Destruction of habitats. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (1996). 

Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones. 

References 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kyiv: 606 pp. 

Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad: 264 

pp. 


80


Pancratium maritimum (Linnaeus, 1753) 

Common names: Bulg: Pyasechna liliya; Russ: Pankratsiy morskoy. 


Family AMARYLLIDACEAE 

Taxonomic description. A plant with a large, almost spherical bulb, coated with a 

brown skinny cover. Stem 30-40 cm high, partially flattened. Long linear leaves (5- 

6), blue-green like the stem. The inflorescence contains from five to ten florets, 

embraced before blooming by two large skinny sepals. Large, white, fragrant blooms 

up to 16 cm long with infundibular perianth. Stamens prop out of the corrola; anthers 

arch-shaped. Fruit large and almost spherical, over 2 cm in diameter. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



81

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On coastal sands 

and in dunes. Threat: humidity. 

Biology. A perennial bulbaceous plant. Blooms in July-August (September). 

Propagates in October. Reproduces vegetatively and through seeds. High seed 

productivity but limited reproduction through seeds. 


Threats. Active use of the sandy coastal strip; resort construction and flower picking. 

Conservation measures taken: Protected plant. There is a reserve named Sandy Lily 

in the countryside of Kavatsite. 

Conservation measures proposed. Effective protection and maintenance of the 

reserve in Kavatsite. Include other sites within the borders of protected areas. 

References 

Iordanov, D., 1964. Flora na NRB. 2. Rod Pancratium L., pp. 323-324. 

Velchev, V. & P. Vasilev, 1976. Ecobiologichno I fitocenologichno prouchvane na 

Piasachnata lilia (Pancratium maritimum L.) v raiona na Sozopol. Fitologia 5: 3-20. 

Velchev, V., P. Vasilev & T. Meshinev, 1979. Vlianie na ecologichnitr uslovia varhu 

generativnoto razmnojavane na Piasachnata lilia (Pancratium maritimum L.). 

Ecologia 5: 64-72. 


82

Parapholis incurva (Linnaeus) C.E.Hubbard, 1946 

Synonyms: Lepidurus incurvus (L.) Janch. nom. invalid., Lepturus incurvus (L.) 

Druce, Pholiurus incurvus (L.) Schinz & Thell 

Common names: Engl: Curved parapholis; Bulg: Izvit foliurus; Russ: Parafolis 

sognuty; Ukr: Parafolis zignuty 

Taxonomic description. An annual grass of up to 5-25 cm in height, with curved 

brittle spike; spikelets solitary, one-flowered, with two glumes as long as the lemma; 

Lemma without awn. 

RJCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On coastal slopes, 

sands and shingles. Critical habitats: the Crimea (Alupka, Yalta region, Salgir river), 

Georgia (Adzharia), Turkey, Bulgaria (Tolbukhin and Burgas districts). Limiting 

factors: a low competitive ability. 

Biology. Blooms from May to June; fruits from June to July. Root system - short 

fibrous. Only seed propagation. A psammophyte, xeromesophyte and glyco- 

halophyte. 

Order POALES 


83


Threats. Scarcity of non-modified sites along the coast due to the development of 

the coast into a populated zone. 


Bulgaria. 

Conservation measures proposed. The species needs to be monitored in the region; 

new reservations are desirable. 

References 

Davis, P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols 1-9. 




Luks, Y.A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh, 

ischezayushchikh i unichtozhaemykh rastemy flory Kryma, rekomenduyemykh dlya 

zapovednoy okhrany. 1976. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and:Exterminative 

Crimean Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. (in 

Russian). 

84

Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification Book 

of the Crimean Higher Plants). Leningrad, Nauka: 550 pp. (in Russian). 

Tzvelyov, N. N., 1976. Zlaki SSSR. (Cereals of the USSR). Leningrad, Nauka: 788 



Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Bulgarskata Akademia na 

naukite: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian). 

Vulff,E. W., 1951. Flora Kryma, 1 (4). Moscow, Izdatel'stvo 

sel'skokhozyaystvennoy literatury: 170 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Yena 

85

Phyllophora brodiaei (Turn J. Ag., 1842) 

Synonyms: Fucus brodiaei Turner, 1809; Coccotylus brodiaei in Kutzing, 1869; 

Phyllophora truncata (Pallas) A. Zin f. brodiaei Turn. 

Common names: Rom: Filofora; Russ: Fillofora; Turk: Filofora. 

Order GIGARTINALES 

Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE 

Taxonomic description. Thallus with brush shape, 5-40 cm tall, most of the surface 

smooth, the inferior side cylindrical, the superior side a thin stem, simple or branched 

out; on the stem top and branches there are smaller membranaceous lamellae in the 

feather, oval or heart shaped, superior margins waved and lobated. The leaflet pairs 

appear in large numbers, often with the same length as those of the main lamella 

where the superior margins are branched in lamellas; the strong detachment of the 

lamellas give them the shape of a fan. At the end of the lamellas, a pair of leaflets. 

The stem can provide support for new lamellas; proliferation at the base of the long 

and short stems. The central part of the lamella consists of big cells with thicker 

membranes, which become thinner on the margins; the cortical strata consist of one 

small cell range, almost square with rounded corners. Reproductive organs on the 

upper side of the lamellas. Nemathecae with spherical tetraspores of up to 2 mm in 

diameter. Spermatangia develop at certain ages, under smaller leaves or on the 

thickened margins of the lamellas; appearing under short blades, uncoloured, grouped 

not deep in the stem and reminiscent of conceptacles. The matured cristocarps grow 

on the superior margins of the lamellas' spherical bodies. This species does not form 

carpospores; cleavage of cells takes place in the gonimoblast cell blades. 

86

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In "Zernov's field". 

On rocky, and shelly bottoms, at depths ranging between 4 and 47 m. Also in the 

Arctic Ocean, Atlantic littoral of Europe and North America, Morocco, Japan Sea, 

near Mauritius Island. A northern species, limited by light penetration. 

Biology. Reproduction between June and November. 

Population trends. A severe reduction! (together with Phyllophora nervosa and 

Phyllophora pseudoceranoid.es). Assessments made in 1971 on the Romanian shelf, 

in a area of 1,296 km 2 

, recorded a quantity of 5,9761, of which 3,983 t was situated 

in an area of 216 km 2 

of Zernov's field, at a depth of 43-48 m. 

Threats. Lowering of light energy penetration, eutrophication. 

Conservation measures proposed. Improve the ecological conditions of the central 

Northwestern Black Sea. 

References 

Bavaru A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine 


Biol., Biol, veget. 36: 7-22. 

87



Bologa A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major 



Kalugina-Gutnik, A. A., 1975. Phytobenthos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova 


Vasiliu, F.& N. Bodeanu, 1972. Repartition et quantité d'algues rouge du genre 

Phyllophora sur la platforme continentale roumaine de la mer Noire. Cercet. mar. 3: 

47-52. 


morei SSSR. Moscow - Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp. 

Compiled by A. Bologa, A. Bavaru & G. Minicheva. 

88

Phyllophora nervosa (P.C. Grev., 1830) 

Synonyms: Fucus nervosus De Candolle, 1805; Phylophora rubens (Good. & Wood.) 

Grev., F. nervosa Hauck, 1885; Phyllophora crispa (Huds.) Dixon. 

Common names: Rom: Filofora; Russ: Fillofora; Turk: Filofora. 

Taxonomic description. Thallus formed by brushes of 50 cm length. Base consists 

of suckers or of a small foot (sole), provided with short, branched twigs (sprigs, 

shoots) which often join and grow together, forming a thicker stratum. From the base 

rise vertical suckers with a short stem (cylindrical at the base and flat on the upper 

side). Stem passing over the lamellate site of the thallus. Shape of the lamella linear 

and linear-oval with a dense central zone and wavy margins, abundantly branched; 

new lamellas appear on the old surface; on its denser upper side, a pair of leaflets; a 

forked cleavage is often observed. Lamella length 2-8 cm, 1-2.7 mm wide. In cross 

section, some small cells with thick walls, close to one another, permanently 

transformed into small cortical strata; cell ranges at the site of the leaflet formation 

double those of the margins. Tetrasporangium, spermatangia and cystocarps develop 

into spherical nemathecae provided with pedicels on stem surface, along both 

sides of the leaflets and near the lamella margins. Surface of the cystocarps 

wrinkled and folded. 



89

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found in Zernov's 

fields; on rocky, gravely bottoms at depths of 0 to 60 m. A deterioration in water 

transparency reduces light penetration and leads to the disappearance of this plant. 

Biology. Formation of cystocarps in summer. 

Population trends. A severe reduction of all three species has been recorded on the 

Romanian shelf. In the 1950s, total biomass reached about 10 7 

tonnes. In 1980, it had 

declined to 14.10 5 

tonnes, and in 1990 to 3-5.10 5 

tonnes. 

Threats. Decline in light energy penetration; eutrophication. 

Conservation measures proposed. Improve the ecological conditions of the central 

northwestern Black Sea; areas of the main Phyllophora beds to be closed to dragged 

fishing gear disturbing the bottom; delimit ecological sanctuaries to protect unique 

associated fauna. 

References 

Bavaru A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine 

algae (except Diatoms) along the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Rev. roum. Biol., 

Biol, veget. 36: 7-22. 



Bologa A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major 



Kalugina-Gutnik, A.A., 1975. Phytobenfhos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova 


Kaminer, K. M., 1987. Degradation of the phytocoenoses of Dzharylgachskiy Bay of 

the north-western Black Sea as a result of several years anthropogenic load. In: 

Hydrobiological investigation on the Ukraine in thel 1th Five-Year Plan. Kiev, 41-42. 

90

Katukov, A. B., 1983. Phyllophora v 

s field as indicators condition of the ecosystem. 

In : Systems analysis and modelling processes on the shelf of the Black Sea. 

Sevastopol. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. SSR, 140-147. 

Vasiliu, F., 1984. Cauze si consecinte ale starii actuale a populatiilor de alge perene 

de la litoralul Romaniasc al Marii Negre. Rev. Muz. Monum. 5. 

Vasiliu, F. & N. Bodeanu, 1972. Repartition at quantité d'Algues rouges du genre 

Phyllophora sur la platforme continentale roumaine de la mer Noire. Cercet. mar. 3: 

47-52. 

Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. Fish. 

Oceanogr. 1: 180-189. 


morei SSSR. Moskva - Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp. 

Zinova, A. D., 1967. Definition of green,brown and red algae of the southern seas of 


Compiled by A. Bologa. A. Bavaru & G. Minicheva. 

91

Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (Gmel.) Newr. & R. Taylor, 1971. 

Synonyms: Phyllophora membranifolia (Good. & Wood.) J. Ag. Hauck, 1885; Fucus 

pseudoceranoides Gmelin, 1768. 

Common names: Russ: Fillofora psevdorogataya; Turk: Filofora. 



Taxonomic description. Thallus 3-20 cm high, chaotically branched. Stems end on 

the top leaf-shaped lamellas which have a triangular shape. Base of the stems 

cylindrical, width c. 1 mm, almost black in colour. Leaf lamellas without rib, but thin 

and tender. Length of the lamellas 1.5-3 cm, width at base 2-5 mm, at the top 10-20 

mm. Same lamellas with dichotomic division on the top. Tsistocarps developing on 

stems. Lamellae 1.5-2 mm on the feet. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: CE (Ukrainian sector) 

92

Distribution. Mostly in the north-western part of Zernov's Phyllophora fields. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On stones and shelly bottoms at a 

depth of 25-30 m. High concentration of suspended matter highly detrimental. Plant 

suffers from low light penetration. 

Biology. Perennial. P. pseuduceranoid.es has tetrasporophites and two-housed 

gametes. 

Population trends. In the 1960s, the biomass reached 10-350 g.m" 2 

, and stocks were 

of the order of 25-10 3 

tons. Currently in decline. 

Threats. Decreased water transparency. Eutrophication. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce concentrations of suspended matter. 

Reduce the level of phosphorus and nitrogen. 

References 

Kalugina-Gutnik, A. A., 1975. Phytobenthos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova 


Red Book of the Ukraine, 1996. Plant World, 1996. Kiyiv, Ukrainskyi 

Encyklopediya Publ.: 494 pp. 

Zinova, A. D., 1967. Definition of green,brown and red algae of the southern seas of 


Compiled by G. Minicheva. 

93


Polycnemum heuffelii (Lang, 1828) 

Common names: Bulg: Hoyfelova hrupenka. 


Family CHENOPODIACEAE 

Taxonomic description. A plant 5 to 30 cm tall. Stem upright, pyramid-like, 

branching, with rare curly hairs. Filiform, almost tubular leaves, the middle and lower 

ones 6 to 10 times longer than the sepals, pointed at the tip, usually arch-shaped and 

horizontally spread. White, skinny, oviform bracts with elongated pointed tips, up to 

two times longer than the petals. The latter from 1 to 1.5 cm long, oval, pointed on 

the back, without knots. The seeds are lenticular, dark brown to black, finely warty. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



94

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Dry rocky and 

sandy places. Humidity. 

Biology. An annual herbaceous plant. Blooms in June-September. Propagates in 

August-October. Reproduces through seeds. 


Threats: Anthropological activities. 

Conservation measures taken. Some of the sites are in the Ropotamo reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Species to be included in the list of protected 

plants in Bulgaria. 

References 

Ball, P. W., 1964. Flora Europaea. 1. Genus Polycnemum L.: p. 91. 

Iordanov, D. & B. Kuzmanov, 1966. Flora na NRB, 3. Rod Polycnemum L.: 570-572 

pp. 

Reichinger, K., 1933. Neue pflanzen aus dem Alibotusch-Gebirge. Magyar. Bot. 

Lab. 32: 152-153. 

Velenofski, J., 1891. Flora Bulgarica. Prague:676p 


95


Salvinia natans (L.) All., 1785 

Common names: Russ: Salviniya plavayuschaya.; Ukr: Salviniya plavayucha 

Taxonomic description. An annual water plant, 8-20 cm tall, with both mega- and 

microspores. The stem is floating, filamentous and branched. The leaves are located 

in nodes in threes of which two are above the surface, and one submerged. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Surface of slow 

running waters. 

Biology. Reproduction by spores and vegetatively. Spore ripening during VHI-IX. 

Population trends. Numerous. 

Order SALVJMALES 

Family SALVINIACEAE 

Threats. Drying and pollution of water-bodies. 


of Ukraine (1996) and protected in the Danube delta (Ukraine and Romania). 

96

Conservation measures proposed. Create more protected zones. 

References 

Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Red Data Book of Ukraine, Vegetal Kingdom. Kiev: 

606 pp 

Tchopik, V.l., 1978. Rare and vanishing plants of Ukraine. Kiev: 216 pp. 

Zaverucha, B.V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova, 1983. Protected plants of 



97


Silene caliacrae (D.Jord. & P.Pan., 1966) 

Common names: Bulg: Kaliakrensko plyuskaviche; Russ: Smolyovka. 



Taxonomic description. A plant with an upright, naked stem, 20-55 cm tall. The 

lower leaves are oval and spade-shaped. The inflorescence is usually fork-like, 

branched at the base. The receptacle is oval during blooming and after that bubble 

like and swollen. The corolla is white or lightly pink. 

IUCN Status 

World level: CE 

Black Sea Regional level: CE 

Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian endemic) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lime-stone rocky 

sites nearby the sea. 

Biology. An annual or biennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in May-June, propagates 

June-July. Reproduces through seeds. 


Threats. Trampling, resort construction and flower picking. 

98

Conservation measures taken. One of its sites is in the Kaliakra reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Protecting the site at Rezovska River. 

Reference 

Iordanov, D. & P. Panov, 1966. Flora na NRB. 3. Rod Silene L.: 435-512 pp. 


99

Silene euxina (Rupr., 1869) 

Synonyms: Silene racemosa Otth. var. rubriflora boh., 1867. 

Common names: Bulg: Chernomorsko plyuskaviche; Russ: Smolyovka. 



Taxonomic description. A plant with a creeping stem, upright at the top, 10-30 cm 

tall, thick hairy, without leaves. Inflorescences dehisce. Grassy bracts, lanceolate and 

pointed at the ends. Synoecious florets or with sterile stamens. Tubular or bell-shaped 

calyx covered with stiff hairs. White or pink-reddish petals. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On coastal sands. 

Threats: humidity and running sands. 

Biology. Annual, biennial to perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in June-July. 

Propagates in July-August. 


Threats. Resort construction. 

100


Conservation measures proposed. Identification and preservation of remaining 

sites. 

References 

Chater, A. O. & S. M. Walters, 1964. Flora Europaea. 1. Genus Silene L.: 158-181 

pp. 

Iordanov, D. & P. Panov, 1966. Flora na NRB. 3. Rod Silene L.: 435-512 pp. 


101

Tetragonolobus maritimus ((Linnaeus) Roth, 1788) 

Synonyms: Lotus maritimus L., 1753, Lotus siliquosus L., 1758. 

Common names: Bulg: Tetragonolobus. 

Order FAB ALES 

Family FABACEAE 

Taxonomic description. The stem is spreading or upright, thick, bristling, hairy. 

Triple leaves. Stipules leave-like, partially accreted with the petiole. Single florets 

within the leaves. Tubular and bell-shaped naked receptacle. Slightly yellow, naked 

corolla, 22 -25 mm long. Germen cylindrical, pointed at the tip. Wide, lenticular, 

dark brown seeds. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EX 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Wet, marshy 

meadows and swamps. Limited by humidity. 

Biology. A perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in May-July. Propagates in July- 

September. Reproduction by seeds. 

Population trends. Extinct. 

102

Threats. Changes in the water regime and contamination of the Lake of Varna. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reintroduction. 

References 

Kuzmanov, B., 1976. Flora na NRB. 4, Rod Tetragonolobus Scop.: 214-215 pp. 


103

Thymus littoralis Klok & Shost 

Synonyms: T. moldavicus Klok. & Shost. x T. marschalianus Willd 

Common names: Russ: Timyan pribrezhniy, Ukr: Chebrets prybrezhny 

Order LAMIALES 

Family LAMIACEAE 

Taxonomic description. A semifrutex, c. 15 cm tall with short horizontal stems with 

floscules on the top. Rising shoots fruitless. Shoots with flowers have long 

protruding hairs. Leaves petiolar, elliptical and oblong. Floscule oblong. Corolla 

rose-purple. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An endemic 

psammophyte, typical of the littoral strip. Sea of Azov coast of Crimea. 

Biology. Flowering during VI-VITJ, fruit-bearing during VHI-DC. Reproduction by 

seeds and creeping shoots. 

Population trends. Local populations up to 50 specimens. 

Threats. Excessive amount of pastures, recreational stress, stenotopic character of 

species. 

104

Conservation measures taken. The species is in the Red Data Book of Ukraine 

(1996). 

Conservation measures proposed. Increase Arabat Reserve territory; maintain in 

botanical gardens. 

Reference 



105

Synonyms: Trapa longicarpa Jank., 1961 

Trapa natans Linnaeus, 1753 

Common names: Bulg: Voden orekh, Julyun; Russ: Vodyanoy orekh plavayushchiy; 

Ukr: Vodyany gorikh plavayuchy 

Order MYRTALES 

Family TRAPACEAE 

Taxonomic description. An annual water plant. Submarine stem 40-150 cm long. 

Leaves 3-4 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide, floating, wide diamond-shaped, below with hairs 

along veins. Petioles 3-10 cm long, cylindrical or with oblong swellings near leaf 

blades. Fruit diameter 6-10 mm, with firm cover, four-cornered. 

IUCN Status 

World level: VU 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Geographic range 

of species covers both Europe and Mediterranean. In stagnant or slow-flowing water. 

Occurs in pure growths or mixed with other water plants. 

Biology. Probably, the species has obligate self-fertilization: there is no evidence of 

cross fertilization. Fruits are distributed by flowing waters, mammals and birds. 

106

Seeds have good germination power (up to 40-50 years), annually only a part of 

them shoot. Flowering during VI-VII. Fruit-bearing in V1TI-IX. Reproduction 

only by seeds. 

Population trends. Populations abundant, particularly in the Dunaiskie plavni 

reserve (Ukraine). 

Threats. Drying of wetlands, chemical pollution, use for animal feeding. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is in the Red Data Books of delta 

(Ukraine and Romania). 

Conservation measures proposed. Create new protected zones. 

References 

Lucas, G., 1977. List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe. Strasbourg: 

286 pp. 

Peev, D., 1979. Flora na NRB. 7 Sem. Trapaceae: 444-446 pp. 

Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR (A. Takhtajan, Ed.), 1981. Leningrad: 264 pp. 


590 pp. 

Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Plants. Sofia 1: 447 pp. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kyiv:606pp. 

107


Zaverucha B. V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova, 1983. Protected plants of 


Compiled by S. Dyatlov, M. Filipova & T. Vasilieva 

108


Zostera marina (Linnaeus, 1753) 

Common names: Rom: Iarba de mare; Russ: Vzmornik morskoy. 

Order HELOBIALES 

Family POTAMOGETONACEAE 

Taxonomic description. Creeping rhizome, more or less thickened. Floating linear 

leaves, 60-150 cm long, 3-9 mm broad, rounded point, with 3-7 (9) nerves. 

Multiflorous inflorescence, included in a sheath of 5-8 cm long. Flowers placed on a 

foliaceous sympode. Peduncle more or less thickened under the leaf. Male flowers 

next to the female flower, consisting of only one monocarpic ovary. Lanceolate fruit, 

longitudinally grooved, 2-3.5 mm long, with a bifurcate beak. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky and sandy 

bottoms next to seashore and lakes. Sensitive to effects of water quality, and human 

exploitation (by fisherman). General distribution: Europe, Middle East, China, Japan 

and North America. 

Biology. The detritus found amidst these plants constitutes an abundant source of 

food for fish (especially grey mullet) and sea birds. The plant is also used as a 

fertilizer and for reinforcing home-made bricks. The leaves (seagrass) are used for 

filling pillows and mattresses, as well as for packing eggs, pieces of furniture and 

other fragile objects. 

109

Population trends. A severe reduction due to the construction of harbours (Midia, 

Agigea, Mangalia) near to their typical habitat. 

Threats. Increasing turbidity due to hydrotechnical constructions; over-exploitation. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution from coastal point sources. 

References 

Bavaru, A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine 


Biol, veget. 36: 7-22. 


Romanian Black Sea coast (1881-1986). Cercet mar. 20/21: 353-384. 


Sea shore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109. 

Bologa, A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y.P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major 



Savulescu, T. & E. I. Nyarady (Eds), 1966. Flora R.S. Romania. Bucuresti, Acad. R S 

Romane 11: 876 pp. 

Compiled by A. Bologa & A. Bavaru. 

110

Synonyms: Zostera nana Roth. 

Zostera noltii (Hörnern, 1832) 

Common names: Rom: Iarba de mare; Russ: Vzmornik maliy; Turk: Ince deniz otu. 

Taxonomic description. Thin, branched rhizome stems, 10-40 cm long. Narrow 

linear leaves, 5-20 (30) cm long, 0.5-2 mm broad, with 1-3 main nerves and 3-4 

secondary nerves and emarginate point. Peduncle not thickened under the sheat. Ear 

1.5 cm long, with (3) 6-12 flowers. Ripe fruit completely smooth - VI-VJTI. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky and sandy 

bottoms of the sea and littoral lakes. Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea, 

Karacum. Species of arctic-northern origin. Threats: high turbidity; human 

exploitation (by fishermen). 

Biology. Beside the utilization mentioned for the previous species, it is used as a 

substitute for artificial wool. It contains 14% protein and 2.1% fat, and can be used as 

food for pigs. 

Order HELOBIALES 

Family POTAMOGETONACEAE 

111

Population trends. On the sandy-muddy bottoms of the Romanian littoral in the 

Mamaia-Midia, Agigea and Mangalia zones, belts of this phanerogam occurred till 

1975-1980. A severe reduction after harbour building. 

Threats. Exploitation, increased turbidity causing diminution of light penetration. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution from coastal point sources. 

References 

Avaru, A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine 


Biol., Biol, veget. 36: 1-2, 7-22. 




Sea shore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109. 

Bologa, A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major 



Savulescu, T. & E. I. Nyarady (Eds), 1966. Flora R.S. Romania. Bucuresti, Acad. 

Sci. Romania 11: 876 pp. 

Compiled by A. Bologa, A. Bavaru & B. Oztiirk. 

112

PART II. ANIMALS 

Acipenser gtildenstaedti (Brandt, 1833) 

Synonyms: Acipenser giildenstaedti Berg, 1911; Acipenser giildenstaedti var. 

colchicus Marti, 1940; Acipenser giildenstaedti colchicus Berg, 1948. 

Common names: Engl: Russian sturgeon; Bulg: Ruska esetra; Rom: Nisetru; Russ: 

Russkiy osetr. Turk: Karaca; Ukr: Oseter. 

Order ACIPENSERIFORMES 

Family ACIPENSERIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Body subcylindrical and elongate, with large bony scutes 

arranged in five rows; one in the middle of the back, one pair on the sides and another 

on the belly; a pair of large triangular bony scutes on the isthmus beneath the head; 

the mouth, placed beneath the head, is small, transverse and can project as a short 

tube; gill membranes joined to the isthmus, thus not forming a free fold; lower lip 

interrupted in mid-line of snout blunt and short, barbels on underside of snout do not 

reach the mouth and insert on a transverse row nearer to the tip of the snout than to 

the mouth; colour of the back and sides variable, from greyish-black to dark green. 

Belly whitish. Size: maximum 210 cm; commonly 110-145 cm (males), and 130-170 

cm (females). 

RJCN Status 

World level: listed in appendix II of CITES 

Black Sea Regional level: idem 


Distribution, Habitat types, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Mainly in coastal 

waters of the sea and rivers; enters the Don, Kuban, Dniepr, Danube and rivers of the 

Caucasian coasts of the Black Sea. Spends winter in the zone of the Mytilus and 

113

Modiolus biocoenosis (at a depth of 60-70 m). Abundant in the Azov Sea, and also 

occurring in the Caspian Sea but absent from the Mediterranean Sea. 

Biology. Feeds mainly on molluscs, crustaceans and fish. A migratory, anadromous 

species; in spring (February-May), it enters the rivers and in autumn (August- 

November) it moves to its hibernation grounds in the sea. During their spawning run, 

fish move separately or in small shoals. Sexual maturity is reached at 8-12 years 

(male) and 13-15 years (female); after reproduction, adults return to the sea. 

Population trends. Caught with drift and stake net, long lines and beach seines. In 

June 1903 - March 1904, 85,160t were caught, in front of the St.Gheorghe branch of 

the Danube, and 60,175 kg in the Portita zone. Compared with the 1920-1940 period, 

the catches of 1940-1960 decreased by 80%; in front of the Danube, the catches 

recorded were: in 1989-19,0001; in 1990-4,000 t and in 1991-15,000 t; for the 1993- 

1994 period, there was an estimated (for the North-West zone of the Black Sea) stock 

of 3,300,000 specimens, 180,000 of these were exploitable. 

Threats. Overfishing, marine pollution, and reservoir-building on the spawning 

rivers, blocking the traditional migration routes and destroying spawning grounds or 

preventing access to them. 

Conservation measures. Development of methods of artificial reproduction; 

building of hatcheries to release fry to the sea. This species has been under protection 

in Turkey since 1997. A special recovery and monitoring programme was started by 

the Turkish Marine Research Foundation in the Sakarya and Kizilirmak estuaries. 

Conservation measures proposed. Protection of the feeding sites of the fry in the 

Danube mouth; interruption of fishing with pound nets during the great 

agglomerations of fry in July-August; protection of spawners during migration and 

spawning (April-July); production of fingerlings to repopulate the Danube river. 

114

Adoption of strict national measures to reduce poaching; conduct fisheries under strict 

international control. 

References 

Antipa, G., 1933. Les esturgeons de la Mer Noire, leur biologie et les mesures 

necessaires pour leur protection. Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. roum. 16: 1-17. 

Antipa, G., 1941. Black Sea - oceanography, bionomy and generally biology. Acad. 

Rom. Publ. Fond Vasile Adamachi 10: 313 pp (in Romanian). 

Busnita, T., 1953. The problems of sturgeons and clupeids from the Black sea. 

Bull. Inst. Cere. Pise. 4 (in Romanian) 

Caloianu-Iordachel, M., 1965. Data regarding the ecology of four species of 

sturgeons in the first post-embrionic development stage. Hidrobiología 6 (in 

Romanian). 

Leonte, V., 1956. Contributions to the study of the biology of marine sturgeons from 

the waters of the RPR. An. Inst. Cercet. Pise. 15: 167-185. (in Romanian). 

Leonte, V. & N. Pogarneata, 1963. Contributions to the knowledge of ages and sizes 

and migration of marine sturgeons from the Danube rivers, concerning their industrial 

fishing. Hidrobiología 4: 287-297. (in Romanian). 

Manea, G. & M. Mihai, 1957. First experiments in the reproduction and artificial 

growing of sturgeons in RPR. Bui. Inst. Cercet. Pise. 16: 57-72. (in Romanian). 

Manea, G., I. Alexandrescu & M. Mihai, 1963. Actual and long-term state of the 

sturgeons and their culture in RPR. Hidrobiología 4: 229-320. (in Romanian). 

Compiled by A.Petranu & B.Óztürk. 

115

Acipenser stellatus (Pallas, 1711) 

Synonyms: Acipenser he lops Pallas, 1811; Acipenser stellatus donensis Lovetzky, 

1834; Acipenser stellatus ilyricus Brusina, 1902; Acipenser stellatus stellatus 

Banarascu, 1964. 

Common names: Eng Starry sturgeon; Bulg: Pestruga; Rom: Pastruga; Russ: 

Sevryuga; Turk Mersin javrusu; Ukr: Sevryuga. 

Order ACIPENSERD70RMES 

Family ACIPENSEPJDAE 

Taxonomic description. Body subcylindrical elongate, with bony scutes arranged in 

five rows, one on the middle of the back, one pair on the sides and another on the 

belly; on the isthmus beneath the head, a pair of triangular bony scutes. The mouth, 

placed beneath the head, is small, transverse and can project as a short tube; lower lip 

interrupts at the mid-line; snout swordlike and very long, making up more than 60% 

of the head length. Barbels on the underside of the snout short, ending well before the 

mouth and inserted nearer to the mouth than to the tip of the snout. Back and sides 

coffee-brown, belly whitish. Size: Maximum length 180 cm; commonly 130 to 140 

cm (females) and 110 to 120 cm (males). 

IUCN Status 

World level: listed in appendix II of Cites 

Black Sea Regional level: Idem 


Distribution, Habitat types, Critical habitats, Limiting factors 

Lives close to the bottom, in summer in coastal zones, coming up to the surface for 

feeding at night; enters the Kuban, Don, Dniepr, Danube and other rivers flowing into 

the Black Sea, also in Sinoe lagoon. Abundant in the Azov and Caspian Sea, rare in 

the Sea of Marmara; only incidentally recorded in the Mediterranean Sea (in the 

Adriatic Gulf). 

116

Biology. A migratory, anadromous species, which enters the rivers in April-October. 

Reproduction in May-June; a female can lay 20,000-360,000 eggs. Sexual maturity 

reached when five (male) or seven (female) years old. Feeds mainly on fish, also on 

molluscs, crustaceans and chironomids. Caught mainly with stake nets, drift nets and 

beach seines. A highly esteemed table fish. A ponto-caspian relict. 

Population trends. Like Acipenser guldenstaedti, the population of this species has 

dropped by 80 % in 1940-1960 relative to the previous two decades (1920-1940). In 

the catches of the northern zone of the Romanian littoral (Chituc - Vadu), in May 

1991 this species represented 50 kg in May (15 specimens); in June 30 kg (11 

specimens) and in August 14 kg (358 specimens, all juveniles). The catches recorded 

for the entire Romanian littoral were: 1989-19,000 t; 1990-4,0001, 1991-15,000 t, for 

Bulgaria 15,0001 (1989), for US 27,0001 (1989), 15,000 (1990), 15,000 (1991). In 

1993-1994, the exploitable stock of the north-western area of the Black Sea was 

assessed at 220,000 specimens. 

Threats. Overfishing, chemical pollution, large-scale dam building which block the 

traditional routes of migration and access to spawning grounds. 

Conservation measures taken. This species has been under protection in Turkey 

since 1997. Total catch was 110 tons in 1995. A special recovery and monitoring 

programme was started by the Turkish Marine Research Foundation in the Sakarya 

and Kizilirmak estuaries. 

Conservation measures proposed. Protection of spawners during migration and 

spawning; protection of spawning and feeding areas; artificial reproduction; strict 

national measures to reduce poaching. 

117

References 

Antipa, G., 1909. Ichthyologic fauna of the Romania. Acad. Rom. Public. Fond 

Vasile Adamachi 16: 251-254. (in Romanian). 

Antipa, G, 1933. Les esturgeons de la Mer Noire, leur biologie et les mesures 

nécessaires pour leur protection. Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. roum. 16: 1-17. 

Antipa, G, 1941. Black Sea - oceanography, bionomy and general biology. Acad. 

Rom. Publ. Fond Vasile Adamachi 10: 313 pp. (in Romanian). 

Busnita, T., 1953. Problems of sturgeons and clupeids in the Black Sea. Bull. Inst. 

Cercet. Pise. 4. (in Romanian). 

Caloianu-Iordachel, M., 1965. Data regarding the ecology of four species of 

sturgeon, in the first post-embryonic development stages. Hidrobiologia 6 (in 

Romanian). 

Leonte, V., 1956. Contributions to the study of the biology of sturgeons from the 

waters of RPR. An. Inst. Cercet. Pise: 167-185. (in Romanian). 

Manea, G. & M. Mihai, 1957. First experiments in the reproduction and artificial 

growing of sturgeons in RPR. Bull. Inst. Cercet. Pise. 16, 1: 57-72. (in Romanian). 

Rodewald, L., 1940. Some theoretical and practical considerations regarding the 

artificial growing of sturgeons. Bull. Inf. Agr. Min. 

Compiled by A. Petranu & B. Ôztiirk. 

118

Aidablennius sphynx Valenciennes, 1836 

Synonyms: Blennius sphinx Giinther, 1861 

Common names: Georg: Zgvis pinia [spinksi]; Turk: Horozbina 

Order PERCIFORMES 

Family BLENNUDAE 

Taxonomic description. D Xn 16-17; AII17-19; P 13-14. V 14. Vertebrae 34-36 

(Stojanov etal, 1963; Svetovidov, 1964). The body is elongated, laterally 

compressed, naked. Snout very short, with vertical profile. Mouth small. Colour 

basically greenish to olive-brown; 5-6 vertical bars with blushing margins on body; 8- 

9 oblique bars on dorsal fin. Size up to 8 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mediterranean, Black Sea and Atlantic coast of Morocco (Zander, 

1986). In Bulgaria found along the entire coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, rocky, shelly, sea-grass 

bottoms. 

Biology. Reproduction: April-July. Food: benthic invertebrates, algae. 


Threats. Industrial pollution. 

119


Conservation measures proposed. Reduction of chemical pollution. 

References 

Stojanov, S. etal, 1963. The fishes of the Black Sea. Varna: 246 pp. 

Svetovidov, A., 1964. The fishes of Black Sea. Publ. House of Science: 550 pp. 

Zander, C, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 1197 

pp. 

Compiled byY. Sivkov & K. Prodanov 

120

Synonyms: Anax imperator Leach, 1815. 

Anax imperator Leach, 1815 

Edinb. Enc, Vol. IX, Edinburg, p. 137; Aeshna formosa: Vander Linden, 1820, p. 3, 

fig. 1; Anax imperator Schmidt, 1929, p. 40, fig. 27e, 33k 

Common names: Engl: Emperor dragonfly; Bulg: Vodno konche-imperator; Russ: 

Dozorshchik; Turk: Yusufcuk; Ukr: Dozorets' 

Order ODONATA 

Family AESHNIDAE 

Taxonomic description. A very large insect with total body length 72-77 mm and 

length of hindwing 47-51 mm. Eyes big, contiguous dorsomedially, covering most of 

the head. Wing pairs differently shaped, hindwing broader than forewing, especially 

in its dilated basal portion. A pronounced colour dimorphism between the sexes. 

Male: wings colourless, veins yellow or black. Abdomen bright blue, ornamented in 

black. Female: wings slightly yellowish. Abdomen green to blue-greenish, dorsally 

ornamented in brown-black. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea regional level: DD 


Distribution. A widespread dragonfly species, occurring both in the Afrotropical and 

Palearctic regions, i.e. from the Cape Province in the south to Scandinavia, and to 

Central Asia in the east. Found all over the Balkan peninsula. 

121

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Ecologically broadscoped insect, 

inhabiting slow-running and vegetation- rich localities of the rhithral, and, most of all 

lakes, marshes and flooded estuary zones of rivers (limnal). Those habitats in the 

Black Sea coastal region, situated in or near urbanized or otherwise polluted sites 

should be considered critical. Important limiting factors are also the drying-up of 

coastal marshes, industrial and anthropogenic water pollution, as well as the draining 

and realignment of the upper courses of rivers. 

Biology. Larvae phytophilous, living in stagnant or slow running water, rich in 

aquatic vegetation. Adults occur from V to X. Active predators in all stages. Life 

cycle two years. Excellent fliers, that can sometimes be observed far away from 

water. 

Population trends. Although widespread, the species never occurs in large numbers, 

thus appearing rare rather than common. A decline in abundance during recent 

decades has been observed in Black Sea coastal regions adjacent to sites with 

intensive tourism and resort urbanization. 

Threats. Worsening quality of stagnant basins due to industrial and household water 

pollution, with resulting degradation of phyto- and zoocoenoses. 


Conservation measures proposed. Include Anax imperator in list of vulnerable 

animal species of Black Sea region. 

References 

Beschovski, V., 1964a. Dragonflies (Odonata) from S-Bulgaria. Bull. Inst. zool. 

Mus. Sofia 15: 115-129. 

122

Beschovski, V., 1964b. Odonata (Dragonflies) from the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal 

region. Bull. Inst. zool. Mus. Sofia 17: 109-124. 

Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. 23. Odonata. Bulg. Acad. Sei. Sofia.: 372 

pp. 

Beutler, H., 1987. Libellen aus dem Einzugsgebiet der Struma in Bulgarisch- 

Mazedonien. Opuse, zool. fluminensia 16: 1-8. 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine), 1994. Kijiv: Ukrajinska 

Encyklopediya Publ.: 68 (in Ukrainian). 

Cirdei, F. & F. Bulimar, 1965. Fauna of Romania. Insecta, Odonata. Bucuresti, Acad. 

R.P.Romane8:274pp. 

Conci, C. & C. Nielsen, 1956. Odonata. Fauna d'Italia. Bologna, Calderini.: 255 pp 

Donath, H., 1987. Odonaten von der südbulgarischen Schwarzmeerkueste. Notul. 

odonatol. 2: 157-168. 

Dumont, H. J., 1977a. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent 

mediterranean islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 113: 119-171. 

Mauersberger, R., 1985. Libellen (Odonata) von der nordbulgarischen 

Schwarzmeerkueste. Ent.. Nachr. 29: 199-207. 

Peters, G., 1987. Die Edellibellen Europas. Neue Brehm-Buecherei. 585: 140 pp. 

Schmidt, E. 1929. Ordnung: Libellen, Odonata. Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Quelle & 

Meyer, Leipzig 4: 66 pp. 

Schmid, E. 1978. Odonata. In: J. lilies (Ed.), Limnofauna Europaea. Stuttgart, 

Fischer Verlag: 274-279. 

Urbanski, J. 1947. Notulki odonatologische z Bulgarii. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie- 

Sklodowska (Lublin) 2 C: 241-268. 

Compiled by K. Kumanski 

123


Common names: None. 

Anomalocera patersoni (Templeton, 1837) 

Order CALANOIDA 

Family PONTELLIDAE 

Taxonomic description. One of three species of Pontellidae in the Black Sea. The 

head is somewhat triangular with a recurved spine or cephalic hook on each side. It 

bears two pairs of dorsal ocular lenses. There is a ventral eye and five thoracic 

segments, the last of which is asymmetrical in the male. The antennule is about half 

the length of the body and has twenty segments. It is of very uneven thickness in the 

male. This large copepod is of a blue or blue-green colour. The length of females is 

3.5-4.2 mm, that of the males 3-4 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. All over the Black Sea, except in low salinity zones such as the Sea of 

Azov. In the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, North Sea, and 

Pacific Ocean. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A neustonic species inhabiting 

the surface microlayer (0-5 cm). Winter (dormant) eggs are sink to the bottom. 

Limiting factors are the pollution of the water surface by surfactants and the lack of 

oxygen in the near-bottom layer. 

124

Biology. Well adapted to the surface layer of water, living in coastal and open sea 

areas, this blue coloured carnivorous copepod is capable of aerial jumps. It is a North 

Atlantic species with mass development in spring and autumn. Abundant in 

convergence zones in which surface waters of different origins come together. 

Population trends. A sharp decline in population numbers since the 1970s, with a 

reduction of 50-70% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer of water and eutrophication, triggering 

bottom hypoxia. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce Black Sea pollution. 

References 

Dolgopolskaya, M. A., 1969. Otryad calanoida G.O. Sars (Order Calanoida G.O. 

Sars), In: Opredelitel fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and 

the Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 34-48 (in Russian). 

Newell, G. E. & R. C. Newell, 1966. Marine Plankton, a practical guide. London, 

Hutchinson Educational: 221 pp. 

Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific 

Translations: 207 pp 

Zaitsev, Y. & V Mamaev, 1997. Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea. A 

study of change and decline. New York, United Nations Publications: 208 pp. 

Compiled by Y. Zaitsev. 

125

Anthropoides virgo Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Grus virgo, Árdea virgo Linnaeus, 1758 

Common names: Engl: Demoiselle Crane; Russ: Krasavka, ZhuravV-krasavka; Turk: 

Telli turna; Ukr: Stepovy zhuraveV 

Taxonomic description. In the areas along the sea coast, it is estimated that 330-380 

of these birds can be found. About 120-140 pairs breed here; in pre-migration 

periods, gatherings may reach c. 1000 specimens. 

IUCN Status 

World level: LR 



Order GRUIFORMES 

Family GRUID AE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in steppes 

and cultivated fields, either with low and thinned out mosaic vegetation or without 

vegetation. In the post-breeding period , it occurs on shallow water-bodies (bays, 

estuaries, river mouths) surrounded by agricultural fields or steppe. 

Biology. A breeding, summer and migratory species. Arrives by the beginning of the 

second third of April. The nest is a trampled plot on the ground, encircled by old 

parts of plants, small stones, clods of earth, and dry cattle droppings. Egg-laying 

starts from the second third of April onwards. The clutch consists of 1-2, rarely three 

126

eggs and is incubated for 28-29 days. The parents share incubation equally. 

Fledglings are observed at the end of June - beginning of July. Non-breeders associate 

in flocks of irregular size and move within the breeding area. In July-August these 

flocks move to the shallow waterbodies of the sea coast where families concentrate 

before departure to the winter grounds. Autumn migration commences by mid 

October. Both vegetative (vegetal parts of plants, seeds) and animal (insects, 

molluscs) food is consumed. 

Population trends. The numbers are low, but stable. Insufficient breeding range, in 

spite of an ability to breed in agricultural fields and low-grazing pastures. 

Threats. Clutch and chick losses due to the intensification of agriculture, disturbance 

and killing by people, increase in predation by Crows (Corvidae), Raccoons 

(Nyctereutes procyonoides), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic dogs. 

Conservation measures taken. There is no real protection. Only one pair breeds 

within a protected area. 

Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the protected areas in the breeding 

and concentration sites (Kerch and Tarkhankut peninsulas, the Sivash), limitation of 

grazing in the breeding sites, reduction in predator numbers, toughening of measures 

prohibiting hunting and extraction of eggs, chicks and adults. 

References 

Andryushchenko Y., 1995. Demoiselle Crane and some other rare Gruiformes in the 

agricultural landscapes of the Steppe Zone of the left-bank Ukraine and the Crimea. 

Author's abstract of Candidate of Biological Sciences Degree dissertation. Moscow: 


127

Chervona Knyga Ukrainy, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska 

Encyclopediya Publ.: 342 pp (in Ukrainian). 

Winter S. & O. Lezhenkin , 1988. The Demoiselle Crane {Anthropoides virgo). 

Biology in the Zhaporozhie Region. In Cranes of the Palearctic. Vladivostok: 35-48. 

(in Russian). 

Winter S. V., Y. A. Andryushchenko & P. I. Gorlov, 1995. The Demoiselle Crane in 

the Ukraine: Status, ecology and conservation prespects. In "Crane Research and 

protection in Europe". Halle-Wittenberg, Martin Luther-Universitat.: 285-289. 

Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko 

128

Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Chenopus pespelecani Philippi, 1836. 

Common names: Engl: Common pelican foot; Georg: Moluski aporaisi; Russ: 

Pelicanya noga; Turk: Pelikan ayagi. 

Taxonomic description. Shell fusiform, opercule elliptic, labrum with three long 

furcae, shell ornamented. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat, Critical habitat, Limiting factors. Sandy and muddy deeps, 

infralittoral and circalittoral of the sea. The critical zone is the infralittoral part of the 

Black Sea between 15-50 meters. Main threats: sand dredging from the sea, trawling, 

mussel dredging. 

Order PROS OBRANCHI AT A 

Family APORRHAIDAE 

Biology. Lives in sandy bottoms, digging into the sand. 

Population trends. No data on population trends. 

129

Threats. Sand dredging and trawling. 

Conservation measures taken. No conservation measures have been taken yet. 

Conservation measures proposed. Sand dredging should be banned in the Black 

Sea as this method is very destructive for all of its bottom fauna. 

Reference 

Schneider, M., W. Fisher & L. M. Bauchot, 1987. Fiches d'identification des espèces 

pour les besoins de la Pèche. Méditerranée et Mer Noire. Végétaux et Invertébrés. 

Rome, FAOand CEE 1. 

Compiled by B. Ôztùrk & A. Komakhidze 

130

Apseudopsis ostroumovi Bacescu & Carausu, 1947 

Synonyms: Apseudes coecus Ostr.1803; Apseudes latreillei var. coecus Sowinsky 

1895, Guryanowa 1936, Bacescu, 1940 

Common names: Georgian: Tskhlis viruka 

Order ANISOPODA (TANAIDACEA) 

Family APSEUDIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Body flattened; frontal side of carapace toothed. Eyes 

absent. Third thoracic segment fused with head capsule. Antenna II with two 

flagella. Chelipeds thin, flattened in female, thicker in male. First pair of pereiopods 

with 6-8 spines; the second and other pairs of pereiopods are walking legs. 

Ectopodite of uropod with three articles.Endopodite of uropod with 33-36 (female) up 

to 45 articles (male). Size: length of female c. 7 mm; of male - 6.7 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: LR 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found in the 

circalittoral zone and silty bottoms, at 35-100 m depths. Frequent in Modiolus 

biocoenosis. Sensitive to pollution and eutrophication. 

Biology. An iliophilic species. Reproduction in the warm season of the year; a 

female spawns c. 85 eggs. A benthic organisms without planktonic larval stages. 

131

Population trends. A characteristic common species of the Modiolus phaseolinus 

biocoenosis. In recent years, it has been found in considerable quantities in the 

Southern Romanian Black Sea littoral (Mangalia zone) (1993 - 795 ind.m 2 

,1994 - 

584 ind.m" 2 

, 1995 - 1133 ind.m" 2 

and 1996 - 1438 ind.m \ at a depth of c. 60 m. 

Threats. Hypoxia by eutrophication. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication. 

References 

Bacescu , M. & A. Carausu, 1947. Apseudopsis ostroumovi n. sp. dans la Mer Noire. 

Bull. Sect. Sti. 26: 366-384. 

Bacescu , M., G.I. Muller & M.T. Gomoiu ,1971. Cercet. mar. 4: 7-274. 

Makkaveeva, E. B., 1969. Opredeliteli fauna Cernogo i Azoskogo morei. Kiev, Ed. 

Naukova Dumka 2. 

Compiled by C. Dumitrache 

132

Synonyms: Ardea ralloides. 

Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769) 

Common names: Engl: Squacco heron; Russ: Zholtaya tzaplya; Turk: Alaca balikcil; 

Ukr: Zhovta chaplya, Chepura. 

Taxonomic description. Ardeola ralloides is one of five species in its genus, widely 

distributed in Africa and Southern Asia, and the only one to occur in the Black Sea 

region. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in dense 

reed-beds of fresh and brackish water-bodies or flooded marshes of river-valleys. 

Ardeola ralloides always joins other Ciconiiform colonies, ocupying the outer rims of 

them. Its feeding habitats are open and half-open shallow-waters, where it forages on 

insect larvae and other invertebrates. 

Order CICONUFORMES 

Family ARDEIDAE 

Biology. Arrival in April-early May (usually between 13 April - 2 May). Breeding in 

mid June, sometimes late May. Hatching is in early July. Autumn migration starts 

early - from late August to mid September. Some birds may stay till the end of 

September. Breeds always colonially, together with larger herons and Plegadis 

falcinellus. Due to its late breeding, Ardeola ralloides has to settle in the periphery of 

the colonies, thus risking prédation on its nests. Clutch size varies from three to five 

eggs, breeding success depends on the disturbance level nearby. If not disturbed, 

133

irds usually breed successfully. The heron preys in open or slightly vegetated 

shallow water-bodies, searching for food. Its diet consists mostly of molluscs, insects 

and their larvae, small copepods, spiders and leeches. A rare visitor to gardens in the 

river valleys, where it may prey on invertebrates after rains. 

Population trends. Hard to estimate, since it varies in sub-regions: in some places, 

numbers sharply decrease, whereas new colonies appear in others. The population 

"balances on the edge" and new colonies may not ensure its stability. Up-to-date 

estimates of population size show fluctuations within 200-900 pairs. 

Threats. Constant human disturbance, degradation of reed-beds in some regions, and 

river pollution. Water pollution and a decrease in feeding capacity in big and small 

river deltas as well as disturbance of colonies are the major threats. 

Conservation measures taken. Special protection of all new colonies, expansion of 

the network of reserves. 

References 

Kostin Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. 241 pp (in Russian). 

Smogorzhevsk'kyi L. 0,1979. Divers, Grebes, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags, 

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, Akad. Nauk. USSR 5: 


Stepanian, 1994. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, 

Ukrajinska Encyclopediya Publ.: 308 pp. (in Ukrainian). 

Compiled by J. Chernichko 

134

Aythya nyroca Guldenstadt, 1770 

Synonyms: Anas nyroca Guldenstadt, 1770 (1769) 

Common names: Engl: Ferruginous duck; Russ: Beloglazy nyroc; Turk: Karabas; 

Ukr: Bilooka chern' 

IUCN Status: 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeding habitats 

are deep lakes, large lagoons, sandy spits with water-bodies covered by reeds, and 

river estuaries. 

Biology. The spring arrival of the first flock occurs between the end of February and 

the first third of March. Mass immigration at the end of March. Breeding begins in 

May. The nest is situated on broken reeds. The clutch consists of 6-14 eggs. 

Incubation takes 25-28 days. In autumn, the birds depart imperceptibly from the end 

of September till the end of October. Small groups of stay to overwinter in the region 

of the Danube and Black Sea Reserves and on the Southern coast of the Crimea. This 

duck mainly eats plants. 

Order ANSERIFORMES 

Family ANATDDAE 

Taxonomic description. See Lysenko, 1994. 

135

Population trends. About 2000 pairs are breeding in the Danube Reserve, 130-140 

pairs in the Black Sea Reserve, 150 pairs in the Crimea, 10-15 pairs in Priazovie. In 

the Danube Reserve and Dnestr lagoon their number has decreased; on the lagoon of 

Azov-Black Sea region it is stable, in the northern Crimea it is slowly increasing. 

Threats, not well defined. 

Conservation measures proposed. Creation of a protected areas network along the 

Azov coast and adding Stenzovsky Plavni to the Danube Reserve. 

References 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska 

Encyklopediya Publ.: 315 pp. (in Ukrainian). 

Lysenko ,V. I., 1994. Fauna of Ukraine. Vol.5. Birds. Part 3. 

Compiled by P. Gorlov 

136

Betone betone euxini (Günther, 1899) 

Synonyms: Esox betone Pallas, 1811; Betone rostrata Nordman, 1840; Betone betone 

Borna, 1929; Betone acus euxini Popov, 1930. 

Common names: Engl: Garfish Bulg: Zargan; Georg: Sarghani; Rom: Zargan; Russ: 

Sargan; Turk: Zargana baligi; Ukr: Sargan. 

Taxonomic description. Body elongate, almost cylindrical in section; head 

prolonged into a beak-like, very long and sharp snout; lower jaw longer than upper 

one so that the mouth is on top; small teeth on the jaw margins and a row of strong, 

sharp and spaced internal teeth; large, near, triangular nostrils. Dorsal and anal fins 

similar in shape and inserted far behind the mid-point of the body; neither fin has 

finlets; dorsal fin margin slightly concave; pectoral fins with wide base and sharp top; 

caudal fin deep emarginate, lower lobe shorter that the upper one; the lateral line runs 

along the belly from the gill opening to near the tail. Gill rakers present (to be seen 

after detaching the gill cover); scales easily detached, except along the lateral line; 

back greenish-blue, sides and belly silvery, the latter with a; yellow tinge; pelvic and 

anal fins yellowish with dark tips; the other fins are dark. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN (Ukrainian sector) 

Order BELONIFORMES, 

Family BELONIDAE 

Distribution. All Black Sea coastal waters, Sea of Azov, Sivash lagoon, Sinoe 

lagoon, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean 

137

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In coastal waters. Young 

specimens are most common near the Cystoseira and Zostera belts. The critical 

habitat is the surface microlayer. Main limiting factors are the pollution of the surface 

microlayer, and the reduction of the Cystoseira and Zostera biocoenoses. 

Biology. A coastal pelagic carnivorous fish feeding mainly on anchovy (Engraulis 

encrasicholus ponticus) and silverside (Atherina mochon pontica). Spawning occurs 

from May to September. Its filament-bearing eggs, nearly 2 mm in diameter, are 

attached to algae (Cystoseira) or sea grasses (Zostera). Newly hatched larvae 9-12 

mm long, are intensily coloured in brown and appear like floating fragments of 

Cystoseira. Young fish 5-10 cm long are green coloured, resembling floating leaves 

of Zostera. Both larvae and young fish occur in the neuston layer 0-5 cm. 

Population trends. A sharp decline in population numbers since the early 1980s. A 

reduction of at least 50% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer of water, considerable reduction of 

Cystoseira and Zostera meadows, and decline in anchovy population. 


Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book. Reduce 

coastal waters pollution. 

138

References 

Banarascu, P., 1964. Pisces - Osteichthyes. Fauna R. P. Romania. Bucuresti, 

Ed. Acad.. 

FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for Mediterranean and Black Sea. Rome, 

United Nations 1. 

Svetovidov, A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). 

Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka: 551 pp. (in Russian). 

Teodorescu Leonte, R. et al., 1956. Observations regarding the lagoonal complex 

Razim-Sinoe, during 1950-1952 period. Anal. ICP. 1. (In Romanian). 

Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Jerusalem, Israel Program for 

Scientific Translations: 207 pp. 

Zaitsev, Y. P., 1993. Impact of Eutrophication on the Black Sea Fauna. Studies and 

Reviews 64: 59-86. 

Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti, Y. Zaitsev & A. Komakhidze. 

139



Benthophiloides brauneri (Beling & Iljin, 1927) 


Family GOBHDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VI, 111-13; AI 9-11; P 18-20. Vertebrae: 27-29 

(Gheorgiev, 1966). Head wide, dorso-ventrally depressed. Body depth 60-66 % of 

body width. Upper lip uniformly wide. Eyes 20-24 % of head length. Colour: with 

broad dark band across behind pectoral fin and below first dorsal. Size up to 7.2 cm, 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: VU (Bulgarian Coast) 

Distribution. Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian estuaries and rivers (Miller, 

1986). In Bulgaria only in Lake Shabla. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In fresh and brackish waters; 

limited by changes in hydrological regime of Lake Shabla. 

Biology. Reproduction: July-August. Food: chironomid larvae, small crustaceans, 

gastropods. 

140


Threats. Changes in the hydrological regime in Lake Shabla. 


Conservation measures proposed. Settling in Lakes Durankulak and Ezeretz. 

References 

Gheorgiev, J., 1966. Composition d'espèces et caractéristique des Gobiides (Pisces) 

en Bulgarie., Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228. 

Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 

1024 pp. 

Compiled by K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov. 

141

Biancolina cuniculus (Stebbing, 1874) 

Synonyms: Amphithoe cuniculus Stebbing, 1874; Biancolina algicola Delia Valle, 

1893. 


Taxonomic description. Head large, with two lateral lobes where the two pairs of 

antennae articulate. Antenna I much longer than antenna U, in the male reaching 

more than half of the body length. The two pairs of female gnatopods similar, male 

gnatopods II much stronger than gnatopods I. Male gnatopod II with a large propodus 

and a deeply excavated palm edge. Outer ramus of uropod III armed, on the edge, 

with two upward-pointing thin hooks. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Macrophyte fields, 

especially Cystoseira belts'. Treatened by disappearance of Cystoseira belts, pollution, 

eutrophication. 

Order AMPHIPODA 

Family AMPHITHOIDAE 

Biology. A phytophilic species, detritivorous and herbivorous. 

Population trends. In 1961 - 30 ind.m 2 

on rocky substratum with macrophytes; in 

1970-1974, 57-88 ind.kg 1 

of wet macrophyte substratum. Research on the rocky and 

142

macrophyte fauna of the Romanian Black Sea littoral did not identify this species 

after 1980. 

Threats. Disappearance of perennial macrophytes biotopes, especially Cystoseira, 

pollution, eutrophication. 


Conservation measures proposed. General measures for the reduction of 

eutrophication and pollution. 

References 

Bacescu, M., M. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, C. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données 

quantitative sur la faune pétricole de la mer Noire à Agigea (secteur roumain) dans les 

conditions spéciales de l'année 1961. Trav.Mus.Hist.Nat. G.Antipa 4: 123-147. 

Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F. D., 1.1. Greeze & S. V.Vasilenko, 1969. Opredeliteli fauny 

Tchernogo i Azovskogo Morei. (Otriad Amphipoda) 2: 440-525. 

Tiganus, V., 1976. Dynamique saisonnière des populations d'Amphipodes des 

champs à Cystoseira barbata (Ag.) du littoral roumain de la mer Noire. Cercet. mar. 

Constantsa, IRCM9: 151-171. 

Tiganus, V., 1983. Données comparatives sur la faune associée aux différentes 

espèces d'algues macrophytes. Cercet. mar. 16: 129-145. 

Compiled by V. Tiganus. 

143


Branchinectella media Schmankewitsch, 1873 

Common names: Russ: Brankhinektella srednyaya; Ukr: Brankhinektella serednyaya 

Taxonomic description. One of two species of this genus of fairy shrimp, shaped 

more or less like an Artemia, in the fauna of Eurasia. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. The species range includes South Europe, Northern Kazakhstan, North 

Africa (Marocco, Algeria). Discovered in the north-west Black Sea basin in saline 

waters of the Kinburn peninsula and adjacent areas of the Kherson and Mikolaiv 

districts (Golaya Pristan, Ochakov). 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Saline water-bodies (salinity 1.5- 

4.0 ppt), drying-out lakes in saline swamps. 

Biology. A halobiont; a filtering organism which feeds on phytoplankton, detritus, 

organic matter and bacteria. Active at water temperatures of 4-24 °C for 35-55 days 

(from late March to late May). Produces resting eggs, in 3-6 broods of 12-120 eggs 

each. Length of the different life cycle periods: nauplial 10-14, prereproductive -12- 

17, reproductive - 26-34 days. 

Order ANOSTRACA 

Family CHIROCEPHALIDAE 

144

Population trends. Before 1940, found in the Kuyalnitsky, Khadzhibeysky and 

Molochny limans. Present population trends unknown. 

Threats. Excessive antropogenic influence, in particular increases in water salinity, 

siltation of soil on irrigated lands. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Books of Ukraine and the 

Black Sea. Protected together with other aquatic organisms in Chernomorsky 

Biosphere Reserve (Ukraine). 

Conservation measures proposed. Organization of biological control of the 

population status. 

Reference 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Branchinectella 

media. Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: p. 36 (in Ukrainian). 

Compiled by B. Alexandrov 

145


Branchinecta spinosa Schmankewitsch, 1873 

Common names: Russ: Brankhinektella koluchaya; Ukr: brankhinektella kolucha 

Order ANOSTRACA 

Family THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 

Taxonomic description. One of 29 species of a genus otherwise characteristic of the 

Australian fauna. Distinctive features of the species are its relatively weakly 

developed antennas II; the epipodites of I-ffl pairs of appendages differ markedly in 

the number of distinct teeth and spines. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Range includes Eurasia (from Southern Europe to Central Asia - 

Mongolia), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Mediterranean and Black Sea coast of 

Turkey. Found in the north-western part of the Black Sea, in saline water bodies near 

Odessa, Kinburn peninsula and adjacent areas of the Kherson and Mikolaiv oblasts 

(Golaya Pristan, Ochakov). Encountered also in the Crimea peninsula and at the foot 

of the Caucasus. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallow waters (depths of 0.3-2.5 

m), usually drying out in summer. Saline lakes and puddles (salinity 1.5-9.5 ppt). 

Biology. A halobiont; filters out bacteria, phytoplankton, detritus and small 

crustaceans. The active life phase in the spring generation extends from early April to 

late July at water temperature of 4-26 °C; summer generation from July to September 

at temperatures of 19-33 °C. The species may have 1-2 spring and 3-4 summer 

generations. Life span of these generations is 45-65 and 25-35 days, respectively. 

The amount of broods is 3-5, with 20-310 eggs each. The life cycle includes the 

following periods: nauplial 7-15, prereproductive - 8-19 and reproductive - 18-24 

days. Fertility of females in spring is lower than t in summer. 

Population trends. Until the 1940s, it was encountered in the Kuyalnitsky and 

Khadzhibeysky limans. At present it is still sometimes numerous. 

146

Threats. Cattle-grazing, pollution of water bodies by runoff from cattle farms, etc. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Books of Ukraine and the 

Black Sea. Protected together with other hydrobionts in the Chernomorsky Biosphere 

Reserve (Ukraine). 

Conservation measures proposed. Organization of control of the state of the 

populations. 

References 

Vekhov, M. V., 1990. Golie dzabronogy (Crustacea, Anostraca) vodoyomov 

Chernomorskogo zapovednika. Soobschenie 1. Branchinectella spinosa. (Anostraca 

of Chernomorsky reserve water bodies. 1. Branchinectella spinosa). Vestnik Zool. 6: 

10-13. 

Vekhov, M. V., 1994. Branchinectella spinosa. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red 

Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyclopediya Publ.: 35 pp. (in Ukrainian). 


147

Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas, 1774 

Synonyms: Amphioxus lanceolatus Pallas, 1744 

Common names: Engl: Amphioxus, Lancelet; Bulg: Lantsetnik, Russ: Lantsetnik, 

Ukr: Lantsetnyk 

Order AMPHIOXI 

Family BRANCHIOSTOMIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The Amphioxus belongs to the chordates. It does not have 

a spine, but, by possessing a notochord, it ranks only just below the vertebrates. The 

chorda is well differentiated and runs along the whole body. The body is segmented, 

dorso-ventrally flattened, spindle-shaped, and pointed at both ends. Colour pink, 

body semi-transparent. A membranaceous flipper along the dorsal side. The caudal 

end of the body has a lance-like flipper, where the name of the animal originates 

from. Cranium, head and central nervous system not differentiated. There is no heart, 

but pulsating blood vessels instead. The length of the body reaches usually 3-5 cm, 

rarely 8 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Amphioxus inhabits 

the sandy sublittoral at depths down to 28-30 m. It is accompanied by some specific 

Polychaeta species (e.g. Staurocephalus keffersteini) in a biocoenoses called 

Amphioxus sands. It prefers sand mixed with shells. It is very rare on muddy bottoms 

because it is not adapted to life on bottoms with fine particles. 

Biology. Amphioxus feeds on microalgae, infusoria, crustaceans, etc. Its behaviour 

differs according to bottom structure. In coarse sand, where water is rich in oxygen 

and food particles circulate freely, it buries itself entirely. In fine sand, only half of 

the body is buried, the other half emerges from the bottom. In muddy grounds it does 

not bury itself at all because it can neither feed nor breathe there. The animal is more 

active during the night. It reproduces during summer and lives for three to four years. 

Population trends. Muddy areas have expanded during the last decade as a result of 

intensive dumping of dead organic matter. This is unfavourable for Amphioxus and 

any such change in bottom structure results in a considerable decrease in its 

abundance. In the 1960s, it was common along the Bulgarian coast, with the highest 

148

abundance recorded north of Cape Maslen Nos at 21 m deep (1130 ind.m" 2 ). In 1981 

it was still encountered in Varna bay, but in 1991 it had disappered from the region. 

Isolated individuals of B. lanceolatum are found in the southern region (Sozopol) in 

only 1996. 

Threats. The main threat is the reduction of the areas with coarse sand, by 

eutrophication and organic pollution. 

Conservation measures taken. None so far. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution and eutrophication. 

References 

Cherno more Sbornik, 1978. G.Bakalowle, Varna: 123-124 pp. 

Kaneva-Abadjieva & V. T. Marinov, 1966. Razpredelenie na zoobentosa na 

piasachnata biocenoza pred balgarskia chemomorski briag. Varna, Izv. NIORS: 7: 

69-95. 

Konsulova, Т., 1992. Seasonal structure and ecological status of Varna Bay (Black 

Sea) sandy and muddy macrozoobenthic coenoses. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer medit. 33 

42. 

Marinov, Т., 1990. Zoobentosat ot balgarskia sector na Cherno morelo. BAN, 

Bulg.Akad.Nauk: 195 pp. 

Compiled by T. Konsulova 

149

Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Charadrius oedicnemus, Oedicnemus crepitans. 

Common names: Engl: Stone-curlew; Russ: Avdotka; Turk: Kocagos; Ukr: Lezheri. 

Taxonomic description. Population preliminarily estimated at around 180-240 pairs. 

IUCNStatus 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeding and post- 

breeding habitats do not differ. They are salinas, sandy beaches, spits and islands, 

stony areas with low and thinned out mosaic vegetation or without any at all, 

including areas subjected to human transformation (pastures, agricultural fields, open 

cast mines, new gardens, vineyards). 

Order BURHINIDAE 

Family BURHINUS 

Biology. A breeding, summer and migratory species. In the southern parts of the 

region it arrives by the end of March - beginning of April. At the end of the first third 

of April it appears in the northern zones. The nest is a trampled plot on the ground 

encircled by vegetation from the previous year, small stones, clods of earth, and dry 

cattle droppings. Egg-laying starts from the beginning of the second ten days of 

April. The clutch consists of 1-3 eggs and is incubated for 26 days. Parents share the 

incubation duties equally. Fledglings are observed in July. In the post-breeding 

period birds occur in small groups (2-5, sometimes more) or solitarily. Autumn 

150

migration from September to early October. Food mostly insects, molluscs, and small 

vertebrates. 

Population trends. Insufficient breeding range, but ability to breed in agricultural 

fields and pastures with low grazing pressure. 

Threats. Disturbance, clutch and chick losses due to over-grazing and recreation 

pressure, killing by people, predation by Crows (Corvidae), raccoon (Nyctereutes 

procyonoides), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic dogs. 

Conservation measures taken. There is no real protection most pairs breed outside 

the protected areas. 

Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the protected areas for more 

breeding sites, limitation of grazing therein, reduction of predator numbers. 

References 

Andryushchenko, Y., 1995. Demoiselle Crane and some other rare Gruiformes in the 

agricultural landscapes of the Steppe Zone of the left-bank Ukraine and the Crimea. 

Author's abstract of the Candidate of Biological Sciences Degree dissertation. 

Moskow: 45 pp. (in Russian). 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny , 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska 


Kistiakivs'ki, O. B., 1957. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, Akad. Nauk. USSR 4: 432 

pp.(in Russian). 

Kostin ,Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian). 

151

Van der Have, T. M., S. van der Sant, Y. Verkuil & J. van der Winden (Eds), 1994. 

Waterbirds in the Sivash, Ukraine, Spring, 1992, WTWO-report 36, Zeist, The 

Netherlands. 

Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko. 

152

Synonyms: Callionymus risso Le Sueur 

Callionymus belenus Risso, 1826 

Common names: Engl: Dragonet Russ: Malaya morskaya mysh; Turk: Uzgun baligi; 

Ukr: Mors'ka mysha mala, Piskarka sira 


Family CALLIONYMIDAE 

Taxonomic description. One of three species of the family inhabiting the Black Sea. 

Spinous dorsal fin with three rays. Rostrum length less than eye diameter and 

representing not more than 30% of head length. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mainly sandy bottom shallow water coastal areas of the Black Sea, 

including low salinity areas. Mediterranean Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sandy and muddy grounds from 

surface to 10, sometimes 18 m depth. Limiting factors are the bottom hypoxia for 

adult fishes, surface water pollution and disappearance of Cystoseira belts for 

neustonic larvae. 

Biology. A small bottom fish, up to 7-8 cm length, feeding on meiobenthos and 

laying pelagic eggs. Larvae neustonic, 4-7 mm long, covered with a dense network of 

dark brown melanophores, making them appear like floating fragments of brown alga 

Cystoseira barbata to which predators are indifferent. 

153

Population trends. Sharp decline in population numbers since the late 1970s. The 

reduction estimate of 50-70% over the last 10 years is based on direct observations. 

Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer of water, bottom hypoxia and 

disappearance of Cystoseira barbata belts from the north-western coast of the Black 

Sea. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (1994), in 

the Data Deficient (DD) category. 


Black Sea eutrophication. 

References 

Smirnov, A. I., 1994. Callionymus belenus Risso. Chervona Kniga Ukrayni (Red 

Data Book of Ukraine): 280 pp. (in Ukrainian). 

Svetovidov, A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the BlackSea). 

Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad: 551 pp. (in Russian). 

Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Jerusalem, Israel Program for 

Scientific Translations: 207 pp. 

Zaitsev, Y. P., 1993. Impact of Eutrophication on the Black Sea Fauna. Studies and 

Reviews 64 : 59-86. 

Compiled by Y. Zaitsev 

154

Calopteryx splendens - complex 

Synonyms: Libellula splendens Harris, 1782:99; Calopteryx splendens Selys & 

Hagen, 1850:138; Calopteryx splendens balcanica Fudakowski, 1930:57-63. 

Common names: Engl: Banded demoiselle; Russ: Krasotka blestyashchaya 

balkanskaya; Turk: Yaz yusufcugu. 

Order ODONATA 

Family CALOPTERYGIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Total body length 49-51 mm, length of hindwing 29-31 

mm. Eyes hemispherical, distant, situated laterally on the head. Both wing pairs 

similarly shaped. Pronounced sexual dimorphism in coloration. Male: body shining 

metallic blue-green; wings with basal third hyaline, veins blue, distal area with a 

broad blue spot. About a dozen of subspecies exist, most of which can be 

distinguished by the extension of the coloured wing spot in the males. This may vary 

form a complete absence to almost occupying the full wing surface. In the Black Sea 

basin, both extremes occur. Ventral side of terminal abdomina segements yellow, 

marked with flack. Female: Abdomen slender, generally olive greenish; wings from 

colourless to green-brownish due to the shining green veins. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: VU (Bulgarian coast) 

Distribution. A palaearctic, polytypic species, occurring in the East as far as lake 

Baikal. The populations Bulgaria show features transitional between the nominate C. 

s. splendens, that occurs in more or less typical form in the Danube valley and C. s. 

balcanica, a broad-banded form from the southern Balkans and coastal Greece. In the 

north (the Dniepr and Don valleys), a robust form occurs that may be a close relative 

155

of balcanica, but has been called ancilla (a name that takes precendence over 

balcanica). Along the Turkish Black Sea coast, a form with average wings spots 

occurs (C. splendens amasina) as far east as Gorele (not far from Trabzon). 

Eastwards, it is replaced by a form with colourless wings (C. splendens waterstoni), 

that extends as far as the Coroh (Coruh) valley in Georgia. North of that, and as far as 

the Caucasus, it is replaced by narrow-banded C. splendens mingrelica (possibly a 

hybrid between several other forms). All these subspecific taxa freely hybridize and 

form clines of varying steepness and width. In the coastal rivers of the Crimean 

coastal mountains, finally, a very narrow-banded subspecies, C. splendens taurica, 

occurs in isolation. The populations of south Russia deserve more study. Of all 

subspecies listed, C. s. waterstoni is probably the most restricted in range and hence 

the most threatened one. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Brooks and rivers rich in 

vegetation and slow water velocity, from sea level to c. 1000 m a.s.l. in the 

mountains. The main limiting factors are water pollution and the elimination of zones 

rich in vegetation as a result of stream realignments. 

Biology. Larvae rheophilous, relatively common, inhabitants of rich in vegetation 

localities in the rhithral and the potamal; both larvae and adults active predators. Two 

year life cycle. Period of emergence V-IX. Adults are relatively slow fliers. 

Population trends. Although not measured, a trend towards a declining abundance is 

observed in Black Sea coastal brooks and wetlands. 

Threats. Polluting and/or drying up of the habitats as a result of urbanization as well 

as of uncontrolled livestock-farming activity, both on the coastal plain and in 

mountainous regions. 

156

Conservation measures taken. Some of the habitats in each of the Black Sea 

countries should be preserved from human interference. 

Conservation measures proposed. Inclusion of Calopteryx splendens and its 

numerous Black Sea subspecies in the List of Rare and Vulnerable Species. 

References 

Adamovic, Z., 1967. Odonata collected in Dubrovnik district, Jugoslavia. Dtsch. 

Ent. Z. 14: 285-321. 

Bartenef, A. N., 1912. Die palaearktischen und ostasiatischen Arten und Unterarten 

der Gattung Calopteryx Leach. Lab. Arb. Zool. Kabin. Univ. Warchaui 1, 1911 

(1912): 1-193 + erratum (in Russian) 

Bartenef, A. N., 1930. Uber Calopteryx spelendens und ithre Biotypen, besonders 

die Westasiatischen. Zool. Jb. Syst. 58: 521-540. 

Beschovski, V., 1989. Representatives of the families Epallagidae and 

Calopterygidae (Odonata) in Bulgaria. Acta zool. bulg. 38: 3-8. 

Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. Odonata. Sofia, Acad. Sei. bulg. 23: 372 

pp. 

Beutler, H., 1987. Libellen aus dem Einzugsgebiet der Struma in Bulgarisch- 

Mazedonien (Odonata). Beitr. Ent. 16: 327-344. 

Buchholz, K. 1963. Odonaten aus Macédonien. Opusc. zool. 70: 1-16. 5. 

Cirdei, F. & F. Bulimar, 1965. Fauna Rep. pop. Romania. Insecta. Odonata. 

Bucuresti, Acad. R. P .Romania 7(5): 274 pp. 

Demirsoy, A., 1996. Genel ve Turkiye Zoocografyasi. Meteksan, Ankara: 630 pp. 

Donath, H.,1987.Odonaten von der suedbulgarischen Schwarzmeerkueste. Notul. 

odonatol. 2: 157-168. 

Dumont, H. J., 1977a. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent 

mediterranean islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 113: 119-171. 

157

Dumont, H. J., 1977b. Sur une collection d'Odonates de Yougoslavie, avec notes sur 

la faune des territoires adjacents de Roumanie et de Bulgarie. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. Belg. 

Ent. 113: 187-209. 

Fudakowski, J., 1930. Ueber die Formen von Calopteryx splendens Harr, aus 

Dalmatien und Herzegovina (Odonata). Ann. Mus. zool. Pol. 9: 57-63. 

St. Quentin, D., 1944. Die Libellenfauna Dalmatiens. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 

90/91: 66-76. 

St. Quentin, D., 1965. Zur Odonatenfauna Anatoliens und der angrenzenden Gebiete. 

Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien 63: 531-552. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. p. 65. 

Compiled by K. Kumanski & H. J. Dumont. 

158

Calopteryx virgo - complex 

Synonyms: Libellula virgo Linnaeus, 1758:245; Calopteryx virgo Selys & Hagen, 

1850:134; Calopteryx virgo race meridionalis Selys, 1873:509; Calopteryx virgo 

meridionalis Capra, 1945:254. 

Common names: Engl: Beautiful demoiselle; Russ: Krasotka-devushka yuzhnaya; 

Turk: Buyuk kiz bocegi. 

Orde ODONATA 

Family CALOFTERYGIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Total body length 49-54 mm, length of hindwings 31-37 

mm. Eyes hemispherical, relatively small, distant, situated laterally on the head. Both 

wing pairs similar in shape. Wings uniformly coloured or their basal region narrowly 

transparent. Pronounced sexual dimorphism in colour pattern. Male: body metallic 

blue; wings dark-brown, with shining deep blue veins. Ventrum of terminal segments 

of abdomen largely live red. Female: body dull dark green-brownish; wings dull 

brown, veins dull metallic. Abdomen slender. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. A transpalearctic, polytypic species with several subspecies. In the 

West Mediterranean area, North Africa, South France, and the Iberian Peninsula, a 

semi (?) species, C. meridionalis occurs, which looks more or less like some 

populations in Bulgaria that have been designated by that name, but extend to the 

Marmara region of Asia Minor and the Strandzha Mts. These populations are 

therefore more probably linked to a subspecies that occurs from Greece eastwards 

through Anatolia, C. virgo festiva. East of Trabzon, this is replaced by yet another 

robust subspcies, C. virgo feminalis, which probably extends along most of the east 

coast of the Black Sea. Along the north coast, C. virgo virgo is expected to occur. 

159

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Clear, small rivulets rich in 

vegetation, including small brooks on the sea shore line. The latter could be 

considered critical in connection with urbanization and sea-resort expansion. It may 

be added that the south-east corner of the Black Sea harbours yet a few other species 

of Odonata, not currently included in this Red Book, but which should be considered 

for the future. These include Coenagrion ponticum, a member of the C. puella- 

superspecies that is restricted from the coastal foothills of the Caucasus to Trabzon 

area, and Cordulegaster mzymtae, a large dark anisopteran that lives in the Pontic 

Alps and the Caucasus mountains. 

Biology. Larvae rheophilous, quite rare, inhabitants of the rhithral; both larvae and 

adults active predators; period of emergence from V to IX-X; adults relatively slow 

fliers. 

Population trends. A continuing decline has recently been observed, although not 

quantitatively documented. 

Threats. Polluting and/or drying up the habitats as a result of urbanization, as well as 

of uncontrolled stock-farming (pig, sheep etc.) activity both on the coastal plain and 

in the Strandzha Mts. hilly land. 

Conservation measures taken. Some of the habitats need saveguarding from human 

inerference. 

Conservation measures proposed. Include Calopteryx virgo and its subspecies in 

the list of Rare and Vulnerable Species. 

160

References 

Bartenef, A. N., 1912. Die palaearktischen und ostasiatischen Arten und Unterarten 

der Gattung Calopteryx Leach. Lab. Arb. Zool. Kabin. Univ. Warchau, 1, 1911 

(1912): 1-193 + erratum (in Russian). 



Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. Insecta,Odonata. Acad. Sei. bulg. Sofia 23: 

372 pp 

Capra, F., 1945. Odonata di Liguria. Les Ligustricae LXXI. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. 

Nat. Genova 62: 253-275. 

Donath, H., 1987. Odonaten von der suedbulgarischen Schwarzmeerkueste. Notul. 

odonatol. 2: 157-168. 

Dumont, H. J., 1977. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent 

mediterranean islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg 113: 119-171. 

St. Quentin, D.,1965. Zur Odonatenfauna Anatoliens und angrenzende Gebiete. Ann. 

Nat. hist. Mus. Wien 63: 531-552. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. p.64. 

Compiled by K. Kumanski and H. J. Dumont 

161

Carcinus mediterranem Czerniavsky, 1884 

Synonyms: Carcinus aestuarii, Nordo 1847 

Common names: Engl: Green crab; Bulg: Kriv rak; Rom: Crabul de iarba; Russ: 

Travyanoy krab; Turk: Calpara, Cingene pavuryasi; Ukr: Travyany krab 

Taxonomic description. A large-sized crab. Carapace smooth, more or less 

hexagonal. Posterolateral margin more or less straight, without armature, longer than 

anterolateral side, with five prominent sharps anterolateral teeth. Front produced into 

three low teeth. Short antenulles with 25 articles. Antennae with a thin flagella. 

Dactylus of the fifth pleopods normal, with a long, cylindrical and slightly flattened 

claw, four times longer than wide; with strong hyaline tip. The top of the first 

pleopods straight or very slightly bent. Size: length 63 mm, width 80 mm. Colour 

variable; the upper side generally deep green in adults, while the under side is tinged 

with yellow or red. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Order DECAPODA 

Family PORTUNIDAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A littoral species, 

found on stony algal grounds, common in Zostera fields. In winter, it may retreat to 

30-40 m depth. Inhabits brackish lagoons also. Present throughout the Mediterranean 

162

Sea; in the Atlantic known to occur around the Canary Islands. A decapod with a high 

ecological plasticity, relatively resistant to a polluted environment, and to a decrease 

in eelgrass beds. 

Biology. Carnivorous, eats small fish and shrimp, usually carrion. Highly prolific, 

with a long period of reproduction, from May until December. In the period of 

reproduction it makes migrations to the shore. Its planktonic larvae (zoea and 

megalope) are the most resistant of all decapods of the Black Sea. An eurythermic 

and euryhaline species. 

Population trends. Up to 1980 it was frequent on the Romanian littoral, after that it 

became more rare. A small number of individuals were found during 1991-1995 on 

the northern Romanian coasts. 

Threats. Anthropic pressures from large-scale coastal hydrotechnical works, 

degradation of Zoster a communities. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 

Conservation measures proposed Reduce eutrophication. 

References 

Bacescu M., E. Dumitrescu , A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données 

quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire à Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans 

les conditions speciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153. 

Bacescu M., G. I. Muller & M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274. 

163

Borcea, I., 1926. Note sur quelques crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sci. 

Univ. Jassy 14: 140. 

Borcea, I., 1926. Données sommaires sur la faune de la Mer Noire (littoral de 

Roumanie). Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 14: 536-583. 

Borcea, I. ,1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci. 

Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759. 

Gutu, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea 

littoral. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 21: 103-110. 


164



Centropages kroyeri pontica (Karawaev, 1895) 


Family CENTROPAGIDAE 

Taxonomic description. All Centropagidae are composed of six segments. All 

segments of almost the same length but the last one with elongated side angles. 

Second antennae with six-segmented exopodite, significantly longer than the two- 

segmented endopodite. Second segment of fourth pair of thorax legs of male with 

large prong at its posterior end. Length of female 1.60 mm,of male 1.40 mm. Side 

angles of last thorax segment of female extended into wings. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The most 

favourable conditions for the development of this species occur in Black Sea coastal 

surface waters during spring, summer and autumn, at water temperatures of 14-23°C. 

During the same seasons it can also be found in the open sea although in lower 

numbers. The strong eutrophication of the coastal zone and the ctenophore 

Mnemiopsis leidyi are limiting factors. The first is a form of contamination and the 

second a predator. 

165

Biology. Inhabits the upper water layers (up to 50 m) and performs diurnal 

migrations down to the thermocline. In the Black Sea, it propagates from May to 

November. The number of eggs laid by a female reaches c. 200. A female lays 10 

cluches of, c. 20 eggs each. C. kroyeri feeds mainly on phytoplankton. Infusoria are 

part of the food of its larvae. 

Population trends. In coastal waters in front of the Bulgarian coast, C. kroyeri 

reached average numbers of 732 ind.m 3 

in 1967-1988. In 1974-1988, their mean 

number was 236 ind.m" 3 

, in 1988-1995 only 3-4 ind.m 3 

. After 1996, numbers in 

coastal waters rose back to 10-14 ind.m . 

Threats. High degree of eutrophication in the Black Sea coastal surface waters and 

the presence of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduction of eutrophication in the coastal zone 

which may also limit the abundance of M. Leidyi. 

References 

Opredelitel fauni Chernogo i Azovskogo morej, 1969. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 2:49- 

50. 

Konsulov, A., 1991. Izsledvania varhu biologiata, ecologiata I znachenieto na 

zooplanktona na Cherno more pred balgarskia briag. Dr. Sci. Thesis, Varna: 300 pp. 

Konsulov, A. & L. Kamburska, 1997. Sensitivity to anthropogenic factors of the 

plankton Fauna adjacent to the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. In: Sensitivity to 

Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea. NATO ASI Series 2. Environment, 27: 

95-104. 

Compiled by A. Konsulov. 

166

Chaetogammarus ischnus major (Stebling, 1898) 

Synonyms: C. ischnus Stebling 1898, Gammarus tenellus G.O. Sars 1914, Ch. 

Tenellus major S. Carausu 1943. 

Common names: Bulg: Mamarets; Russ: Bokoplav. 


Family GAMMARIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Length male 12-15 mm, of female 10-13 mm. On the 

urosome, a group of 2-3 spines on the differentsegments. Many groups of curved 

setae on antenna II as well as on pereiopods I and II of the male. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. A pontocaspian species, found along the Bulgarian and Romanian 

coasts. 

167

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Brackish and fresh waters, 

coastal lakes, swamps and rivers; threatened by salinity increase and pollution. 

Biology. Inhabits brackish and fresh water lakes. Found under stones and among 

water plants at a depth of up to 0.5-1 m. Breeding from April to October. 


Threats. Pollution caused by urbanization and uncontrolled livestock farming. 

Conservation measures taken. The Shabla lake is the only stated reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Formation of protected territories and reserves in 

and around lakes and in humid zones. 

References 

Birstein, J., A. Vinogradova, M. Kondakova, V. Kun & N. Astahova, 1968. 

Romanova. Atlas of invertebrate fauna of the Caspian Sea. 

Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caspien. Bull. 

Inst. Cercet. Pise. Roman. 

Carausu, S., E. Dobreanu & C. Manolache, 1955. Amphipoda forme solmastre si de 

apadulce. Fauna R. P. Romania 4 (4). 

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipodus Fauna 

in the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus. 

35: 164-168. 

Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book of the fauna of Black and Azov Sea. 

Crustacea, Amphipoda. 

Valkanov, A., 1957. Katalog unserer Schwarzmeerfauna. Arbeiten aus der 

Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna Bulgarien,19. 

Compiled by S. Andreev. 

168

Chromogobius quadrivittatus Steindachner, 1863 

Synonyms: Relictogobius kryzhanovskii Ptchelina, 1939 

Common names: Engl: Banded goby 


Family GOBJJDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VI, I 8-11; A17-10. P 16-18. Scales in lateral series 56- 

72. Vertebrae 27 (Gheorgiev, 1966; Miller, 1986). Body spindle-shaped. Head wide 

0.65-0.80 times head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Colour pale brown, with 

fine reticulation and one or two pale saddles conspicuous across the back. Size up to 

6.5 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: CR (Bulgarian Coast) 

Distribution. Mediterranean and Black Sea. In Bulgaria in the Bay of Varna. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore shallows, below stones or 

between weed tufts, and into mid-tide pools. Suffers from changes in hydro-chemical 

regime. 

169

Biology. Reproduction: no data. Food: crustaceans. 

Population trends. Strongly diminishing. 

Threats. Changes in hydrologie and chemical regime. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce contamination. 

References 


en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228; 

Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 1028. 

Compiled by K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov 

170

Ciconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Ciconia niger Linnaeus, 1758; Ciconia fiisca Brehm, 1831; Ciconia nigra 

vera Brehm, 1866; Ardea nigra Linnaeus, 1758; Ardea atra Gmelin, 1789; Ardea 

chrysopelargus Lichtenstein, 1793; Melanopelargus niger Linnaeus, 1758 

Common names: Engl: Black stork, Bulg: Cheren scherkel; Rom: Cocostirc negru; 

Russ: Chorny aist; Turk: Siyah leylek; Ukr: Leleka chorny 

Order CICONJJFORMES 

Family CICONITDAE 

Taxonomic description. Black bird with white belly, red legs and a red beak. As big 

as the white stork (Ciconia ciconia). The black colour of young individuals is later 

replaced with dark brown. 

R7CN Status 


Black Sea Regional level: NE 

Subregion level: NE 

Distribution. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the Black stork used to nest in 

Dobrudja, near the town of Balchik (Simpson, 1861), in the Provadiiska valley (Elwes 

& Buckley, 1870), in East Stara Planina and the mountain Strandja, especially along 

water-courses running into the rivers Batova, Kamchia, Ropotamo, Djavolska, 

Kitenska and Veleka. In the last century one pair was nesting in the Romanian part of 

Dobrudja, near Babadat, on a rock near the edge of a wood (Elwes & Buckley, 1870). 

There are no nesting areas along the Black sea-coast of Ukraine and Russia and along 

the seashore of the Sea of Azov. According to Kostin(1983), the Black stork was 

breeding in the mountains of the Crimea peninsula in the nineteenth and at the 

beginning of the twentieth century. The last nest was found there in 1919 and later 

171

only single specimens were recorded during their summer wandering and annual 

migrations. The Black stork has a wider distribution than the White stork in the 

Caucasus, but is rarer (Portenko, 1958). Its nesting places include the whole seashore 

of Georgia (Cramp & Simmons, 1977), but according to Abuladze (1993) only 2-3 

pairs were breeding in West Georgia in 1980. Along the South Black Sea coast 

several nesting sites are known, located mostly in the Turkish part of the mountain 

Strandja, in the Kizilirmak delta, near Trabzon and in some areas distant from the sea 

(OST Bird Report, 1975). During seasonal migrations, Black storks can be seen 

everywhere along the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It is believed 

(Lebedeva, 1979) that migrating Black storks over the western part of the Black Sea 

were hatched in Lithva, Latvia, Byelorussia. Those migrating over the eastern part 

came from central Russia. In autumn Black storks from Lithuania, Latvia, 

Byelorussia, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Germany, Denmark and possibly specimens 

from Central Romania, Ukraine and Estonia concentrate along the western Black Sea 

coast (Nankinov, in press). 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Settles in woods and rocky 

places. The choice of the nesting places depends on the proximity of basins rich in 

food, safe places for building nests, and lack of disturbance. 

Biology. Some Black stork pairs are formed during spring migration. The repair of 

old nests and the building of new ones is accomplished after mid March. The nests 

are situated on trees and rocks. Egg laying in late March. The number of eggs is 1-5 

The first young hatch during 5-15 May. The brood consists of an average of 3.2 

youngs. Flying young are observed from 11 June till 18 August. The nesting period 

extends to 149 days (Nankinov D., in press). Black stork feed not only on fish, but 

also on amphibians, reptiles, small rodents, insects, crustaceans, snails and other 

invertebrates. To some degree the feeding regime of Black and White storks is 

172

similar. Often the two species gather food together, especially in mixed flocks during 

the migrations. The joint feeding suggests that, like the White stork, the Black stork 

helps in the destruction of small rodent and insect pests. 

Population trends. Old sources suggest that until the middle of the last century the 

Black stork was a comparatively common nesting bird along the Black Sea coast. 

After that, its numbers decreased, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, 

when the species left many areas. After 1960, a revival began. In Bulgaria the 

nesting pairs increased from 35 to 122, and from 1975 till 1992 they reached 257 

pairs. Of these, 20 pairs breed along the seashore. About 50 pairs breed now along the 

whole Black Sea coast (Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia). 

Threats. Destruction of habitats (urbanization, cutting down of old forests, water 

pollution, intensive farming...), pursuit by ichtyophagous birds, egg collecting. In the 

past of prejudices by people in Bulgaria had a negative effect on the Black stork. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is included in Appendix II of the 

Washington Convention. In Bulgaria and in some other countries in the Black Sea 

region the Black stork is protected for. It is included in the Red Books of Bulgaria, 

Ukraine, Russia and Georgia. Some nesting areas and resting places during migration 

along the Black Sea coast are within protected areas. 

Conservation measures proposed. Ceasing habitat destruction, mainly the cutting 

down of old forests and the pollution of river basins. Ceasing shooting and egg 

collecting. All nesting sites along the Black Sea coast should be protected. 

References 

Abuladze A., 1993. The Black Stork in the West and Central Transcaucasus. irlst Int 

Black Stork Conservation and Ecology Symposium, 19-23 April 1993, Jurmalal 9, 

Abstracts: 22. 

Cramp S. & K. Simmons (Eds), 1977. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford 1: 

1-722. 

Elwes H. & T. Buckley, 1870. A list of the Birds of Turkey. Ibis 2:6-59, 188-201, 

327-341. 

Kostin , J., 1983. Pticia Krima. Moscow, Nauka: 241 pp. 

173

Lebedeva , M., 1979. Migracii chernogo aista - Ciconia nigra (L). i Migracii ptic 

Vistichnoi Evrope i Severnoi Aziiln. Moscow, Nauka 2: 28-31. 

Nankinov, D. (in press). Past and present status of the Black Stork in Bulgaria. 

Portenko, L., 1958. Pticia Kavkaza. Jivotnii mir SSSR 5: 220-269 

Simpson, W., 1862. Fortnight in the Dobrudscha. Ibis 3: 361-374 

Compiled by D. Nankinov 

174

Clupeonella cultriventris Nordmann, 1840 

Synonyms: Clupea cultriventris Nordmann, 1840; Clupea delicatula Nordmann, 

1840; Clupeonella delicatula Svetovidov, 1952 

Common names: Engl: Tyulka sprat; Bulg: Ezerna tritsona; Rom: Gingirica; Russ: 

Tyul'ka; Turk: Tilka 

Order CLUPIFORMES 

Family CLUPEIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D 14-16; A 17-21; P 13-16; V 8; C 117 I; Keeled scales 26- 

30. Gill rakers 41-62. Vertebrae 41-43 (16-18 + 17-19) (Sivkov, 1994). Body 

elongated, laterally strongly depressed. Body width 0.08-0.11 SL. Belly with a sharp 

edge of keeled scales. Last two anal finrays enlarged. Size up to 10.5 cm. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Brackish waters of the north-western part of the Black Sea and Sea of 

Azov and Caspian (Whitehead, 1984). In Bulgaria in Lakes Shabla, Varna, Burgas, 

and in the Bay of Varna (Stojanov et ah, 1963). 

175

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A pelagic, euryhaline, essentially 

brackish water species, vulnerable to chemical pollution of coastal lakes. 

Biology. Reproduction in April-June on the Bulgarian coast. Food: zooplankton, 

copepods, mollusc larvae and small fish. 


Threats. Chemical pollution of coastal lakes. 

Conservation measures taken. Lake Shabla has been made a reserve. The species 

is included in the Bulgarian Red book (Karapetkova, 1985). 

Conservation measures proposed. Eliminate pollution. 

References 

Karapetkova, M., 1985. Red book of Bulgaria. Animals, Sofia, 2: 182 pp 

Sivkov, Y., 1994. Morphological characteristics of the Clupeonella cultriventris 

(Pisces, Clupeidae) from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Bui. Mus. Nat. Varna 30: 45. 

Stojanov, S. et al, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing house 

Varna: 246 pp. 

Whitened, 1984. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 1: 

274 pp. 

Compiled by Y. Sivkov & K. Prodanov 

176


Common names. None. 

Colpocyclops dulcís (Monchenko, 1977) 

Order CYCLOPOIDA 

Family CYCLOPIDAE 

Taxonomic description. This genus displays some of the most modified and 

oligomerized structures known in Cyclopidae, especially in the mouth parts: the 

spines on the masticatory part of the mandibula, the maxillular palp, the strongly 

modified maxilla, which is of a prahensile type, and the maxilliped which is absent. 

Total female length 744-850 urn, male 498-517 urn. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: VU (Ukrainian sector) 

Distribution. In irrigation channels and water reservoirs connected with the lower 

Dnieper, which is considered to be its area of origin. As a result of damming of the 

Dnieper it was introduced to the water reservoirs of Kakhovka, Zaporozhye, 

Dnieprodzerzhinsk and Kremenchug. Genus allied to the Ponto-Caspian genus 

Smirnoviella. Morphology, range and halopathy provide reasons to consider it a 

member of the Ponto-Caspian zoogeographic complex. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A meiobentic species inhabiting 

sands and muddy sands at different depths of oligohaline to fresh waterbodies. Found 

at a salinity of 0.56-1.51 ppt. 

177

Biology. Polycyclic development during the warm season of the year. The prehensile 

mouth parts suggest raptorial feeding on small invertebrates. 

Population trends. The habitat and distribution pattern provide a rare case where the 

activity of man (the damming of the Dnieper) benefitted the preservation of a rare 

species. 

Threats. Pollution of irrigation systems and eutrophication, causing hypoxia in the 

bottom layer of water. 


Conservation measures proposed. Include in the Black Sea Red Data Book. A 

reduction of water reservoir pollution. 

References 

Monchenko, V. I., 1977. About the strong modificated new copepod Colpocyclops 

dulcis gen. et sp.n. (Crutasera, Cyclopidae). Vestnik Zool.ll: 25-32 (in Russian with 

English Abstract). 

Monchenko, V. I., 1996. A Ponto-Caspian complex of Cyclopoida in the Caspian, 

Azov and Black Seas and their predecessors. VI Int. Conference on Copepoda, 

Oldenburg, Aug., p.82 

Compiled by V. Monchenko. 

178

Colpocyclops longispinosus (Monchenko, 1977) 

Synonyms: Halicyclops longispinosus Monchenko. 



Family CYCLOPIDAE 

Taxonomic description. By the structure and armature of its mouth parts, this 

species is among the most modified of the Cyclopidae. Female length 700-730 um, 

male 510-530 um. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. The lower part of the Dniester river liman and central part of the 

Dnieper-Boug river liman. Endemic to these two river limans. Genus allied to the 

Ponto-Caspian genus Smirnoviella. This generic relation, range and halopathy 

provide a reason to consider it a member of the Ponto-Caspian zoogeographic 

complex and which arose in one of the basins that preceded the Black Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom-dweller, inhabiting 

sands and mud-sands at different depths of oligohaline and meiomesohaline 

aestuarine water-bodies. Found at a salinity of 1.8-5.6 ppt. 

Biology. Polycyclic development during the warm season of the year. The prehensile 

mouth parts structure suggests predation on small invertebrates. 

179

Population trends. A decline in population numbers during the last 10-15 years (up 

to 50-60%). 

Threats. Pollution of the river limans and eutrophication causing hypoxia in the 

bottom layer of water. 



Dniester and Dnieper-Boug basin pollution. 

References 

Monchenko, V. I., 1974a. A new representative of the genus Halicyclops (Crustacea, 

Copepoda) from the Dnieper-Boug river liman. Vestnik Zool. 8: 47-52 (in Russian 

with English Abstract). 

Monchenko, V. I., 1974b. Gnathostomata Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae. Fauna of the 

Ukraine. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 27: 437 pp 

Monchenko, V. I., 1978. The allocation of the Halicyclops longispinosus to the genus 

Colpocyclops (Crutasera, Copepoda) and the first description of its males. Vestnik 

Zool. 12: 68-72 (in Russian with English Abstract). 


180


Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Engl: Conger-eel; Russ: Morskoy ugor; Turk: Migri. 

Order ANGUILLIFORMES 

Family CONGRIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Eel-shaped body with a subcylindrical front end. Elongated 

snout with a wide mouth and big lips. Well developed pectorals. Colour varies from 

blackish to whitish. Maximum length two meters. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. This benthic 

species lives on sandy-muddy, rocky bottoms, to depths of 100 metres.. Marine zones 

near 100 meters, underwater caves and reefs for breeding. 

181

Biology. This species is a carnivore, feeding on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods, 

benthonic life, sexual maturity starts at five years; three to eight millions of eggs.. 

Population trends. There is no available information on population trends. But due 

to overfishing and pollution, a decline is probable. 

Threats. Turbidity, food shortage and pollution. 


Conservation measures proposed. Mitigate pollution, stop overfishing. 

References 

Aksiray, F., 1987. Turkish Marine Fishes Identification Book. Istanbul, Publication 

of University of Istanbul no. 3490: 811 pp. 

Compiled by B. Oztiirk. 

182

Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Blennius mongui Fleming, 1828; Blennius artedii Valenciennes, 1836; 

Blennius galerita, Giinther, 1861. 

Common names: Engl: Montagu's blenny. 


Family BLENNIIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D XH-XIII16-17; AII17-19; P 13-14; VI 3. Vertebrae 

35-36 (Stojanov et al, 1963). Body elongated, laterally compressed, naked. Snout 

short, with a slightly oblique profile. Eyes 0.20-0.23 of head length. Colour grey or 

brown; with dark vertical bars on body. Size up to 8 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mediterranean and Black Seas (Zandar, 1986). In Bulgaria inshore, 

along entire coast, rare. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Steep rocks in the surf zone, or 

on stony and shelly grounds. 

Biology. Reproduction in May-August. Males guard eggs in shells. Food: bottom 

invertebrates, algae. 


183



Conservation measures proposed. Stop chemical contamination. 

References 

Stojanov, S. et al, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Vama: 246 pp. 

Zander, C, 1986. Fishes of the North - eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 

1098-1099. 


184

Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Delphinus delphis ponticus Barabasch-Nikiforov, 1935 

Common names: Engl: Common dolphin; Bulg: Obiknoven delfin, Karakas; Rom: 

Delfin comun; Russ: Belobochka chernomorskaya, Obyknovenny deVfin Turk: Tirtak; 

Ukr: Bilobochka chornomors'ka 

Order CETACEA 

Family DELPHINIDAE 

Taxonomic description. One of two extant Delphinidae and single representative of 

the genus in the Black Sea cetacean fauna. The Black Sea common dolphin is 

distinguished by some as an endemic sub-species, D. delphis ponticus, but more 

taxonomic studies are needed before this view can be confirmed or rejected. 

According to recent studies, the genus Delphinus includes two species, the long- 

beaked and short-beaked common dolphins. It is possible that the Black Sea 

population belongs to the short-beaked species. External distinctions: prominent beak 

with numerous small, conical teeth; tall, falcate dorsal fin; hourglass-like pattern 

(complex composition of grey, white, black and yellowish stripes and areas) on both 

sides of the body. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea Régional level: DD 

Subregion level: VU in Bulgaria, DD in Ukraine, EN in Romania 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. D. delphis 

predominantly lives offshore, but visits coastal waters following the seasonal 

aggregations and mass migrations of small pelagic fish. Common dolphins have 

never been recorded in the Sea of Azov although, they are observed occasionally in 

the Kerch Strait as well as in the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara, where they are 

quite common except in December and January. Cross-relations including exchange 

185

movements between the Black Sea and Mediterranean populations seem possible, but 

no direct evidence for this has been obtained. Critical habitats are not so clear as 

dangerous zones (e.g. Black Sea straits and forestrait areas), where animals may get 

hurt by heavy marine traffic, fisheries and pollution. Two natural pathogens are 

known to cause mass mortality: the lung nematode Skrjabinalius cryptocephalus and 

an unidentified morbillivirus. The morbilliviral disease observed in July-September 

1994 was accompanied by the stranding of sick animals. 

Biology. Black Sea individuals seem to be the smallest representatives of this species 

anywhere in the world: the average length is 1.5-1.7 m (maximum 2.0 m) for adult 

females, and 1.7-1.8 m (maximum 2.2 m) for males. According to dental growth 

layers, females and males attain sexual maturity after 2-4 and 3-4 years; life span is 

20-22 years or more (probably 25-30 years). The mating period (ate spring-early 

autumn) peaks in July-August. The annual pregnancy rate of the population (46-75% 

of fertilized females) depends on the duration of calving intervals, estimated at 1.3 to 

2.3 years. Gestation (one foetus) and lactation take up 10-11 and 14-19 months, but 

calves feed on the mother's milk only for the first 5-6 months. Small pelagic fishes, 

forming large aggregations (sprat, anchovy, pipefish), are the basic prey of subadult 

and adult animals (daily ration 4-10 kg). 

Population trends. The Common dolphin population still continues to be the most 

abundant cetacean in the Black Sea despite over-exploitation (mass kills on an 

industrial basis) during 1930s-early 1980s. However, this point of view is not more 

than a speculation, not based on of reliable scientific data. The stock of Common 

dolphins in Romanian waters is estimated at 600-800 individuals. 

Threats. Contemporary human activities limiting the Black Sea population have not 

been adequately studied. By-catches in bottom-set gill nets are not frequent, and 

186

cases of dolphins entangled in pelagic trawls are also unusual. Few animals were 

described to have distinct traumatic injuries. The level of organochlorine residues in 

Delphinus blubber is lower than in Black Sea harbour porpoises and bottlenose 

dolphins. The decline in anchovy and sprat abundance (result of overfishing and 

accidental introduction of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi) could be a reason for the 

problems in dolphin nutrition. 

Conservation measures taken. The Common dolphin is listed in the IUCN Red 

Data Book and Red Data Book of Ukraine, and all six Black Sea states have stopped 

commercial hunting in their waters: Turkey in 1983, other countries since 1966. 

Together with other cetacean species in the region it is protected by the Berne and 

Bonn conventions, CITES and ACCOBAMS. The UNEP Marine Mammal Action 

Plan and IUCN/SSC Action Plan stress that the Black Sea population is at risk. Some 

conservation measures are foreseen in the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation 

and Protection of the Black Sea (Paragraph 62). 

Conservation measures proposed. Adoption of ACCOBAMS by Black Sea 

countries; establishment of a regional program for marine mammals research and 

conservation, including a monitoring study on Common dolphin population. 

References 

Arsenyev, V. A., 1980. Atlas morskikh mlekopitayushchikh SSSR. (Atlas of Marine 

Mammals of the USSR). Moscow, Pishchevaya Promyshlennost: 183 pp. (in 

Russian). 

Birkun, A. A. (Jr), S. V. Krivokhizhin, A. B. Shvatsky etal., 1992. Present status and 

future of Black Sea dolphins. In: European research on cetaceans 6 (Ed. P. G. H. 

Evans): Proc. 6th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean Soc, San Remo, Italy, 20-22 

February. Cambridge, ECS: 47-53. 

Birkun, Jr., A. A. & S. V. Krivokhizhin, 1996. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye i prichiny 

ugneteniya populyatziy chernomorskikh del'finov. Soobshcheniye 1 i 2. 

(Contemporary life conditions of Black Sea cetacean populations and the causes of 

their suppression. Parts 1 and 2). Vestnik. Zool.: 36-42; 53-59 (in Russian). 

Geptner, V. G., K. K. Chapsky, V. A. Arsenyev & V. E. Sokolov, 1976. 

Mlekopitayushchiye Sovetskogo Soyuza. Tom 2. Chast' 3. Lastonogiye i zubatye kity. 

(Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol.2. Part 3. Pinnipeds and Toothed Whales). 

Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola: 718 pp. (in Russian). 

187

Kleinenberg, S.E., 1956. Mlekopitayushchiye Chernogo i Azovskogo morey: opyt 

biologo-promyslovogo issledovaniya. (Mammals of the Black and Azov Seas: the 

research experience for biology and hunting). Moscow, USSR Acad. Science Publ.: 


Klinowska, M., 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World. The IUCN Red 

Data Book. Gland and Cambridge, IUCN: viii + 429 pp. 

Ozturk, B. & A. A. Ozturk, 1997. Preliminary study on dolphin occurrence in 

Turkish straits system. In: European research on cetaceans -11 (Ed. P. G. H. Evans): 

Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean Soc, Stralsund, Germany, 10-12 March. 

Kiel: ECS: 79-82. 

Stanev, T. T., 1997. Distribution and number of dolphins in the Bulgarian sector of 

the Black Sea. In: Proc. Inst. Fish.24. Varna (in Bulgarian). 

Tomilin, A. G., 1957. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran. Kitoobraznyye. (Mammals 

of the USSR and Adjacent Countries. Cetaceans). Moscow, USSR Acad. Science 

Publ. House 4: 717 pp. (in Russian). 

Tzalkin, V. I., 1940. Nekotoryye nablyudeniya nad biologiey del'finov Azovskogo i 

Chernogo morey. (Certain observations on biology of Azov and Black Sea dolphins). 

Bull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Ispytatel. Prir., Biol. Div. 49: 61-70 (in Russian). 

Vasiliu, F. & L. Dima, 1990. Some considerations regarding the presence and the 

mortality of the dolphins at the Black Sea Romanian littoral. Cercet. mar. 23: 171- 

176 (in French). 

Compiled by A. Birkun, Jr., M. Moldoveanu, M. Stanciu, T. Stanev & B. Ozturk 

188

Dikerogammarus vilosus (Sovinskii, 1894}) 

Synonyms: Gammarus marinus v. vilosa Sovinskii, 1894. 



Family GAMMARTDAE 

Taxonomic description. Length of male 10-21 mm, female 8-16 mm. First and 

second segment of the urosome with strongly developed swellings with spines. Third 

uropod with long exopodite with pinnate bristles and prickles. Endopodite ; very 

small. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. The Black Sea and the Azov Sea coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Brackish and fresh waters, 

coastal lakes, swamps and rivers. Treaths: rising salinity, pollution. 

Biology. Inhabits the coastal zone, under stones, sandy bottoms, among macrophytes. 


Threats. Pollution caused by urbanization and uncontrolled livestock farming. 

Conservation measures taken. Shabla lake is the only declared reserve. 

189

Conservation measures proposed. Establishment of reserves and protected 

territories around lakes and humid zones. 

References 

Birstein, I. A., L. G. Vinogradova, N. N. Kondakova, M. S.. Kun, T. V.Astakhova & 

N. N. Romanova, 1968. Atlas of invertebrate fauna of Caspian Sea. Moscow, 

Pichchevaia Promichlennost: 415 pp. 

Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caepien. Bull. 



apadulce. Fauna R. P. Romania 4 (4). 

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipodus Fauna 

in the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus. 

35: 164-168. 

Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book to the fauna of the Black Sea and Azov 

Sea. Crustacea, Amphipoda. 

Sowinskyi, 1894. Les Crustacés de la Mer d'Azoph (in Russian). Mém. Soc. Nat. 

Kiev, 13: 1-2. 


Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna Bulgarien. 19. 


190

Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1828) 

Synonyms: Diogenes varions Makarov, 1938. 

Common names: Engl: hermit crab; Russ: Rak otshel'nik diogen; Ukr: Rak-diogen 

samitnik. 

Taxonomic description. One of two species of Paguridae in the Black Sea. First left 

leg, with claw, much bigger than right leg. Dactylus moves in a vertical plane. The 

Body colour yellow. Anterior edge of carapace with acute triangular lateral 

projections. Internal sides of dactyli with unequal teeth. Length up to 30 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Black Sea coastal waters and southern Sea of Azov, Mediterranean 

Sea, East Atlantic coast from the North Sea to the coasts of Angola. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits shallow-water, sandy- 

bottom shelf areas. Critical habitats are the hypoxic shelf zones. The main limiting 

factors are oxygen deficiency and a decline of the populations of the gastropod Tritia 

reticulata. 

Order DECAPODA. 

Family PAGURIDAE. 

Biology. A psammophilic hermit crab, inhabiting shallow biotopes including low 

salinity areas. Prefers sandy and shelly grounds, usually at depths of 1-10 m , but 

sometimes found up to 40-42 m. It is easily recognized by its habit of carrying a shell 

191

of Tritia reticulata., Ceritium vulgatum, or, sometimes, of young Rapana thomasiam, 

in which the unarmored Diogenes conceals its soft abdomen. 

Population trends. Strong decline in numbers since the late 1970s. A reduction by 

60-70% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Bottom hypoxia provoked by eutrophication. 



Black Sea coastal zone pollution. 

References 

Kiseleva, M. I., 1992. Changes in bottom communities on the sand biotope near the 

south-western Crimean coast. In: Mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa Chernogo 

morya (Multiannual changes in the Black Sea zoobenthos). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 

pp. 62-69 (in Russian). 

Povchun, A. S., 1992. Changes in the bottom communities of Karkinitsky Bay. In: 

Mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa Chernogo morya (Multiannual changes in the 

Black Sea zoobenthos). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 105-138 (in Russian). 


192

Diplodus annularis Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Spams annularis Linnaeus, 1758; Diplodus annularis Rafinesques, 1810; 

Sargus annularis Valenciennes, 1830; Diplodus annularis Fawler, 1964; Diplodus 

annularis Cadenot, 1964 

Common names: Engl: Annular seabream; Bulg: Morskiy karas; Rom: Sparos; 

Russ: Morskoy karas'; Turk: Ispari 


Family SPAREDAE 

Taxonomic description. Body oval, moderately elongate, rather deep; dorsal profile 

of head curved; eyes moderately developed, their diameter about 11 times the 

preorbital length; jaws armed in front with eight incisors (flattened, cutting teeth) 

followed by three rows of molars (rounded teeth) in the upper jaw and two rows in the 

lower jaw. Back and sides grey, belly silvery; a broad black cross band on the caudal 

peduncle, between the caudal and the dorsal fins, and seven to eight less distinct cross 

bars on the back and sidewise; pelvic fins yellow. Scales small; dorsal fin high; 

pectoral fins extended to the level of the vent. Size maximum: 40 cm; usually about 

15 to 25 cm. 

RJCN Status 

World level: 



193

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallow zones of 

the continental shelf, on muddy-sand and on vegetated bottoms close to the shore, as 

well as in deeper waters, down to about 50 m, but mostly between five and 20 m. 

Often enters saline littoral lagoons. Common in the Mediterranean Sea, the eastern 

Atlantic coast along the South African coasts of the Indian Ocean. Threatened by 

increasing pollution in coastal zones and by hypoxia. 

Biology. Feeds on crustaceans, molluscs and fish. Spawning period July-September; 

sexual maturity at one year of age, small pelagic eggs; hermaphroditic. 

Population trends. More frequent in the past and rare at present; only incidentally in 

catches on the Romanian littoral, from Portita to Mangalia. There are not separate 

statistics for this species. Generally caught with trammel nets, beach seines and 

floating longlines, also with bottom trawls. 

Threats. Pollution, hypoxia. 

Conservation measures proposed. Mitigate coastal pollution. 

References 

FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Mediterranean and 

Black Sea, fishing area 37. Rome. 

Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Veriti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996 Principalele 

specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator). (Main 

fish and mammal species from the Black Sea) (Identification sheets). RMRI 

Constantsa, (in Romanian). 

Compiled by A. Petranu 

194

Donacilla cornea (Poli, 1791) 

Synonyms: Mactra cornea Poli, 1791; Donax elliptica Krynicki, 1837; Mesodesma 

donacilla Middendorff, 1849; Mesodesma cornea (Poli) Ostroumoff, 1893. 


Order VENERIDA. 

Family MESODESMATIDAE. 

Taxonomic description. Shell flattened, elongated, triangular, with small but 

prominent umbo, slightly curved forward, without ribs; thin periostracum. Surface of 

shell smooth, with fine concentric lines and discrete growth striations. Background 

colour yellowish-white with rare brownish radiating pigment striations; some 

specimens have yellowish, reddish or mauve pigment. Length 20-24 mm; 

width 8 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits coarse 

sands in the midlittoral, sometimes found in the phreatic of supralittoral sands. 

Present in the Azov Sea, Mediterranean Sea and along the European coasts of Atlantic 

Ocean, north to England. Endangered by modifications in the structure of substrata 

due to hydrotechnical works and by turbidity caused by sand extraction. 

Biology. This species has no planktonic larvae, since these are incubated in the paleal 

cavity of the female as an adaptation to the semiliquid environment in which they 

live. 

Population trends. On the Crimean littoral, densities of more than 3,000 

individuals.m 2 

occurred until the 1950s. On the southern Romanian littoral, it was 

frequent till 1975-1980, in the coarse-sand littoral, forming a specific community with 

195

Ophelia bicornis, both forms prevailing in the midhttoral fauna with coarser sands (up 

to 10,000 ind.m 2 

). After 1980 it became extremely rare, and in the last decade it has 

not been seen at all. 

Threats. Changes in the granulometric structure of sand through the closing the 

interstitial spaces of coarse sand. 


Conservation measures proposed. Limit sand extraction from sandy beaches; 

reduce pollution. 

References 

Bacescu, M., E. Dumitrescu, M.-T. Gomoiu & A. Petran, 1967. Elements pour la 

caracterisation de la zone sediméntaire medi-littorale de la mer Noire. Trav. Mus. 

Hist. nat. G. Antipa 7: 1-14. 

Bacescu, M., G. I. Müller & M.-T. Gomoiu, 1971. The quantitative, qualitative and 

comparative analysis of Black Sea benthic fauna. Ecol. mar. 4: 357 pp. (in Romanian) 

Gomoiu, M.-T., 1969. Some aspects of the Black Sea benthos. Hidrobiologia 10: 

265-277. 

Gomoiu, M.-T., 1976. Ecological studies regarding psammobiontic molluscs from 

the Black Sea Romanian littoral. Ecol. mar. 5: 173-339. (in Romanian). 

Mokievski, O. B., 1949. Fauna rikhlih gruntov litorali zapadnih beregov Krima. Tr. 

Inst. Okeanolog. Akad. Nauk SSSR 4: 124-159. 

Compiled by M. Gomoiu & A. Petranu. 

196

Epallage fatime (Charpentier, 1840) 

'synonyms: Agrion fatime Charpentier, 1840: 132; Epallage fatime St. Quentin, 1965 

531-552. 


Order ODONATA 

Family EUPHAEIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Total body length 45-51 mm. Length of hindwing 35-37.5 

mm. Eyes hemispherical. Wings equally shaped, densely reticulated, wholly 

transparent except for darkened wingtips; the latter marked by a brown half-moon 

spot. Sexual dimorphism in body colour. Male: thorax olive-green; abdomen from 

black to olive-green, covered by a blue-greyish film of pruinosity. Female: thorax 

yellow-brown, with black stripes; abdominal segments each with a broad black dorsal 

stripe, divided medially by a yellow line, powdered in blue-grey. Abdomen of male 

and female relatively slender, nearly cylindrical. 

IUCN Status 


Black Sea Regional level: DD 


Distribution. The only representative of an otherwise Oriental family, occurring in 

the south of the Iranian-Turanian subregion and the east of the Mediterranean, viz. the 

Anatolia and European part of Turkey, south-eastern Bulgaria, Greece and 

Macedonia. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Small rivers and brooks of the 

plain and in hilly land. Bulgaria is at the limits of its range, where the habitats 

adjacent to the Strandzha Mts.-Black Sea shores are threatened because of 

urbanisation and the uncontrolled use of the region's water resources. 

197

Elsewhere, in particular in Anatolia and Georgia, the species is plentiful and under no 

particular threat. 

Biology. Larvae typically rheophilous, inhabiting small torrents with stony-sandy 

bottoms. Both larva and adult are predators. Adults emerge in June. Life-cycle 

biannual. Imagines relatively good fliers. 

Population trends. In Bulgaria, a rare species with localized populations. 

Widespread and not rare in Anatolia. 

Threats. Besides the above mentioned limiting factors, the colonies of this dragonfly 

situated at the western limit of its range, may suffer from overcollecting by amateur- 

entomologists. 

Conservation measures taken. Some of the Bulgarian localities are within the limits 

of the Uzunbodzhakl. forest reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Include Epallage fatime in the World List of 

Rare and Endangered Species. 

References 

Beschovski, V., 1964. Dragonflies (Odonata) from S-Bulgaria. Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus. 

Sofia 16: 109-124. 


Calopterygidae (Odonata) in Bulgaria. Acta zol. bulg. 38: 3-8. 

Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. Odonata. Bulg. Acad. Sci. Sofia 23: 372 

pp. 

Bilek, A., 1967. Beitrag zur Odonatenfauna Griechenlands. Beitr. Ent. 14: 303-312. 

198

Dumont, H. J. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent mediterranean 

islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 113: 119-171. 

Peters, G. & H. Hackenthal, 1986. Notizen ueber Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. 

Acta Ms. JvTaced: Sei. (g: HS-lSg. 

Schmidt, E., 1978. Odonata. In: J. lilies (Ed.), Limnofauna Europaea. Stuttgart, 

Fischer Verlag: 274-279. 

Compiled by K. Kumanski and H. J. Dumont. 

199

Eriphia verrucosa Forskall, 1755 

Synonyms: E. spinifrons Rathke 1837; Czerniavsky 1884, Zernov 1913; E. 

verrucosa, Holthuis &. Gottlieb 1958 

Common names: Bulg: Pagurt; Rom: Pagurie; Russ: Kameny krab; Turk: Pavurya 

Ukr: Kamyany krab 

Taxonomic description. Carapace thick, its upper face slightly convex, smooth, with 

transverse granulous ridges behind frontal border and on lateral regions. Antero 

lateral borders shorter than postero-lateral ones, armed with seven tooth-like 

protrusions, the first one with secondary lateral spinules, the last ones reduced. Front 

broad, indented in the middle, each frontal lobe armed with a comb of five or six 

teeth; a little behind it a second, parallel comb, consisting of four to five teeth. Orbits 

almost circular, their lower border denticulated. Chelipeds strong and unequal; the 

larger one generally bears rounded tubercles in front of the upper articulation with the 

carpus; the smaller one bears numerous sharper tubercles arranged in lines. Black 

fingers; the movable finger with a strong obtuse tooth and some smaller; immovable 

finger with subtriangular teeth. Pereiopods with strong hairs, rare, without spines. 

Female with a large, oval abdomen. Male with a narrow abdomen. A large-sized 

species. Length 6.5-7 cm; width 8-9 cm. Colour: brownish-red or brownish-green, 

with yellow spots. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 




Family XANTHIDAE 

200

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallow waters 

along rocky coasts, living among stones and seaweeds down to 5-15 m deep. Favorite 

biotope: stony bottoms. Present throughout the Mediterranean, also in the eastern 

Atlantic from the southern coast of Brittany to Mauritania and the Acores. Threats: 

Terrigenous pollution, hard frost, hypoxia. 

Biology. A species with a high fecundity Reproduction begins in May-June. In 

spring it makes migrations in the shallow waters below one meter depth. Planktonic 

larvae with four metamorphosis stages from zoea to megalope. Eats molluscs and 

polychaetes. 

Population trends. Frequent in the past, but became very rare after the 1980s; at 

present, no recent specimens on record 

Threats. Eutrophication (hypoxia caused by phytoplankton blooms), pollution. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Ukrainian Red Data Book, 1994. 

Conservation measures proposed. Prohibit all catching for consumption. 

References 

Bacescu, M., 1954. The influence of the severe winter of 1954 on the Black Sea 

ecosystem and fisheries.( in Romanian). Bull. Inst. Cercet. P.S.C. 4: 5-12. 

Bacescu, M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données 

quantitatives sur la faune pétricole de la Mer Noire à Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans 

les conditions spéciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153. 

Bacescu, M., G. I. Muller & M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274. 

Borcea, L, 1926. Note sur quelq es crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sci. 


201



Borcea, I., 1931., Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci. 

Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759. 

Bulgurkov, K., 1938. Some fresh- and saltwater Decapoda from the vicinity of Varna 

and Sozopol. Tr. Chemomorsk. Biol. St. Varna 7: 88-103. 

Guru, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea 


Marinov, T., 1990. Zoobentosat ot balgarskia sector na Cherno more. Sofia, BAN: 

pp. 195. 

Opredelitel fauni Chernogo i Azovskogo morei. Kiev 2: 194-195. 

Compiled by C. Dumitrache & T. Konsulova 

202

Falco cherrug (Gray, 1834) 

Synonyms: Falco cyanopus Tienemann, 1846; Falco saker gurneyi Menzbier, 1888; 

Falco hierofalco danubialis Kleinschmidi, 1939; Falco hierofalco aralocaspius 

Kleinschmidf, 1939. 

Common names: Engl: Saker, Russ: Baloban; Turk: Uludogan; Ukr: Baloban. 

Taxonomic description. In 1965-1973 there were at least 12-15 breeding pairs in the 

Crimea; 19-25 pairs were reported in 1978-1985. These numbers remained stable 

across the mid 1990s. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Irregular breeding pairs occur in the sea-side districts of the Odessa 

region and in the northern parts of the Sivash (Kherson region). Total number of 

breeding pairs may be estimated to be within 25-28. Falco cherrug is a rather rare 

migrant, but occurs throughout the area. Winter-time numbers hardly reach 10 

specimens. 

Order FALCONIFORMES 

Family FALCONIDAE 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the Crimea they prefer 

highland plateau precipices, less frequently cliffs in old forests bordering open areas, 

where the species reaches an altitude of 600 metres, rocky sites in the steppe, rocky 

203

and clay precipices on the sea shore. The forestless agricultural landscapes of the 

Odessa region were occupied owing to its ability to nest on pylons. 

Biology. A breeding migratory species. Part of the Crimean population probably 

overwinters. In rocky areas, breeding sites include niches and ledges, when nesting 

on pylons Falco cherrug uses old raven nests. Display flights are observed in the first 

and second thirds of March. The earliest clutches can be found at the end of the 

month. Clutch size varies from 1 to 5 eggs, usually 3-4, sometimes 2-5. Incubation 

takes 28-30 days. Chicks appear by early April and the majority fledge out at the end 

of May - beginning of June. Males begin to forage on their own earlier than females, 

somewhere around the first third of August. From the second third of the month, 

males start autumn movements, whereas juvenile females stay in the breeding areas 

till end September. Adult birds leave in the first third of November. Single birds and 

pairs overwinter either in the nest surroundings or in adjacent areas. The diet consists 

basically of gophers (65-70% of the ration), small and middle-sized birds like larks, 

starlings, and crows. Rarely feeds on small mice. 

Population trends. The first pylon nests were recorded in the late seventies (in 

Odessa region). Since then this has become usual. Southward expansion of the 

breeding range resulted in an increase of numbers in the forestless steppe areas. 

Threats. Grazing, human disturbance, hunting of migratory birds, illegal bird-trade 

and extraction of the chicks, clutch loss connected with natural landscape 

transformation (falling of precipices), decrease in prey species, various sicknesses of 

the chicks (aspergillose, candidamicose). 

Conservation measures taken. Falco cherrug is protected in the Karadag natural 

reservoir and successfully breeds in captivity in Odessa Zoo. 

Conservation measures proposed. A special programme for the protection of each 

breeding pair is necessary. 

204

References 

Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & A. G. Rudenko, 1996. Birds. Invertebrates of the 

'Chernomorski' State Biosphere reserve /annotated lists of the species. Vestnik Zool. 

11:19-32 (in Russian). 

Beskaravainyi, M. M., 1996. New data on the rare and poorly studied species of the 

South-East Crimea. Vestnik Zool. 3: 71-72 (in Russian). 

Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. Moscow, Nauka: 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Piluga, V. I., 1991. New data on the nesting of disappearing species of raptors in the 

Odessa region and neighbouring territories. Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal areas. 

Kiev-Odessa. Lybid: 139-164 (in Russian). 

Piluga, V. I & A. A. Tille, 1991. Adaptation of Saker Falkon to an anthropogenic 

environment in the north-west of the Black Sea coastal area. Proceedings of the 10th 

All-Union Ornithological Conference. Minsk: Navuka i technika. Book 2, part 2: 

147-148.. Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal area. Kiev-Odessa. Lybid: 139-164. (in 

Russian). 

Prokopenko, S. P., 1986. The Saker Falkon in the Crimea. Bird studies in the USSR, 

their protection and rational use. Leningrad 2: 170-171 (in Russian). 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 337 pp. 

Zubarovsky, V. M., 1977.. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds of prey. Kiev 5 (2): 332 pp. (in 

Russian 

Compiled by V. Kinda. 

205

Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771) 

Synonyms: Falco peregrinus peregrinus - Falco peregrinus brevirostris Menzbier, 

1882, Falco barbarus germanicus Erlanger, 1903, Falco peregrinus riphaeus 

Buturlin, 1907; Falco peregrinus calidus -Falco leucogenys C.L. Brehm, 1854, Falco 

peregrinus caeruleiceps Stegmann, 1934; Falco peregrinus brookei - Falco 

peregrinus caucasicus Kleinschmidt, 1907. 

Common names: Engl: Peregrine; Russ: Sapsan; Turk: Gok dogan; Ukr: Sokil- 

sapsan, Sapsan, Mandrivny sokil. 


Family FALCONIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The Crimean population of the South-European subspecies 

(F. p. brokex) is comprised of only 12-15 pairs. The tundra sub-species (F. p. calidus) 

overwinters in small numbers (10-12 specimens). During migration and winter, the 

nominative sub-species F. p. peregrinus is the most common. About 60-80 birds 

migrate through, and 20-30 overwinter in the region. 

IUCN Status 





are rocky precipices in the Crimean mountain forests bordering open areas. Migratory 

206

irds occur throughout the area: on the coast, in the inland water bodies, on the 

steppe, in villages and towns and their surroundings. 

Biology. The subspecies F. p. calidus and F. p. peregrinus migrate and spend winter 

in the region. The South-European subspecies (F. p. brokei) breeds, migrates and 

partly overwinters. Breeding sites include niches and hardly accessible rocks. 

Breeding starts rather early: display flights and copulation take place from late 

February till mid March (22.05 -16.03). Earliest clutches in the third ten days of 

March. Incubation takes 30-33 days. Fledglings appear in the last ten days of April. 

Brood size is 2-4 eggs. Part of the population leaves for the winter grounds. Pairs 

and single birds move to the foothill areas and big towns where they spend winter. 

The diet consists basically of small and middle sized birds like larks, starlings, 

waders, doves and pigeons, crows, small ducks. Falco peregrinus preys exclusively 

in the air and catches its prey in flight. 

Population trends. In the last decade a slight increase in numbers has been recorded. 

Threats. Human disturbance, hunting of migratory birds, the illegal bird-trade and 

extraction of chicks, various sicknesses of chicks (aspergillose, candidamicose). 

Conservation measures taken. Falco peregrinus is protected in the Karadag and 

Crimean natural reservoirs. 

Conservation measures proposed. A special program for the protection of each 

breeding pair is necessary. 

References 

Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & A. G. Rudenko, 1996. Birds. Invertebrates of the 


3:19-32. (in Russian). 

207

Beskaravainyi, M. M., 1996. New data on the rare and poorly studied species of the 

south-east Crimea. Vestnik Zool. 3: 71-72.(in Russian). 

Grinchenko, A. B., 1991. New Data about Rare and Disappearing birds of the 

Crimea. Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal areas Kiev-Odessa. Lybid: 78-90 (in 

Russian). 

Prokopenko, S. P. & A. B. Grinchenko, 1996. Winterings of Peregrine. Proc. of the 

Important Bird Areas in Ukraine Conference. D3A Programme. Kiev, Ukrainian 

Society for Bird Conservation: 296-297 (in Russian). 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 338 pp 

Zubarovsky, V.M., 1977. Fauna of Ukraine. Vol. 5, Birds. Issue 2. Birds of prey. 

Kiev, 332 pp. (in Russian). 


208

Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 

Synonyms: Felis (Catus) silvestris Schreber, 1777; Felis catus ferus Erxleben, 1777, 

Catusferox Martorelli, 1896, 

Common names: Engl: European wild cat; Russ: Dikaya evropeyskaya lesnaya 

koshka; Turk: Yaban kedisi; Ukr: Kit lisovy 

Order CARNIVORA 

Family FELIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Similar to, but more robust than striped tabby domestic cat. 

Chief distinguishing feature is its bushy tail, which has 3-5 completely separate broad, 

black rings, and a rounded/blunt black tip. Head-body length: 48-68 cm; tail length: 

21-38.5 cm; hind foot length: 10-16 cm; shoulder height: 35-40 cm; weight: 1.6-8 kg. 

Dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1=30. 

IUCN Status 

World level: EN 



Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor. Black Sea Coast: in coastal regions 

of Strandja Mts., Stara Planina Mts., Kamtcia River, Batova River. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lives in deciduous forests of the 

plains and lower hill regions, mainly near natural clearings and in the peripheral zones 

of large forests. A critical and limiting factor could be the absence of old trees. 

209

Biology. Carnivorous (small rodents and lagomorphs, amphibians, fish, insects taken 

only rarely). Largely crepuscular and nocturnal. Females sedentary and exclusively 

territorial. Many males, particularly young animals, are nomadic, and movements 

overlap females' ranges. Mating in late winter and spring, births in April-September 

(peaks in May). Males sexually mature after one year; females after 9-10 months. 

Gestation 63-69 days. Litter size averages 3.4 (range 1-8). One litter per year, 

occasionally a second litter in captivity. 

Population trends. Stable populations in the reserves and in larger forests. 

Threats. Environmental pollution, habitat fragmentation, tourist pressure. 

Conservation measures taken. Part of the habitats are included in reserves. 

Conservation measures proposed. Regular recording of the species numbers in the 

region. 

References 

Ellerman, T. & C. S. Morrison-Scott, 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian 

Mammals (1758 to 1946). London, Trustees of the British Museum: 303-304. 

International Conventions for biodiversity conservation. Bern Convention, 1996. 

Publ. Green Balkans and PHARE Programme, Annex II: 97 pp. 

Macdonald, D. & P. Barret, 1993. Mammals of Britain & Europe. Collins Field 

Guide. Harper Collins Publishers: 133-136. 

Sokolov, W. E. 1988. Dictionary of animal names in five languages. Mammals. 

352 pp. 

Compiled by S. Gerasimov 

210


Glareola nordmanni Nordmann, 1842 

Common names: Engl: Black-winged pratincole; Russ: Stepnaya tirkushka; Turk: 

Kara kanatli bataklik kirlangici; Ukr: Derykhvist stepovy 

Order CHARADRIIFORMES 

Family GLAREOLIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The genus is widely distributed in Africa and Southern 

Asia. This is one of its two members known in the Black Sea region. The population 

size is critically low and barely reaches 20 pairs on the entire sea coast of Ukraine. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Habitats do not 

differ from those of Glareola pratincole, but are drier, preferably dry salinas and half- 

arid sites. 

211

Biology. A breeding species, migrations non-detectable owing to extremely low 

numbers. Ecology to a great extent like that of Glareola pratíncola.. 

Population trends. In critical condition, with a high probability of disappearance in 

the very near future. 

Threats. Sharp transformation of habitats, irrigation and replacing of steppe by 

grasslands, grazing, anthropogenic pressure, high prédation, pesticides. 

Conservation measures taken. Urgent creation of reservoirs in the breeding areas. 

References 

Siokhin, V. D., 1.1. Chernichko, T. B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial 

Hydrophilic Birds of the South of Ukraine: Charadriformes. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 


Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 354 pp 


212

Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Common names: Engl: Collared pratincole; Russ: Lugovaya tirkushka; 

Turk: Bataklik kirlangici; Ukr: Derykhvist luchny. 


Family GLAREOLIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The genus is widely distributed in Africa and S Asia. Two 

members known in the Black Sea region. Their numbers fluctuate widely over the 

years. Current estimate for the sea coast of Ukraine is 500-1,100 pairs. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in lowland 

salinas of sea bays and estuaries, brackish and fresh lakes, avoiding dense vegetation. 

Sometimes successful in degraded perennial herbs and fallows. 

213

Biology. A breeding and, in some places, a migratory species. Arrives in April, last 

birds in late May. Breeding begins in mid May. Normal clutch consists of three eggs 

(2-5), nest is a deepening in the ground with light plant bedding. Colonies are usually 

loose and mixed with terns and waders, although mono-species settlements can be 

found too. Chicks leave the nests straight after hatching. Fledglings begin to 

concentrate by early July, with adult birds always present. The major part of the 

population leaves for winter grounds in August. Some birds stay till mid October. 

Glareola pratíncola prey on flying insects, sometimes foraging on the ground picking 

spiders. Feeding success depends on insect concentrations, and may be very low in 

the areas where pesticides are applied 

Population trends. A slow but constant decrease in breeding numbers. 

Threats. Habitat transformation, cattle, (especially sheep) grazing, pesticides, high 

predation, human disturbance at the breeding sites. 

Conservation measures taken. Expansion of national parks in coastal areas, setting 

up of water-body protection zones. 

References 

Siokhin, V. D., 1.1. Chernichko & T. B. Ardamatskaia et al., 1988. Colonial 




Compiled by J. Chernichko. 

214

Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 

Synonyms: Gobius lynx Kessler, 1874; Gobius fallax Sarato, 1889; Gobius 

(Zostericola) Ophiocephalus (non Pall.) de Buen, 1930; Berg, 1949 

Common names: Engl: Bucchich's goby; Turk: Kaya baligi 


Family GOBIIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VI, 113-14; A112-14; P 17-20. Scales in lateral series: 

50-58. Vertebrae: 28 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.9 to equal with width. Eye 

diameter 0.28-0.28 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Nape scaled, cheek 

naked. Pectoral free rays well developed. Pelvic disc 0.24-0.25 SL. Anterior 

membrane without lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with seven transverse rows. 

Colour grey to grey-brown, with longitudinal rows of dark spots along head and body. 

Size up to 10 cm. 

RJCN Status 




Distribution. Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea (Miller, 1986). In 

Bulgaria on Maslen Cape. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats Limiting factors. Inshore, on sand and mud, with 

sea-grasses. 

Biology. Reproduction in June-August. Sexually mature after one year. Food: 

polychaetes, crustaceans, molluscs and algae. 


Threats. Pollution. 

215


Conservation measures proposed. Stop industrial pollution. 

References 


en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228. 

Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 3:1037 

pp. 

Compiled by K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov 

216

Gobius cobitis (Pallas, 1811) 

Synonyms: Gobius capito Valenciennes, 1837; Gobius capitonéllus Kessler, 1874. 

Common names: Engl: Giant goby; Russ: Bychok-kruglyash; Turk: Kaya baligi. 


Family GOBUDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VI, I 11-14; A110-13; P 18-21. Scales in lateral series: 

60-66. Vertebrae: 27-29 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.81-0.90 of width. Eye 

diameter 0.17-0.23 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide, comparatively short. 

Nape scaled, cheek naked. Pectoral free rays well developed Pelvic disc 0.18-0.21 

SL. Anterior membrane with lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with seven transverse 

rows. Colour grey-brown to yellow. Size up to 27cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea (Miller, 1986). In 

Bulgaria: along the whole Black Sea coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, on stone and weedy 

ground, two to 10m deep; inshore zone. 

Biology. Reproduction from May to early July. Eggs below stones. Sexually mature 

after 2-3 years. Food: green algae, crustaceans, polychaetes, insects. 


217

Threats. Chemical contamination. 


Conservation measures proposed. Defend use of fishing-nets during breeding 

period. 

References 




1038 pp. 

Compiled by Y. Sivkov & K. Prodanov. 

218


Grus grus Linnaeus, 1758 

Common names: Bulg: Syv zhurav; Rom: Cocor mare; Engl: Crane; Russ: Sery 

zhuravl'; Turk: Turna; Ukr: Siry zhuraveV 

Order GRUIFORMES 

Family GRUIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The species is included in Appendix I of Birds Directive 

79/409/EEC, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention and Appendix II of the Bern 

Convention. At present the nesting of Common Crane in the Black Sea Region is 

limited to the Danube Delta (Radu, 1979) and the Northern Sivash (Siokhin,1982). 

In all other parts of the Black Sea region, the species is migratory, summer visiting 

and overwintering. 

R7CN Status 




Distribution. The main direction of spring migrations are north-east, north, and east. 

In autumn, the first young birds arrive in the northern Black Sea region at the end of 

August. The mass passage begins in late September and continues to mid-October. 

The last third of October and mid-November are the period for separate birds or small 

flocks of several individuals to appear. Several migration routes can be distinguished 

over the territory of Black Sea region. In the north-western part the main direction is 

south-western and southern, in the Crimea it is southern; it is south-western in the 

valley of the Dnieper, along the coastline of the Black Sea. The biggest gathering site 

219

in the Black Sea region is situated in the zone between the biosphere reserve Askania- 

Nova and Sivash where more than 40,000 Common crane arrive. During autumn 

migration of 1996, more than 50,000 cranes flew through Askania-Nova. The second 

largest gathering and resting area is situated in North Sivash (Djankoy region), with 

10,000 cranes every autumn. Many small crane assemblages are scattered over the 

region. In winter some groups stay till mid-December and a few birds stay 

throughout winter. Nearly 100,000 cranes fly through the Black Sea region every 

autumn. About 20,000 - 30,000 cranes fly along the western Black Sea coast through 

Romania and Bulgaria; 50,000 - 60,000 fly through the Crimea Peninsula, and 

probably 10,000 fly along the Caucasian coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Valleys of large rivers and 

swamps, relatively shallow lakes covered by reeds. Premigratory gathering of cranes 

are situated on the saline bays of Sivash, sand-bars. The cranes feed on winter and 

spring crops, on harvested cornfields, and on pastures. 

Biology. The arrival time is between February 20th and March 5th with two peaks. 

A first peak is in mid-March and the second in the first half of April. 

Population trends. The number of birds in the region is stable. 

Threats. Habitat transformation, human disturbance, hunting, poisoning. 

Conservation measures taken. At present the main gathering places are not 

protected. 

Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the area of the Azov-Sivash 

National Park and some places in Northern Sivash to be included in it. 

220

References 

Grinchenko, A .B., 1987. Cranes in the Crimea. Communications of the Baltic 

Commission for the study of bird migration. Tartu 19: 75-79.(in Russian). 

Grinchenko, A. B., 1989. Common Crane migration in the Crimea in 1983 and 1984. 

Communications of the Baltic Commission for the study of bird migration. Tartu 21: 

134-136.(in Russian). 

Radu, D., 1979. Pasarile din Delta Dunarii. Bucuresti, Editura Academei. 


Siokhin, V. D., 1982. Distribution and number of the cranes on the northern coast of 

the Azov Sea and the Sivash. Cranes in the USSR: 141-144 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by P. Gorlov 

221


Haematopus ostralegus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Bulg: Stridoyad; Engl: Oystercatcher; Rom: Scoicar; Russ: Kulik- 

soroka, Turk: Poyraz kusu; Ukr: Kulyk-soroka. 


Family HAEMATOPODIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Haematopus ostralegus is one of four (according to other 

sources 7-8) species of Haematopus (Linnaeus, 1758). The Black Sea region is 

populated by the nominal subspecies, H. o. ostralegus. The Azov-Black Sea 

population is subject to annual fluctuations related to weather conditions during the 

year. Its size is estimated at between 250 and 400 pairs. 

IUCN Status 





are sandy sites on islands, spits and big rivers, coasts and estuaries. The species was 

recorded breeding on agricultural lands (bare fallow, degraded fallow, perennial 

herbs) in recent years. Feeding birds occur exclusively in shallow areas and along the 

water-line. 

Biology. A breeding, usually migratory species. Arrival depends on weather 

conditions and has been recorded from late February till late March. Breeding begins 

in mid April. The nest is a small deepening in the ground, almost without any 

bedding. The clutch consists of three eggs. Chicks hatch from the end of May till 

early June, fledglings occur from late June. Autumn migration is prolonged from 

August and lingers till early October. As a rule, Haematopus ostralegus preys on 

222

small molluscs and copepods along the shore-line. Large invertebrates comprise their 

basic food in agricultural lands. 

Population trends. A slight decrease has been recorded, though in some sub-regions 

their numbers have remained stable across the last two decades. 

Threats. Low breeding numbers and the vulnerability of the habitats pose a clear risk 

for the Black Sea Haematopus ostralegus population. Recreation development, sand 

extraction at the seaside and in the estuaries, constant human disturbance and 

prédation may destroy its relative population stability in future. 

Conservation measures taken. Creation of the Sivash and Azov Sea National Parks 

System, which will greatly contribute to species protection in the region. 

Conservation measures proposed. None. 

References 

Siokhin, V. D., I..I. Chernichko & T.B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial 




Compiled by J. Chernichko. 

223



Halacarellus procerus (Viets, 1927) 

Order ACARIFORMES 

Family HAL AC ARID AE 

Taxonomic description. One of 18 species of the subfamily Halacarinae, and one of 

seven species in the Black Sea. The body is narrow and stretched. Length from 0.475 

to 0.580 mm on average, width 0.240 mm. Ocular plates well developed and 

stretched in length. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN (Ukrainian shelf) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The species occurs 

in the Black Sea and the North Sea. In the north-west of the Black Sea it was only 

discovered in 1973. It is a typical representative of the interstitial meiofauna of the 

sandy beaches. Its only habitat is the pseudolitoral (mediolitoral) and supralitoral zone 

on beaches with coarse sand. Threats: pollution of the sea shore, man-made changes 

in granulometric composition of the sand. 

Biology. As all Halacaridae, H. procerus is a creeping animal, dispersed by water 

currents. It feeds on liquid food. 

Population trends. A sharp decline in abundance (80-90%) since the 1980s. 

Threats. Pollution of the pseudolitoral (mediolitoral) zone and changes in the 

granulometric composition of the sand 

224


Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book and 

prohibit pollution of the seashore. 

Reference 

Sokolov, 1.1., 1952. Paukoobraznye (Arachnida). In Fauna SSSR. Moscow:,AN 

SSSR Publ.5 (5): 200 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by L. Vorobyova. 

225

Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Haliaeetus nisus Savigny,1826; Haliaetus brooksiHume, 1870; 

Haliaetus hypoleucus Ridgway, 1884; Haliaetos orientalis Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos 

islandicus Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos leucocephalus Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos 

groenlandicus Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos einereus Brehm, 1855; Haliaetos funereus 

Brehm, 1855; Vulture albicilla Linnaeus, 1758; Aquila albicilla Nilson, 1858; Aquila 

borealis Brehm, 1824; Aquila Islandica Brehm, 1824; Aquila Groenlandica Brehm, 

1824; Falco albicilla Linnaeus, 1758; Falco melanaetos Linnaeus, 1766; Falco 

Ossifragus Linnaeus, 1766; Falco albicaudus Gmelin, 1788; Falco hinnularius 

Latham, 1790; Falco pygargus Daudin, 1800. 

Common names: Engl: White-tailed eagle: Bulg: Morski orel; Rom: Codalb; Russ: 

Orlan-belokhvost; Turk: Beyaz kuyruklu kartal, Ak kuyruklu kartal; Ukr: Orlan- 

bilohvist. 


Family ACCIPITRIDAE 

Taxonomic description. A very large eagle with wide, long wings, a massive yellow 

beak and short wedge-shaped white tail. In flight the primaries are flung out like 

fingers. It has a brown-grey plumage, but the head and throat are lighter. Young 

have a dark brown head and tail and dark grey beak, and barred underwings and belly. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast nesting areas are located near 

Lake Mandra, on the rivers Djavolska and Ropotamo (and on the marsh Arkutino), 

and in Dobrudja - to the west of Lake Shabla. Several pairs nest in the Danube delta, 

226

on the large basins in the Romanian part of Dobrudja (Puscariu, 1968). In the past 

nests were found on Lake Serbanul by Braila, near Chilia Veche, near Lake Sinoe and 

to the south of Gridul Lupitor (Lintia, 1954). According to Zubarowskii (1977), the 

White-tailed Eagle was nesting in Odessa and the districts of Hersonska and 

Zaporojka. Nests were found on the lower courses of the rivers Dnestar and Dniepr. 

Several pairs were nesting regularly in the southern rocky part of the Crimean 

mountains and in the high-stemmed woods of the Crimean reserve (Kostin, 1983); 7-8 

pairs of White-tailed Eagles nest in the lower course of the river Don (Golushin, 

1983). Two pairs breed in the lower course of the river Kuban (Zabalotnii & Hohlov, 

1995). During the breeding season, one White-tailed Eagle was also observed in the 

Ahtanizolski firth (Tilba et ah, 1990). Nesting areas along the Georgian coast are 

unknown. In the northern regions of Turkey, White-tailed eagles nest to the west and 

east of Istanbul and mainly in the river Kizilirmak delta (OST Bird Report, 1975; 

Cramp & Simmons, 1980). During migrations and especially in winter, the basins 

along the whole Black Sea coast become important habitats for White-tailed eagles 

from northern populations (from the Scandinavian peninsula and the European part of 

Russia). 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the breeding season as well as 

during migrations and overwintering, birds keep close to wooden and rocky areas 

near the seashore or lakes and rivers. They are attracted by clear water basins full of 

fish and water birds. 

Biology. A monogamous bird which starts breeding after its fourth year. Pairs build 

nests on high trees or on rocks at a distance of several km. from each other. They lay 

3-4 eggs in February - March, brood more than one month, young remain in the nest 

2-3 months and afterwards stay one more month in the area, where parents continue to 

feed them. Omnivorous. Beside fish and water birds it also feeds on mammals, rats, 

rabbits, foxes, wandering dogs and cats, and tortoises. It also scavenges. In winter it 

stays close to concentrations of water birds (geese, ducks, coots, herons, grebes, gulls 

227

and others) and feeds on ill, weak or frozen birds. By the seashore it picks up 

carcasses of dolphins, fish, and birds. 

Population trends. A common nesting species along the coasts of theBlack and the 

Sea of Azov and along the valleys of the big rivers emptying into these seas in the 

past. There was a major decline in the population during 1960-1965. After that, the 

number slowly increased again. This was a result of the successful breeding and 

resettlement of the species in Central Europe (Hlorig, 1986), the huge increase of the 

population in Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia. From the Danube, the White- 

tailed Eagle resettled its previous habitats along the Black Sea. The feeding of birds 

in Scandinavia, the decrease environmental pollution and the decline in hunting in 

Eastern Europe during the last 10th years has also helped . Currently, about 30 pairs 

breed along the coasts of the Black and the Sea of Azov. 

Threats. Threats include pollution of water basins with different kinds of poisons, 

the drainage of marshes, the cutting down of woods and the tourist invasion along the 

seashore, the use of poisonous baits and traps for wolves and foxes, the meaningless 

shooting of birds and the destruction of their nests. Among the enemies of the 

Haliaeetus albicilla are Falco cherrug and large colonies of ants, which sometimes 

force the eagles to leave their nests. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is "world endangered" and is listed in 

Appendix II of the Washington Convention. It is protected by law in many European 

countries, including in the Black Sea region (Bulgaria, Ukraine and Russia). Many of 

its habitats along the seashores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are protected 

wetlands of international importance (National Park Strandja, the deltas of the rivers 

Danube, Dnestar, Dnepar, the Black Sea reserve, the islands of Lebiajie, the river 

Kizilirmak delta and others). 

Conservation measures proposed. Ban pollution with poisons and industrial waste. 

Promote preservation of woods, restrict of hotel building and tourist invasion of 

habitats along the seashore. Protective propaganda among the human population, 

especially among hunters. 

References 

Cramp, S. & K. Simmons (Eds), 1980. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford, 

2: 1-695. 

Golushin, V., 1983. Orlan-belohvost Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Krasnaia 

kniga RSFSR, jivotniela. Moscow, Rosselhozizdat: 215-217 pp. 

228

Hörig, H., 1986. Seeadlerbestand weiter angewachsen. Unsere Jagdle 36: 148-149. 

Kostin, J., 1983. Pticiu Krima. Moscow, Nauka: 241 pp. 

Lintia, D., 1954. Pasarile din R.P.R., Bucuresti 2: 1-301. 

Ornithological Society of Turkey, 1975. Bird Report 3: 1-319. 

Puscariu, V., 1968. Observations sur la reproduction et l'écologie de Haliaeetus 

albicilla dans le delta du Danube. Trav. Mus. hist. nat. G. Antipa 8: 959-968. 


Tilba, P., R. Mnacekanov, M. Emtal, G. Plotnikov, S. Solovev & A. Ivanenko, 1990. 

0 redkih pticah Vostochnoto Priazovia. Redkie, malochislenie I maloizuchenie prie 

Sev. Kavkazalh, Stavropol: 91-96. 

Zabolotnii, N. & A. Hohlov, 1995. Zametki o nekotorih redkih pticah ptitsah nizovid 

Kubani. Kavkazskii orn. vestnikls 7: 16-17. 

Zubarowskii, V., 1977. Fauna Ukraini. Tom 5. Ptah,. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 331 pp. 

Compiled by D. Nankinov. 

229

Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766) 

Synonyms: Spongia panicea Pallas, 1766; Pellina semitubulosa Czerniavsky, 1880; 

Pellina longispicula Czerniavsky, 1880; Halichondria grossa 

Swartschewsky, 1905. 


Taxonomic description. An encrusting sponge provided with numerous, low upright 

tubules (H=2-5 cm) each terminating in an oscule (A =5-6 mm), dermal skeleton a 

regular network of multispicular tracts. Colour orange-yellow to greenish. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat types, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A rock species of 

the superior infralittoral, including artificial dams; epibiont on mussels; eurybathic, at 

depths of two up to 65 m, but rare below 10 m. 

Biology. Plenty of algae inhabit the sponge body, some ending up as food, other 

symbiontic and giving rise to the external colour. Feeds on organic particles which 

enter with the water current through the pores and through the oscula. An 

hermaphrodite, with sexual elements embedded in the mesenchyme. Ovules 

fecundated on the spot, the first phases of the larval development take place in the 

parenchyma of the mother. 

Population trends. Species frequently cited during the 1960s-70s in the mussel 

biocoenosis living on rocks along the Constantsa and Agigea coasts, but in rather low 

numbers. 

Order CORNACUSPONGIDA 

Family HALICHONDRIIDAE 

230

Threats. Turbidity in shallow zones; hypoxia. 

Conservation measures proposed. Construction of artificial reefs in degraded 

nearshore areas; reduce eutrophication. 

References 

Borcea, I., 1930-1931. Nouvelles contributions à l'étude de la faune benthonique 

dans la mer Noire, près du littoral roumain. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 16: 655-750. 

Borcea, I., 1937. Les résultats de l'expédition de recherches dans la mer Noire dès 28 

Août - 1er Sept., 1935. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 23. 

Chichkoff, G., 1912. Contribution à l'étude de la faune de la mer Noire. Animaux 

récolté sur les côtes bulgares. Arch. Zool. exp. Gén. S 5. Notes et Revues 10: 

Gomoiu, M. T., 1963. Kizucheniya gubok zapadnoy chasti Cernogo Morya. Rev. 

roum. Biol. 8: 252-264. 

Kaminsaya, L. I., 1968. Tip gubki - Porifera. In Opredeliteli fauni Cernogi i 

Azovskogo moreilo. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 1: 35-54. 

Valkanov, A., 1957. Katalog na nashata Cernomorskata fauna. Tr. Morsk. Biol. St. 

Varna. 

Compiled by M.-T. Gomoiu & A. Petranu. 

231


Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars, 1907 

Common names: Russ: Myzida anomaVnaya; Ukr: Myzida anomaVna 

Order MYSIDACEA 

Family MYSIDAE 

Taxonomic description. One of seven species of its genus and close to Hemimysis 

serrata. All ventral appendages in females are reduced, in males only the first and 

second pairs of pleopods reduced. Telson with shortened apex and serrated along the 

whole length of the edges. 

IUCN Status 

World level: Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin 



Distribution. One of the few Ponto-Caspian endemics living both in the sea and in 

freshwater bodies. Inhabits the Azov and Black seas, as well as the lower reaches of 

the Dniepr, Dniestr and Don. Encountered on the west coast of the Caspian Sea. 

Acclimatized in water reservoirs: Dnieprovsk, Sympheropolsk, Chernorechens 

(Ukraine); Dubossarsk (Moldova) and Kaunas (Lithuania). 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Near-bottom lithophilic 

organism. Inhabits shells, rocky, rarely silty sediments; prefers firm sediments, more 

often rocky, rarely shells and sandy. Also encountered in river estuaries, in silty 

sinks. Benthic during the day, rising to the pelagic zone in the evening. 

232

Biology. A euryhaline organism, living in at a salinity of 0.5-18.0 ppt. Euryphagous. 

Reproduction from April to October. After fertilization, the female carries 9-31 

embryos (18 on average) in the brood pouch. Not less than two generations a year. In 

the Black Sea it reaches a length of 8-10 mm, in the Sea of Azov and freshwater only 

6.7-8.5 mm. Blood-red in colour. The species is capable of changing colour due to 

chromatophores and become completely transparent. 

Population trends. Low abundance, with only single specimens encountered. 

Threats. Pollution and silting of water bodies, reduction in river deltas, areas of 

seabed with hard sediments. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Books of Ukraine. 

Acclimatized to Dniepr and Dniestr reservoirs. Recently invaded drinking water 

reservoirs in The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, where it may soon become a 

pest species. 

Conservation measures proposed. Extension of reserve areas in the limans and 

deltas of rivers, measures to reduce water pollution and increase river water flow. 

References 

Bacescu, M., 1969. Order Mysidacea. In Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo 

more (Key of Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 363-381 

(in Russian). 

Komarova, T. I., 1991. Vyschie rakoobraznie. Mysidae (Mysidacea) (Higher 

crustaceous. Mysidae (Mysidacea), Fauna Ukrayni. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 26 (7): 

104 pp. 

233

Komarova, T. I., 1994. Hemimysis anomala. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data 

Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: p. 39 (in Ukrainian). 

Reznichenko, O. G., 1959. K ekologyi y morfologyi myzid roda Hemimysis 

(Crustacea, Malacostraca) (Ecology and morphology of mysid genus Hemimysis 

(Crustacea, Malacostraca)), Tr. Vsesojuz. gydrobiol. Obsch. 9: 320-343 (in Russian). 


234


Hemimysis serrata (Bacescu, 1938) 

Common names: Russ: Myzida zubchataya; Ukr: Myzida zubchasta. 



Taxonomic description. One of the four species of the genus, three of which are 

encountered in the Azov-Black Sea basin. A close relative of Hemimysis anomala, 

but the scale of antenna II is longer than the stalk of antenna I and has 8-12 spicules 

on its external edge. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin. Inhabits the coastal areas of the 

Sea of Azov, and the Romanian coastal area of the Black Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A Photophobie species, 

inhabiting crevices in rocks and cliffs. The species is euryhaline and eurythermic, 

very resistant to changes in salinity and to a lesser extent to different temperature 

regimes. 

Biology. Euryphagous, although prefering animal food (polychaetes, crustaceans). 

Reproduces in the warm part of the year. After fertilization females carry from 7-47 

(average 33) embryos in the brood pouch. One summer generation. Life span about 

14 months. Length of adult female 9-11 mm, male 7-8 mm. Bright red in colour. 

235

Nocturnal, benthic, non migratory animal, inhabiting rocky bottoms overgrown with 

algae. 

Population trends. Low abundance. Single specimens encountered only. 

Threats. Anthropogenic influence, in particular pollution of coastal zones. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Books of Ukraine and the 

Black Sea. 

Conservation measures proposed. Protect the habitat of the species, for example 

Cape Kazantip (Sea of Azov, Ukraine). 

References 

Bacescu, M., 1969. Order Mysidacea. In Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo 

more (Key of Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 363-381 

(in Russian). 


crustaceous. Mysidae (Mysidacea), In Fauna Ukrayni. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 26 (7): 

104 pp. 

Komarova, T. I., 1994. Hemimysis serrata. Chervona Knyga Ukrayni (Red Data 

Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: 40 pp.(in Ukrainian). 

Reznichenko, O. G., 1959. K ekologyi y morfologyi myzid roda Hemimysis 

(Crustacea, Malacostraca) (Ecology and morphology of mysid genus Hemimysis 

(Crustacea, Malacostraca)). Trudy Vsesojuz. gydrobiol. obsch. 9: 320-343 (in 

Russian). 

Compiled by B. Alexandrov. 

236



Hesionides arenarius (Friedrich, 1936) 

Order NEREIMORPHA 

Family HESIONIDAE 

Taxonomic description. One of three species of Hesionidae in the Black Sea. 

Length from 1.7 to 3.0 mm, with brownish pigmentation, up to 19-25 segments, eyes 

absent. Pygidium with two distinctly separated anal lamellae, which do not overlap 

but distally broaden and fan-shaped. Two long, threadlike anal cirri 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN (Ukrainian and Romanian sectors), VU (Romanian sector) 

Distribution. Hesionides arenarius has a wordwide distribution in tropical and 

subtropical beaches; it also inhabits boreal regions. In the Black Sea, it was reported 

on the Bulgarian, Romanian and Ukrainian shelves. This species belongs to the 

characteristic forms of the interstitial meiofauna of bare-washed sandy beaches. 

Limiting factors. Limiting factors are the size of sand grains, the pollution of the 

sandon the sea shore, and man-made changes in the granulometric composition of 

sand. 

Biology. Species of Hesionides form a common element in the interstitial animal 

community. 

Population trends. A sharp decline in population numbers (80-90%) since the 

1980s. 

237

Threats. Pollution of the mediolittoral and supralittoral zones, changes in the 

granulomere composition of sand. 


Conservation measures proposed. Include in the Black Sea Red Data Book. 

References 

Bacescu, M, G. I. Muller & M. T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-259. 

Bacescu, M, M. T. Gomoiu & E. Dumitrescu,1968. Quelques considérations sur la 

dynamique des organismes de la zone médiolittorale sableuse en Mer Noire. Rapp. 

Comm. int. Mer Médit. 10: 117-119. 

Gomoiu, M-T., 1969. Some aspects of the Black Sea benthos. Hidrobiologia 10: 

256-277. 

Vinogradov, K.A. & E. Losovskaja, 1968. Opredeliteli fauna Cernogo i Azovskogo 

Morei. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 1: 251-359. 

Compiled by C. Dumitrache & L. Vorobyova. 

238

Synonyms: 

Himantopus himantopus Linnaeus, 1758 

Common names: Bulg: Kokilobegach; Engl: Black-winged Stilt; Rom: Piciorong; 

Russ: Khodulochnik; Turk: Uzun bacak; Ukr: Khodulychnyk 

Taxonomic description. A monotypic genus; the only species and nominative 

subspecies, H. himantopus, occurs in the Black Sea region. Numbers have increased 

lately to 2,000 breeding pairs. 

IUCN Status 




Order CHARADRID70RMES 

Family RECURVIROSTRTDAE 


are fresh and brackish shallow waters, where large nests are made in the water, or on 

elevations of various origin. Avoids dense vegetation. 

239

Biology. A breeding and migratory species. Spring migration takes place in April 

and is over by early May. Mass egg-laying is in late May, early clutches appear by 

the middle of the month. Breeds in loose colonies, often together with terns and other 

waders. Clutch size is always four, double clutches of 6-8 eggs may be found in 

places of high concentration. Hatching peaks in mid June, or in the second ten days 

of the month. Fledglings occur from mid July onwards. Autumn migration is hardly 

detectable, post-breeding movements gradually become migration. A sharp decrease 

follows in August, the majority leaves by early September. Single birds may stay till 

early October. Surface or plankton aquatic invertebrates form the basic diet of Black- 

winged stilts, but birds can forage on the ground for insects and spiders as well. 

Population trends. Probably a stabilization of numbers in the years ahead. 

Threats. Water pollution, cattle grazing, human disturbance, high prédation risk. 

Conservation measures taken. Creation of reservoirs within the ranges of water 

protection zones in estuaries and coastal lakes. 

References 


Siokhin V. D., 1.1. Chernichko, T. B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial 




240

Hippocampus guttulatus microstephanus Slestenenko, 1937 

Synonyms: Hippocampus brevirostris Slestenenko, 1936 

Common names: Engl: Sea horse; Bulg: Morsko konche; Georg: Zghvis tskheni; 

Rom: Calut de mare; Russ: Morskoy konyok; Turk: Karadeniz deniz aygiri; Ukr: 

Mors'ky konyk 

Order SYNGNATHIFORMES 

Family SYNGNATHIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The only subspecies of Hippocampus in the Black Sea. 

Body articulate, of unusual form. Head forms an angle with body axis. Reverse part 

of tail section turned down. Dorsal fin 18-21 soft rays. Body rings 11, tail rings 34- 

38, subdorsal rings 3-2. Length of adult fishes up to 13 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Northern part of the Black Sea (Crimean, Russian, Caucasian, 

Romanian and Bulgarian coasts, western part of Azov Sea, Kerchensky Strait). 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal waters. Adult fishes 

most common among Zostera belts. The critical habitat is therefore the Zostera 

thicket. The main limiting factors are the reduction of this Zostera biocenosis. 

241

Biology. A coastal fish with restricted mobility feeding mainly on plankton. Adult 

fish are most common among Zostera belts or floating algal fragments. Spawning 

from May to September. Eggs develop in the male brood pouch. 

Population trends. Population numbers unknown. Common in the 1960s. 

Threats. Freshening of habitat areas, fragmentation of Zostera meadows. 

Conservation measures taken. Entry in Ukrainian Red Data Book. 

Conservation measures proposed. Include Black Sea Red Data Book. Protect 

Zostera belts. 

References 

Fauna Ukraini (Fauna of Ukraine).Kiev, Naukova Dumka 8 (5): 320 pp. (in Russian). 

Svetovidov, A. N. Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). Moscow- 

Leningrad, Nauka: 551 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Komakhidze, B. Oztiirk & S. Khutornoy. 

242

Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770) 

Synonyms: Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770, Hydroprogne tschedrava Lep. 

Common names: Engl: Caspian Tern; Russ: Chegrava; Turk: Hazer sumrusu; Ukr: 

Chegrava. 


Family LARIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Around 400-950 pairs in the region. 

IUCN Status 

WorldlevehLR 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Mostly bare shell- 

covered areas on accumulative islands in brackish shallow waters and estuaries. 

Numbers limited by human disturbance of the colonies and by storms. 

Biology. A breeding, migratory species. Arrival in early April. Egg-laying in late 

April - early May. Formed colonies recorded between the 20th and 25th of May. In 

the post breeding period, birds either stay in the colony or move eastwards and 

westwards. Migration to the winter grounds takes place in September-October. At 

the end of October Caspian terns already occur in the Mediterranean. Colonies of 

Caspian terns are always apart from other colonial birds and characterized by a high 

nesting density. Its nest is a flat shallow scrab on the shell substrate. Clutch size 

varies from one to three eggs. The egg-laying period is rather prolonged. If first 

clutches are lost, replacements are normally laid. Under favourable conditions 

breeding success is high. Exclusively ichtyophagous (sea and fresh-water fish). 

Forages up to 20 km from colony, quickly responds to the mass availability of food. 

243

Population trends. 

Numbers are fluctuating. A general decline has been recorded. Only two out of four 

existing colonies have stable numbers and favourable breeding conditions. The 

numbers of Caspian terns are critical and colonies are likely to disappear. 

Threats. 

Disturbance and unfavourable weather conditions leading to overcrowding. 

Conservation measures taken. One of the two main colonies is in a reserve 

protected. 

Conservation measures proposed. Obligatory protection of all breeding colonies. 

References 

Kistiakivs'ki, O .B., 1957. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, AN USSR 4: 432 pp.tin 

Russian). 

Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Siokhin V. D., 1.1. Chernichko & T. B. Ardamatskaia et al., 1988. Colonial 




Compiled by V. Siokhin. 

244


Iphigenella acanthopoda GO. Sars, 1896 

Common names: Russ: Ifiginella koluchkonogaya; Ukr: Ifiginella kolyuchkonoga 

Taxonomic description. One of the three species of an endemic Ponto-Caspian 

genus. Propoduses of I-V pereiopods half nipping, claw-shaped; claw very short, 

slightly longer than wide lower ventral corner of third epimeral plate elongated and 

sharp. 

IUCN Status 

World level: VU (Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin) 


Subregion level: VU (Ukrainian sector) 

Distribution. Inhabits the lower Danube, Dniestr, Dniepr and South Bug including 

the Dnieprovsky, Dniepr-Bug and Kuchurgansky limans. Also in rivers discharging to 

the Sea of Azov. Range includes the Caspian Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Freshwater and brackish parts of 

limans, deltas and rivers. The main biotopes are silty-sandy, silty-rocky and muddy- 

sandy sediment. 



Biology. An oligohaline and freshwater species, tolerant of significant variation in 

water temperature. In the coastal zone of waterbodies. Commensal with the river 

crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Adults reach a length of 8-9 mm. 

Population trends. Abundance low (1-3 ind.m 2 

). 

245

Threats. Water pollution, erosion of shores. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Book of Ukraine 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce Black Sea coastal pollution. Study 

biological peculiarities of the species, protect characteristic biotopes, including the 

Danube, Dniestr and Don deltas. 

References 

Polischuk, V. V., 1994. Iphigenella acanthopoda. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red 

Data Book of Ukraine). Kiji, Ukrajinska Encyklopediy: 46 (in Ukrainian). 

Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key of Black Sea and Sea of Azov 

fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 536 pp(in Russian). 


246

Iphigenella andrussovi (Sars, 1896) 

Synonyms: Gammarus andrussovi Sars 1896, Martinov 1924, Carausu 1943. 


Taxonomic description. One of the three species of on endemic Ponto-capsian 

genus. Propoduses of I-V pereiopods half nipping, clawshaped; claw longer than 

wide; third epimeral plate with a straight angle on lower its back edge. 

RJCN Status 

World level: LR (Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea and Caspian basins) 


Subregion level: LR (Ukrainian sector) 

Distribution. Found in the lower reaches of the Danube, including limans of the 

Dniestr, Dniepr and South Bug. Acclimatized to Kakhovka reservoir and water 

bodies of the Ingulets River irrigation system. An isolated population lives in the 

central part of the Caspian Sea at the latitude of Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan). 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Freshwater and brackish parts of 

limans and lower, reaches of rivers; prefers biotopes of sandy, silty-sandy and sandy- 

shelly sediments; at depths of up to 5 m. 

Biology. Eurythermic. Length of female 4-5 mm, of male - 4-6 mm. 

Population trends. Low abundance (1-3 ind.m 2 

). 

Threats. Pollution of water bodies. 


Family GAMMARTDAE 

247

Conservation measures taken. Acclimatized to the Kakhovka reservoir and 

Ingulets irrigation system. Included in the Red Data Books of Ukraine and the Black 

Sea. 

Conservation measures proposed. Studies of the biological peculiarities of the 

species are needed. Protect its characteristic habitats. Reduce in the pollution of 

lower reaches of rivers and limans. 

References 

Birstein, I. A., L. G. Vinogradov, N. N. Kondakov, M. S. Kun, T. V.. Astakhova & N. 

N. Romanova, 1968. Atlas of invertebrate fauna of Caspian Sea. Moscow: 415 pp. 

Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caspien. Bull. 



apadulce. Fauna R.P.Romania 4 (4). 

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipod Fauna in 

the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Zool. Mus. 35: 

164-168. 

Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book to the fauna of the Black Sea and Azov 

Sea. Crustacea, Amphipoda. 


Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna Bulgarien, 19. 

248

Polischuk, V. V., 1994. Iphigenella andrussowi. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red 

Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: p. 47 (in Ukrainian) 

Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key of Black Sea and Sea of 

Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 536 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by S. Andreev & B. Alexandrov. 

249

Iphigenella shablensis (Carausu, 1943) 

Synonyms: Gammarus shablensis Carausu, 1943; Shablogammarus shablensis 

Carausu, 1943. 




Taxonomic description. Length male 3-5 mm, female 2.5-3.5 mm. Flagellum of 

antenna is 2.5 times as long asantennal base width. Gnatopods oval. Palmar edge 

skewed. Third gnatopod elongated. Coxal plates high. Basal segment of fifth, sixth 

and seventh pereiopods broadened. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Bulgaria-Shabla lake, Dniepr river, Caspian Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In brackish and freshwater. 

Threats: salinity increase, pollution. 

Biology. Widely distributed in the middle and eastern part of Shabla lake, especially 

in the zone with Dreissena polymorpha. Found under stones, on sandy bottoms and 

among macrophytes. Sometimes reaching 15,400 specimens m" 2 

. A mass 

development occurs in spring. 

250

Population trends. Stable in the reserve of Shabla lake. 

Threats. Pollution caused by urbanization and excessive livestock farming. 

Conservation measures taken. Shabla lake is the only established reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Create protected territories and reserves around 

the lakes and in humid zones where this species is found. 

References 

Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caspien. 

Bull. Inst. Cercet. Pise. Roman. 

Carausu, S., E. Dobreanu & C. Manolache, 1955. Amphipoda. Forme solmastre si de 

apa dulce. Fauna R. P. Romania 4 (4). 

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipod Fauna in 

the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Zool. Mus. 35: 

164-168. 

Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book to the fauna of the Black and Azov Sea. 

Crustacea, Amphipoda. 

Valkanov, A., 1957. Katalog unserer Schwarzmeerfauna. Arb. Biol. Meeresst. 

Varne:19. 


251


Katamysis warpachowskyi G.O. Sars, 1893 

Common names: Russ: Myzida varpakhovskogo; Ukr: Myzida varpakhovskogo 



Taxonomic description. The only species in the genus. Thick body with 

exceptionally broad shell. The upper lip has a long spine. Tongue-shaped telson. 

IUCN Status 

World level: EN (Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin) 



Distribution. Endemic of the Azov-Black and Caspian seas. Encountered in the 

lower reaches of the Dnieper, Dniester and Danube. Can swim up to 150 km against 

the current. Its range includes the Caspian Sea and Volga Delta (Russia). 

Acclimatized to the Dubossarsky reservoir (Moldova), where it is rare today. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Bathypelagic. Encountered at 

0.34-1.00 ppt salinity in sandy or shelly sediments, sometimes in overgrowths of 

aquatic plants. 

Biology. Euryphagous. Reproduces from the beginning of March to October. After 

fertilization, the female carries 10-22 embryos in a brood pouch. The number of 

generations is unknow. Length 4.2-6.8 mm. Colour dark brown. 

Population trends. Low abundance (single specimens). 

252

Threats. Silty lower river reaches; disappearance of bottoms with hard sediments. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Book of Ukraine. 

Acclimatized to Dubossarsky reserve (Moldova). 

Conservation measures proposed. Study the biology of the species. Reduce 

pollution by water treatment, increase water flow in rivers. 

References 

Bacescu, M., 1969. Order Mysidacea. In: Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo 

morey (Key to Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 363-381 

(in Russian). 


crustaceous. Mysidae (Mysidacea). Fauna Ukrayni. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 26 (7): 

104 pp. 

Komarova, T.I., 1994. Katamysis warpachowskyi. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red 

Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.:p. 41 (in Ukrainian). 


253

Knipowitschia longicaudata Kessler, 1877 

Synonyms: Pomatoshistus knipowitschi Beling, 1927; Knipowitschia georghievi 

Pinchuk, 1978 

Common names: Bulg: Dolgoopashoto popche; Russ: Knipovichiya; Turk: Kaya 

baligi; Ukr: Bychok knipovichiya dovgokhvosta 



Taxonomic description. One of two species of Knipowitschia in the Black Sea. 

Body spindle-like but not flattened. First dorsal fin with 5-7, usually 6 spiny rays, 

second fin with one spiny and 7-9 soft rays, anal fin with one spiny and 7-9 (10) soft 

rays. Length of adult fishes does not exceed 5 cm., usually 3 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Brackish and fresher parts of the Black Sea, Danube delta, Dnieper 

delta, Southern Bug delta, Azov Sea and Caspian Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In coastal waters. Spawning on 

sandy-shellstone bottom in the coastal zone. Its critical habitat is the bottom 

biocoenosis. Main limiting factors are a decrease in river flow, degradation of the 

bottom biocoenois, and rarefaction of spawning areas. 

Biology. A small coastal pelagic migratory fish, feeding mainly on Copepoda and 

Cladocera. Cannot expand into sea areas and rivers above 50-60 km inland from the 

sea. Spawning from May to July. Eggs spawn in a nest under stones. 

Conservation measures taken. None 

254

Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book, preserve 

natural river regime in habitat areas. 

References 

Gheorgiev, J., 1966. Composition d'espèce et caractéristique des Gobiides (Pisces) 



Svetovidov A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). Moskow- 

Leningrad: Nauka Publ., pp. 551, (in Russian). Fauna Ukraini. Kiev, Naukova 

Dumka 8(5): 320 pp. 

Compiled by K. Prodanov, Y. Sivkov & S. Khutornoy 

255



Labidocera brunescens (Czernjavsky, 1868) 



Taxonomic description. One of three species of Pontellidae in the Black Sea, Sea of 

Azov, and salty coastal wetlands. Head ovoid without lateral hooks and with one pair 

of dorsal ocular lenses. A middle sized, rather transparent copepod. The length of the 

females is 2.0-2.1 mm; that of the males 1.65-1.70 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Coastal waters of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, coastal lagoons and 

limans, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean. 


the surface layer (0-5 cm) of water. Winter eggs are laid on the bottom. Limiting 

factors are pollution of the water surface and bottom hypoxia. 

Population trends. A reduction by 60-70% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Pollution of the water surface and bottom hypoxia. 


256


Black Sea pollution. 

References 

Newell, G. E. & R. C.Newell, 1966. Marine Plankton, a practical guide. London, 


Dolgopolskaya, M. A., 1969. Otryad Calanoida GO. Sars (Order Calanoida GO. 

Sars), In: Opredelitel fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and 

the Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 34-48 (in Russian). 


Translations: 207 pp. 

Zaitsev, Y. & V. Mamaev, 1997. Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea. A 

study of Change and Decline. New York, United Nations Publications 15: 208 pp. 


257

Lipophrys pavo Riso, 1810 

Synonyms: Blennius lepidus Pallas, 1811; Blennius pavo Risso, 1826 

Common names: Georg: Parshevangi, Zgvis pinia; Turk: Horozbina 


Family BLENNTTDAE 

Taxonomic description. D XH-XHI 21-24; AII23-25; P 13-15; VI 3. Vertebrae 

40-41 (Stojanov etal., 1963; Svetovidov, 1964). Body naked, laterally compressed. 

Snout short with protruding profile. Males with high crest on dorsal part of the head. 

Basic colour yellow-greenish; vertical bright bars and specks on the body. Size up to 

13 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mediterranean, Black Sea and Atlantic coast, from Morocco to mouth 

of Loire, France (Zander, 1986). In Bulgaria comparatively rare along entire coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Pelagic and euryhaline, 

essentially in brackish waters; vulnerable to changes in hydrochemical regime. 

Biology. Reproduction in May-July. Males guard eggs between stones. Food: 

benthic invertebrates, molluscs, algae. 


258

Threats. Breakdown of the hydrochemical regime. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce industrial pollution. 

References 

Stojanov, S. et al., 1963. The fishes of the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing house 

Varna: 246 pp. 

Svetovidov, A., 1964. The fishes of the Black Sea. Publ. House Science: 550 pp. 

Zander, C, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 1104. 


259

Liza ramada Risso, 1826 

Synonyms: Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829; Mugil capito Bonaparte, 1834; Liza capito 

Popov, 1930; Mugil aramada Borcea, 1934; Liza tamada Buen, 1935 

Common names: Engl: Thin lip grey mullet; Bulg: Kefal; Rom: Platarin; Russ: 

KefaV; Turk: Pulatarina 

Order MUGILIFORMES 

Family MUGILIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Body elongate, fusiform, slightly compressed; head short 

and flattened with a broad terminal mouth; teeth very small, hardly visible; upper lip 

thin (its greatest depth less than half the eye diameter) and smooth (without 

tubercles); two dorsal fins: the first one short with four slender spines, taller than 

longer; the second as tall as the first; ventral fins inserted at mid-distance between 

pectoral and first dorsal fin; pectoral fin short; anal fin usually with nine soft rays; 

caudal fin deeply forked; no external lateral line; scales large and adherent; scales on 

the top of the head extending forward to anterior nostrils (almost to upper lip); eye not 

covered by a thick adipose lid; a scaly appendix at base of pectoral fin; colour grey- 

dark brown on the back, belly whitish-grey, often with 6-7 lengthwise stripes. Size: 

maximum 60 cm; average 20-40 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Habitat type, Critical habitat, Limiting factors. Schools of L. ramada occur 

mostly in shallow water, especially in brackish and coastal lagoons of varying 

salinity. Common throughout the Mediterranean and along the northwestern 

260

coast of the Black Sea; also in the eastern Atlantic, from southern Norway to 

Natal (South Africa). 

Biology. A fast swimmer, leaping out of the water when disturbed; enters estuaries 

and rivers for feeding but spawns in the sea; juveniles often concentrate in the vicinity 

of freshwater outflows; feeds on minute bottom-living or planktonic organisms 

(diatoms, amphipods); also on suspended organic matter. Two spawning periods: first 

one during spring and early in summer and second one late in summer and autumn; 

Population trends. Caught mainly with gill nets, trammel nets, beach seines, cast 

nets and occasionally with purse seines. In recent decades the catches in the 

northwestern part of the Black Sea are decreasing. On the Romanian coasts it occurs 

more and more rarely. All mugilid species are included in a single statistical 

category: 1989 - Bulgaria -3 t; Romania - 8 t; Turkey - 2843 t; 1990 - Bulgaria - 1 t; 

Turkey - 1741; Russia - 26 t; 1991 - Bulgaria - 11; Turkey - 40261; Russia - 9 t. 

Threats. Heavy pollution of coastal waters and of many coastal lagoons. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution. 

References 



Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1997. Main fish and 

mammal species from the Black Sea. Species identification sheets, (in Romanian). 

Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verio 

261

Population trends. At the end of the 19th century, this was still a mass species. 

Significant catch-reduction since the 1950s. 

Threats. Degradation of habitats and spawning areas as a result of changes in the 

hydrological regime and the hydrochemical composition of runoff and pollution, 

hydrotechnical construction and overfishing. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994, 

Bulgaria and the Black Sea. Aquacultured in Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan). 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce Black Sea coastal zone pollution, 

especially in the Dnieper-Bug estuary (main breeding and feeding area). Artificial 

reproduction of the species. 

References 

Berg, L. S., A. S. Bogdanov, N. I. Kozhyn & T. S. Rass (Eds), 1949. Promislovie 

riby SSSR (Commercial fishes of the USSR) Moscow, Pishepromizdat Publ.: 787 pp 

Fauna Ukraini (Fauna of Ukraine). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 8 (5): 320 pp. (in 

Russian). 

Scherbukha, A., 1994. Lucioperca marina. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data 

Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyclopediya: 272 pp (in Ukrainian). 

Svetovidov A. N., 1964. Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). 

Moskow-Leningrad, Nauka: 551 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by B. Alexandrov & S. Khutornoy 

263

Lutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Mustela lutra L., 1758; Lustra vulgaris Ercsl., 1777; Mustela lutra 

piscatoria Kerr., 1792; Lutra nudipes Melch., 1834; Lutra roensis Ogillby, 1834; 

Lutronectes whiteleyi Gray, 1847 

Common names: Engl: Common (Eurasian, European, Old World, river) otter; 

Bulg: Vidra; Rom: Lutra; Russ: Obyknovennaya, rechnaya vydra; Ukr: Vydra 

richkova 

Order CARNÍVORA 

Family MUSTELIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Body long and slender, legs short, tail long with thick base 

and tapering evenly. Broad muzzle, small ears, all four feet webbed. Swims 

smoothly, watching from the water with only the eyes and nose above the surface. 

Head-body length: male 60-90 cm; female 59-70 cm. Tail length: male 36-47 cm; 

female 35-42 cm. Hind-foot length: 1-13.5 cm. Shoulder -height: 30 cm. Weight: 6- 

17 kg. Dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 4/3-4, _ = 36-38. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Throughout Europe, but not on Mediterranean islands In Algeria and 

Morocco, Asia Minor, India, Indo-China, China and Japan, and Central Asia and 

South Siberia. Black Sea Coast: in the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. On the 

Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the rivers Rezovska, Veleka, Diavolska, Ropotamo, 

Kamtchia, Batova, and some coastal lakes and swamps. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Fresh water (rivers,lakes, canals, 

marshes, sometimes ditches with only a few centimeters of water); also marine 

environment (coasts and estuaries). Lives in cavities in banks, hollow trees, between 

264

oots, rocky clefts or tunnels in peat. Largely nocturnal, with a period of inactivity in 

the middle of the night. 

Biology. Carnivorous. Catches fish and occasionally other vertebrates (water 

rodents, especially Water voles, amphibians and invertebrates - crabs, worms, 

insects). Lives in family groups of one or more females and cubs of the year 

occupying a group territory, otherwise adults solitary and coming together only for a 

few days for mating. Breeding any time of year but mostly in summer. Earliest 

known breeding: male-1.5 year; female- 1 year 10 months. Gestation: 61-63 days. 

Litter size - 1-5 (usually 2-3). Taken to water and encouraged to swim around three 

months of age. Weaning age 16 weeks. Parental care by female only. Cubs remain 

with mother for 10-12 months. 

Population trends. Relatively stable in clear rivers but highly sensitive to water 

pollution and poaching. 

Threats. Environmental pollution, habitat fragmentation, poaching. 

Conservation measures taken. Some of the habitats are included in reserves and 

protected wetland areas. 

Conservation measures proposed. Regular monitoring of numbers in the region; 

water quality control. 

References 

Ellerman T. & C .S. Morrison-Scott, 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian 

Mammals (1758 to 1946). London, Trustees of the British Museum: 275-276. 

265

International Conventions for biodiversity conservation. Bern Convention, 1996. 

Publ. Green Balkans and PHARE Programme, Annex II, p. 97. 

Macdonald, D. & P. Barret, 1993. Mammals of Britain and Europe. Collins Field 

Guides. HarperCollins, 129-130. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 408 pp. 

Sokolov, W. E. 1988. Dictionary of animal names in five languages. Mammals. 

352 pp. 

Compiled by S. Gerasimov 

266

Macropipus arcuatus Leach, 1814 

Synonyms: Portunus rondeletii Risso, 1816; P. longipes Rathke, 1837 

Common names: Bulg: Rak plubet; Rom: Crabul rosu; Russ: Krab-plavunets; Turk: 

Calpara; Ukr: Krab-plavunets' 

Taxonomic description. Front not produced into teeth; anterolateral margin of 

carapace with four unequal teeth; the third small, hardly visible. Flagellum of antenna 

about 2.5 times longer than eye. Chelipeds big, with 2-3 ridges in male, smaller and 

smooth in female. Carpus with strong postero-superior spine. Fingers with few teeth 

(2-3); terminal teeth small. Dactylus of the fifth pereiopods like a lance, consolidated 

by a longitudinal ridge. Female with abdomen larger than male, yet not covering the 

eggs completely. Size: length -18 mm; width - 22 mm. Colour red-purple in 

specimens from Phyllophora fields. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 




Family PORTUNIDAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An iliophilic 

species, found down to depths of 30-70 m. Favourite biotope: very deep bottoms 

covered by P/iyfibp/iora ooze. Treatened by shrinking of Phyllophora fields. 

Biology. A species with a high fecundity (up to 3,000 eggs); reproduction begins in 

spring. Eggs yellow, in clusters, with 3-4 eggs into a verticillum. 

267

Population trends. Abundant in the past, in Phyllophora fields. Found on the entire 

Romanian littoral (hundreds of ind.m" 2 

). However, in the last 20 years, the species ha 

become very rare. 

Threats. Hypoxic conditions on the shelf. 


Conservation measures proposed. Mitigation of negative environmental impacts. 

References 

Bacescu M. 1967. Decapoda. Fauna R. S. Romania 4 (9): 335 pp. 

Bacescu M., G. I. Muller.& M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274. 

Bacescu M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données 

quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire â Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans 

les conditions speciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153 





Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci. 

Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759. 



Compiled by C. Dumitrach 

268

Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1765) 

Common names: Engl: Spiny star fish; Russ: Morskaya zvezda; Turk: Adi deniz 

yildizi. 

Order FORCIPULATA 

Family ASTERIIDAE 

Taxonomic description. A starfish with large subcylindrical, pointed arms. Body 

covered with large protuberances set in longitudinal series and with strong spines. 

Colour from greenish to reddish-brown. Size up to 70-80 centimeters. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found on rocky 

and detrital bottoms 3-180 meters deep. This species is associated with mussels and 

oysters and feeds on them. Common in the prebosphoric area and the western Black 

Sea. Distributed through the Mediterranean Sea, Marmara Sea and Black Sea. 

Marine zones near the coast at depths of 50 metres are where they reproduce. 

Threatened by siltation, sand dredging and trawling. 

Biology. Feeds on mussels and oysters. 

Population trends. No data on numerical trends, but currently rare in the Black Sea. 

269

Threats. Sand dredging, trawling. 

Conservation measures taken. No conservation measures. 

Conservation measures proposed. Ban sand dredging. 

Reference 

Artuz, I., 1967. Sea stars of the Turkish waters. Turk biyoloji dergisi (J. turk. 

Biol.) 1: 11-24. 


270


Mergus serrator (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Engl: Red-breasted merganser; Russ: KrokhaV dlinnonosiy; Rom: 

Ferestras; Turk: Sutlabi; Ukr: KrokhaV dovgonosy. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: VU (Ukraine sector) 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An inhabitant of 

brackish shallow waters and salinas. Breeding habitats include islands and spits with 

dense, sometimes thinned-out grasses. Coastal reed-beds are preferred. Feeding 

habitats are deep areas of bays and the sea. 


Family ANATIDAE 

Taxonomic description. NB - numerous, CB -common. 

Biology. Mergus serrator is a partly resident, late-breeding species. Despite the early 

display and fighting of the males, starting end of March, the first nests appear only by 

late April. Clutches are laid at the end of May and can be found till mid July. 

Incubation takes 30-32 days. Nests are made in the reed-beds (up to 43.3%) or 

growths of Atripex tatarica and other shore vegetation. The species shows a strong 

nesting conservatism: some females breed in the same locations annually. Clutch size 

is 16-22 eggs; the larger clutches are either mixed or laid by two females. Hatching 

begins in the second third of June, and fall brooding is in the last third of June. 

Unfledged juveniles can be found till the second half of October. Can normally breed 

anew after clutch loss, but clutch size is reduced to 5-8 eggs. Breeding habitats are 

often destroyed by floods, which may wipe off parts of the shore. In cold winters 

271

Mergus serrator of Black Sea origin occur in the Aegean. Probably, part of the 

population overwinters in the Balkans, where they concentrate in large numbers, but 

this has not been confirmed by ringing data. Usually birds leave their winter quarters 

in early March. Mergus serrator is typical ichtyophagous (gobies constitute their 

basic diet). Chicks forage on copepods and aquatic insects. 

Population trends. In the past the species was never found in large numbers. Now it 

has become common, and even numerous in some locations (e.g. on the islands of 

Tendra Bay). 

Threats. Reduction of breeding habitats, water pollution and food scarcity, nest 

predation by Yellow-legged gull. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the "Chernomorski" and 

"Krymski" reserves. 

Conservation measures proposed. Stop eutrophication of marine bays, strengthen 

the protection regime in the Chernomorski reserve, increase public awareness. 

References 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska 

Encyklopediya Publ.: 319 pp.(in Ukrainian). 

Kostin Y.V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Rudenko Y. G., O. A. Yaremchenko & K. I. Rybachuk, 1996. The state of the 

"Chernomorski" biosphere reserve ornifhocomplexes in 1994. Kiev, 148-142 (in 

Russian). 

Compiled by T. Ardamatzkaia. 

272

Mesogobius batrachocephalus Pallas, 1811 

Synonyms: Gobius batrachocephalus, Pallas, 1811; Gobius (Mesogobius) 

batracocephalus Bleecker, 1874 

Common names: Engl: Flat-head goby; Bulg: Stronghil; Rom: Harms; Russ: Bychok 

knut; Turk: Kurbaga kayasi baligi; Ukr: Bychok zhaba 

Order PERCD70RMES 


Taxonomic description. Two dorsal fins, the second a little longer than the anal fin; 

no scales on the upper side of the head. The gills cover the throat and bases of the 

pectoral fins. Head flattened and rather pointed, with prominent lower jaw. Body of 

yellowish ground colour; back yellow-brown with five broad cross bands; pelvic fins 

fused by a membrane which extends across the front of these fins as a skin fold, 

forming a sucking disc; posterior border of the sucking disc well before the vent. 

None of the dorsal rays sharp and spiny; no lateral line on the sides of the body. Size: 

maximum 35 cm; average about 19 cm (male) and 21 cm (female). 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A brackish water 

fish, inhabiting sandy bottoms, in inshore waters down to a depth of 40 m. Common 

in coastal waters of the Black and Azov Seas and in the estuaries of the Dnieper, Bug, 

Dniestr and Don rivers; also in the Bosphorus. Threats: increasing pollution, hypoxia; 

destruction of breeding grounds (sand covering stony egg substrates). 

Biology. Feeds mainly on small fish (sand smelt, anchovies, stripped mullet, scad, 

gobiids); spends the winter in deeper waters. Migrates towards the shore in April- 

273

May for reproduction (at 6 °C); reaches sexual maturity at three years of age. The 

largest and most tasty goby! 

Population trends. Rather abundant, caught with stake nets and drag seines; 1989 

landings on the Romanian littoral 23 t, on the Bulgarian littoral - 23 t; in Turkey 2101, 

in Russia 810 t. Stocks endangered by periods of hypoxia following algal blooms, 

when hundreds of dead specimens are thrown on the beaches. In August 1989, 

massive numers of dead fish were recorded along the Romanian littoral. 

Threats. Eutrophication and algal blooms followed by hypoxia. 

Conservation measures taken. Construction of artificial reefs in the Dniester River 

estuary strongly increased the local abundance of gobiids. 

Conservation measures proposed. Mitigation of anthropogenic stress; building of 

different types of artificial reefs; full protection in breeding seasons. 

References 

Borcea, I., 1933. Révision systématique et distribution géographique des Gobiidés 

de la Mer Noire et particulièrement des eaux roumaines. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy, 19. 

Gomoiu, M.-T., 1983. Sur la mortalité en masse des organisms benthiques du 

littoral roumain de la Mer Noire. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer médit. 28: 203-204. 

Gomoiu, M.-T., 1989. Observations sur la mortalités des organisms marins sur le 

littoral roumain en été 1989. Cercet. mar. 22: 263-270. 

Porumb, I., 1961. Contribution to the knowledge of gobiids biology (Gobius 

274

atrachocephalus, G. cephalarges and G. melanostomus) from the Romanian waters 

of the Black Sea. Hidrobiologia 3: 271-282. (in Romanian). 

Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. 

Fish. Oceanogr. 1 (2). 


275

Moerisia maeotica (Ostroumov, 1896) 

Synonyms: Thaumantias maeotica Ostroumov, 1896; Moerisia inkermanica 

Paltschikowa-Ostroumova, 1925; Ostroumovia inkermanica Valkanov, 1933; Pontia 

ostroumovi Paspalev, 1936; Odessia maeotica Paspalev, 1937. 


Taxonomic description. The species has botha polyp and a planktonic medusa stage. 

The polyp may be solitary or in bipolar colonies, formed by fusion of two polyps. 

The body has 3-12 tentacles with an irregular arrangement. The medusa develops 

only on the polyps. It has a spherical shape and a diameter up to 20 mm (at sexual 

maturity). On the borders of its umbrella, it has up to 36 tentacles with ocelli at the 

base. Medusae have four radial canals and an oral cavity with four lobes. The gonads 

at the base of the oral cavity descend in the radial canals, on the margins of the 

umbrella. Mesoglea thick and transparent 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Order (HYDROZOA) LEPTOLIDA 

Family MOERISIIDAE 

Subregion level: EN (Romanian sector), VU (Romanian and Ukrainian sector) 

Distribution. In the Sea of Azov, Black Sea, limans of the Azov-Black Sea basin. Its 

range includes brackish-water areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea (in particular the 

276

east and the Adriatic Sea), and the Atlantic coast of Africa. After the opening of the 

Volga-Don Canal in 1952, the species also penetrated the Caspian Sea. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The polyps occur in the upper 

sublitoral. They attach to rocks, wood, and different types of floating objects. 

Jellyfish inhabit the near-surface layers. 

Biology. Lives at temperatures of 15-25°C and at a salinity of 0.5-3.5 ppt. Feeds on 

zooplankton. The life cycle includes a succession of polypoid and jellyfish stages. In 

the Black Sea, budding of polyps occurs in August - September, forming weakly 

branched laminated colonies. The polyp has a thin long stalk. The jellyfish becomes 

mature 30-40 days after separating from the polyp. 

Population trends. Abundance unknown. Probably rare. 

Threats. Increasing salinity, pollution. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Book of Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Create conditions for normal reproduction, 

including the prevention of pollution of brackish coastal areas. 

References 

Borcea, I., 1930-1931. Nouvelles contributions a l'étude de la faune benthonique 

dans la mer Noire, près du littoral roumaine. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy. 16: 655-750. 

Naumov, D. V., 1960. Gidroidy і gydromeduzy morskikh, solonovatovodnykh і 

presnovodnykh basseinov SSSR (Hydroids and hydromedusas of marine, brackish 

and freshwaters reservoirs of the USSR). Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka: 626 pp. 

277

Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key to Black Sea and Sea of Azov 

fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 1: 437 pp. (in Russian). 

Müller, G. I., 1991. Composition of benthic fauna from the Black Sea littoral lakes 

Sinoe and Istria, in the conditions of the increasing eutrophication. (Annual study, 

RMRI, Constantsa) (in Romanian). 

Stepanyants, S. D. & V. V. Murina, 1994. Moerisia maeotica. Chervona Knyga 

Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyclopediya: 17 (in 

Ukrainian). 

Teodorescu-Leonte, R., 1977. Le complex Raelm-Sinoe, un système typiquement 

saumâtre. MAMBO/IRCM 2: 78-92. 

Compiled by B. G. Alexandrov & A. Petranu. 

278


Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) 

Common names: Engl: Mediterranean monk seal; Russ: Tyulen'; Turk: Akdenizfoku. 

Taxonomic description. Adult Monachus monachus are robust mammals, with short 

flippers, a long fusiform body, and a proportionaly small head. The head is wide and 

somewhat flat, with the eyes widely paced. The muzzle is particularly wide, but 

compressed from top to bottom. The nostrils are situated at the top of the muzzle. 

The vibrissae are smooth Females with four retractable teats. Colour varies in 

isolated subpopulations. Most animals are dark brown. Some have a large white 

belly patch. 

rUCN Status 

World level: CE 

Black Sea Regional level: CE 


Order CARNIVORA 

Family PHOCIDAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Monachus 

monachus is sedentary. Underwater caves, shelters and long quiet beaches suit it best. 

Marine zone up to depths of 50 metres in the Black Sea. Underwater caves and gravel 

beaches are the critical habitat for this animal. Loss of habitat, incidental killings, 

pollution, catching in nets, overfishing and coastal degradation all contributed to its 

decline. However, live capture was one of the main reasons for the collapse of the 

Black Sea population. On the Turkish coasts, 20 animals were captured in the 

Zonguldak and Akcakoca areas before legal protection measures were taken in 1978 

(Oztiirk, 1996). These animals were kept in zoos. All are now dead. A few 

279

individuals still live between Zonguldak and Dogankent (see Oztiirk, this volume: 

introduction). In addition, there are some sporadic observations in the Danube delta 

and at Cape Caliacra. The creation of a nature reserve for the monk seal is an urgent 

priority for Turkey. A special public awareness programme should be aimed at 

fishermen and other local people. 

Biology. Sexual maturity at four years of age. Newborn pups have been found at 

different times of year, but most often in summer and early fall. Observations suggest 

that whelping is asynchronous and may take place around the year. Gestation takes c. 

11 months. This mediterranean species is a shallow-water feeder. Its diet consists of 

a large variety of fish, e.g. Sea bream, Sea bass, Mullet, Bonito, and also cephalopods. 

Population trends. The population collapsed in the last 20 years. 

Threats. Deliberate killing, incidental catch, loss of habitat. 

Conservation measures taken. Protected in the Mediterranian basin. Under 

protection in Turkey since 1977. Hunting, harvesting, selling, buying and 

transportation are forbidden. 

Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book. In situ 

protection on central south Black Sea coast. Designation of special protected areas 

between Doganyurt and Cide. Mass public awareness campaigns. 

References 

Oztiirk, B., 1996. Past, Present and Future of the Mediterranean Monk Seal 

Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) in the Black Sea. Proceedings of the first 

International Symposium on the Marine Mammals of the Black Sea. p. 96-102. 

Istanbul, Turkey. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine. 411 pp. 


280

Mullus barbatus ponticus (Esipov, 1927) 

Synonyms: Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758; Mullus barbatus Pallas, 1811. 

Common names: Engl: Red mullet; Bulg: Barbunja; Rom: Barbun; Russ: Sultanka; 

Turk: Barbunya; Ukr: Barabulya. 


Family MULLEDAE 

Taxonomic description. Head deep and short, c. 20 % of total length, with a pair of 

long barbels under the chin; profile of snout nearly vertical, mouth reaching level of 

the eyes. Under the orbit, two large scales preceded by a smaller suborbital scale. 

Upper jaw toothless; back and sides reddish-pink without yellow lengthwise bands. 

First dorsal fin without dark spots or bands. Body rather compressed, two well 

separated dorsal fins, the first with 8-9 spines, the second with one spine and eight 

soft rays. Scales large and easily detached. Size maximum 30 cm; on average 

10 to 15 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom fish of 

shallow sands and mud bottoms, but may occur down to depths of between 20 and 

200 m. Common in the Mediterranean, Azov Seas, eastern Atlantic from the British 

Isles to the coast of Senegal. Hypoxia and pollution are limiting factors. 

Biology. Feeds predominantly on small bottom-living invertebrates (crabs, worms...), 

but also zooplankton, fish larvae and vegetal debris. Small schools live in deep 

waters in the summer, coming to the coasts at 7-8 °C in spring; after that, at 15-16 °C 

they sink again to deeper waters. Reproduction takes place in June-September, at 9- 

281

23 °C. First reproduction at the age of one year (8-11 cm). Females longer than 

males; pelagic eggs. 

Population trends. Catches during recent decades on the Romanian littoral were 

generally small; the catches in stake nets were 5 t (1989), 8 t (1990), 25 t (1991). The 

catches in Turkish waters were 5,641 1 (1989), 2,3441 (1990), 2,7121 (1991). For 

Russia: 3841 (1989), 236 (1990), 255 t (1991). 

Threats. Hypoxia in the near-bottom layer and pollution of the surface microlayer. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication; prohibit 

dredging/trawling. 

References 



Fauna Fauna of Ukraine. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 8 (5): 320 pp. (in Russian). 

Radu, G., E Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele specii de pesti 

si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator) (Fish and mammal species of the Black 

Sea) (identification sheets) (in Romanian). 

Svetovidov, A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). Moscow- 

Leningrad, Nauka: 551pp (in Russian). 

Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti & S. Khutornoy. 

282

Neogobius ratan Nordmann, 1840 

Synonyms: Gobius ratan Nordmann, 1840; Gobius trautwetteri Kessler, 1884 

Common names: Engl: Ratan goby; Bulg: Ratan; Russ: Bychok-rotan; Turk: Kaya 

baligi; Ukr: Bychok-ratan 



Taxonomic description. D VI, 115-19; A112-15; P 18-21. Scales in lateral series 

52-61. Vertebrae 32-34 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.91-0.95 of width. Upper 

lip thin and long. Its length 0.40-0.45 and width 0.07-0.09 of head length. Angle of 

jaws below pupil. Pelvic disc 0.18-0.21 SL. Anterior membrane with large, angular 

lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with 8 (rarely 7) transverse rows. Colour dark- 

brown. First dorsal-fin with upper yellow or orange edge. Size up to 23cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Black sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea. A Pontian relict. In Bulgaria 

along the whole coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On inshore rocks, stones, gravel, 

at 5-19 m of depth; near inshore zone. Threats: chemical contamination and fishing 

with nets in the breeding-season. 

Biology. Reproduction in March-April. Eggs beneath stones. Sexually mature at two 

years of age. Food: crustaceans and fishes (Miller, 1984). 

283


Threats. Chemical contamination and fishing with nets in the breeding season. 


Conservation measures proposed. Protection from fishing in the breeding season. 

References 




1064. 


284

Neogobius syrman Nordmann, 1840 

Synonyms: Gobius syrman Nordmann, 1840; Gobius trautwetteri Kessler, 1859 

Common names: Engl: Syrman goby; Bulg: Sirman; Russ: Shirman; Turk: Kaya 

baligi; Ukr: Shirman 


Family GOBITDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VI, 115-19; A112-15; P 18-21. Scales in lateral series 

59-67. Vertebrae 33-36. Head depth 1.1-1.2 of width. Eye diameter 0.16-0.26 of 

head length. Upper lip thin and long. Angle of jaws below anterior part of pupil. 

Pelvic disc 0.19-0.24 SL. Anterior membrane with shallow, rounded, lateral lobes. 

Caudal peduncle depth about half its own length. Suborbital papillae with eight 

transverse rows. Colour: body grey to grey-brown with large brown spots in 

staggered rows. Size up to 22 cm (Gheorgiev, 1966). 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Estuaries of Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea (Miller, 1986). 

In Bulgaria in Lakes Burgas and Mandra. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lives inshore, on stony gravels, 

sand, muddy sand or mud; in slightly brackish, rarely in freshwater; Lakes Mandra 

and Burgas. 

285

Biology. Reproduction from March to end of April. Eggs below and between stones. 

Sexually mature after one or two years. Food: crustaceans, small fish, bivalves, 

polychaetes. 

Population trends. Declining rapidly. 

Threats. Chemical contamination. 


Conservation measures proposed. Decrease pollution. 

References 

Gheorgiev, J., 1966. Composition d'espèce et caractéristique des Gobiides (Pisces) 




286

Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Syngnathus ophidion Linnaeus, 1758; Scyphius littoralis Risso, 1826; 

Scyphius teres Rathke, 1837; Nerophys ophidion Slastenenko, 1956; Nerophis 

ophidion Banarascu, 1964. 

Common names: Engl: Straight-nosed pipefish; Rom: Ata de mare; Russ: Morskoye 

shilo, Igla zmeyevidnaya; Turk: Deniz ignesi. 

Taxonomic description. Body cylindrical, anterior part flattened, thread-like 

posterior part; no edges; dorsal fin two times longer than head; snout tubular, with 

superior mouth; body greyish-yellow or greenish-brown; small dots on dorsal fin. 

During spawning, individuals have the body covered by blue stripes and spots. Size 

maximum 25 cm. 

R7CN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits the marine 

coastal zones among algae, in which the species is perfectly camouflaged. Also in 

brackish waters. Juveniles are pelagic. Common along the western Atlantic coasts, 

from Norway to North Africa; Mediterranean and Azov Seas. In Romania also in 

Sinoe lagoon. Threats: pollution of coastal shallow waters, limans and lagoons. 

Biology. Feeds on crustaceans and vegetal debris; females spawn on the male 

abdomen during June-July. 

Population trends. Formerly rather frequent in algal and Zoster a fields; currently 

rare; occurs in catches with stake nets. 

Threats. Pollution of littoral waters; hypoxia; impoverishment of algal communities 

and Zoster a fields. 



287


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution by 

improving the quality of riverine input and reducing pollution from point and non- 

point sources. 

References 

Banarescu, P., 1964. Fauna of RPR. Pisces - Osteichthyes. Ed. Acad.R. P. Romania. 

Müller, G. I., V. H. Skolka & N. Bodeanu, 1969. Preliminary data regarding the algal 

and animal algae associated with Cystoseira barbata fields from the Romanian Black 

Sea littoral. Hidrobiología 10: 270-289. 

Stojanov, S. et al., 1963. Fishes in the Black Sea. Varna Publ.house: 246 pp. 

Rass, T. S., 1987. Present state of Black Sea ichthyofauna composition and its 

changes. Voprosy Ikhtiologii 27: 179-187 (in Russian). 

Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti, K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov. 

288


jNumenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758)) 

Common names: Engl: Curlew; Rom: Culic mare; Russ: Kronshnep bolshoy; Turk: 

Kervan cullugu; Ukr: Kronshnep velyky. 


Family SCOLOPACIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Resident population size not more than eight pairs. During 

migration, local concentrations of up to 70 specimens may occur. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lowland estuaries, 

brackish lake shores, and marine sandy beaches are the main breeding habitats. The 

nest has been found on fallow land. Concentrates in coastal and shallow areas during 

migration. 

Biology. A breeding, migratory, summer vagrant and overwintering species. Arrives 

from the beginning of March to mid April. Small groups and single birds occur in 

May-June. Breeding ecology insufficiently studied. A well incubated clutch was 

found on 25 April. Adult birds with a brood were recorded on 27 May. Autumn 

migration from August to early November. The most intensive movements usually in 

October. Single birds and small groups spend winter in the area. Their diet is animal 

(terrestrial insects and their larvae, worms, polychaetes, molluscs and tadpoles). 

Population trends. In recent years, the species has developed an ability to occupy 

new habitats, such as the agrocoenosis. 

289

Threats. Human disturbance, hunting, grazing in breeding sites. 

Conservation measures taken. Curlews are protected in the Chernomorski 

Biosphere Reservoir and in "Lebiazhi Ostrova" Reservoir. 

Conservation measures proposed. Creation of a reservoir network in the 

stop-over sites. 

References 

Andryushchenko Y., A. Grinchenko & S. Winter, 1990. About the Demoiselle Crane, 

Great Bustard, Little Bustard and Curlew breeding numbers in the Kerch peninsula. 

Proc. All-Union scientific and methodological conference of zoologists from the 

Teachers' Training Colleges. Makhachkala 2: 5-7 (in Russian). 

Ardamatzkaia T. B., A. Rudenko & G. Birds, 1996. Invertebrates of the 

Chernomorski' State Biosphere reserve /annotated lists of species. Vestnik. Zool. 1: 

19-32.(in Russian). 

Beskaravainyi, M. M., 1996. New data on the rare and poorly studed species of the 

South-East Crimea. Vestnik Zool. 3: 71-72 (in Russian). 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine), 1994. Kijiv, Ukrajinska 

Encyklopediya Publ.: 351 (in Ukrainian). 

Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea, 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Zubarovsky, V. M., 1977. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds of prey. Kiev, 5 (2): 332 pp. (in 

Russian). 


290

Numenius phaeopus Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Numenius phaeopus alboaxilaris Lowe, 1921 

Common names: Engl: Whimbrel; Rom: Culic mic; Russ: Kronshnep sredniy; Turk: 

Yagmur kervan cullugu; Ukr: Kronshnep seredniy 

Taxonomic description 

IUCN Status 




Distribution. Numbers low throughout the area. About 200-300 birds migrate 

through the region. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits coastal shallow bays and 

inland waterbodies. 


Family SCOLOPACIDAE 

Biology. A migratory species, with breeding grounds far away from the region. 

Spring migration takes place in March-April; some birds stay till the last third of May. 

Autumn migration starts early: the first birds arrive in late July. The latest records are 

29.X - l.XI. Numenius phaeopus forages on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates 

(beetles, copepods, insects and their larvae). 

291

Population trends. Unknown. 

Threats. Hunting during migration. 

Conservation measures taken. Numenius phaeopus is protected in the 

Chernomorski Biosphere Reservoir and in Lebiazhi-Ostrova Reservoir. 

Conservation measures proposed. Creation of a reservoir network along the stop 

over sites. 

References 

Ardamatzkaia, T. B., A. Rudenko & G. Birds, 1996. Invertebrates of the 


Kiev 1: 19-32 (in Russian). 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine), 1994. Kijiv, Ukrajinska 

Encyclopediya Publ.: 352 pp. (in Ukrainian). 

Kostin, Y.V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea, 241 pp (in Russian). 

Compiled by V. Kinda 

292

Synonym: Oithona nana Giesbr., 1892. 


Oithona minuta (Kriczagin, 1873) 


Family OITHONIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Céphalothorax with enlarged middle part. In the 

Zonguldak and Akçakoça areas, rostrum absent in both sexes. Anal segment shorter 

than preceding one. Female's first antennae extending to end of third thorax segment 

Fifth pair of legs bears two setae. Egg sacs ciniform. Length of female 0.5-0.7 mm, 

of male 0.4-0.6 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An euryhaline 

species which mainly inhibits the surface of the Black Sea. The high degree of 

eutrophication and feeding competition with larval Mnemiopsis leidyi in the last ten 

years was an important limiting factor. Another factor is that adult M. leidyi feed on 

0. minuta. The elimination of O. minuta is mostly due to the fact that its eggs are 

carried in egg-sacks. Together with the mother these fall prey to the ctenophore and 

are effectively eliminated. 

Biology. Mainly in the upper water layers. Performs diurnal migrations with a wide 

vertical range. Observed during the whole year. Feeds on tiny phytoplankton, 

293

acteria and Infusoria. The female lays its eggs in two sacks located on the sides of 

the genital segment. 

Population trends. Until 1984, O. minuta was common in the mesoplankton in front 

of the Bulgarian coast. After the appearance of the ctenophore M. leidyi in 1986-1991 

O. minuta rapidly fell, to become almost extinct in 1991- 1994. In 1995 it reappeared 

in the mesoplankton, but in modest numbers (134-152 ind.m" 3 

) compared with 7,000 - 

8,000 ind.m' 3 

in 1970-1984. 

Threats. Increased eutrophication and M. leidyi predation and competition. 


Conservation measures proposed. A reduction in eutrophication, which may lead to 

a drop in M. leidyi numbers. 

References 

Konsulov, A., 1991. Izsledvania varhu biologiata, ecologiata I znachenieto na 

zooplanktona na Cherno more pred balgarskia briag. Dr. Sci. Thesis, IO, BAS, Varna, 

300 pp. 

Konsulov, A. & L. Kambursk,. 1997. Sensitivity to anthropogenic factors of the 

plankton fauna adjacent to the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. In: Sensitivity to 

Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea. NATO ASI Series 2. Environment 27: 

95-104. 

Opredelitel fauni Chernogo I Azovskogo morej, 1969. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2:49- 

50. 

Compiled by A. Konsulov. 

294



Ophelia bicornis (Savigny, 1820) 

Order DRILOMORPHA. 

Family OPHELIIDAE. 

Taxonomic description. Prostomium small, conical. Anterior part of body 

expanded. Abdomen with a ventral groove, beginning on tenth segment; composed of 

32 segments. Tenth anterior and seventh posterior segment without branchiae. Last 

segments with long setae. Two big anal papillae and 10-15 of smaller size. :Length: 

30-45 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Sandy bottom shallow water areas. A boreal form, inhabiting the 

Black Sea, English Channel, North Sea, and Chesapeake Bay. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the sandy bottom medio- 

littoral. Limiting factors are the pollution of the sand at the sea's edge, man-made 

changes in the granulometric composition of the sand, and trampling. 

295

Biology. A typical contourobiont inhabiting almost exclusively the sandy bottom 

mediolittoral (pseudolitoral). Its preferred habitat is coarse sand, free of mud. It 

burrows headfirst into the sand and forms a channel for respiratory currents. 

Population trends. A sharp decline in numbers since the 1980s. A reduction of 70- 

80% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Pollution of the mediolittoral stripe, changes in the granulometric 

composition of the sand, silting and trampling in recreational areas. 

Conservation measures taken. None so far. 

Conservation measures proposed. Include species in Black Sea Red Data Book. 

References 

Bacescu M., G. I. Muller & M.-T. Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 1-259. 

Bacescu M., M.-T. Gomoiu & E. Dumitrescu,1968. Quelques considerations sur la 

dynamique des organismes de la zone mediolittorale sableuse en Mer Noire. Rapp. 

Comm. int. MerMedit. 10: 117-119. 

Gomoiu M-T., 1969. Some aspects of the Black Sea benthos. Hidrobiología 10: 256- 

277. 

Marinov, T., 1977. Mnogochetinesty chervy (Polychaeta). Fauna na Bulgaria (Fauna 

of Bulgaria) 6: 258 pp. (in Bulgarian). 

Mokievsky, O., 1949. Fauna rykhlikh gruntov litoraly zapadnykh beregov Kryma 

(Fauna of soft bottoms in the western Crimean littoral). Tr. Inst. Okeanolog. 4:124- 

159 (in Russian). 

Vinogradov, K. A. & G. V. Losovskaya, 1968. Klass mnogoshetinkovye chervi - 

Polychaeta (Polychaeta worms in the Black Sea). In: Opredelitel fauny Chemogo i 

Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova 

Dumka 1: 251-359 (in Russian). 

Compiled by C. Dumitrache & Y. P. Zaitsev. 

296

Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Ostrea taurica Krynicki, 1837; Ostrea adriatica Lam.-Middendorff, 

1848. 

Common names: Engl: European flat oyster, Bulg: Stridia; Rom: Stridie; Russ: 

Ustritsa; Turk: Istiride. 

Order CYRTODONTIDA 

Family OSTREIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Shell moderately light, irregularly ovate, without a distinct 

hooked beak; patterned with delicate foliations and yellowish-brown in colour. 

Outline of both valves identical; left valve fixed to the substrate, slightly cupped, with 

corrugated borders; right valve flat and marked with inconspicuous, radiating folds. 

Shell consists of a series of chalky layers which may include laminar, hollow 

chambers. Size: maximum length 80 mm; width 26 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN (Romanian and Ukrainian sector), VU (Romanian sector) 

Distribution. Mediterranean and Black Seas, Atlantic coast of Europe up to the 

Norwegian coast. Introduced to the Atlantic coast of USA. In Ukraine, the largest 

remaining colonies are encountered near Tarkhankut Cape, South Crimean coast 

(Laspi Bay, near Sevastopol, Sudak and Kara-Dag). Near the Caucasian shores, 

found at Utrish Cape. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Limited by oxygen deficiency, 

siltation of habitats, rising turbidity and pollution. Scavenged by Rapana thomasiana. 

Uncontrolled catches are frequent. 

297

Biology. A sedentary sestonophage. The left shell attaches to the substrate. Feeds on 

detritus, phyto- and bacterioplankton. Fertilization in mantle cavity. Fertility 800,000 

- 900,000 eggs. The planktonic larvae develop in 8-14 days. 

Population trends. A commercial resource till the 1970s. Towards the end of the 

1970s, the range started shrinking and the abundance of oysters drastically declined. 

By 1985 the species had completely disappeared in Dzarylgachsky (52,000,000 

individuals in 1979) and Karkinitsky bays (207,000,000-1,766,000,000 individuals in 

1979). 

Conservation measures taken. Catching prohibited. Included in the Red Data Book 

of Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Conserve the remaining populations. Organize 

marine farms and breeding grounds for receiving spat. Reduce Black Sea pollution. 

References 

Borcea, I., 1926-1927. Note sur les huitres du littoral roumain de la mer Noire. Ann. 

ScLUniv. Jassy 14: 111-128. 

Borcea, I., 1930-1931. Nouvelle contribution a l'étude de la faune benthonique dans 

la mer Noire près du littoral roumain. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 16: 655-750. 

FAO, 1973. Identification sheets for fishery purposes. Mediterranean and Black Sea, 

fishing area 37. Rome. 

298

Golikov, A. N. & Y. I. Starobogatov, 1972. Klass dvustvorchatye mollyuski - 

Bivalvia. Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key of Black Sae and Sea 

of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 3: 178-270 (in Russian). 

Nevesskaya, L. A., 1965. Posdnechetvertichnye dvustvorchatye mollyuski Chernogo 

morya, ich sistemática, ecologia. Moskva, Nauka: 391 pp. (in Russian). 

Skarlato O. A. & Y. A. Starobogatov, 1979. Osnovnye cherty evolutsii i sistema 

llassa Bivalvia. Morfología, sistematika, philigenia mollyuskov 80: 5-38. 

Compiled by M.-T. Gomoiu, A. Petranu, E. Kolodkovskaya, V. Gubanov. 

299

Pachygrapsus marmoratus Fabricius, 1787 

Synonyms: Cancer marmoratus Fabr. 1788; Grapsus varius Latreillei 1867; Grapsus 

marmoratus Grube 1861; Pachygrapsus marmoratus Czerniavsky 1884, Casper 1951 

Common names: Bulg: Mramorniat rak; Rom: Crabul de piatra; Russ: Mramorny 

krab; Turk: Marmara pavuryasi; Ukr: Marmurovy krab 


Family GRAPSIDAE 

Taxonomic description. A large-sized crab. Side of front makes a straight angle 

with inner-orbital side. Front straight. Two epigastric lobs. Carapace with 

transversal thin vein. Merus of third maxilliped with intero-superior tooth. Chelipeds 

short and thick. Pereiopods II-V longer than chelipeds; the fourth the longest; articles 

flattened. Dactylus short, flattened; superior and inferior side with spine and terminal 

claw. Female with large abdomen, almost circular; triangular in male. Male with 

pleopods I strong; pleopod II reduced. Size: length 38 mm; width 43 mm. Colour 

chesnut-reddish above; chela and dactylus dark-brown; inferior part of paws ivory. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the rocky 

midlittoral zone among boulders near the coast; at night in the supralittoral zone. 

Common in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean (coasts of France and 

Morocco). During high floods of the Danube, this species retreats to deep bottoms. 

Sensitive to pollution with toxic chemicals or inflow of fresh water, particularly near 

the coast. 

300

Biology. Highly prolific; main period of reproduction in the middle of summer 

(July, August), when water temperature reaches 17 °C. Incubation lasts 25 days; life 

span three years (rarely four). Female spawns in the second year of life; adapted for 

aerial respiration; maladapted to a medium with chloride level under 10 or over 30 per 

mil. 

Population trends. Abundant in 1960-1970s when hundreds of individuals were 

found on the rocky shores on the southern littoral (Eforie-Mangalia zones). After 

1980 it became rare; in recent years young individuals have been found in small 

numbers on the southern rocky zones of the Romanian littoral. 

Threats. Coastal pollution, coastal hydrotechnical constructions, hard frost in winter; 

excess inflow of fresh water. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce microbial pollution. 

References 

Bacescu, M, 1954. The influence of the severe winter of 1954 on the Black Sea 

ecosystem and fisheries (in Romanian). Bull. Inst. Cercet. P.S.C. 4: 5-12. 

Bacescu, M., Dumitrescu E., Marcus A., Palladian G. & R. Mayer, 1963. Donnees 

quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire a Agigea (secteur Roumain) 

dans les conditions speciales de l'annee 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131- 

153. 

Bacescu, M. 1967. Decapoda. Fauna R. S. Romania 4 (9): 7-335. 

301

Bacescu M., G. I. Muller, M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274. 

Borcea, L, 1926. Note sur quelques crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sei. 



Roumanie). Ann. Sei. Univ. Jassy 14: 536-583. 

Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sei. 

Univ. Jassy 16:751-759. 

Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kiyv, Ukrajinska 

Encyclopediya Publ.: 54 (in Ukrainian). 

Gutu, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black 

Sea littoral. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 21: 103-110. 


302

Patella tarentina (Salis, 1793) 

Synonyms: Patella caerulea vor. tenuistriata Weink.-Ostroumoff, 1893; P.caerulea 

L.-Kobelt, 1898; P.pontica Mil.-Milashevich 1914, 1916; P.caeruleapontica Mil.- 

Ilina, 1966). 

Common names: Engl: Limpet; Bulg: Kitayska shapitsa; Russ: Blyudechko; Turk: 

Cin sapkasi; Ukr: Blyudechko. 

Taxonomic description. A sea snail with a shell resembling a Chinese cap, hence its 

Bulgarian name. Shape of the shell almost circular, with the upper part slightly 

shifted to the front end, which is noticeably narrower than the back end. Shell 

sculptured with dense radial ribs, unequally high and dense and with thin concentric 

growth circles. Edge of shell finely indented. Colour yellow-white with red-brown 

rays. Length of shell up to 45 mm, breadth up to 30 mm, height up to 14 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Order DOCOGLOSSA 

Family PATELLIDAE 

Distribution. Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Mediterranean Sea. 

Habitat type. Critical habitats. Limiting factors. A typical contourobiont, 

inhabiting the rocky coast mediolittoral zone, except low salinity waters and areas 

covered with ice in winter, even if only for a few hours. The main limiting factor is 

the pollution of coastal waters, especially by toxic surfactants, including oil. 

303

Biology. A vegetarian, browsing on algae on rocky surfaces. Their pelagic larvae are 

trochophores. In some places, these limpets are eaten, after a light boiling in sea 

water. 

Population trends. Visibly declining in numbers since the early 1980s. A reduction 

of at least 70% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Pollution of coastal waters by toxic surfactants. 


Conservation measures proposed. Include in the Black Sea Red Data Book. Reduce 

pollution of the Black Sea coastal zone. 

References 

Chuhchin, V. D., 1984. Ekologia briuhonogih molluskov Chernogo moria. Kiev, 

Naukova Dumka: 175 pp. 

Golikov, A. N. & Y. I. Starobogatov, 1972. Klass bryukhonogie mollyuski- 

Gastropoda (Class Gastropoda), Opredelitel'fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey 

(Key to Back Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 3: 65-166 (in 

Russian). 

Marinov, T. M., 1990. Zoobentost ot bulgarskya sector na Cherno more (Zoobenthos 

of the Bulgarian sector of the Black Sea). Sofia, Bulg. Acad. Sci. Publ.: 196 pp (in 

Bulgarian). 

Opredelitel fauni Chernogo I Azovskogo morei. 1969. Kiev 3: 77-78. 

Compiled by T. Konsulova & Y. Zaitsev. 

304


Common names: Bulg: Cadroglav pelican; Engl: Dalmatian pelican; Rom: Pelican 

chet; Russ: Kudryavy pelikan; Turk: Tepeli pelikani; Ukr: Kucheryavy pelikan 

Order PELECAND70RMES 

Family PELECANIDAE 

Taxonomic description. WB - occurs in the Danube Delta and on the surrounding 

lakes during migration and in summer. The first breeding attempt was recorded in 

1985 in the Kugurlui lake (three pairs). NB - a rare vagrant to the "Chemomorski" 

reserve. CB - single birds and small groups are recorded throughout the year, but not 

annually. NA - vagrants were recorded near the town of Berdiansk. BS - Romania, 

Bulgaria. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Prefers large 

waterbodies with old reed-beds and plenty of fish, but also occurs in bays and islets 

with little vegetation. Breeding habitats include hardly accessible lakes in estuarine 

areas. Sensitive to eutrophication, changes in salinity, drops in fish productivity, 

wetland transformation and similar disturbances. 

Biology. Only few pairs breed in Ukraine on Kugurlui lake in the Odessa region. 

Winter grounds are located in the Danube delta area, but the flocks appearing there at 

the end of March are much smaller. Breeds in small colonies. Both birds take part in 

the building of a nest made of reeds and lined with grass and moss. The most 

305

frequent are floating nests near open water. The clutch, varying from 1 to 6, usually 

consists of 2-4 eggs, and is incubated by the female for 33-40 days. Dalmatian 

pelicans are often accompanied by White pelicans. Both species can fish at various 

depths. By September their number decreases and almost all leave the area by the end 

of the month. Winter grounds are situated in Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and NW India. 

Population trends. In the past, the breeding range of the Dalmatian pelican included 

the entire coast of southern Europe. By the end of the 19th century it had disappeared 

from the low reaches of all Black Sea rivers. A sharp decrease was recorded by the 

beginning of the 20th century. The current population size in the Danube delta is 

small, but stable. In other sub-regions of the Black Sea coast, it remains a vagrant. 

Threats. Eutrophication, changes in salinity, decreasing fish numbers. 

Conservation measures taken. Protected in the "Dunaiskie Plavni" reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Strengthen protection in the reserve and create a 

pelican sanctuary on Kugurlui lake (the only breeding site of the Dalmatian Pelican in 

Ukraine). 

References 

Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & S. M. Semionov, 1977. Ecological and faunistic rewiew of the 

birds in the "Chernomorski" reserve. Vestnik Zool. 2: 18-43.(in Russian). 




Compiled by T. Ardamatzkaia 

306


Pelecanus onocrotalus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Bulg: Rosov pelican; Engl: White pelican; 

Rom: Pelican comun; Russ: Pelikan rozoviy; Turk: Akpelikan; 

Ukr: Pelikan rozhevy. 

Order PELECANIFORMES 

Family PELECANIDAE 

Taxonomic description. DU - common, numerous at some locations in Danube 

Delta. In summer and autumn their number may reach 7,000, in especially suitable 

places up to 1,500 or even 2,000. NB - since 1990 migrants pass over Tendra bay in 

flocks of more than 500, but despite this increase, a local depression is apparent. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Occurs primarily in 

downstream shallow riverine areas (Danube Delta) and shallow bays. Habitat loss 

due to breeding site transformation, disturbance, eutrophication. 

Biology. A resident species in the Black Sea Region. Since 1995 the White pelican 

has bred in small numbers in Tendra bay. Winter quarters are in Bulgaria, Turkey, 

Iran, Iraq and Egypt. Fledglings occur from August onwards. Sometimes associated 

with the Dalmatian pelican and Cormorant. The nests are made of reeds and other 

water plants and located either afloat near open water or on the shore. The clutch, 

two, rarely one or three eggs, is incubated mostly by the female for 30-39 days. No 

second nesting. During migration and summer movements White pelicans occur in 

307

the Azov-Black Sea area (lakes of the Kinburski peninsula, Tendrovski, Jagorlytski 

and Dzharalgachski bays) from April to the first third of October. Infrequent visitor 

to the NW Crimean coast. White pelicans will populate all areas with sufficient fish. 

An adult requires 1 kg of fish daily. A family consumes c. 700 kg during their eight 

months stay in the breeding area. 

Population trends. The number of White pelicans began to grow in the 1980s. The 

first breeding attempts were in 1995, on Orlov Island. Their numbers are relatively 

stable in the Danube delta. An abundant Crimean migrant in the 19th century: 

currently the species has significantly declined here. 

Threats. Habitat loss due to intensive breeding site transformation, disturbance, 

eutrophication of waterbodies. 

Conservation measures taken. Protected in the "Dunaiskie Plavni" and 

"Chernomorski" reserves. 

Conservation measures proposed. Prohibition of fishing in the waters of the 

"Dunaiskie Plavni" reserve, strengthen protection propaganda. 

References 

Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & S. M. Semionov, 1977. Ecological and faunistic review of the 

birds in the "Chernomorski" reserve. Vestnik Zool. 2: 18-43 (in Russian). 




308

Zhmud, M. E., 1994. White Pelican, Dalmatian Pelican. Red Data Book of Ukraine: 

304-305 (in Russian). 


309

Synonyms: Phalacrocorax albus Tray 

Phalacrocorax aristotelis Linnaeus, 1761 

Common names: Bulg: Sreden cormaran; Engl: Shag; Rom: Cormaran motat; Russ: 

Khokhlaty baklan; Turk: Tepeli karabatak; Ukr: Baklan dovgonosy 

Order PELECANIFORMES 

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Around 650-750 pairs. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in niches 

and small cavities on the high cliffs of the Crimean coast. Monospecific colonies are 

common, but sometimes they mix with Yellow-legged gulls and Rock doves. The 

two kilometers of water adjacent to the Black Sea coast are its principal feeding 

habitat. Small fish comprise its basic diet; copepods are also consumed. The major 

limiting factors are disturbance of the breeding sites, and pollution by oil products and 

by solid domestic waste. 

Biology. A breeding and resident species. Arrival in the colony area depends on the 

weather and is from late February to early April. Breeding density and altitude (3-15 

m) vary. Clutch size 2-3, infrequently four eggs. Egg-laying extends for up to two 

months. After leaving the nest, birds remain in the surroundings of the colony. 

Second year birds, in some areas 30-50 % of the total, keep close to the colonies too. 

The best assimilated feeding habitat is the 200 meter strip of sea along the shore-line. 

Gobies (Gobiidae) and scads (Carangidae) predominate in the diet. 

310

Population trends. The population declines, as well as the number of colonies. Only 

three out of 15 known colonies reach 35-40 pairs. The entire estimate is 8,020 pairs. 

Their major stronghold is the Tarkhankut peninsula, with 1,200 pairs in 1962. In 

1973 this number was halved. A recent survey shows a further decline to 400-450 

pairs. The numbers of Shag are critical since the largest colonies are within the zone 

of considerable human influence, whereas smaller ones cannot guarantee the 

necessary reserve. 

Threats. Growing human disturbance at the breeding sites, water pollution by oil 

products and solid waste disposal, decrease of the habitat feeding capacity, predation. 

Conservation measures taken. One of the three main colonies is situated in a 

reserve. 


References 



Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Smogorzhevsk'kyi, L. O., 1979. Divers, Grebs, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags, 

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. Fauna of Ukraine. Kiev 5 (1): 432 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by V. Siokhin 

311

Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Phocoena relicta Abel, 1905; Phocoena phocoena relicta Abel, 1905 

Common names: Engl: Harbour porpoise; Bulg: Mutkur, Morska svinya; Rom: 

Marsuin, Focena, Pore de mare; Russ: Morskaya svinya chernomorskaya, Azovka; 

Turk: Mutur; Ukr: Azovka, Pykhtun 

Order CETACEA 

Family PHOCOENIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The single representative of this genus and family in the 

Black Sea fauna. In Bulgaria, Georgia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine the 

Harbour porpoise is known as a relict sub-species, P. phocoena relicta.. However, to 

date there are no comparative genetic and/or morphometric data, which reliably 

support its distinctive status. Moreover, most zoologists of the former USSR do not 

accept the existence of the family Phocoenidae, and continue to list P. phocoena 

among the Delphinidae. External distinctions: blunt, short-beaked head; slightly 

falcate, wide-based, short dorsal fin; small, spatulate, blunt teeth. 

IUCN Status 



Subregion level: EN in Ukraine and Romania, VU in Bulgaria 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal, relatively 

shallow waters along the perimeter of the Black Sea constitute the typical range of the 

Harbour porpoise. Animals do not avoid waters with low salinity and transparency; 

sometimes they invade semi-fresh bays, lagoons, estuaries. In the Danube and Don 

they occur far from the sea. Every spring significant numbers move through the 

Kerch Strait to the Sea of Azov and return by winter. A migration through the 

Bosphorus to the Sea of Marmara and back is possible. Perhaps, both small seas are 

312

important breeding, calving and feeding areas for the Black Sea population, isolated 

from the nearest one in the North-East Atlantic. On the other hand, the Azov and 

Marmara Seas and their straits are critical habitats because of heavy boat traffic, 

extensive fisheries and water pollution there. Severe, but infrequent natural 

phenomena limiting the Black Sea population are: (a) mass mortality due to lung 

worm infection (nematodes, Halocercus taurica and H. ponticus); and (b) kills as a 

result of sudden ice formation in the Sea of Azov before animals can migrate back to 

the Black Sea. 

Biology. A relatively short-lived marine mammal with a high individual fecundity 

relative to other Black Sea cetaceans. Both males and females attain sexual maturity 

after 3-4 years. Mating mainly in summer; females become pregnant almost annually, 

with a gestation period of 9-11 months and usually the birth of one calf between May 

and early August. After lactation (4-6 months) the young adopt a basic diet of small 

benthic (various goby species) and mass pelagic (anchovy, atherine) fish. The daily 

ration of an adult animal is 3-5 kg. The life-span of Black Sea P. phocoena is not 

clear, and is perhaps similar to that of their relatives in the North Atlantic -c. 7-8, 

maximum 15 years. P. phocoena is the smallest cetacean of the Black Sea: its 

average body length is 1.3 to 1.5 m, maximum 1.8 m; average weight approximates 

30 kg. Females are slightly larger than males. 

Population trends. Between 1930 and 1980, the population was strongly affected by 

mass commercial killing. Subsequent estimates of abundances made by Soviet and 

Turkish scientists (1967-1989) were declared unreliable by the TWC Scientific 

Committee because of a faulty methodology for observation and extrapolation. At 

present both the animal numbers and population trends are unknown. According to 

recent sightings off the Bulgarian, Georgian, Romanian, and Ukrainian (Crimea) 

313

coasts, single animals and small groups (2-10 individuals) are common, but herds of 

dozens or hundreds are rare. 

Threats. Incidental deaths in fishing gear, predominantly in bottom-set gill nets for 

turbot, dog-fish and sturgeon; marine traffic, gas and oil exploitation, (e.g. mass 

mortality after a gas-platform explosion in the Azov Sea in 1982); illegal hunting, 

water pollution and a decline in food resources. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is in the national Red Data Books of 

Bulgaria and Ukraine, and in the JUCN Red Data Book. It is protected by the Berne 

Convention (Appendix II), Bonn Convention (Appendix II), CITES (Appendix II), 

and ACCOBAMS. The state of P. phocoena is a topic for periodical review by IWC, 

ICES, and the marine mammal working party of GEF/BSEP. A moratorium on Black 

Sea cetacean fishing was declared in the ex-USSR countries, Bulgaria and Romania in 

1966, and in Turkey in 1983. 

Conservation measures proposed. Adoption of ACCOBAMS by all Black Sea 

countries; creation of a regional programme for marine mammal population research 

and conservation including, in particular, investigations on P. phocoena abundance 

and establishment of protected areas. 

References 



Russian). 

Birkun, Jr., A. A., S. V. Krivokhizhin, A. B. Shvatsky, et al., 1992. Present status and 

future of Black Sea dolphins. In: European research on cetaceans (Ed. P. G. H. 

Evans): San Remo, Italy, February 1992. Cambridge, ECS: 47-53 pp. 

Birkun, Jr., A. A. & S. V. Krivokhizhin, 1996. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye I prichiny 

ugneteniya populyatziy chernomorskikh del'finov. Soobshcheniye 1 i 2. 


their suppression. Parts 1 and 2). Vestnik Zool. 3: 36-42; 4-5: 53-59, (in Russian). 

Geptner, V.G., K. K. Chapsky, V. A. Arsenyev & V. E. Sokolov, 1976. 

Mlekopitayushchiye Sovetskogo Soyuza. Tom 2. Chast' 3. Lastonogiye i zubatye 

kity. (Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2 (3). Pinnipeds and Toothed 

Whales). Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola: 718 pp. (in Russian). 

314

Kleinenberg, S. E., 1956. Mlekopitayushchiye Chernogo i Azovskogo morey: opyt 


research experience for biology and hunting). Moscow, USSR Acad. Science Publ. 

House: 288 pp. (in Russian). 


Data Book. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN, viii + 429 pp. 

Oztiirk, B. & A. A. Oztiirk, 1997. Preliminary study on dolphin occurrence in 

Turkish straits system. In: European research on cetaceans 11 (Ed. P.G.H. Evans): 

Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean Soc, Stralsund, Germany, 10-12 March 

1997. Kiel, ECS: 79-82 pp.(in English). 

Stanev, T T., 1997. Distribution and number of dolphins in the Bulgarian sector of 

the Black Sea. Proc. Inst. Fish. Varna: 24. (in Bulgarian) (In press). 

Vasiliu, F. & L. Dima, 1990. Some considerations regarding the presence and the 

mortality of the dolphins at the Black Sea Romanian littoral. Cercet. mar. 23: 171- 

176. 

Tzalkin, V. I., 1940. Materialy k biologii morskoy svin'i (Phocaena phocaena relicta 

Abel) Azovskogo i Chernogo morey. (Data on biology of Azov and Black Sea 

harbour porpoise (Phocaena phocaena relicta Abel). Zool. Zh. Moscow 19: 160-171 

(in Russian). 

Tomilin, A. G., 1957. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran. Tom 4. Kitoobraznyye. 

(Mammals of the USSR and Adjacent Countries. Vol. 4. Cetaceans). Moscow, USSR 

Acad. Science Publ. House: 717 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Birkun, Jr., M. Moldoveanu, M. Stanciu, T. Stanev & B. Oztiirk 

315

Pilumnus hirtellus Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Pilumnus hirtellus Czerniavsky 1884; Cancer hirtellus (L. 1766) 

Common names: Engl: Mud crab; Rom: Crabulparos; Russ: Volosaty krab; Turk: 

Camur yengeci; Ukr: Volokhaty krab 



Taxonomic description. A small-sized, hairy crab. Antero-lateral side shorter than 

posterio-lateral side. Front with large median split and two lateral, smaller ones, each 

with a preorbital spine; both lobes well delimited, toothed. Superior margin of the 

orbit without, the inferior and the two edges with a spine. Antero-lateral edge with 

four big spines. Chelae unequal; the right one the stronger. Merus short. Carpus 

hirsute with tubercles and a big interdistal spine. Hairs and spines all over the body 

and palm. Fingers nude, with tubercles. Pereiopods II-V without spine. The other 

pereiopods hairy, with long, conical dactylus and terminal craws. Size: length 20 

mm; width 28 mm. Colour: carapace and superior side of pereiopods reddish - violet. 

Fingers of chela brown. Inferior part of pereiopods ivory. Young less than 5 mm in 

size completely white, especially in winter. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the midlittoral 

and superior infralittoral, on different substrata; its favourite biotope are stony 

bottoms with algae and mussels down to a depth of 10m . Throughout the 

Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the North Sea to the Cape 

Verde Islands. Threats: frost, storms and pollution of the coastal zone. 

316

Biology. A sedentary species; spawns up to 4,000 eggs; planktonic zoea and 

megalope; eats carrion and even shells. 

Population trends. Abundant on the Romanian Black Sea littoral in the past, still 

frequent up to 1980; a small number of individuals were found on the southern littoral 

zone in 1980-1993 (in 1993 - 40 ind.m" 2 

in the superior infralittoral of Eforie, North - 

Mangalia zone). 

Threats. Coastal pollution and hydrotechnical works. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 

Conservation measures proposed. Artificial reef building, to increase biofiltration 

and reduce turbidity. 

References 

Bacescu, M., 1954. The influence of the severe winter of 1954 on the Black Sea 

ecosystem and fisheries.( in Romanian) Bull. Ins. Cercet. P.S.C. 4: 5-12. 

Bacescu M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données 



Bacescu, M., 1967. Fauna R. S. Romania (DECAPODA) 4 (9): 7-335. 

Bacescu M., G. I. Muller & M. T. Gomoiu, 1971. Ecologie marina 4: 7-274. 

Borcea, I., 1926 - Note sur quelques crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sci. 

Univ. Jassy 14:140. 

317


Roumanie). Ann. Sei. Univ. Jassy 14: 536-583. 

Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sei. 

Univ. Jassy 16:751-759. 



Guru, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea 



318


Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 

Common names: Bulg: Lopatar, Engl: Spoonbill; Rom: Lopatar, Russ: Kolpitza; 

Turk: Kasikci; Ukr: Kolpytza, Kosaf 

Taxonomic description. See Kostin, 1983. Around 200-250 pairs in the region. 

RJCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in the dense 

reed-beds of brackish and freshwater bays and marshy downstream riverine areas. 

Colonies usually well hidden, far from the shore. Feeding grounds within a 100 

kilometer zone, visited irregularly. The major ones include open and semi-open 

shallow waters, irrigation canals and rice-fields. Major limiting factors are water 

pollution, degrading of reed-beds and the food reserves of the shallow riverine bays 

and coastal areas. 

Order CICONIIFORMES 

Family THESKIORNITHIDAE 

Biology. A breeding and migratory species. Arrives in March, in some years in early 

April. The beginning of egg-laying depends on weather conditions and varies from 

10 April to 15 May. Hatching at the end of May or early June. There are no 

monospecific colonies in the south of Ukraine, whereas those mixed with other herons 

are common. Nests are located on broken reeds near small straits or on open water, 

either in the centre or at the periphery of the colony. Clutch size is 3 (2-5) eggs. 

319

Fledging at the age of 50-55 days. Diet chiefly terrestial and aquatic insects and their 

larvae, molluscs, and small fish. 

Population trends. Numbers fluctuate over the years. The oldest colonies in the 

Danube Delta are currently in decline, whereas new ones appear in the Sivash area. 

No colony capable of ensuring a stable population. Total numbers are critically low. 

Two main colonies account for 90% of the entire population. 

Threats. Water pollution of the shallow bays with reed-beds and downstream 

riverine areas, decrease in food resources, direct human disturbance. 

Conservation measures taken. One colony is located in a reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Strict protection of all breeding colonies. 

References 

Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Petrovich, Z. O., 1981. Hydrophilic Bird Colonies in the Soviet Part of the Danube 

delta. In The distribution and state of water birds nesting in the USSR. 

Moscow (in Russian). 

Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of 

Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: 309 pp. (in Ukrainian). 

Siokhin V. D., 1.1. Chernichko & T. B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial Water 

Birds of the South of Ukraine: Charadriforrnes. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 176 pp. (in 

Russian). 

320

Smogorzhevsk'kyi, L. O., 1979. Divers, Grebes, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags, 

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. Fauna of Ukraine Birds. Kiev, Akad. Nauk UkrSSR 5 

(1): 432 pp. (in Russian). 


321

Plegadis falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766 

Synonyms: Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766 

Common names: Bulg: Blestyach ibis; Engl: Glossy ibis; Rom: Tiganus; Russ: 

Karavayk; Turk: Celtikci; Ukr: Korovayka 

Order CICONUFORMES 

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE 

Taxonomic description. About 1500-2000 pairs occur in the region. 

IUCN Status 




Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Selects dense reed- 

beds in brackish and fresh water-bodies, arboreal or bushy vegetation of flood-plains. 

Breeding and feeding habitats are alike, but it most frequently forages on fresh or 

freshened shallow waters and rice fields. Major limiting factors include disturbance of 

the colonies, water pollution and a decrease in habitat feeding capacity. 

Biology. Arrival at the end of March - beginning of April. Egg-laying varies 

annually and topographically within the colony, but most are laid between 20 April 

and 26 May. Separate sub-colonies of glossy ibis are mixed with colonies of other 

herons. Nesting density is high. Usually the nests occupy the lowest level (up to 0.4 

m over the water). When nesting on bushes and trees, the height may be more 

variable, but these habitats do not play a key role in the region. Clutch size 2-7, 

normally 4-5 eggs. After fledging, juveniles move out in various directions. 

Sometimes birds stay in the breeding area till late September. Departure to winter 

grounds is in October. 

322

Population trends. No data 

Threats. Water pollution of shallow bays degrading the reed-beds, régularisation of 

downstream riverine areas, human disturbance. 

Conservation measures taken. Colonies of Plegadis falcinellus are protected in the 

Danube Delta. 


References 



Kostin , Y. V. 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian). 

Smogorzhevsk'kyi, L. O., 1979. Divers, Grebes, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags, 

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, Akad. Nauk. USSS: 432 



323

Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770) 

Synonyms: Gobius gracilis Cabrera, 1817; Gobius elongatus Canestrini, 1861; 

Gobius cobitiformes Kessler, 1874; Gobius minutus gracilis de Buen, 1923; 

Pomatoschistus minutus Iljin, 1927. 

Common names: Bulg: Dalache; Engl: Sand goby. 

Taxonomic description. D VI, I 8-12; AI 8-12; P 17-21. Scales in lateral series 58- 

69. Vertebrae 31-34 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 1.01-1.04 of head width. Eye 

diameter 0.25-0.29 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Pelvic disc 0.20-0.26 

SL. Anterior membrane without lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with 9-11 

transverse rows. Colour grey with numerous fine brownish spots. Males with 4-6 

vertical dark bars. Size up to 7 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian coast) 

Distribution. East Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas (Miller, 1986). In 

Bulgaria found along the entire coast. 


Family GOBIDOAE 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore gravel and sand, down to 

about 20 m; sensitive to chemical substances. 

324

Biology. Reproduction: March-July. Eggs under shrills or stones. Sexually mature 

after one year. Food: polychaetes, amphipods, mysids. 




Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution. 

References 



Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: p. 

1067. 


325



Ponteila mediterránea (Claus, 1863) 



Taxonomic description. One of three species of Pontellidae in the Black Sea. The 

head is triangular with lateral hooks and one pair of dorsal ocular lenses. A large 

copepod with a blue or blue-green colour. Length of females 2.9-3.0 mm; of males 

2.75-2.85 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. The whole Black Sea, except low salinity areas and the Sea of Azov. 

Also in the Mediterranean Sea. 


the surface microlayer of the water. Winter (dormant) eggs are laid on the bottom. 

Limiting factors are the pollution of the water surface by toxic surfactants and a lack 

of oxygen on the bottom. 

Biology. Well adapted to the surface layer of water, living in coastal and open sea 

areas, blue coloured, capable of aerial jumps, carnivorous. A thermophilic 

Mediterranean-origin species with a mass development in summer. It is especially 

abundant in convergence zones. 

326

Population trends. A sharp decline in numbers since the 1970s, with a reduction of 

50-60% over the last 10 years. 

Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer and eutrophication causing hypoxia at 

the bottom. 



Black Sea pollution. 

References 

Dolgopolskaya, M. A., 1969. Otryad Calanoida G.O. Sars (Order Calanoida G.O. 

Sars). In Opredelitel fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and 

Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 34-48 (in Russian). 

Newell, G. E. & R. C. Newell, 1966. Marine Plankton, a practical guide. London, 



Translations: 207 pp. 

Zaitsev, Y. & V. Mamaev, 1997. Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea. A 

Study of Change and Decline. New York, United Nations Publications: xv + 208 pp. 


327

Potamon tauricum Czerniavsky, 1884 

Synonyms: Potamon antiquum Szombathy, 1916 

Common names: Engl: Freshwater crab; Rom: Crab de apa dulce; Russ: 

Presnovodny krab; Turk: Tatli su yengeci; Ukr: Prisnovodny krab 

Taxonomic description. Adult carapax length up to 4cm, width up to 5 cm. Total 

weight about 50 g. Ambulatory leg digits elongated. Shell olive-brown on its upper 

part, and from light-brown to red underneath; nippers tinged with purple. 

IUCN Status 



Subregion level: EN in Ukraine 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. This crab is an 

inhabitant of mountain rivers and streams, but it is absent from their headwaters and 

estuaries. Upstream distribution is limited by low water temperature; downstream, it 

is obstructed by salinity and pollution. Crabs survive temporary droughts hiding in 

deep burrows and cavities under stones, and use the underflow of river-beds. Crabs 

occur in artificial ponds but do not breed in stagnant water. They visit land at night 

and during rains, and can subsist without water for a long time in humid 

environments. Known from Crimean, Caucasian, Anatolian and Bulgarian coastal 

areas. 


Family POTAMIDAE 

Biology. The animal is euryphagous, feeding on detritus, green filamentous algae, 

fallen leaves, olygochaetes, amphipods, insect larvae, molluscs, frogs (including 

tadpoles), fishes and carrion. Crabs will eat any plant or animal marterial in captivity. 

Cannibalism is common. Copulation and spawning predominantly from June till 

328

October. Fertility low in comparison with marine crabs: each female contains not 

more than 200 eggs. Young appear after 1-2 days from the roe on the female's 

pleopods. They remain under the female pleon for the first 5-7 days, where they feed 

and grow. At a size of 3.6 mm they gradually adopt an independent mode of life. 

Population trends. Since the mid 1970s there has been a tendency towards a decline 

in abundance and range in Ukraine (south coast of the Crimea); some biotopes have 

disappeared, others are endangered. 

Threats. Habitat destruction by river-bed régularisation and reservoir building, 

surface flow withdrawal for water-supply systems, pollution by raw sewage. 

Sometimes crabs are caught for human consumption or by aquariumists. 


Ukraine. 

Conservation measures proposed. Compile a complete inventory of all locations; 

monitor populations; create special reservations. 

References 

Czemiavsky, V., 1884. Materialia ad Zoographiam Ponticam Comparatam. FascH. 

Crustacea Decapoda Littoraliam. (Proceedings on the Comparative Zoography of the 

Black Sea. Vol.2 Coastal Decapod Crustaceans). Khar'kov, Universitetskaya 

tipographia: 268 pp. (in Latin). 

Krivokhizhin, S. V. & T. V. Krivokhizhina, 1988. K izucheniyu biologii 

presnovodnogo kraba, Potamon tauricum Czemiavsky 1884, v Krymu. (Iinvestigation 

of the biology of the freshwater crab Potamon tauricum Czemiavsky, 1884, in the 

Crimea). In The Study of Crimean Ecosystems for their Conservation. Kiev, UMK 

VO: 64-69 pp. (in Russian). 

329

Makarov, Y. M., 1994. Prisnovodny krab (Freshwater crab). Red Data Book of 

Ukraine: Animal Kingdom. (Ed. M. M. Shcherbak). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya 

Publ.: p.55. (in Ukrainian). 

Starobogatov, Y. I. & S. V. Vasilenko, 1979. K sistematike presnovodnykh krabov 

semeystva Potamidae Sredizemnomor'ya i Peredney Azii. (The systematics of the 

freshwater Potamidae of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor). Zool. Zh. Moscow 58: 

1790-1801 (in Russian). 

Compiled by S. Krivokhizhin 

330

Proterorhinus marmoratus (Pallas, 1811) 

Synonyms: Gobius marmoratus Palass,1811; Gobius quadricapillus Pallas, 1811; 

Gobius semilunaris Heckel, 1840; Gobius macropterus Nordmann, 1840; Gobius 

rubromaculatus Kriesh, 1873. 

Common names: Engl: Tubenose goby; Bulg: Mramorno popche; Russ: Bychok- 

tsutsik; Turk: Kaya baligi. 

Taxonomic description. D VI, 114-18; A112-15; P 14-16; squ. 44-16. Vertebrae: 

30-33; (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 1.03-1.07 of head width. Eye diameter 0.18- 

0.23 of head length. Pelvic disc 0.19-0.23 SL. Anterior membrane without 

conspicuous lateral lobes. Nape scaled, cheek naked. Colour grey-brown, with 5-6 

broad, irregular dark bands across the body. Size up to 11cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: EN (Bulgarian Coast) 



Distribution. Rivers and estuaries of Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea. 

(Miller, 1984). In Bulgaria in Lakes Shabla, Varna, Beloslav and Burgas. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors 

Lakes, lagoons, brackish to slightly saline; on sand near sea-grasses; Lakes Beloslav, 

Varna and Burgas. Threats: toxic chemical substances. 

331

Biology. Reproduction: April-May. Eggs under shells or stones. Sexually mature 

after one year. Food: green algae, crustaceans, polychaetes, insects. 



Conservation measures taken. Lake Shabla has been declared a reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Decrease contamination. 

References 



Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: p. 

1078. 


332

Pungitius platygaster (Kessler, 1859) 

Synonyms: Gasterosteus platygaster Steindachner, 1899. 

Common names: Bulg: Devetigla bodlivca; Engl: Nine or ten-spined stickleback; 

Rom: Palamida de balta; Russ: Malaya yuzhnaya kolyushka. 

Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES 

Family GASTEROSTEIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VIII-XI7-10; A16-9; P 10-11; V11. Usually nine or 10 

free spines in front of the dorsal fin (Stojanov et ah, 1963; Svetovidov, 1964). Body 

covered with bony scats. Lateral keel on caudal peduncle absent. Pelvic fin spine 

serrated. Size up to 7 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian coast) 

Distribution. Rivers surrounding the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas 

(Banister, 1986). In Bulgaria in Lakes Mandra and Beloslav. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Fresh and brackish water; lakes; 

threatened by changes in hydro-chemical regime. 

Biology. Reproduction in March-May. The male makes a nest in vegetation. Food: 

small invertebrates. 



333


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce chemical pollution. 

References 

Banister, R., 1986. Fishes of the North - eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 2: 

642 pp. 

Stojanov, S., et al, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Publishing house Varna: 246 

pp. 

Svetovidov, A., 1964. The fishes of the Black Sea. Publ. House Science: 550 pp. 


334

Rufibrenta ruficollis Pallas, 1769 

Synonyms: Rufibrenta ruficollis Bonaparte, 1856; Anser ruficollis Pallas, 1769, Anas 

torquata Gmelin, 1774; Anas pulchricollis George, 1775 

Common names: Engl: Red-breasted goose; Bulg: Chervenogusha guska; Rom: 

Gisca cu git rosu; Russ: Krasnozobaya kazarka; Turk: Kirmizi gerdanli kaz; Ukr: 

Chornovola kazarka 



Taxonomic description. A small goose with varied plumage and red-brown breast, 

throat and cheecks. Legs, beak, belly, back, wings, nape and crown of head black. 

Base of beak, around cheek stripes, cross breast band, flanks,underside of tail and of 

rump white. 

IUCN Status 



Subregion level: NE 

Distribution. The Red-breasted goose is a Russian endemic that nests in North-West 

and Central Siberia. Its breeding areas include the tundra and leso-tundra of the 

peninsulas Yamal, Gludan and Taymyr. To the east of Taymyr it nests only around 

the Popugay river (Krivenko, 1983). Till 1967 its main winter areas were along the 

south-west and south coast of the Caspian Sea. As a result of worsening conditions in 

this area, birds moved to spend winter in the Black Sea region, mostly in the 

Bulgarian and Romanian parts of Dobrudja (Isakov, 1979). Before reaching their 

Balkan winter quarters, Rufibrenta ruficollis flies over the North Prichernomorie 

(Lusenko, 1991). Along the south Bulgarian coast, flocks reach 100-200 specimens. 

Rarely single specimens and small flocks are recorded along the seashore of Turkey 

(OST Bird Report, 1975). In autumn, the first Rufibrenta ruficollis arrive along the 

335

Black Sea coast in late September-early October. Migration peaks in November and 

early December. Geese leave their winter quarters in March to return to their nesting 

places. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The nesting areas are part of the 

tundra and leso-tundra, rich in water basins and islands and situated on high river 

banks. 

Biology. Nests in groups of 3-20 pairs, near nests of the Ruff-legged buzzard (Buteo 

lagopus), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), or gulls. In June the female lays 4-10 

eggs, which it broods for 26 days. During autumn migration birds rapidly cover the 

distance between the nesting and winter areas, resting only few times. They feed on 

roots and seeds of different plant species. Their main food in winter along the Black 

Sea are green parts of barley and wheat, and seeds from previous crops of maize, rice 

and other grains. 

Population trends. In the 19 th 

century, the population of the Rufibrenta ruficollh 

was estimated as "dozens of thousands of specimens" (Krivenko, 1983). In 1956, c. 

60,000 spent winter in Azerbaijan (Cramp & Simmons, 1977). Around 1960 the 

population began to decline, possibly in connection with bad winters in the Caspian 

Sea. Afterwards, the breeding population increased again and in 1979 it reached 

27,000 specimens (Vinokurov, 1982). During migrations and winter, concentrations 

form on the lower course of the river Kuban (up to 3,350 specimens), on Veselovski 

dam - up to 4,600 specimens, on the Molochnii and Utljukskii firths (up to 1,500- 

2,000 specimens), in East Sivash (up to 4,000 specimens) and over Dunavski plavni 

reserve (up to 9,000 specimens) (Sabinevskii & Adamatskaia, 1984; Kazakov et al, 

1988; Lusenko, 1991). In Romanian Dobrudja (region of Istria) a large number (c. 

25,000 specimens) stopped for the first time in December 1968 (Puscariu, 1983). For 

comparison only 1,000-2,000 specimens then spent winter in Azerbaijan (Cramp & 

Simmons, 1977). Later, the number of the Red-breasted geese overwintering in 

336

Dobrudja increased further, to reach 68,000 during January 1992 (26,000 specimens 

in Romanian Dobrudja and 42,000 specimens in Bulgarian Dobrudja) (Didier 

Vangeluwe, pers. com.) and 75,000 in January 1993 (Black & Madsen, 1993). This 

shows that virtually the whole population of Rufibrenta ruficollis spends winter along 

the Black Sea coast. 

Threats. Destruction of habitat and killing of birds in the nesting areas during 

migration, and in their winter quarters. The decline of Lemmings (genus Lemmus) 

and Peregrine falcon in the tundra indirectly limit its breeding success. The biggest 

danger in its winter quarters along the Black Sea is the use of pesticides. Also, 

poaching, shooting tourism, and night hunts are destructive. 

Conservation measures taken. A world threatened species, included in Annex JJ of 

the Washington Convention. It is protected by law in all countries in its range and 

listed in the Red Books of Russia, Kazakstan and Bulgaria. Its winter quarters in 

Bulgaria and Romania are protected territories. Some areas along its migratory route 

are also protected (Krivenko, 1983). 

Conservation measures proposed. The establishment of a network of protected 

territories in its nesting and winter areas and along its migratory route. Enlargement 

of the existing protected territories. Prohibition of hunting in places of concentration. 

Hunting only allowed during the day and limited to species such as White-fronted 

goose (Anser albifrons). Propaganda as a means of mass information and education 

of hunters. Prohibition of hunting tourism in places with high concentrations of this 

goose. 

References 

Black J. & J. Madsen, 1993. Excellent news for the Red-breasted Goose JWKB 

Threatened Waterfowl Res. Group Newsletter 4:16-17. 

Isakov J., 1979. Migratsii krasnozoboi kazarki - Rufibrenta ruficollis. Migratsii ptits 

Vost. Evropy i Sev. Azii. Aistoobraznue - plastinchatokliuvue, Moscow: 203-209 pp. 



Kazakov, B., N. Loinadze, V. Goncharov, V. Petrenko & N. Kavernichenko, 1988. 

Krasnozobaia kazarka na Veselovskom vodohranilishte. Resursi jivotnogo mira 

Severnogo Kavkaza, Stavropol: 73-75.

Krivenko, V., 1983. Krasnazobaia kazarka - Rufibrenta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769). 

"Krasnaia kniga RSFSR, jivotnie". Moscow, Rosselhozizdat: 177-180 pp. 

Lusenko, V., 1991. Fauna Ukrainy 5 (3) Ptitsy. Guseobraznue. Kiev, Naukova 


Puscariu, V., 1983. La presence de Branta ruficollis pendant I'hiver en Roumanie. 

Aquila 90: 23-27. 

Sabinevskii, B. & T. Ardamatskaia, 1984. Obzor izmenenia sostoiania zimovok 

vodoplavashtih ptits v Azovo-Chernomorskom regione po materialam yanvarskikh 

utshetov 1975-1984g, Sovremennoe sostoianie resursov vodoplavashtih ptic. 

Moscow, Nauka: 75-77 pp.. 

Vinokurov, A., 1982. Present status of the Branta ruficollis population and measures 

for its conservation. Aquila 89: 115-122. 

Compiled by P. Gorlov & N. Nankinov 

338

Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793 

Synonyms: Scomber sarda Bloch, 1793; Scomber pelamis Brunich, 1763; Scomber 

sarda Schneider, 1801; Thunnus sardus Risso, 1826; Pelamys sarda Cuvier, 1832; 

Sarda mediterránea Jordan, 1883; Sarda sarda Banarascu, 1964 

Common names. Engl: Atlantic bonito; Bulg: Palamud; Georg: Atlantikuri 

pelamida, Pelamida; Rom: Palamida; Russ: Pelamida; Turk: Palamut-torik; Ukr: 

Pelamida 

Taxonomic description. A small, relatively narrow-bodied tuna; sharp snout; large 

oblique mouth; upper jaw reaching the hind edge of the eye or beyond; lower jaw 

almost equal to the upper one; strong teeth on jaws and palatins; dorsal fins close 

together. First (spiny) dorsal fin very long and straight or only slightly concave in 

outline; second fin smaller; anal fin short; pectoral fins short, triangular with large 

base; ventral fins short, in same plan; lateral line conspicuously wavy; two flaps 

(interpelvic process) between the pelvic fins. Body entirely covered with scales 

which are minute, except on the well developed corselet (area behind the head and 

around the pectoral fins, covered with larger and thicker scales). On each side of the 

slender caudal peduncle, a well developed lateral keel between two small keels 

located at the base of the caudal fin lobes; colour of the back and upper sides steel- 

blue, with five to 11 dark oblique stripes running forward and downward; lower sides 

and belly silvery; with seven to 10 dorsal, and six to eight anal Unlets. Size maximum 

80 cm; average 30 to 50 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 




Family SCOMBRIDAE 

339

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A pelagic, 

migratory species often schooling near the surface in inshore waters, mainly over the 

continental shelf. Common throughout the Mediterranean, in the Black Sea and in the 

tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic; present also at higher Atlantic 

latitudes, up to the coasts of Scandinavia and Ireland. Threatened by pollution, and 

overfishing. 

Biology. Thermophilic and stenohaline. The majority of individuals spend winter in 

the Marmara and Aegean Seas. In April, small schools of similar size and sex enter 

the Black Sea, staying here up to late October. Feeds mostly on fish, particularly 

small clupeids, gadoids and mackerels. Spawning extended, from May to mid July. 

Growth is fast and longevity is c. 12 years. 

Population trends. During 1954-1960, S. sarda was the main target of offshore 

fishing in the Romanian sector (99.8% in 1954 and 1955; 96.0% in 1956). In 1954, 

34,000 kg were caught in front of Sulina-St.Gheorghe; in June-August 1955 and 

1956, 150,000 kg were landed in the Portita-Constantsa zone. In the 1960s, all Black 

Sea countries together caught 3,1041; after 1960, this figure drastically decreased. 

Threats. Strong pollution of Marmara Sea and pre-bosphoric zone; overfishing. 

Conservation measures proposed. Decrease anthropogenic pressure on the Black 

and Marmara Seas. Assure fish passage through the Bosphorus into the Black Sea. 

Limit swordfish fishing in the Black Sea, introducing closed periods. Establish a 

special recovery programme for the entire Black Sea. 

References 

Banarascu, P., 1969. Fauna RPR: Pisces - Osteichthyes. Bucuresti, Acad.R P 

Romania 8 (5): 809 pp. (in Romanian). 

340

Ionescu, N., N. Gadidov & S. Stanescu, 1958. Contributions to the knowledge of the 

biology and fishery of Sarda sarda Bloch, in the Romanian Black Sea waters, during 

1954-1956. Hidrobiologia 1: 165-186. (in Romanian). 

FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purpose. Mediterranean and 

Black Sea, fishing area. Rome 37. 

Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. Fish. 

Oceanogr. 1: 180-189. 

Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verioti 

341

Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Scomber scomber Bonnatere, 1788; Scomber punctatus Canah, 1857; 

Scomber scombrus Smith, 1893; Scomber scombrus Banarascu, 1964 

Common names: Engl: Atlantic mackerel; Bulg: Skumrija; Georg: Scumbria, 

Makreli; Rom: Scrumbie albastra; Russ: Skumbriya; Turk: Uskumaru baligi; Ukr: 

Skumbriya 



Taxonomic description. S. scombrus is characterized by an elongate, rounded body, 

a pointed snout, a slim caudal peduncle, two dorsal fins. Behind the second dorsal 

and the anal fin, five finlets. The two dorsal fins widely separated (interspace at least 

equal to the length of the first dorsal fin base); an adipose lid covers the front and hind 

edges of the eye; head and the body entirely covered with small scales; 11 to 13 

spines in the first dorsal fin; two small keels on each side of the caudal peduncle (at 

the base of the caudal fin lobes), but no central keel between them. Colour of the 

back brilliant green-blue, often turning to bluish-black on the head; sides metallic, 

belly white, series of characteristic dark, curving lines across the back. Size 

maximum 50 cm, average 30-35 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A schooling 

pelagic fish inhabiting cold and temperate waters. Common in most of the western 

and central Mediterranean Sea; occasionally entering the Azov Sea; rare in the eastern 

Mediterranean. Also in the North Atlantic, from Murmansk to the Canary Islands and 

342

from Cape Lookout to Labrador. Threats: pollution of the Bosphorus and presence of 

predators such as tuna, dolphins and shark. 

Biology. The species spends winter in the Marmara Sea, in front of the Bosphorus; 

entering the Black Sea in spring, it moves northward, reaching the Romanian coasts in 

April-May when water temperature is 8 °C. In October-November it moves south and 

in December it leaves the Black Sea. Spawning takes place in late winter - early 

spring in the Marmara and Aegean Seas. Individuals staying in the Black Sea in 

winter do not reproduce, because juveniles need to move to great depths, which are 

predator-free. Feeds chiefly on pelagic invertebrates (Acartia, amphipods, mysids, 

pilchard, sprat and eel). 

Population trends. The stocks considerably decreased due to adverse conditions for 

feeding and breeding. In Romania separate statistics were kept for this species until 

after the 1960s, when it disappeared as a commercial species. On the Turkish coast, 

the catches recorded by FAO were 39 t (1989), 561 (1990), and 780 t (1991). 

Threats. Overfishing, pollution, predation (bonito, shark and dolphins). 

Conservation measures taken. In the last 25 years, no gill nets have been allowed 

for catching mackerel. 

Conservation measures proposed. Ensure migration into the Black Sea by 

mitigation of eutrophication/pollution. 

References 



343

Radu, G., E. Leonte, G., Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele 

specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator) (Main fish and 

mammals from the Black Sea) (Identification sheets) (in Romanian). 


344

Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Cottus massiliensis Gmelin, 1778; Scorpenaporcus Blach, 1788; 

Scorpena rascassa Lacepede, 1801. 

Common names: Engl: Scorpionfish; Bulg: Skorpid; Rom: Scorpia de mare; Russ: 

Morskoy yorsh; Turk: Lipsoz. 

Order SCORPAENTFORMES 

Family SCORPAENTDAE 

Taxonomic description. Head with conspicuous branched fleshy flaps, particularly 

above the eyes and at the anterior nasal openings, but none on the lower jaw, on the 

free edges of the scales, along the lateral line and the back. Upper jaw without a 

conspicuous longitudinal ridge; two pores under the chin behind the junction of the 

lower jaws; back and sides brown, marbled with irregular dark bands and patches. 

Large head, armed with numerous spines and crests. Venomous spines on the anterior 

portion of the dorsal fin. Mouth wide, with small teeth and large, rounded pectoral 

fins with upper rays branched and lower ones simple. Profile of head, behind the 

eyes, with a pronounced depression. Size maximum 25 cm, average about 15 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A sedentary, 

solitary species inhabiting littoral waters among rocks and seaweeds. Common in the 

Mediterranean and east Atlantic, from the British Isles to the Canary Islands. The 

345

littoral areas of the north-western Black Sea are critical habitats due to pollution and 

hypoxia. 

Biology. Feeds mainly on small fish such as gobies and blennies, but also on 

crustaceans and other invertebrates. Spawns in summer; eggs covered with a 

mucilaginous membrane; sexual maturity reached at three years of age, rarely after 

two years. 

Population trends. After 1975, with intensified eutrophication, periodic hypoxia and 

other anthropogenic pressures, a decline occurred. The species is currently rare in 

catches but remained present in isolated individuals, even in 1990-1995. 

Threats. Low oxygen concentrations and an increase in organic matter content in 

littoral waters; impoverishment of algal communities. 


Conservation measures proposed. Construct artificial reefs for the restoration of the 

species' habitat. 

References 


Black Sea, fishing area 37, Rome. 

Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele 

specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator) (Main fish and 

mammals from the Black Sea) (in Romanian). 

Compiled by A. Petranu. 

346



Smirnoviella reducta (Monchenko, 1977) 

Order CYCLOPOIDA. 

Family CYCLOPIDAE: HALICYCLOPINAE. 

Taxonomic description. This species exhibits a modified morphology, not known in 

other Cyclopidae, of the structure of the maxillae and maxillipeds etc. The maxilla is 

prehensile with only one apical and subapical setae or spine on the distal segment and 

without armature on the distal endite of the sympod; the maxilliped is reduced to one 

small joint with two weakly developed setae (on other parts too there is a minimum of 

setae). Total female length 617-688 m. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Central part of the Dniestr river liman of the Black Sea. Endemic of 

this river liman. All three congeners are known only from the Caspian Sea 

(Monchenko, 1982). This genus, by its range and peculiarities of halopathy, belongs 

to the Ponto-Caspian Zoogeographie complex and arose in one of the basins that 

preceded the Black Sea. 

347

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom-dwelling species 

inhabiting the mud sands at different depths of the river limans. Found at a salinity 

0.56-1.51 ppt. 

Biology. Polycyclic during the warm season of the year. Limiting factors include 

strong seasonal salinity oscillations and a very narrow area of distribution. 

Population trends. A Decline of the population numbers by up to 50-60% during 

the last 10-12 years. 

Threats. Pollution of the river limans and eutrophication causing hypoxia of bottom 

water. 



pollution in the Dniestr basin. 

References 

Monchenko, V. I., 1977. Smirnoviella reducta gen. et sp. n. (Crutasera, Copepoda) 

from Dniester river liman (Black Sea basin). Zool. Zh. 56: 1402-1406 (in Russian 


Monchenko, V. I., 1982. The genus Smirnoviella (Crutasera, Cyclopidae) in the 

Caspian Sea with the description of a new species. Vestnik Zool. 16: 12-15 (in Russian 



348

Synonyms: none. 

Solea nasuta Nordmann, 1840 

Common names: Engl: Snouted sole; Bulg: Morsky ezik; Georg: Zghvis ena; Rom: 

Limba de mare; Russ: Morskoy yazyk; Turk: Ege dil baligi; Ukr: Mors'ky yazyk 

Order PLEURONECTIFORMES 

Family SOLEIDAE 

Taxonomic description. An oval flatfish with the eyes on the right side of the head. 

Small, slightly curved mouth. Varies in colour due to its mimetic ability, but usually 

grey-brown or reddish. Size up to 50 centimeters. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A benthic species, 

typical of sandy bottoms. Also found in estuaries and on continental shelves. Deep 

trawling, degradation of coastal ecosystems and sand dredging are the main reasons 

for its decline. Overfishing has also depleted the stocks. 

Biology. A carnivore, living at depths of up to 150 meters. Reproduction is in 

spring, sexual maturity starts at four years of age. Feeds on molluscs, crustaceans and 

polychaetes. Eggs pelagic. Colour of ventral part white, dorsal part grey. Penetrates 

some Black Sea river estuaries. 

Population trends. No available information, but overfishing and illegal fishing are 

probably contributing to a decliing trend. 

349

Threats. Overfishing, illegal fishing, sand dredging, coastal nets, pollution. 

Conservation measures taken. No particular measures. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce coastal fisheries, pollution and ban sand 

dredging. 

References 

Aksiray, F., 1987. Turkish Marine Fishes Identification Book. Publication of the 

University of Istanbul no. 3490. Second Edition. Istanbul, Turkey : 811 pp. 

Compiled by B. Ozturk & A. Komakhidze 

350

Solen vagina (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Solen marginatus Pennat, 1777. 

Common names: Engl: Grooved razor clam; Bulg: Diavolski nokt: Rom: Unghiuta; 

Russ: Cherenok; Turk: Tarak; Ukr: Kologochka. 

Order VENERIDA 

Family SOLENIDAE 

Taxonomic description. Shell fragile, equivalved, straight, almost cylindrical, 

strongly elongated, open at both ends, with sharp ventral margin and grayish-brown 

colour. Dorsal and ventral margins parallel, umbones almost terminal and indistinct. 

Outer surface with a deep grove near the anterior margin and patterned with two 

series of growth striae at right angles to each other, following a diagonal line from 

umbo to opposite comer. Valves smooth internally, whitish in colour, bearing two 

muscular scars and the impression of the siphon. Hinge of both valves formed by a 

single cardinal tooth which is prominent and laterally flattened; colour white or 

yellow. Maximum length 13 cm; average length 10 to 11 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Low-lying beaches, 

muddy sands bottoms in shallow waters (infralittoral zone). Very common in the 

Mediterranean, North Sea, English Channel and north Atlantic. Threats: progressive 

degradation of its biotopes by deposition of a stratum of mud. 

Biology. The sexes are distinct, the species is oviparous and feeds on phytoplankton 

and suspended organic particles. Burrows sometimes deeply (up to 50 cm). It is 

extracted by digging into the sand, or by introducing grains of salt into its burrow. 

351

Population trends. After 1970, very small number of individuals only in Romanian 

Black Sea waters. Mostly empty shells in bottom samples during the last two decades. 

Threats. Terrigenous pollution, hypoxia; turbidity due to use of various type of 

bottom gear. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce negative environmental impacts. 

References 

Bacescu, M., G. I. Miiller & M.-T. Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 357 pp. (in 

Romanian). 



Compiled by M.-T. Gomoiu & A. Petranu. 

352

Synonyms. None. 

Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Bulg: Obiknoveva gaga; Engl: Eider; Rom: Eider; Russ: Gaga 

obyknovennaya; Turk: Pufla; Ukr: Gaga zvychayna. 



Taxonomic description. A common species, with a world-wide breeding range. BS 

- in small numbers occur on the Bulgarian and Romanian Black Sea coasts. NB - 

there is one isolated population in Ukraine on the islands of the "Chernomorski" 

reserve, known since 1975. In 1990, there were 678 pairs in the region. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In Ukraine the 

habitats are small islets with reed beds, although in its main breeding range, Eider 

prefers rocky or stony island coasts, often with arboreal vegetation. In cold winters 

such habitats are often destroyed by cracking ice, which may wipe off low parts of 

islands and reeds. On the densely populated Kruglyi and Dolgi islands in Yagorlytzki 

bay, the area of these habitats is sharply reduced under such conditions. The majority 

of the nests is in the shore reeds (in some years up to 63%), less frequently in reed- 

beds around inland lakes, or in growths of sagebrush (Artemisia). Some nests may be 

located openly on cast-ashore aquatic vegetation. Major limiting factors are nest and 

chick predation by Yellow-legged gull (Lams cachinnans), a reduction in mussel bed 

area, hunting (these ducks are easy targets), and kills in fish-nets. 

Biology. The birds begin to arrive in the first days of March. Egg laying is observed 

in April and the first half of May. Second-year females start breeding in early June. 

353

Breeding density can be up to 5 nests.m" 2 

. Clutch size 4-8 eggs, normally 5-6. Those 

of 9-16 eggs are laid by two females. No second breeding. Incubation lasts for 26-28 

days. Hatching well synchronized. The first broods appear at the end of April. In 

July-August, juveniles and females aggregate in flocks of up to 3,000 birds and stay 

along the coast of the Tendra and Dzharalgach bays. Part of the Black Sea population 

overwinters in bays within the area of the "Chernomorski" reserve or moves offshore. 

Most of this southernmost population overwinters along the Bulgarian coast. Diet 

basically composed of molluscs (mussels predominate), small crabs and copepods. 

Population trends. Decreasing, birds redistributing over the islands of Tendra bay. 

Threats. Nest and chick predation by yellow-legged gull, reduction of mussel bed 

area, hunting, fish-nets. 

Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the "Chernomorski" 

reserve. 

Conservation measures proposed. Protection from gulls, reduction in fox numbers, 

strengthening of protection regime in general, decrease pollution. 

References 

Ardamatzkaia, T. B., 1992. Changes of the species composition, numbers and 

distribution of the "Chernomorski" reserve island ornithocomplex within the last 60 

years. Natural complexes of the "Chernomorski" State Biosphere reserve: p.l 10-121. 

(in Russian). 

354

Ardamatzkaia T. B., A. Rudenko & G. Birds, 1996. Invertebrates of the 


1: 19-32. (in Russian). 



Nankinov, D. N., 1979. A record of Eider in the Balkans.Ecology and morphology of 

eiders in the USSR: 38-45 pp. (in Russian). 


355

Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Maena smaris (Linnaeus, 1758); Sparus alcedo Risso, 1810; Spams 

smaris Risso, 1826; Sparus vulgaris Valenciennes, 1830; Smaris gracilis Bonaparte, 

1836; Spicara smaris Lazano Cabo, 1953. 

Common names: Engl: Picarel; Bulg: Vretenest smarid; Rom: Smarid auriu; Russ: 

Smarida; Turk: Izmarit; Ukr: Smarida. 

Taxonomic description. Body rather elongate, its length five to six times its height; 

snout pointed, mouth protractile; eye diameter smaller than preorbital length; scales 

small; jaws bearing villiform teeth, some of the anterior ones stronger; palate smooth 

or nearly so (none or very few teeth). Dorsal fin without a notch; pectoral fins 

moderately developed; dorsal fin high; back grayish-brown or grayish-yellow, with 

rather indistinct brown cross bands. A black rectangular blotch between lateral line 

and pectoral fin. Size maximum 20 cm (males) and 15 cm (females); average 

8-20 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: DD 


Family CENTRACANTHIDAE 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A benthic species 

preferring offshore water, especially in winter; over muddy or vegetated bottoms, 

from the littoral to depths of 15-170 m. Common throughout the Mediterranean Sea, 

also found on the Atlantic coasts from Portugal to Morocco. Rare in the Black Sea 

due to poor oxygenation of its deeper waters (100-150 m), this species preferring 

356

these depths, especially in winter. Threat: pollution of coastal waters where 

reproduction takes place. 

Biology. Lives in small schools which perform irregular migrations; spawning in 

May-June near the coasts; spherical eggs deposited on algae or on the bottom. A 

marked sexual dimorphism, males having brighter colours (blue-striped) and longer 

fins. Feeds on both algae and animals (crustaceans, molluscs, worms and small fish); 

feeds intensely, also in winter, a little less during reproduction. 

Population trends. Caught with trammel nets, bottom trawls and pots. On the 

Romanian littoral the species is accidental in the catches. On the Turkish littoral, the 

catches recorded in 1989 were 6541, in 1990 - 1,638 t and in 1991-3391. 

Threats. Pollution and unfavourable hydrological conditions. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution. 

References 

Banarascu, P., 1964. Fauna of RPR. Pisces, Osteichthyes. Edit. Acad.R. P. Romania. 



Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verioti. 

357

Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskal, 1775) 

Synonyms: Labrus reticulatus Lacepede, 1802; Lutjanus ocellatus Risso, 1810; 

Crenilabrus olovaceus Risso, 1826; Crenilabrus ocellatus Kessler, 1859. 

Common names: Russ: Rulen; Turk: Circir. 


Family LABRIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D XIII-XV 8-11; A HI 8-11; P 11-13. Scales in lateral 

series 30-34. Gill-rakers 14-18. Vertebrae 30-32 (Stojanov etal, 1963; Svetovidov, 

1964). Head length equal to or shorter than body depth. Snout shorter than post- 

orbital. Colour variable. A large spot, of varying colour on operculum, usually 

outlined in red. Size up to 12cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, Sea of Azov. In Bulgaria rare, on 

the whole coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, near rocks; senstive to 

toxic chemicals. 

Biology. Reproduction in May-July. Eggs on stones or gravel. Sexually mature at 1- 

2 years. Food: worms, amphipods, molluscs (Quingard & Pras, 1986). 

358




Conservation measures proposed. Reduce chemical pollution. 

References 

Quingard, J. & A. Pras, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the 

Mediterranean 2: 937-938. 

Stojanov, S. etal, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing House: 246 

pp. 

Svetovidov, A. 1964. The fishes of the Black Sea. Publ. House Science: 550 pp. 


359

Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Labruspavo Brunich, 1768; Labrus lapina Forskal, 1775; Lutjanus 

geofroyius Riso, 1810; Crenilabrus tinea Risso, 1826. 

Common names: Engl: Peacock wrasse; Russ: Zelenushka; Turk: Lapin. 


Family LABRIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D XrV-XVII, 19-12; A III 8-12; P113-15. Scales in lateral 

series 33-38. Vertebrae 32-34. Gill-rakers 13-16 (Quignard & Pras, 1986; Stojanov 

etal., 1963). Body elongated, laterally compressed. Body depth 0.32-0.35 SL. Head 

slightly longer than body depth. Colour greatly variable; a small dark spot at base of 

caudal fin. Size up to 25 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. From northern Spain to Morocco. Mediterranean and Black Sea. In 

Bulgaria rare, in the inshore zone. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, near rock and sea-grass, 

1 to 20 m; inshore, rear rocks; Sensitive to organic contamination. 

Biology. Reproduction in May-July. Eggs on stones or gravel. Sexually mature 

after 2-3 years. Food: molluscs, crabs. 


360

Threats. Organic pollution. 


Conservation measures proposed. Stop contamination. 

References 

Quingard, J. & A. Pras, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the 

Mediterranean 2: 940. 

Stojanov, S. et ah, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing House: 

246 pp. 


361


Syngnatus tenuirostris (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Engl: Horse pipefish; Russ: Tonkorylaya ryba-igla; Turk: Deniz 

ignesi. 



Taxonomic description. Pipefish with thin, elongated, body. A distinctive high, 

compressed nose, with a straight profile, and an almost vertically cut mouth at its 

extremity. Colour from brown to greenish-brown. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Infralittoral zone of 

the sea, mostly among macroalgae. Near macroalgal communities, close to Zostera. 

Threats: pollution, oil spills, coastal fisheries, gill nets, eutrophication. 

362

Biology. A herbivore; reproduction starts in spring and ends in summer, eggs develop 

within 6-10 days. 

Population trends. No information. 

Threats. Coastal fisheries, gill net fisheries, pollution. 

Conservation measures taken. No particular conservation measures. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce gill net fisheries and pollution, protect 

the Zostera belts. 

Reference 

Slastenenko, E., 1955-1956. The Fishes of the Black Sea Basin. General Directorate 

of the Meat and Fish Office. Istanbul, Turkey: 705 pp. 


363

Syngnathus typhle (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Syngnathus virids Risso, 1810; Syngnathus argentatus Pallas, 1811; 

Syngnathus pyrois Risso, 1826; Syngnathus typhle Di Caporiaceo, 1948; Syngnathus 

typhle argentatus Slastenenko, 1956; Syngnathus rotundatus Totonnese, 1970. 

Common names: Engl: Deep-smotedpipefish; Rom. Ac de mare; Russ: Morskaya 

igla; Turk: Deniz ignesi. 

Taxonomic description. Body very elongate and straight, with conspicuous 

longitudinal edges; long, high and strong snout, flattened from side to side; mouth, 

small and oblique, situated on superior tip of snout; caudal region very long, non- 

prehensile. Seven longitudinal ridges along the body: two parallel to the back line, 

two lateral, two parallel to the ventral line and one mid-ventral. In the caudal region, 

the mid-ventral edge disappears, and the two laterals approach the sub-dorsal ones; 

dorsal fin begins above or near anus; pectoral fins short and rounded; no ventral fins; 

caudal and anal fins reduced. Males with two lateral folds in caudal region which 

approach each other on median line of head, producing an incubation chamber. Here, 

the eggs are spawned and develop. Ventral wall of head near incubation region 

intensely vascularized. Body greenish or brown-reddish, generally with dark spots 

and stripes. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 





Distribution, Habitat type. A marine pelagic fish, able to survive in fresh ater. 

Living only between plants, especially Zostera. Common throughout the Black Sea 

littoral and Azov Sea; also recorded in lakes Razelm-Sinoe. 

Critical habitats. Littoral zones of north-eastern Black Sea. 

364

Limiting factors. Loss of vegetation, essential for its development and spawning; 

eutrophication of littoral waters; hydrotechnical works which reduce the Zostera 

fields. 

Biology. Feeds on crustaceans and juvenile fish; spawning period from March till 

August; females lays eggs in the incubation pocket of males; incubation lasts four 

weeks. 

Population trends. Very common in the Zostera fields in the Agigea and Mangaba 

marine zones until 1950-1970, more rare in the Cystoseira fields of the southern 

littoral zone during the same period. During the last two decades, the population 

diminished due to the reduction of the Zostera fields. Presently caught in stake nets. 

Threats. Predatory fish; anthropogenic pressure. 


Conservation measures proposed. Purification of the drainage waters of coastal 

cities. 

References 

Banarascu, P., 1964. Fauna of R. P. Romane, Pisces, Osteichthyes. Bucurest, 

Ed.Acad.R. P. Romania. 

Muller, G. I., V. H. Skolka & N. Bodeanu, 1969. Preliminary data regarding the algal 

and animal populations associated with the Cystoseira barbata fields from the 

Black Sea Romanian littoral. Hidrobiología 10: 270-289. (In Rom.). 

Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verioti. 

365

Tado ma ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) 

Synonyms: Casarca ferruginea, Anas ferruginea Ruddy. 

Common names: Bulg: Cherven angach; Engl: Shellduck; Rom: Califar rosu; Russ: 

Ogaf; Turk: Angit; Ukr: Ogar'. 

Taxonomic description. About 90-100 pairs out of a total population of 280-350 

birds breed in Ukraine. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 






include rocky precipices along the banks of waterbodies, but alsoin abandoned 

buildings. Major limiting factors are the reduction of the breeding range due to 

recreational and economic activities, disturbance and killing by people, increased 

predation (crows, raccoons, foxes, domestic dogs). 

Biology. A resident of the whole Black Sea basin. In the northern sub-regions it is a 

breeding, summer and irregular winter species. Breeding starts in late March - 

beginning of April. Nests are located in rocky niches and holes (those dug by foxes 

are occupied as well) often fairly high, or in abandoned buildings. The clutch consists 

of 8-12 eggs and is incubated by the female, while the male protects the nesting 

territory. Brooding duties are shared. Non-breeders associate in flocks of irregular 

size and stay in the breeding areas. In April-June these flocks are joined by 

unsuccessful breeding birds, in August and later the families with juveniles complete 

these associations. In late October the northern populations move southwards. In 

366

warm years some birds spend winter in the coastal areas of the northern sub-regions. 

Both vegetative (plants, seeds) and animal (insects, molluscs) food is consumed. 

Population trends. Numbers are low, but stable. Insufficient extension of the 

breeding range owing to a decrease of nesting opportunities in recreational and 

industrial zones. 

Threats. Reduction of the breeding range due to recreational and economic activities, 

disturbance and killing by people, predation by crows, raccoons, foxes, and domestic 

dogs. 

Conservation measures taken. No conservation exists. Most birds breed outside the 

protected areas. 

Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the protected areas where it breeds, 

toughening of measures prohibiting hunting and extraction of eggs, chicks and adults. 

Reduction of predation pressure. 

References 

Andryushchenko Y., V. Kinda & I. Stadnichenko, 1996. The neccesity of the creation 

of national parks in the northern part of the Kerch peninsula to protect a unique 

ornithocomplex. Proc. of Important Bird Areas in Ukraine Conference, IBA 

Programme. Ukrainian Society for Bird Conservation. Kiev: 163-173 pp. (in 

Russian). 



Lysenko, V.I., 1991. Fauna of Ukraine, Anseriformes. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 5 (3). 

(in Russian). 

Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko. 

367

Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Scomber thynnus Linnaeus, 1758; Scomber thynnus Risso, 1810; Thynnus 

vulgaris Cuvier, 1832; Thynnus brachypterus Moreau, 1881; Thynnus thynnus Frade, 

1931; (Thynnus) thynnus Fraser-Bruner, 1935 

Common names: Engl: Bluefin tuna; Bulg: Tunets; Georg: Chveulebrivi tinusi, 

Cisperi tinusi; Rom: Ton, ton rosu; Russ: Tunets; Turk: Orkinos; Ukr: Tunets 



Taxonomic description. A large fish with fusiform, rounded body (nearly circular in 

cross-section), very robust in front; immature specimens are more slender. Relatively 

large head with small eyes; a raw of small, conic and pointed teeth on both jaws; teeth 

on vomer and palatins; nine to ten dorsal and eight to nine anal Unlets; two dorsal fins 

separated only by a narrow interspace, the second higher than the first. Pectoral fins 

very short, never reaching the interspace between the dorsal fins; two separate flaps 

(interpelvic process) between the pelvic fins. A well developed, although not 

particularly conspicuous corselet (= the area behind the head and around the pectoral 

fins covered with larger and thicker scales). Very small scales on rest of body; on 

each side of the caudal peduncle, a strong lateral keel between two small keels located 

at the base of the caudal fin lobes. Back dark-blue or back, lower sides and belly 

silvery-white with colourless transverse lines alternated with rows of colourless dots 

(the latter dominate in older fish), visible only in fresh specimens. First dorsal fin 

yellow or bluish, the second reddish-brown; anal fin and finlets dusky yellow, edged 

with black; lateral keel black in adults. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



368

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A pelagic species; 

immature specimens found in warm waters only, adults also enter cold waters in 

search of food. Present throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea; common 

mainly along the North African coasts, from Gibraltar to Libya, off the coasts of 

Spain and France, around Sicily and Sardinia, in the Bosphorus and the Black Sea. 

Also widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean, extending as far north as 

Newfoundland, the northern coasts of Norway, Lofoten Islands and Iceland. 

Threatened by pollution of the Sea of Marmara and by lack of food. 

Biology. A fast swimming species, known to perform transoceanic migrations. The 

young form schools, sometimes together with other scombroids of similar size. 

Enters the Black Sea in spring, staying here till October-November; at the end of 

summer it spawns pelagic eggs; a voracious predator, eating all sorts of fish, 

crustaceans and cephalopods. 

Population trends. A large reduction in stocks, up to a disappearance. On the 

Romanian littoral, the species has not been found for the last three decades. No 

catches on the Turkish coasts for in the last five years. 

Threats. Pollution. 


Conservation measures proposed. Fight pollution. 

References 

Akyuz, E. & I. Artuz, 1957. Some observations on the biology of tuna (Thunnus 

thynnus) caught in Turkish waters. GFCM Proc. Tech. Pap. 4 (14): 93-97. 

369



Ozturk, B. & A. A. Ozturk, 1996. On the biology of the Turkish straits system. Bull. 

Inst, oceanograph. Monaco, CDZSM Science Series 17 (2). 


specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator). (Main fish and 

mammal species from the Black Sea) (Identification sheets). RMRI Constantsa, (in 

Romanian). 

Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti & B. Ozturk 

370


Trachinus draco (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common names: Engl: Greater weever; Bulg: Morski drakon; Russ: Morskoy 

drakon; Turk: Trakonya. 


Family TRACHINIDAE 

Taxonomic description. D V-VII 28-32; AII 27-31; P 14-17; V15. Scales in 

lateral series 77-85. Vertebrae 40-41 (Svetovidov, 1964). Body elongated, laterally 

compressed. Eyes disposed dorsally, interorbital distance very small. Size up to 

40 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from Norway to 

Morocco and Madeira (Tortonese, 1986). In Bulgaria rare along the entire coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Littoral and benthic; on sandy, 

muddy or gravel bottoms. Sensitive to hydro-chemical regime. 

Biology. Reproduction: June-September; eggs and larval stages pelagic. Food: small 

invertebrates and fishes. 

371


Threats. Changes in the hydro-chemical regime. 


Conservation measures proposed. Improve the quality of the water. 

References 

Svetovidov, A., 1964. The fishes of the Black Sea. Varne, Publ. House Science :550 

pp. 

Tortonese, E., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 2: 

953. 


372

Trigla lucerna Linnaeus, 1758 

Synonyms: Trigla hirundo Bloch, 1758; Trigla corvus Risso, 1826; Trigla 

poeciloptera Cuvier, 1829; Trigla corax Moreau, 1881; Trigla lucerna LeDanois, 

1913; Chelidonichthys lucernus Richards, 1988 

Common names: Bulg: Morska lystovitsa; Georg: Zgvis citeli mamali; Rom: 

Randunica de mare; Türk: Kirlangic; Russ: Morskoy petukh 

Taxonomic description. Body conical, head completely covered with more or less 

spiny bony plates. The three lower rays of the pectoral fins completely free from the 

interradial membrane. Lateral line smooth, without enlarged bony scales. Snout 

terminates in two small lobes armed on their margin with spines and separated by a 

shallow notch. Behind the head and immediately above the pectoral fin, a broad 

coracoid spine, as long as eye diameter. Back and sides dull red or reddish-brown, 

belly white, pectoral fins purple-red externally, inner side blue with a circular blackish 

patch. Size maximum 65 cm; average about 30 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom species 

occurring over sand, muddy-sand or gravel at depths from 5 to 200 m, most 

commonly between 50 and 100 m. Common in the Mediterranean and the Sea of 

Marmara, present in the eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to the coast of Senegal. 

Threats: pollution, hypoxia. 

Order SCORPAENIFORMES 

Family TRIGLIDAE 

373

Biology. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mostly decapods, but also on fish and 

molluscs; spawning from December till July, with maximum intensity in June-July; 

pelagic eggs, spherical in shape, with a large fat drop. 

Population trends. A rare species, caught with bottom trawls but also with long- 

lines and band lines. The species constitutes a separate statistical category in Turkey. 

In the other countries it is included in larger statistical categories, being rare in 

catches. On the Turkish coasts catches were 80 t (1989), 60 t (1990) and 1121 (1991). 

Threats. Hypoxia, pollution. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication/pollution. 

References 






specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator). Main fish and mammal 

species from the Black Sea (Identification sheets). IRCM Constantsa (in Romanian). 


374

Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821 

Synonyms: Tursiops truncatus ponticus Barabasch-Nikiforov, 1940 

Common names: Engl: Bottlenose dolphin; Bulg: Afala; Georg: Aphalina; Rom: 

Afalin, Delfinul cu bot de sticla, Delfinul cu bot gros; Russ: Afalina chernomorskaya; 

Turk: Afalina; Ukr: Afalina chornomors'ka 

Taxonomic description. The single representative of the genus, and one of two 

dolphins in the Black Sea. Non-Soviet authors consider it an endemic sub-species, T. 

truncatus ponticus, but no indisputable proof supports this opinion. External 

distinctions: moderate-length snout separated from the melon by distinct crease; tall, 

falcate dorsal fin; robust conical teeth, partially worn in old animals. 

IUCN Status 



Order CETÁCEA 

Family DELPHINIDAE 

Subregion level: EN in Romania, VTJ in Bulgaria and Ukraine 

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Bottlenose 

dolphins used to be found all over the Black Sea continental shelf. Occasionally, they 

occur offshore, and, very rarely, in the Sea of Azov. There are no exact data on 

resident dolphin schools, although groups of foraging animals may stay in some 

places off the Crimean, Caucasian and Anatolian coasts for a few days to several 

months. Dolphins annually form more or less compact groups in the Kerch Strait and 

adjacent forestrait zone, from early spring to late autumn. Herd migrations 

(sometimes of several hundred animals) are known along the south coast of the 

375

Crimea in autumn, but migratory routes should be studied more thoroughly, including, 

in particular, the Turkish strait system - the single possible route for genetic exchange 

between Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea populations. The Kerch Strait, Bosphorus, 

and contiguous waters are the most critical places for cetacean movements because of 

strong antropogenic pressure, caused by a variety of activities. The peculiarities of 

bottlenose dolphin reproduction mentioned below seem to be the main natural factor 

limiting population growth. 

Biology. The biggest (up to 3.3 m long) Black Sea cetacean, with a long life span 

(about 25-30 years) and low fertility. Females become mature earlier (after 5-6, 

maximum 12 years) than males (8-12 years). Sexual behaviour during the whole 

year, with a peak in spring-early summer. The 12-months gestation periods take turns 

with barren intervals from 2-3 to six years. Usually one calf. Lactation varies from 

four months to 1.5 year. Most benthic and pelagic fish species, both small and big, 

are suitable prey, including Black Sea scad, herring, anchovy, whiting, turbot, grey 

and striped mullet, red mullet, bonito, etc. In recent years the acclimatized Far East 

mullet (Mugil so-iuy) has become its preferred prey during migrations off the Crimea. 

Each dolphin consumes 6-32 kg of fish per day. 

Population trends. The bottlenose population was always estimated as smaller than 

that of the other Black Sea cetacean. In the 20th century, up to the early 1980s, it was 

reduced by mass kills by the dolphin-processing industry which was highly developed 

in the USSR and Turkey. Currently, there are no strict scientific data on population 

abundance. 

Threats. Incidental catching in fishing nets; disturbance caused by extensive 

cabotage traffic; habitat limitation as a result of chronic pollution and artificial 

freshening of former feeding areas, e.g. Karkinit Bay in Ukraine. Since the 1960s 

376

hundreds of bottlenose dolphins were captured alive in the Soviet Union and Romania 

for scientific, military and commercial needs. The Russian Federation and Ukraine 

are continuing that practice periodically in Taman Bay and near the south coast of the 

Crimea. 

Conservation measures taken. Industrial dolphin killing has been prohibited in 

Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine since 1966, and 

since 1983 in Turkey. In the 1980s the Black Sea T. truncatus was entered to the 

national Red Data Books of Georgia, Russia, Bulgaria and Ukraine. At an 

international level this species is protected by the Berne, Bonn and Washington 

(CITES) conventions (Appendix II), the IUCN Red Data Book, and, since November 

1996 by the multilateral Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black 

Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS). The Black 

Sea population is mentioned as endangered in the UNEP Global Action Plan on 

Marine Mammals. A number of intergovernmental and international non 

governmental organizations give attention to bottlenose dolphin conservation. 

Conservation measures proposed. Adoption of ACCOBAMS by all Black Sea 

states; design and implementation of a regional Black Sea program for marine 

mammal conservation, including a bottlenose dolphin stock assessment, organizing 

specially protected areas, enhancement of rescue and rehabilitation activities for stick 

and traumatic animals Any catching of wild cetaceans should be stopped completely. 

References 

Arsenyev, V.A., 1980. Atlas morskikh mlekopitayushchikh SSSR. (Atlas of Marine 


Russian). 

Birkun, Jr., A.A., S. V. Krivokhizhin, A. B. Shvatsky, etal., 1992. Present status and 

future of Black Sea dolphins. In European research on cetaceans, 6 (Ed. By P.G.H. 

Evans): Proc. 6th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean Soc, San Remo, Italy, 20-22 

February 1992. Cambridge, ECS: 47-53 pp . 

Birkun, Jr., A. A. & S. V. Krivokhizhin, 1996. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye I prichiny 

ugneteniya populyatziy chernomorskikh del'finov. Soobshcheniye 1, 2. 


their suppression. Parts 1, 2). Vestnik Zool. 3: 36-42,4-5: 53-59 (in Russian). 


Mlekopitayushchiye Sovetskogo Soyuza. Tom 2. Chast' 3. Lastonogiye i zubatye kity. 

377

(Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol.2. Part 3. Pinnipeds and Toothed Whales). 

Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola: 718 pp. (in Russian). 

Kleinenberg, S. E., 1956. Mlekopitayushchiye Chernogo i Azovskogo morey: opyt 


research experience for biology and hunting). Moscow, USSR Acad. Science Publ. 

House: 288 pp. (in Russian). 


Data Book. Gland and Cambridge, IUCN: iii + 429 pp. 

Oztiirk, B. & A. A. Oztiirk, 1997. Preliminary study on dolphin occurrence in 

Turkish straits system. In European research on cetaceans - 11 (Ed. by P.G.H. Evans): 

Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean Soc, Stralsund, Germany, 10-12 March 

1997. Kiel, ECS: 79-82 pp. 

Stanev, T. T., 1997. Distribution and number of dolphins in the Bulgarian sector of 

the Black Sea. In Proc. Inst. Fish. Varna : 24 (in Bulgarian). 

Tomilin, A. G, 1957. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran, 4. Kitoobraznyye. 

(Mammals of the USSR and Adjacent Countries. Vol. 4, Cetaceans). Moscow, USSR 

Acad. Science Publ. House: 717 pp. (in Russian). 

Compiled by A. Birkun, Jr., M. Moldoveanu, M. Stanciu, T. Stanev, B. Oztiirk & A. 

Komakhidze 

378

Upogebia pusilla Petanga, 1792 

Synonyms: Thalassina littoralis Risso, 1816; Gebia littoralis Czerniavsky, 1884; 

Zernov, 1913; Upogebia littorallis Makarov, 1938; Dolgopolskaia,1948; Upogebia 

pusilla Holthuis,1961 

Common names: Engl: Flat-browed mud shrimp; Bulg: Upogebiya; Rom: Gebia; 

Russ: Morskoy krot; Turk: Mamun; Ukr: Mors'ky krit 


Family CALLIANASSIDAE 

Taxonomic description. The body of this decapod has a soft cover. It inhabits self- 

dug holes in the bottom. The body is flat, consisting of a cephalothorax and abdomen, 

with a longitudinal line on the back side, the linea thallassinica. A broad triangular 

rostrum covered with filaments that screen the eyes furnishes the front end of the 

cephalothorax. The first pair of extremities has the form of tongs, equal in size and 

fshape. The rest of the extremities have a simple structure and are covered with 

filaments. The colour is brown or gray-green on the back part of the body and pale or 

light-yellow on its ventral part. The colour variation is due to a pigment layer in the 

outer part of the carapace, rich in chromatic cells with different pigments. The animal 

changes colour according to its environment. Length up to 45 mm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



379

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Upogebia pusilla 

inhabits burrows in sandy-clay and muddy bottoms. Sometimes, after a heavy storm, 

specimens are cast ashore. A specific feature of its behaviour is that it leaves its hole 

during the night to search for food. This causes mass mortality in conditions of 

oxygen shortage, which is strongest in the night and is a result of the intense summer 

phytoplankton blooms of the last ten years. 

Biology. This species lives in holes in the ground that it leaves only to seek food. It 

feeds on dead organic matter. It is monosexual, with summer reproduction. Many 

benthic fish (flounder, gobies etc.) feed on it. 

Population trends. In the 1960s the species had a high coefficient of occurrence on 

the Bulgarian shelf (18.3%). At the beginning of the 1980s U. littoralis had the 

highest mean biomass of all crustaceans in Burgas bay. At the same period it was 

common in Varna bay, in the biocoenoses called by its name. In the 1990s a strong 

decline was recorded, due to mass mortality of benthos in the post-bloom hypoxia 

periods that began in 1986. Four dead individuals per square meter were recorded in 

Varna bay on 29.06.1989. In 1991, the species did not occur in benthic samples at all. 

Single individuals were recorded in 1996 around Cape Kaliakra and in front of Burgas 

bay. 

Threats. Hypoxia of bottom waters during summer due to blooms of phytoplankton. 

Conservation measures taken. No measures up to now. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduction of pollution and eutrophication to 

restrict algal blooms. 

380

References 

Bulgurkov, K., 1938. Some fresh- and saltwater Decapoda from the vicinity of 

Varna and Sozopol. Tr. Chernomor. Biol. St. Varna 7: 103 - 159. 

Bulgurkov, K., 1939. Po-vajni nashenski sladkovodni I morski desetokraki 

rakoobrazni (Crustacea-Decapoda). Tr. Balgarskoto Prirodoizpitatelno Drujestvo 18: 

90. 

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & T. Marinov, 1960. Hrana na niakoi bentosoiadni vidove 

ribi. Tr. NITRRP 2:41-71. 

Konsulova,T., A. Konsulov & S. Moncheva, 1991. Ecological characteristics of 

Varna Bay (Black Sea) coastal ecosystem under summer bloom conditions. 

Compt. r. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 44: 115-118. 

Konsulova, T., 1992. Seasonal structure and ecological status of Varna bay (Black 

Sea) sandy and muddy macrozoobenthic coenoses. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer medit. 

33: 42. 

Marinov, T., 1990. Zoobentosat ot balgarskia sector na Cherno more. Sofia, BAN: 

195 pp. 

Red Data Book of Ukraine: p. 49. 

Compiled by T. Konsulova 

381

Uranoscopus scaber (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Synonyms: Cottus anostomus Pallas, 1811. 

Common names: Engl: Stargazer; Bulg: Zvezdobroets; Russ: Zvezdochet; Turk: 

Kurbaga baligi; Ukr: Zirkoglyad. 

Taxonomic description. D III-IV 13-15. A112-14; P 14-16. Scales in lateral series 

76-90. Vertebrae 25-26 (Svetovidov, 1964; Stojanov et al, 1963). Body massive in 

front, somewhat compressed posteriorly. Head large and flat dorsally. Eyes on top of 

head. Interorbit space narrow. Colour: back and sides greyish-brown, belly 

yellowish-white. Size up to 35cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian Coast) 

Distribution. Atlantic coast of Europe and Africa, Mediterranean and Black Sea 

(Hureau, 1986). In Bulgaria very rare along the entire coast. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A benthic species, on sandy or 

muddy bottoms; on sandy bottoms. Threats: chemical pollution. 

Biology. Reproduction in July-August. Post-larval and juvenile stages pelagic. 

Food: mainly fishes. 


Threats. Chemical pollution. 

Conservation measures takerr. None. 


Family URANOSCOPIDAE 

382

Conservation measures proposed. Improve water quality. 

References 

Hureau, J. 1986. Fishes of the North - eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 2: 

955-956. 

Stojanov, S. et ah, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing house 

Science: 246 pp. 

Svetovidov, A. 1964. The fishes of the Black Sea. Varna, Publ. House Science: 

550 pp. 


383

Xantho poressa (Qlivii, 1792) 

Synonyms: Xantho rivulosus Risso 1816, Rathke, 1837; Xantho hydrophilus Pesta, 

1918; Xantho rivulosus Drach & Forest, 1953; Xantho poressa: Holthuis, 1954. 

Common names: Rom: Crabul de tarm, camiorca; Russ: Ksanto; Turk: Yalama; 

Ukr: Ksanto. 



Taxonomic description. Chelipeds with black fingers; carpus with antero-inner teeth 

without tubercles or granulations. Dactylus with longitudinal margin; not completely 

closed. Claws short, thick, short, hairy in adults. Size : length 28 mm, width 20 mm. 

Colour variable - chestnut with red points. Fingers of chelae black. Eggs lilac. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Stony bottoms with 

mussels. Found at depths of 0.5-3 m but can reach 20 m. Suffers from hard frost or 

storms. Its biotope is also affected by developments along the shores such as the 

building of seaside resorts and ports. 

Biology. A species with a rather low fecundity. Reproduction during July-August. 

Females spawn 800-1400 eggs. Larvae plankton with three metamorphic stages. 

Population trends. During 1950-1970 very abundant in southern Romanian waters; 

also frequent until 1980, but rare at present. A narrowed distribution area compared 

with the 1980s. In 1993 only 20 ind.m" 2 

at 6 m depth on the southern Romanian 

littoral (Eforie South). 

384

Threats. Pollution from point sources, hypoxia; silt, covering stony bottoms. 

Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine in 1994. 

Conservation measures proposed. Reduce microbial pollution, increase the 

protection of coastal waters against chemical and microbiological contamination. 

References 

Bacescu, M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données 



Bacescu, M., 1967. Fauna R.S.Romane (DECAPODA) 4: 7-335. 

Bacescu, M., G. I. Muller. & M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274. 





Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci. 

Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759. 



Compiled by C. Dumitrache. 

385

Synonyms: Xiphias gladius Gunther, 1860 

Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 

Common names: Engl: Broadbill swordfish; Bulg: Mechenosets; Georg: Khmala 

tevzi; Rom: Peste spada; Russ: Mech-ryba; Turk: Kilic baligi; Ukr: Mech-ryba 


Family XIPHIIDAE 

Taxonomic description. A large and distinctive fish with a rounded body, very 

robust in front; snout ends in a long flattened sword; young specimens are covered 

with scales and have a single dorsal and anal fin which, with growth, become divided. 

Large specimens without scales and with a high, short first portion, but smaller 

second elements to both fins. Pelvic fins absent; a single strong lateral keel on each 

side of the caudal peduncle; colour of back and upper side brownish-black; lower 

sides and belly light brown; teeth are present in the young only. Size: maximum 450 

cm; average 100 to 220 cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 


Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Pelagic, in coastal waters as well 

as in offshore surface waters. Common throughout the Mediterranean, Azov Sea and 

in all tropical and temperate oceans. In the East Atlantic from the North Sea to a 

latitude of 45 °S. 

Biology. A highly migratory and very aggressive fish, generally not forming schools. 

Feeds on a wide range of fish, especially schooling species, on pelagic crustaceans 

and on squids. It uses its sword to kill larger prey. In coastal waters it is caught with 

fixed nets but mainly with floating long lines (small specimens). 

386

Population trends. In the last three decades, only isolated specimens have been 

caught in stake nets in the Romanian waters (Sulina, Constantsa and Agigea). No 

catch for the last five years on the Turkish coast. 

Threats. Eutrophication, turbidity in shallow water. 


Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution by 

improving the quality of riverine input. Mitigate pollution in the Bosphorus Strait and 

Black Sea. Ban swordfish fisheries in certain periods in the Black Sea. Establish a 

special recovery programme in the entire Black Sea. 

References 


specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator). Main fish and mammal 

species from the Black Sea (Identification sheets). IRCM, Constantsa, (in Romanian). 

FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purposes. 1973. Mediterranean 

and Black Sea, fishing area 37. Rome. 


387

Zosterisessor ophiocephalus Pallas, 1811 

Synonyms: Gobius ophiocephalus Pallas, 1811; Gobius reticulatus Eichwald, 1831; 

Gobius lota Valenciennes, 1838; Gobius cephalarges (non Pall.) Antipa, 1909; 

Zostericola ophiocephalus Iljin, 1927. 

Common names: Engl: Grass goby; Bulg: Cherno popche; Rom: Guvidde iarba; 

Russ: Bychok-travyanik; Turk: Saz kayasi; Ukr: Zelenchak. 


Family GOBJJDAE 

Taxonomic description. D VI, I 13-16; A112-16; P 17-20. Scales in lateral series 

56-58. Vertebrae 27-29 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.97-1.05 of head width. Eye 

diameter 0.15-0.25 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Pelvic disc 0.19-0.23 

SL. Anterior membrane without lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with seven 

transverse rows. Colour greenish-grey to brown-olive with numerous irregular 

brownish vertical bands down the sides. Size up to 24cm. 

IUCN Status 

World level: 



Distribution. Mediterranean, Black Sea and Sea of Azov. In Bulgaria in Lakes 

Burgas and Varna. 

Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, brackish water of 

estuaries and lagoons, between sea-grasses. Threats: toxic chemical toxins. 

Biology. Reproduction in April-July. Eggs on grasses. Sexually mature after two or 

three years. Food: larger crustaceans and small fishes (Miller, 1986). 

388




Conservation measures proposed. Reduce contamination. 

References 


en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7:159-228. 


389

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