Family Cichlidae (Cichlids) - Sven Kullander

Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America 

Family Cichlidae 

(Cichlids) 

Sven O. Kullander 

The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate 

families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (Kullander, 1998). 

The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the 

Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (three species, also in 

brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (four valid species, some 

in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (111 valid species), and South America (291 valid species) 

(Kullander, 1998, updated). 

Cichlids are known by family or genus-level local names, commonly with an adjective to distinguish well-marked species. 

Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra 

(Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). 

Cichla species are known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil, Peru), the latter name expressed as 

lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali (Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the Guianas. Crenicichla species 

are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi 

(Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay). 

Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies. 

1. The loss of a major structural association between parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the musculous 

insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular 

(Stiassny, 1981) 

2. The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981) 

3. The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981) 

4. The presence of characteristically shaped and distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981) 

5. The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct parts (Liem & Greenwood, 1981) 

6. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982) 

7. The stomach has a left hand exit to the anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler, 1982) 

8. The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the 

crista inferior by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985) 

9. The presence of short paired hypapophyses on the third and/or fourth vertebral centra (Kullander, 1998). 

Cichlid diversity has been explained both by their advanced brood care and by the versatile design of the pharyngeal jaw 

complex used for food mastication. The unpaired lower pharyngeal toothplate and the opposed upper pharyngeal tooth 

plates are contained in a muscular sling characterizing labroid fishes. There is considerable variation in the shape of the 

toothplates and associated dentition, reflecting diet specializations. The oral jaws are generally highly movable and protrusible, 

and tooth shape varies greatly, although most Neotropical cichlids have simple, subconical, unicuspid teeth, whereas 

African cichlids commonly have laterally bicuspid or tricuspid oral teeth. 

Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal 

fin, 2-12 (usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on each side of the head. The lateral line is 

usually divided into one anterior upper portion ending below the end of the dorsal-fin base, and a posterior lower portion 

running along the middle of the caudal peduncle. 

Among Neotropical taxa, lengths range from about 25-30 mm adult size in Apistogramma and Taeniacara, to about 1 meter 

in Cichla temensis. Most taxa are in the interval 10-20 cm, however. 

Most Neotropical cichlids occupy lentic habitats within rivers and streams; but there is also a number of moderately to 

strongly adapted rheophilic species. The latter include many Crenicichla species and the genera Teleocichla and Retroculus, 

which are distributed mainly in the Brazilian and Guianan highlands. 

The majority of the Neotropical cichlids feed on a variety of invertebrates and some plant matter, and specializations 

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among those species remain little investigated. Cichla, large Crenicichla species, Petenia, Parachromis, Caquetaia, Astronotus, 

and Acaronia, feed on fishes and large invertebrates. Chaetobranchopsis, Chaetobranchus and Satanoperca acuticeps 

are plankton feeders. 

Most Neotropical Cichlidae are moderately to strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. Eggs are typically deposited on 

a substrate and both parents guard offspring over several weeks, even for some time after the young are free-swimming. 

Smaller species, particularly in the genus Apistogramma, may be strongly sexually dimorphic. Sexes differ in color and the 

female is smaller than the male and assumes all or most of the care for the eggs and young. Oral incubation, or mouthbrooding, 

has been recorded for many Geophagus, Gymnogeophagus, and Satanoperca species, but also for one species of 

Aequidens and one species of Heros. Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded on a substrate 

prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs or newly hatched larvae. A few mouthbrooding species practice 

exclusive maternal brood care, with a minimum delay between egg-laying and oral incubation (Gymnogeophagus balzanii, 

NE Colombian Geophagus species). 

Geographical ranges are commonly limited to a single river or even one or a few streams, reflecting both ecological constraints 

and drainage basin histories. A few Neotropical cichlids are recorded from brackish water conditions. The northernmost 

species are Herichthys cyanoguttatus from the lower Grande River drainage in Texas, USA, on the Atlantic coast, 

and ‘Cichlasoma’ beani, which reaches north to the Yaquí River on the Pacific coast of Mexico. In South America cichlids 

are recorded from virtually all river drainages, but rarely occupy elevations over 500 m ASL, and generally remain below 

200 m ASL. Cichlids are absent from the Marañón River above the Pongo de Manseriche and from the Ucayali River 

drainage upstream of Atalaya (the mouth of the Urubamba River [Vilcanota River] and Tombo River [Apurimac River]). 

There are four permanent cichlid species occurring on the island of Trinidad, but no cichlids are found on any other islands 

close to the Venezuelan coast. Most Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil have 1-3 species of cichlids. The southern limit of the 

family in South America is not well documented, but may be in the lower Negro River in Argentina, which river marks the 

northern limit of Patagonia. On the Pacific slope, cichlids are found in a succession of permanent rivers south to the Jequetepeque 

River or perhaps even to slightly south of Lima, Peru. 

Because of the varied behavior and often attractive colors and moderate size, cichlids are commonly kept as ornamental 

fish. Practically all genera and more than half of the species have been kept in aquaria at some time. The traditionally most 

important aquarium species are Pterophyllum and Symphysodon species, the former often representing the aquarium hobby 

in logotypes. 

Sportfishing is concentrated on the Cichla species for which there is a strong North American and Brazilian market including 

sport fishing safaris and Tucunaré fishing contests predominantly in Brazil (Kelber, 1999). 

All the larger species are used as food fish, within a traditional artisanal and subsistence fishery, and all local markets in the 

lowland Amazon and Orinoco drainages offer Cichla, Astronotus, and other available species of sizes over 10 cm (Ferreira 

et al., 1998, for a market survey at Santarém). Astronotus species, and to some extent Cichla species are subject to aquaculture 

in Brazil. 

The family Cichlidae was first monographed by Heckel (1840), based on the Natterer collection from Brazil (illustrations in 

Riedl-Dorn, 2000). Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana, 

Brazil and Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). Steindachner (1875) worked on the Thayer 

expedition collection of Amazonian cichlids, but did not add much beyond the work of Heckel. Günther (1868, based on 

several shorter papers) described and illustrated a large part of the Central American cichlid fauna, followed by Regan 

(1906-1908). 

Pellegrin (1904) revised the family with diagnoses of all genera and species known to him. Much of Pellegrin’s efforts with 

the Neotropical taxa were improved upon by Regan’s series of generic revisions in the next two years (Regan, 1905-1906), 

which remained the platform for all Neotropical cichlid systematics until the 1980s. The first modern phylogenetic revision 

of the Neotropical cichlids was presented by Cichocki (1976), and most recently Kullander (1998) and Farias et al. (1999) 

have provided phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology and molecular data respectively. A formal classification 

down to tribe is provided by Kullander (1998). 

Scientific general reviews of the family are provided by Keenleyside (1991) and Barlow (2000). There is no scientific 

monograph covering all Neotropical cichlid species, but numerous aquarium books of variable quality, of which Stawikowski 

& Werner (1998) may be consulted for the most updated compilation of cichlasomatine cichlids. 

Country monographs of cichlids are available for Peru (Kullander, 1986) and Surinam (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989). Bussing 

(1998: 293-384) summarizes data on 24 Costa Rican cichlid species; Keith et al. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for 

38 cichlid species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield & Thomerson (1997: 184-206) cover 19 species 

from Belize 

Recent generic revisions cover Crenicichla (Ploeg, 1991; many errors and inconsistencies), Gymnogeophagus (Reis & 

Malabarba, 1988), Apistogramma (Kullander, 1980a, somewhat outdated), Cichlasoma (Kullander, 1983a), Teleocichla 

Kullander, 1988), Retroculus (Gosse, 1971), Geophagus s. lato (Gosse, 1976, somewhat outdated), Biotoecus (Kullander, 

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1989a), and Mesonauta (Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991). 

The checklist herein recognizes 406 valid Neotropical cichlid species out of 635 nominal taxa. Kullander (1998) estimated 

that there are about ten undescribed North-Central American cichlid taxa and about 160 undescribed South American taxa. 

Numerous problems of species discrimination remain. Some of the most enigmatic cases include ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus, 

of which Hubbs (1936) described numerous subspecies. Some of these taxa are certainly distinct species, but the 

status of highly localized subspecies from the Yucatán peninsula, which are based on one or very few specimens, remains a 

subject for revision. All these taxa are herein treated as valid for want of any better option. 

Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa, 

which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983a). Most of these are now recognized in 

well-diagnosed genera (Kullander, 1986, 1996b, Kullander & Hartel, 1997), but several are kept with the generic denomination 

‘Cichlasoma’ which is judged better than to include them in genera to which they certainly do not belong. 

On the whole it is not satisfactory to have one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a scientific name, illustrating a 

real problem with the more formalized procedure of naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against doubtful 

species. The current estimate of 450 South American taxa is based on species already represented in museum collections; 

it can be assumed that new collections will bring in many more new taxa. 

ACARICHTHYS 

Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912: 500. Type species: Acara heckelii 

Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by original designation. Gender: 

masculine. 

Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849) 

Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1849: 624. 

Type locality: Sümpfen der Savanne. No types known. Originally 

spelled as Acara Heckelii 

Geophagus Thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 108 [48], pl. 3 (fig. 2, 2a- 

2b). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Villa bella, Obidos, 

Cudajas, Tonantins, Jatuarana, Ueranduba, Serpa, Rio Tapajos, 

R. Trombetas, R. negro, R. Xingu, see Hyanuary, José Assù, 

Saraca, Alexo und Lago maximo etc. Syntypes: (many) NMW 

74135 (1), 9249-9254 (5), NMW 17046-17048 (3), NMW 

17050-17051 (2), NMW 17052-17054 (3), NMW 17055-17057 

(3), NMW 17058-17060 (2), NMW 17061-17064 (3), NMW 

17066 (1), NMW 17067-17070 (4), NMW 17101-17102 (1), 

NMW 17103-17110 (several), NMW 17119-17125 (several), 

NMW 23819-23821 (3), NMW 24012 (1), NMW 24094-24095 

(2), 24096 (7), NMW 24105-24106 (2), NMW 24107-24108 (2), 

NMW 24109-24110 (2), NMW 24111-24114 (3), NMW 24115- 

24116 (2), NMW 24133-24138 (6), ZSM 27335 (1). 

Acara subocularis Cope, 1878: 696. Type locality: [Peruvian 

Amazon]. Holotype: ANSP 21233 (missing). 

Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL 

Distribution: South America: Along mainstream Amazon River in 

Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, including lower parts of the Putumayo, 

Trombetas, Negro, and Xingu Rivers; lower Tocantins 

River, and Capim River; Branco River (Amazon basin) in Brazil 

and Guyana, and the Essequibo River in Guyana. 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru 

Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material 

by Kullander (1986: 134). 

ACARONIA 

Acara (Acaropsis) Steindachner, 1875: 80. Type species: Acara 

nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied 

by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida. 

Acaronia Myers, 1940: 170. Type species: Acara nassa Heckel, 

1840. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Replacement 

for Acaropsis Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by 

Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida. 

Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara nassa Heckel, 1840: 353. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé. 

Syntypes: NMW 10538-40 (3), NMW 16185 (1), NMW uncat. 

(1). 

Acara unicolor Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 30 (fig. 25). Type locality: 

Barra do Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33347-33348 (2). 

Acara cognatus Heckel, 1840: 356. Type locality: Barra do Rionegro. 

Holotype: NMW 33619. 

Centrarchus ? rostratus Jardine, 1843: 163, pl. 15. Type locality: 

Rio Negro. No types known. 

Apistogramma ambloplitoides Fowler, 1940: 281, fig. 63. Type 

locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 

68681. 


Distribution: South America: Amazonas lowlands in Peru, Brazil, 

and Colombia, Bolivian Amazon basin, middle and lower Negro 

River, Branco River, also Amapá State, the Oyapock drainage in 

French Guiana, and the Essequibo drainage in Guyana. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, 

Peru 


in Kullander (1986: 79), distinguishing characters and synonymy 

discussed in Kullander (1989b). 

Common names: Krobié (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana) 

Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989 

Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989b: 447, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Venezuela, Terr. Federal Amazonas, Departamento Ature, small 

drying backwater pool off road from El Burro to Puerto Ayacucho, 

approximately 05°47’N, 67°29’W. Holotype: MBUCV- 

V 17714. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin in Colombia 

and Venezuela, including the Casiquiare, Inírida, Caura, Vichada 

Rivers; upper Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela (San Carlos, 

Ererê River and Tamaquaré Island). 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela 

AEQUIDENS 

Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 616. Type species: Acara 

tetramerus Heckel, 1840. Type by original designation. Gender: 

masculine. Originally Astronotus (Aequidens). 

Aequidens biseriatus (Regan, 1913) 

Cichlosoma (Aequidens) biseriatum Regan, 1913b: 471. Type 

locality: Rio Condoto. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.10.1.80-88 (7 of 

8). 

Maximum length: 8 cm TL 

Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River 

basins. 

Countries: Colombia 

Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956 

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Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956: 437, fig. 94. Type locality: 

Río Abácapa on the west side of Chimantá-tepui; 1,300 feet altitude. 

Holotype: FMNH 45702. 


Distribution: South America: Caroní River basin in Orinoco River 

drainage. 

Countries: Venezuela 

Aequidens coeruleopunctatus (Kner & Steindachner, 

1863) 

Acara coeruleopunctata Kner & Steindachner in Kner, 1863: 222, 

fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Chagres im Staate Panama, Nordseite. 

Syntypes: NMW 33635-33636 (2), 22168 (1). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama, and 

Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto River). 

Countries: Costa Rica, Panama 

Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 310), with 

key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. 

Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Mojarra (Costa Rica) 

Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara diadema Heckel, 1840: 344. Type locality: einem Ygarapé 

oder Waldbache bei Marabitanos. Syntypes: NMW 33791 (1), 

33797 (1). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper 

Negro River; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Orinoco 

River in Colombia and Venezuela. 


Remarks and references: Aequidens diadema reported from Peru 

by Kullander (1986: 348) is a different species. 

Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995 

Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995: 158, fig. 10. Type locality: Brazil, 

State of Pará, Río Tapajós drainage, igarapé in Barreirinha. 

Holotype: MZUSP 21979. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower 

Tapajós River drainage near Jacareacanga and São Luis. 

Countries: Brazil 

Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995 

Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995: 150, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Núcleo Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeroporto, 

above the cachoeira (approximately 10°10’S 59°25’W). 

Holotype: INPA 974. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, known only 

from the upper Aripuanã River, near Cachoeira de Dardanelos 

and in a headwater stream on the Juína-Vilhena road. 


Aequidens hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) 

Nannacara hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 14, pl. 7 (top figs.). 

Type locality: rio Branco, affluente do Araguaya, e n’uma lagoa 

do Coxipo da Ponte, em Mato Grosso. Holotype: MNRJ 1245. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Araguaia 

River drainage. 


Aequidens latifrons (Steindachner, 1878) 

Acara latifrons Steindachner, 1878: 89. Type locality: Cienaga, 

Río Magdalena, Colombia; Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW. 


Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Atrato, Sinú, and San 

Juan River basins. 


Common names: Azulejo (Colombia), Casasola (Colombia), Mojarra 

azul (Colombia) 

Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997 

Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997a: 378, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, rio Maués drainage, município do 

Maués, igarapé do rio Maraú. Holotype: MZUSP 7306. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Maués 

and Arapiuns Rivers. 


Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922 

Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922a: 241, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Barrigón.; Eigenmann, 1922b: 198. Type locality: Barrigona 

Río Meta. Holotype: CAS 66884 [ex IU 13967]. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta 

River. 


Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared 

both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available 

evidence which publication should have priority. 

Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995 

Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995: 163, fig. 14. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte, rocky 

pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32674. 



Xingu River at Altamira and Belo Monte. 


Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara pallidus Heckel, 1840: 347. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: 

NMW 33678. 

Centrarchus ? vittatus Jardine, 1843: 161, pl. 14. Type locality: 

[not stated]. Types not known. 

Aequidens duopunctata Haseman, 1911: 338, pl. 56. Type locality: 

Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54033 [ex CM 2573]. Apparently the 

number 2574 in the caption to pl. 56 should have been 2573. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle 

and lower Negro River, Uatumã, Preto da Eva, and Puraquequara 

Rivers. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Ferreira 

(1991). 

Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 

Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 141, fig. 77. 

Type locality: Suriname, Dist. Marowijne, R. Marowijne system, 

small brook tributary to the right bank of R. Paloemeu, on road 

between Trombaka Noord and Trombaka Zuid. Holotype: 

IRSNB 755. 


Distribution: South America: Known only from the Paloemeu 

River, Marowijne River drainage. 

Countries: Suriname 

Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984 

Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984b: 2, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Pérou, depto. Ucayali, prov. Coronel Portillo, bassin du R. 

Aguaytia, petit ruisseau drainant un marais desséché, affluent du 

R. Aguaytia, le long de la route de Pucallpa à Tingo Maria, 15 

km à l’Ouest du village d’Aguaytia (9°02’S, 75°31’W). Holotype: 

MHNG 2163.93. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the 

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Aguaytía and Pachitea Rivers. 

Countries: Peru 

Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1986: 347). 

Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984 

Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984a: 155, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, R. Paraguay system ... 

Mun. Itiquira, internal lakes of the Piquiri-Itiquira system, 

Fazenda Santo Antonio do Paraíso. Holotype: MZUSP 28232. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (upper Guaporé 

River drainage), and Paraná River basin (upper Paraguay River 

drainage). 


Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912 

Aequidens potaroënsis Eigenmann, 1912: 490, pl. 66 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Amatuk. Holotype: FMNH 53892 [ex CM 2407]. 

Maximum length: 10 cm SL 

Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin. 

Countries: Guyana 

Aequidens pulcher (Gill, 1858) 

Cychlasoma pulchrum Gill, 1858: 382. Type locality: [western 

portion of Trinidad]. Syntypes: USNM 1110 (orig. 1, now 2). 


Distribution: Central and South America: Trinidad, W.I., and 

adjacent Venezuela. 

Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 

Common names: Blue coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Cocoroba 

(Venezuela) 

Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860) 

Chromis rivulata Günther, 1860b: 418. Type locality: Andes of 

Western Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.153 (1). 

Acara aequinoctialis Regan, 1905b: 337. Type locality: W. Ecuador. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.15.13-16 (4). 

Aequidens azurifer Fowler, 1911: 515, fig. 7. Type locality: Affluent 

of the Chimbo River, near Bucay, Province of Guayas, Ecuador. 

Holotype: ANSP 39118. 


Distribution: South America: Pacific slope from Ecuador (Esmeraldas 

River) to Peru (Tumbes River). 

Countries: Ecuador, Peru 

Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) 

Acaropsis rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 11, pl. 4 (fig.1). Type 

locality: Rio do Sangue, acima do Salto Bello. Holotype: MNRJ 

1616. 



Tapajós River basin. 


Aequidens sapayensis (Regan, 1903) 

Acara sapayensis Regan, 1903b: 628. Type locality: Rio Sapayo, 

N.W. Ecuador. Holotype: BMNH 1902.7.29.56. 


Distribution: South America: Pacific slope, in the Cayapas River 

drainage in northwestern Ecuador. 

Countries: Ecuador 

Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840: 341, pl. 29 (fig. 1-4). Type locality: 

Rio-branco. Syntypes: NMW 33757-58 (2). 

Chromys uniocellata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: rio Ucayale, mission de Sarayacu. Syntypes: MNHN 

A.9481 (2). Spelled uniocellatus in list of figures. 

Aequidens stollei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 13, pl. 5 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Rio Jamary. Lectotype: MNRJ 1592A, designated by 

Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397) [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. 

Acaronia trimaculata Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 389, pl. 

22 (fig. 8). Type locality: Iquitos. Holotype: CAS 67009 [ex IU 

17794]. 


Distribution: South America: Widely distributed in the Amazon 

River basin in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil and Bolivia, also 

in the Tocantins and Parnaíba Rivers, French Guiana, Suriname, 

Guyana, and in the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela and Colombia. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, 

Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela 

Common names: Acará-cuaima (Brazil), Acará-pixuna (Brazil), 

Kokko (Suriname), Manja koko (Suriname), Prapra (French 

Guiana) 

Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991 

Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991: 427, fig. 4. Type 

locality: Brazil, Estado do Pará, Reserva Biológica de Trombetas, 

igarapé at km 4 on the road to Perimetral Norte. Holotype: 

MZUSP 15887. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the 

Trombetas River close to Cachoeira Porteira. 


Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara viridis Heckel, 1840: 343. Type locality: in den durch das 

Anschwellen der Flüsse gebildeten Waldlachen ..., ... in einer 

derselben bei der Stadt Matogrosso liegenden und Juquià ... 

genannten. Syntypes: NMW 16247 (1), 33833 (1), ?91433 (1); 

SMF 2925 [ex NMW in 1844] (1). 

Aequidens awani Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 55. Type locality: São 

Antonio de Guaporé, Rio Guaporé, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 

54036 [ex CM 2576]. 

Aequidens guaporensis Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 54. Type locality: 

São Antonio de Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54035 [ex CM 

2575]. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé 

River basin. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil 

AMPHILOPHUS 

Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Amphilophus 

froebelii Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Astatheros Pellegrin, 1904: 203. Type species: Heros (Cichlasoma) 

heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902. Type by monotypy. 

Gender: masculine. 

Erythrichthus Meek, 1907b: 118. Type species: Heros citrinellus 

Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. 

Originally Cichlasoma (Erythrichthus). 

Curraichthys Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [3]. Type species: Heros 

lobochilus Günther, 1868. Type species by original designation. 


Amphilophus alfari (Meek, 1907) 

Cichlasoma alfari Meek, 1907a: 148. Type locality: Turrialba, 

Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6032. 

Cichlosoma lethrinus Regan, 1908a: 462. Type locality: Rio Iroquois. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1909.3.13.92-97 (5 of 6) and 

1909.3.13.98 (1, skeleton). 

Cichlasoma bouchellei Fowler, 1923: 29. Type locality: Tunky 

Bin River above Eden, Nicaragua. Holotype: ANSP 51222. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras 

(Patuca River) to Costa Rica; Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. 

609


Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua 

Remarks and references: Villa and Miller, 1975 identified C. 

bouchellei as a junior synonym of A. alfari. Reviewed by Bussing 

(1998: 318), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, 

and figures. 

Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica) 

Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 

Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 8, fig. 4. Type 

locality: Agua caliente, Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86° 

19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3448.1). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic 

to Lake Xiloá. 

Countries: Nicaragua 

Amphilophus altifrons (Kner, 1863) 

Heros altifrons Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama. Syntype: 

NMW 21204 (1). 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Térraba 

River) to Panama (Chiriqui River). 


Remarks and references: Also appeared as new in Kner & Steindachner 

(1864: 11, pl. 2, fig. 1) from Colombia and Panama. Reviewed 

by Bussing (1998: 322), with key, diagnosis, geographical 

distribution, and figures. 


Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997 

Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997: 2, fig. p. 2. Type locality: 

Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles 

on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: 

AMNH 59077. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica 

(Sixaola River drainage) to Panama (Guarumo River). 





Amphilophus calobrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) 

Cichlasoma calobrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality: 

Rio Calobre, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7600. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra, 

Chucunaque and Bayano River basins). 

Countries: Panama 

Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864) 

Heros citrinellus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of 

Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.201-203 (3). 

Heros basilaris Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 182. Type locality: 

Lake Nicaragua. Types not located, but may be present in the 

Bransford collection deposited in the USNM. 

Cichlasoma granadense Meek, 1907b: 121. Type locality: Lago 

Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5951. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and 

Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage, including Lakes Nicaragua, 

Managua, Masaya, and Apoyo). 

Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua 

Remarks and references: Cichlasoma granadense was synonymised 

with A. citrinellus by Villa (1976: 381). Systematics 

and biology covered by Barlow & Munsey (1976). Reviewed by 

Bussing (1998: 312), with key, diagnosis, geographical 

distribution, and figures. 

Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Costa 

Rica, Nicaragua) 

Amphilophus diquis (Bussing, 1974) 

Cichlasoma diquis Bussing, 1974: 37, fig. 2. Type locality: Costa 

Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S 

of Palmar Sur at IH. Holotype: LACM 33911-1. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of SE Costa Rica. 

Countries: Costa Rica 

Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli, 

1950) 

Cichlasoma hogaboomorum Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 27, pl. 2 

(fig. 1). Type locality: Río Choluteca, 5 kilometers below Choluteca, 

elevation 50 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 144664. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Honduras, in the 

Choluteca River basin. 

Countries: Honduras 

Common names: Guapotillo (Honduras) 

Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864) 

Amphilophus froebelii Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake 

Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, missing. 

Heros labiatus Günther, 1864a: 27, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

Lake of Managua, Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.9.23.7-8 

(2) or 1863.12.15.74-76 (3). 

Heros erythraeus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of 

Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.33. Described in more 

detail in Günther (1868: 457, pl. 75, fig. 2). 

Heros lobochilus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of 

Managua. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.7.20.36 (2). Described in more 

detail in Günther 1868: 457, pl. 75 (fig. 1). 

Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek, 1907b: 123. Type locality: Lago 

Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5971. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, in 

Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. 


Remarks and references: Systematics and biology covered by 

Barlow & Munsey (1976). Kullander & Hartel (1997: 199) examined 

Agassiz’ description of Amphilophus froebelii and 

searched in vain for type material. Villa (1976: 381) added Cichlasoma 

dorsatum to the synonymy of A. labiatus. The name 

froebelii has never been used as a senior synonym of A. labiatus 

subsequent to its description. Original description copied in Günther 

(1864b: 231). 

Common names: Mojarra picuda (Nicaragua) 

Amphilophus longimanus (Günther, 1867) 

Heros longimanus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of 

Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.204. 

Cichlasoma popenoei Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 31, pl. 2 (fig. 2). 

Type locality: Río Yeguare, about 1 kilometer below bridge on 

road between Tegucigalpa and Danlí, Department of Morazan, 

Honduras; elevation 735 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 147178. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras 

(Aguan River) to Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Prinzapolka, San 

Juan River drainage including Lake Nicaragua), Pacific slope 

from Guatemala to Costa Rica (Nahualate River to Bebedero 

River). 

Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua 



Common names: Carataca (Honduras), Carate (Nicaragua), 

Machaca (Honduras), Pecho rojo (Nicaragua), Viejito (Guatemala) 

610


Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966) 

Cichlasoma lyonsi Gosse, 1966: 16, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa 

Rica (prov. Puntarenas), affluent du Rio Coto, Plantation United 

Fruit Company, Golfito. Holotype: IRSNB 464. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto 

River) and Panama (Dupí River). 





Amphilophus macracanthus (Günther, 1864) 

Heros macracanthus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Chiapas 

and Huamuchal. Syntypes: (about 12) BMNH 1864.1.26.197-200 

(4), 1864.1.26.252-254 (3) Chiapas, 1864.1.26.368 (1) Huamuchal, 

1864.1.26.255 (1, skeleton). 

Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 86 

[2]. Type locality: Isthme de Tehuantepec (Mexique). Syntypes: 

MNHN A.9528 (3). 

Cichlasoma evermanni Meek, 1904: 214, fig. 70. Type locality: 

Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4727 [not 4227]. 

Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925: 275, fig. 20. Type locality: 

Lake Guija, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87301. Secondarily 

preoccupied by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918, replaced 

by Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934. 

Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934: 192. Type locality: [Lake 

Guija, El Salvador.] Holotype: USNM 87301. Replacement name 

for Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925, preoccupied in Cichlasoma 

by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope from 

southern Mexico to El Salvador. 

Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico 

Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther, 1862) 

Heros margaritifer Günther, 1862: 287. Type locality: Lake Peten, 

Guatemala. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.62. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala (Lake 

Petén). 

Countries: Guatemala 

Remarks and references: Type locality doubtful, species not reported 

with certainty since original description. 

Amphilophus nourissati (Allgayer, 1989) 

Theraps nourissati Allgayer, 1989: 12, fig. p. 13. Type locality: 

petite rivière à 1 km avant le village “La Pera” sur la route de 

Palenque vers Ojo de Agua, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype: 

MNHN 1989-583. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico 

and Guatemala (Usumacinta River basin). 

Countries: Guatemala, Mexico 

Common names: Panza negra (Mexico) 

Amphilophus rhytisma (López S.,1983) 

Cichlasoma rhytisma López S., 1983: 133, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Costa Rica, Limón Province, Río Cocolis, a tributary of Río 

Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles on road between Bratsí and Shiroles. 

Holotype: LACM 42998-1. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica 

(Sixaola River). 





Amphilophus robertsoni (Regan, 1905) 

Cichlosoma robertsoni Regan, 1905a: 239. Type locality: Stann 

Creek, British Honduras [=Belize]. Holotype: BMNH 

1890.9.8.11. 

Cichlasoma acutum Miller, 1907: 117, fig. 6. Type locality: Río 

Tenedores, Tenedores. Holotype: IU 11186. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope from 

Mexico (Coatzacoalcos River) to Honduras. 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico 

Common names: False firemouth cichlid (Belize), Klanki (Honduras), 

Machaca (Honduras), Mojarra (Honduras), Tepemechine 

(Mexico) 

Amphilophus rostratus (Gill, 1877) 

Heros rostratus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 181. Type locality: 

Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: USNM 16872(9). 



Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage including Lakes Managua, 

Nicaragua and Masaya, to Matinaon River). 




Common names: Carate (Nicaragua), Masamiche (Costa Rica, 

Nicaragua) 

Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 

Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 12, fig. 11. Type 

locality: Agua caliente Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86° 

19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3386.1. 





Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 

Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 9, fig. 7. Type 

locality: Southeastern shore of Lake Xiloá (N 12° 12,793’ W 86° 

19,028’). Holotype PSU 3381.1 





Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976) 

Cichlasoma zaliosum Barlow in Barlow & Munsey, 1976: 363, fig. 

5. Type locality: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Holotype: CAS 29104. 



to Lake Apoyo. 


Common names: Mojarra flecha (Nicaragua) 

APISTOGRAMMA 

Heterogramma Regan, 1906b: 60. Type species: Mesops taeniatus 

Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann 

(1910: 478). Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Heterogramma 

Guenée, 1854. 

Apistogramma Regan, 1913c: 282. Type species: Mesops taeniatus 

Günther, 1862. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: 

feminine. 

Pintoichthys Fowler, 1954: 316. Type species: Biotodoma trifasciatus 

Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Type by original designation. 


Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) 

Geophagus (Mesops) agassizii Steindachner, 1875: 111, pl. 8 (fig. 

611


2). Type locality: Syntypes from Curupira..., Cudajas..., Rio 

Puty..., Lago Maximo...See Manacapuru; lectotype from Manacapuru 

(Amazonas State, Brazil; 3°16’S 60°37’N). Lectotype: 

NMW 23484, designated by Kullander (1980a: 89). 

Apistogramma parva Ahl, 1931: 210. Type locality: Rio Capim. 

Holotype: ZMB 23410. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along Amazon- 

Solimões River from Peru through Brazil to Capim River basin. 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru 

Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 89), 

with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation; 

brief redescription of Peruvian material in Kullander (1986: 

189). Holotype of A. parva briefly redescribed by Kullander 

(1980a: 145). Synonym status of A. parva is still tentative. 

Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998 

Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998: 46, fig. 1. Type 

locality: some 2.5 km upstream of the village of Arua in a small 

right-bank affluent of the Rio Arua, a tributary of the Rio Arapiuns, 

Para State, Brazil (approx. 2°39’27”S, 55°43’24”W). Holotype: 

MZUSP uncat. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Arapiuns 

River basin. 


Remarks and references: Original description repeated in German 

in Römer (1998: 266-283) but with additional photos. 

Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997 

Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997: 9, 2 figs. Type locality: 

Peru (Loreto). Imported...from Iquitos. Holotype: SMF 28212. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Nanay 

River basin. 


Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936 

Apistogramma pertense var. bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936: 56. Type 

locality: Rio Madeira (Brésil) [apparently incorrect: Kullander, 

1980a: 97], emended to: Colombia (Amazonas), environments of 

Leticia. Lectotype: MNHN 1935-34, designated by Kullander 

(1980a). 

Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken, 1961: 136, fig. p. 137. Type 

locality: Wasserläufen bei Letitia in Peru. Holotype: lost. 

Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken, 1962: 138, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brasilien, oberer Rio Solimões, Igarapé Preto. Holotype: 

SMF 5526. 

Apistogramma kleei Meinken, 1964: 293, fig. p. 295. Type locality: 

unbekannt [unknown]. Holotype: USNM 199593. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to 

Peruvian and adjacent Brazilian black-water river systems (collected 

in the lower Nanay, Mazán and Tigre in Peru, near Leticia 

in Colombia, and in Igarapé Preto and Lago Tefé in Brazil). 



with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation; 

brief redescription of Peruvian material by Kullander (1986: 

191). 

Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906) 

Heterogramma borellii Regan, 1906b: 63. Type locality: Carandasiñho, 

Matto Grosso. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.4.14.12-15 (3; 

one lost). 

Heterogramma ritense Haseman, 1911: 362, pl. 70. Type locality: 

Santa Rita, Rio Santa Rita of the Paraguay basin. Holotype: 

FMNH 54187 [ex CM 2765a]. 

Heterogramma rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 16, pl. 11. Type 

locality: Caceres, na Caiçara (Campina). Lectotype: MNRJ 

1247A, designated by Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397). 

Apistogramma aequipinnis Ahl, 1938: 246. Type locality: vermutlich 

Argentinien. Holotype: ZMB 23409. 

Apistogramma reitzigi Mitsch, 1938: 181. Type locality: Wahrscheinlich 

mittleres Südamerika. No type specimens. 


Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin and along the 

lower Paraná River in Argentina. 

Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay 

Remarks and references: Apistogramma reitzigi was named twice 

(Mitsch, 1938, Ahl, 1938) with the same name. The earlier description 

by Mitsch (1938) clearly makes the name available. 

Although attributed in that paper to E. Ahl, there is no indication 

that Ahl would have been involved in writing the paper and Ahl 

cannot be author. Brief review, with key and distribution map, in 

Kullander (1983b: 311). 

Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980a 107, fig. 13. Type locality: 

Petit igarapé du Lago Penera, rive droite du Uaupés, État 

d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°01’N 67°21’W.). Holotype: IRSNB 570. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés 

River basin. 


Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951 

Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951: 1, fig. p. 3. Type 

locality: near Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana [incorrect, restricted and 

emended by Kullander, 1980a: R. Amazonas basin between 69° 

and 71° W]. Holotype: ZMA 100033. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of 

the Ucayali, Amazon and Solimões Rivers from the Pachitea 

River to Tabatinga. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1980a 86). 

Brief review with bibliography, diagnostic characters, and distribution 

map in Kullander (1986: 181). 

Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980a: 76. Type locality: Igarapé 

in Bragança (Estado do Pará, Brazil; 1°45’S 46°47’W). Holotype: 

FMNH 54164 [ex CM 2732]. 


Distribution: South America: Apeú and Caeté Rivers in the Bragança 

region, Pará State. 


Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906) 

Heterogramma commbrae Regan, 1906b: 64. Type locality: Carandasiñho, 

Matto Grosso; Colonia Risso. Lectotype: BMNH 

1900.4.14.16, designated by Kullander (1982a: 36). 

Heterogramma corumbae Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann, 

McAtee & Ward, 1907: 146, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: Corumba. 

Holotype: CAS 33719 [ex IU 10166]. 


Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin, middle Paraná 

River basin in Argentina, and Uruguay River basin. 


Remarks and references: Species monographed by Kullander 

(1982a). 

Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986 

Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986: 159, pl. 16, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Peru, departamento Loreto, Río Napo drainage system, 

lower course of a quebrada right bank tributary to the Río Mazán 

nearly 2 hours upstream from Puerto Alegre on the mouth of the 

612


Río Mazán, Peru. Holotype: NRM 16664. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo 

River drainage of Peru and Ecuador, and the Putumayo and 

Caquetá River drainages of Colombia. 

Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru 

Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987 

Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987a: 259, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, R. Negro drainage system, downstream 

of the R. Daraã. Holotype: MZUSP 28213. 



Negro River from San Carlos to Arirará River. 

Countries: Brazil, Venezuela 

Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980a: 103, fig. 12. Type 

locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite du Uaupés à Trovao 

(environ 20 km en amont de l’embouchure de Uaupés), État 

d’Amazonas. Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 596. 



River basin. 


Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981 

Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981a: 184, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Peru, Depto. Loreto, R. Ucayali system, near Pucallpa, on 

road to Aguaytia, “Dunkelwasser bei ‘Campo Verde’”. Holotype: 

ZFMK 10772. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries to 

the Ucayali and Amazonas Rivers, and in the Yavarí River in 

Peru, and the Japurá River in Brazil. 

Countries: Brazil, Peru 

Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971 

Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971: 35, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Amazonas-Gebiet, Rio Curuçamba bei Obidos. Holotype: SMF 

10617. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the region of 

the lower Trombetas River basin. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 72). 

Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980a: 131, fig. 17. Type locality: 

Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans 

l’Archipel das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S 

60°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 581. 



Negro River basin. 


Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969 

Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969: 91, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brasilien, wahrscheinlich Gebiet des Rio Negro. Holotype: SMF 

9441. 

Apistogramma roraimae Kullander, 1980a: 138, fig 19. Type 

locality: Igarapé Uazinho à environ 20 km de Boa Vista sur la 

route Boa Vista-Caracarai, Territoire du Rio Branco, Brésil. 

(2°49’N 60°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 565. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco 

and middle Negro River basins. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1980a: 115) 

with diagnosis, bibliography, description and distribution; synonymy 

of A. roraimae herein is based on Kullander (unpublished). 

Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982 

Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982d: 65, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brasil, terr. Amapá, R. Oyapock system, Martinique. Holotype: 

MNHN 1981-231. 


Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French 

Guiana and Brazil; Approuague River drainage in French 

Guiana. 

Countries: Brazil, French Guiana 

Common names: Prapra (French Guiana) 

Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso 

A., 1989 

Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso A., 1989: 

132, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Estado Anzoátegui, Río 

Morichal Largo, close to village San Miguel (63°22’W 8°38’N). 

Holotype: MHNLS 3587. 


Distribution: South America: Morichal Largo River in northeastern 

Venezuela. 


Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982 

Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982b: 182, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, Rio Solimoes System, igarapé 

des Lago Manacapuru. Holotype: MZUSP 6657. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, middle Negro 

River drainage (near mouths of Urubaxi and Daraã Rivers), and 

Lake Manacapuru. 


Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965 

Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965a: 258, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Zuflüsse der Sümpfe am Unterlauf des Rio Portuguesa westlich 

der Orte Sta. Rosa und Camaguan, an der Autostraße von 

Calabozo am Südende der seenartigen Erweiterung ‘Embalse del 

Guárico’ des Rio Guárico nach San Fernando am Mittellauf des 

Rio Apuré, im Staat Guárico, Venezuela. Holotype: SMF 7891. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa, 

Aracua, and lower Caura River drainages, and along the 

mainstream of the lower Orinoco River to Barrancas. 


Remarks and references: Brief redescription in Kullander (1979: 

75). 

Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela) 

Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979 

Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979b: 74, fig. 5. Type locality: 

Finca Boca de Guarrojo (small laguna closest to the houses 

of the finca), R. Guarrojo, Vichada, Colombia (4°07’N 

70°45’W). Holotype: NRM 11234. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Vichada 

River drainage and the middle Meta River drainage in Colombia, 

and along the middle Orinoco River basin. 

Countries: Colombia, Venezuela 

Common names: Viejita (Colombia) 

Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983 

Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983b: 307, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Bolivia, depto. Santa Cruz, R. Paraguay system [sic!], 

small pool of the R. Candelaria, above bridge on road Carmen- 

613


Santa Rosa (16°00’S 61°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 637. 



River drainage in Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraguay 

River basin. 


Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979 

Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979b: 76, fig. 7. Type locality: 

Pueblo Bretania (Yuri Bajo), Caño (Río) Bocón, depto. Guainía, 

Colombia (3°39’N 68°05’W). Holotype: NRM 11224. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Inírida 

River basin. 


Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986 

Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986: 177, pl. 19 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Brazil, estado Acre, Rio Juruá drainage system, 

municipio do Cruzeiro do Sul, riachos near Igarapé Formoso. 

Holotype: ZUEC 1374. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the uppper 

Juruá River basin. 


Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985 

Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985: 151, fig. 5. Type locality: 

Bolivia, northwest of the town Santa Cruz, Lagunen entlang der 

Strasse zwischen den Orten Portachuelo und Bella Vista, 76 km 

nordwestlich von Santa Cruz, Wasseransammlungen entlang der 

Strasse und kleiner flacher Wasserlauf der die Strasse kreuzt und 

Lagune an der Strasse ca. 2 km östlich vor dem Ort Japacani am 

Rio Japacani”, sta. B1 und B2, about 68°25’W--16°20’S and 

68°50’W--16°15’S. Holotype: ZFMK 13323. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré 

and Beni River basins. 

Countries: Bolivia 

Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976 

Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976: 259, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Kleine Quebrada unterhalb Todos Santos (Bolivien) [incorrect: 

corrected to Quebrada mit Altwasser unterhalb San Francisco 

seitlich des Rio Chiripiri by Kullander, 1986: 177]. Holotype: 

ZFMK (I) 66/2283. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre 

de Dios and Mamoré River basins. 

Countries: Bolivia, Peru 

Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979 

Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979b: 70, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Finca La Ponderosa (on the road to Restrepo), Villavicencio, 

depto Meta, Colombia. Stream... at the foot of the 

Cordillera (4°15’N 73°35’W). Holotype: NRM 11240. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper 

Meta River drainage (Guaytiquía River, Metica River). 


Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980a: 118, fig. 15. Type 

locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20 

km en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État 

d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 567. 



River basin. 


Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994 

Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Small igarapé (forest stream) near airfield of Barcelos do Rio 

Negro, Dept. Amazonas, Brazil (aprox. 63.04’W/0.01’S), sometimes 

called “Rio Salgádo” by local people. Holotype: ZFMK 

17458. 

Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro 

River basin. 


Remarks and references: The species name is a misspelling for 

mendesi, after Francisco Mendes, but cannot be corrected (International 

Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition, article 

32.5). 

Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980a: 61, fig. 9. Type locality: 

Igarapé São Salvador, affluent rive gauche du Rio Moa, Cruzeiro-do-Sul. 

État de Acre. Brésil. (7°38’S 72°36’W). Holotype: 

IRSNB 586. 



Juruá River basin. 


Remarks and references: Brief redescription with illustration in 

Kullander (1986: 169). 

Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979 

Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979a: 938, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Perú (Loreto), R. Ucayali system, Jenaro Herrera, R. Copal, 

“marigots des Tupacs”. Holotype: MHNG 1595.82. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte 

River drainage, a tributary to the Ucayali River. 


Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991 

Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991: 140, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Peru, Dept. Loreto, in die Quebrada Nuevo Horizonte mündender 

Urwaldbach im Einzugsgebiet des Rio Tahuayo (etwa 73°05’W, 

4°05’S). Holotype: ZMB 32002. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tahuayo 

River basin. 


Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912) 

Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann, 1912: 506, pl. 68 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Erukin, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53801 [ex CM 

2306]. 


Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, including 

the Potaro and Rupununi rivers, Corantijn and Cuyuni River basins. 

Countries: Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela 

Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997 

Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997: 12, 4 figs. Type locality: 

Per (Loreto), Rio Ucayali drainage... Small forest brooks east of 

Jenaro Herrera at kilometer markers 26 and 27 on the road to the 

Brazilian border. Holotype: ZFMK 18610. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Peru, not precisely 

known. 


Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 

1988 

614


Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988: 190, fig. 

1. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage... 

Arquipélago das Anavilhanas, small shallow bay on the 

right bank of Rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 36952. 



and lower Negro River from Daraã River to Anavilhanas Archipelago. 


Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986 

Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986: 184, fig. 64, pl. 20 

(fig. 2). Type locality: Ecuador, provincia del Napo, Río Napo 

drainage system, Río Payamino drainage, Quebrada Ahuano, just 

above Ahuanopaccha (a 42 m vertical waterfall); in headwaters 

of the Río Tutapishcu, few km southwest of San José de 

Payamino (a village at confluence of Rio Tutapishcu and Rio 

Payamino (approx. 0°31.2’S, 77°20.7’W). Holotype: FMNH 

96564. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the 

Payamino River basin in Napo River drainage. 


Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980a: 111, fig. 14. Type 

locality: Rio Uaupés á Assai, État d’Amazonas, Brésil (0°02’N 




River basin. 


Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911) 

Heterogramma taeniatum pertense Haseman, 1911: 359, pl. 66. 

Type locality: Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54171 [ex CM 2741]. 



Negro River and from Manacapuru to Monte Alegre along the 

Amazon-Solimões River. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1980a: 126), 

with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution. 

Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980a: 79, fig. 11. Type 

locality: Brazil: Piauí, Lagoa Seca, about 1 km from camp on Rio 

Parnaíba at Barra do Longa (near Buriti dos Lopes). (3°08’S 

41°54’W.). Holotype: MCZ 46831. 


Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin. 


Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909) 

Heterogramma pleurotaenia Regan, 1909a: 270. Type locality: La 

Plata. Holotype: BMNH 1909.2.25.61. 


Distribution: South America: Possibly Argentina, only holotype 

known. 

Countries: Argentina (?) 

Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980a: 135, fig. 18. Type locality: 

Rio Preto, affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Candeias à 25 

km de Porto-Velho, Territoire du Rondonia, Brésil. (8°46’S 



Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira 

River basin. 


Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980a: 65, fig. 10. Type locality: 

Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans l’Archipel 

das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S 60°45’W). 

Holotype: IRSNB 577. 





Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980b: 158, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brasil, Estado do Amazonas, R. Madeira drainage system, 

Igarapé Xicanga, about 5 km W of Humaitá (07°31’S 

63°04’W). Holotype: ZMA 116177. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira 

River drainage near Huamitá. 


Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 

2002. 

Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002: 16, fig. 

3. Type locality: Bolivien, Departamento Pando, Rio Manuripi, 

nahe der Ortshaft Puerto Cardenas (11°20’083” S, 

67°44’576”W). Holotype: MTD F 26477. 


Distribution: South America: Manuripi River basin, Pando Department. 


Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914 

Apistogramma ortmanni rupununi Fowler, 1914: 277, fig 19. Type 

locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP 

39347. 



River; Rupununi River basin. 

Countries: Brazil, Guyana 

Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985 

Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985: 146, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Bolivia, south of the town Trinidad, “Lagunen beiderseits der 

Strasse von Trinidad ca. 10 km südlich in Richtung El Colegio 

und Loreto”, sta. B11, about 64°51’W--14°57’S. Holotype: 

ZFMK 13400. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré 

and Guaporé River basins. 


Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908) 

Heterogramma steindachneri Regan, 1908b: 370, fig. on p. 371. 

Type locality: Georgetown, Demerara. Syntypes: BMNH 

1909.4.30: 31-32 (2). 

Apistogramma ornatipinnis Ahl, 1936a: 141. Type locality: Britisch-Guiana. 


Apistogramma wickleri Meinken, 1960b: 655, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Anzunehmen ist, daß die Tiere aus den Guayana-Ländern eingeführt 

wurden. Holotype: ZMH H5682. 


Distribution: South America: Essequibo, Demerara and Mahaica 

River drainages, and from the Marowijne River to the Corantijn 

River basin. 

Countries: Guyana, Suriname 

Remarks and references: Redescription, based in Surinamese 

material, in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 74), with bibliography, 

615


diagnosis, description, distribution. 

Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862) 

Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862: 312. Type locality: River Cupai 

(800 miles from the sea). Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.71. 



Tapajós River basin. 


Remarks and references: Redescription of the holotype in Kullander 

(1980a: 142). 

Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 

1903) 

Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 536. Type 

locality: Arroyo Chagalalina [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 33721. 

Heterogramma trifasciatum maciliense Haseman, 1911: 360, pl. 

62 (fig. 2). Type locality: São Antonio de Guaporé. Syntypes: 

CAS 33722 (1), FMNH 54177 (2), one missing. Spelled macielense 

on p. 360. 

Apistogramma trifasciatum haraldschultzi Meinken, 1960a: 291, 

fig. 1. Type locality: Oberer Guaporé, auch Itenes genannt, im 

Norden des Staates Matto Grosso. Holotype: ZMH H1209. 

Originally as harald schultzi as a subspecies of trifasciatum; here 

regarded as one name to be combined. 



drainage in Brazil; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River 

drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the middle Paraná River 

drainage in Argentina. 


Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980 

Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980a: 122, fig. 16. Type locality: 

Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20 km 

en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État 

d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W.) Holotype: IRSNB 594. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio 

Uaupés and nearby Negro River basin. 


Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986 

Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986: 163, pl. 17 fig. 1. Type 

locality: Peru, departamento Madre de Dios, Río Madre de Dios 

drainage system, Lago Túpac Amaru, near Puerto Maldonado. 

Holotype: NRM 16659. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio 

Madre de Dios basin. 


Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979 

Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979b: 73, fig. 3. Type locality: 

Caño, affluent of Rio Yucao, depto Meta, Colombia. About 500 

m westwards along the road Puerto Gaitán-Puerto López from a 

laguna midway between Rio Yucao and Rio Manacacías, 300 m 

from the road (4°20’N 72°09’W). Holotype: NRM 11231. 



Rio Meta basin. 


Common names: Viejita (Colombia) 

Species inquirenda 

Geophagus amoenus Cope, 1872: 250. Type locality: River Ambyiacu 

[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP (not found). 

Species not recognized since original description, usually interpreted 

as an Apistogramma species. See Kullander (1980a: 142) 

for review. 

APISTOGRAMMOIDES 

Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965b: 48. Type species: Apistogrammoides 

pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965. Type by original designation. 


Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965 

Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965b: 48, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Bach kurz außerhalb der Vorstadt von Pucallpa, Peru, 

der in den Ucayali mündet. Holotype: SMF 7565. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Pucallpa 

on the Ucayali River in Peru, to Santa Sofía Island in the Amazon 

River in Colombia. 

Countries: Colombia, Peru 

Remarks and references: Kullander (1986: 194), with diagnosis, 

bibliography, and redescription, distribution map, and illustrations. 

ARCHOCENTRUS 

Archocentrus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186. Type species: 

Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877. Type by 

monotypy. Gender: masculine. First described as subgenus of 

Heros (Archocentrus). 

Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001: 14. Type species: Heros spilurus 

Günther, 1862. Type species by original designation. Gender: 

masculine. 

Archocentrus altoflavus (Allgayer, 2001) 

Cryptoheros altoflavus Allgayer, 2001: 16, fig. p. 16. Type locality: 

Panama, Province de Bocas del Toro, Rio Carñaveral (Rio 

Caña). Holotype: MNHN 2001/1163. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Cañaveral 

River basin. 


Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877) 

Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 185. Type 

locality: Lake Nicaragua. Holotype: USNM 16878. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, in tributaries of 

Fonseca Gulf in Honduras and Nicaragua; Atlantic slope in the 

San Juan River basin, including Lakes Managua, Nicaragua, Jiloá 

and Apoyo. 




Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Nicaragua), 

Mojarrita (Nicaragua), Viejita (Nicaragua) 

Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997 

Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997: 3, fig. p. 3. Type locality: 

Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles, 

on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica. 

Holotype: AMNH 59079. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in Costa Rica and 

Panama, from Estrella River to Guarumo River. 





Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994 

Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994: 9. Type locality: Panama, 

Province de Bocas del Toro, District de Chiriqui Grande, 

616


rio Guarumo. 82°13’ Ouest; 9°55’ à 9°52’ Nord. Holotype: 

MNHN 1993-260. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Guarumo 

River basin. 


Archocentrus nigrofasciatus (Günther, 1867) 

Heros nigrofasciatus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lakes of 

Amatitlan and Atitlan. Syntypes: BMNH 

1865.4.19.76-77 (2) and .78 (1, skeleton); ZMB 6882 (1). 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Guatemala to 

Costa Rica (Tárcoles River); Atlantic slope from Aguan River 

(Honduras) to Guarumo River (Panama). 

Countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, 

Panama 

Remarks and references: Heros nigrofasciatus described in more 

detail in Günther (1868: 452, pl. 74, fig. 3). Reviewed by Bussing 


and figures. 

Common names: Achiba (El Salvador), Burra (Costa Rica), Burro 

(El Salvador), Carate (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), Chamarra (El Salvador), 

Chincoyo (El Salvador), Conga (El Salvador), Congo 

(Costa Rica, Honduras), Mojarra (El Salvador), Punto naranja 

(Costa Rica), Punto rojo (Nicaragua), Serica (Guatemala) 

Archocentrus panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 

1913) 

Neetroplus panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality: 

Rio Mandingo, Bas Obispo, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype: 

FMNH 7601. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama (Canal 

Zone, including Chagres River). 


Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Peje motete (Panama) 

Archocentrus sajica (Bussing, 1974) 

Cichlasoma sajica Bussing, 1974: 30, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa 

Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S 

of Palmar Sur at Interamerican Highway (IH). Holotype: LACM 

33902-1. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica. 




Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), T-Bar Cichlid (USA) 

Archocentrus septemfasciatus (Regan, 1908) 

Cichlosoma septemfasciatum Regan, 1908a: 461. Type locality: 

Rio Iroquois. Syntypes: (14) BMNH 1909.3.13.82-90 (9), 

1909.3.13.91 (1, skeleton). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, from 

the San Juan River drainage to the Banano River. 




Archocentrus spilurus (Günther, 1862) 

Heros spilurus Günther, 1862: 289. Type locality: Guatemala. 

Syntypes: (at least 2) BMNH 1864.1.26.52-55 (4?). 

Cichlasoma cutteri Fowler, 1932: 380, fig. p. 381. Type locality: 

Lancetilla, Honduras. Holotype: ANSP 53930. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Belize to Nicaragua. 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua 

Common names: Blue-eye cichlid (Belize), Congo (Nicaragua) 

Archocentrus spinosissimus (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 

1902) 

Heros (Cichlasoma) spinosissimus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 87 

[3]. Type locality: Rio Polochic (Guatémala). Syntypes: MNHN 

A.352 (4). 

Cichlasoma spinosissimum var. immaculata Pellegrin, 1904: 225. 

Type locality: Rio Polochic [Guatemala]. Syntypes: MNHN 9846 

(2). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Lake Izabal 

basin. 


ASTRONOTUS 

Astronotus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus 

Agassiz, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Acara Heckel, 1840: 338. Type species: Acara crassipinnis 

Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann & 

Bray (1894: 616). Gender: masculine. 

Hygrogonus Günther, 1862: 303. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus 

Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara crassipinnis Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 29 (fig. 5). Type locality: 

..Rio-Paraguay... in Buchten... bei Villa Maria und 

Caiçara...Rio-Guaporè bei Matogrosso, im Rio-negro und im 

Rio-branco. Syntypes: (at least 5) NMW 58776 (1); NMW 24261 

(1), 92455 (1); SMF 2926 [ex NMW in 1844] (1). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Bolivian 

Amazon and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Paraná River 

basin in the Paraguay drainage in Paraguay and Brazil. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru 

Common names: Apaiari (Brazil) 

Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) 

Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 129, pl. 66. 

Type locality: Oceano Atlantico. Types in ZSM, lost. 

Cychla rubro-ocellata Jardine, 1843: 153, pl. 10. Type locality: 

Rio Negro and tributaries. No types known. 

Acara compressus Cope, 1872: 256. Type locality: the Ambyiacu 

[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9180. 

Acara hyposticta Cope, 1878: 697. Type locality: [Amazonian 

Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 21286. 

Astronotus ocellatus zebra Pellegrin, 1904: 183. Type locality: 

Santarem. Holotype: MNHN 1902-46. 

Astronotus orbiculatus Haseman, 1911: 331, pl. 53. Type locality: 

Santarem. Holotype: FMNH 53992 [ex CM 2515]. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia, 

Brazil; French Guiana 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire (introduced), French 

Guiana, Peru, Puerto Rico (introduced) 

Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in 

Kullander (1986: 61), with diagnosis, description, distribution, 

and illustrations. The species is reported from the Orinoco River 

drainage and numerous localities in the Amazon River basin, but 

apparently several species are confused under the name, and 

names in the synonymy may represent valid species. 

Common names: Acará-açu (Brazil), Acarahuazú (Peru), Apaiari 

(Brazil), Carahuazú (Peru), Corró-baiano (Brazil), Corró-chinês 

(Brazil), Crombier (French Guiana), Dorminhoco (Brazil), Krobié 

rouj (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana) 

617


BIOTODOMA 

Mesops Günther, 1862: 311. Type species: Geophagus cupido 


Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine. Preoccupied by Mesops 

Audinet-Serville 1831 in Orthoptera; replaced by Biotoma Eigenmann 

& Kennedy 1903. 

Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species: 

Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement 

name. Gender: neuter. Replacement for Mesops Günther 1862, 

preoccupied by Mesops Audinet-Serville 1831. 

Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840) 

Geophagus Cupido Heckel, 1840: 399. Type locality: Rionegro...Rio-Guaporè 

und dessen Morästen in der Umgegend von 

Matogrosso. Syntypes: NMW 23094 (1), 23122 (1), 23414 (1). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Bolivia 

and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Peru 

Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in 

Kullander (1986: 239), with diagnosis, description, distribution, 

and illustrations. Kullander (1986) considered that the widespread 

B. cupido of authors may consist of several similar species. 

Common names: Bujurqui (Peru) 

Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963) 

Geophagus wavrini Gosse, 1963: 2, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

Haut Orénoque, entre San Fernando de Atabapo et le Casiquiare. 




and upper Negro River drainage in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco 

River basin in Colombia and Venezuela. 


BIOTOECUS 

Saraca Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type species: Saraca opercularis 

Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied 

by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera, replaced by 

Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. 

Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species: 

Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement 

name. Gender: masculine. Replacement for Saraca 

Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera. 

Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989 

Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989: 227, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Colombia, Comisaría Vichada, Caño Alisal, tributary to Rio 

Bita a few km S Puerto Carreño. Holotype: ICNMHN 1400. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, from the Inírida 

River (Colombia) to Maripa (Venezuela). 


Common names: Rebeca (Venezuela) 

Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875) 

Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type locality: See 

Saraca und Ausstände des Amazonenstromes bei Villa bella. 

Syntypes: NMW 38419 (1), 77814 (8). 



River, the middle and lower Negro River, Urubu River, Lake 

Saracá, Parintins, Lake Carauaçu, lower Trombetas River. 


Remarks and references: Discussed by Kullander (1989), with 

distribution map. 

BUJURQUINA 

Bujurquina Kullander, 1986: 244. Type species: Bujurquina moriorum 

Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation. Gender: 

feminine. 

Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986: 280, pl. 29 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system, 

3.4 km from Pucallpa on road to Lima, first bridge over 

stream. Holotype: FMNH 84269 (1 of 14). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Ucayali 

River tributaries between Pucallpa and Shahuaya. 


Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986: 261, pl. 28 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Madre de Dios 

drainage system, quebrada 8 km from airport road on sideroad to 

Lago Túpac Amaru. Holotype: NRM 17581. 



de Dios drainage at Puerto Maldonado. 


Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986: 269, pl. 28 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento de Cuzco, R. Madre de Dios drainage 

system, R. Hospital at 71°27’W, 12°53’S. Holotype: ANSP 

158173. 



de Dios drainage in Peru (Pilcopata, upper Madre de Dios, Manú, 

Colorado, Marcapata Rivers). 


Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986: 283, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea drainage 

system, 2-3 km downstream of Tournavista, right bank quebrada 

near its mouth into the Río Pachitea. Holotype: NRM 17585. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea 

and Aguaytía River basins. 


Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986: 290, pl. 31 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Peru, departamento Huánuco, Río Huallaga drainage 

system, vicinity of Tingo María, c. 1/4 mi above Río Huallaga. 



Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Huallaga 

River basin at Tarapoto and Tingo María. 


Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986: 277, pl. 29 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system, 

Río Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km 

south of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17589. 



Ucayali River basin (near Chinipo River). 


Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922) 

Aequidens mariae Eigenmann, 1922a: 240, pl. 30 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Barrigón; Eigenmann, 1922b: 197: Type locality: 

618


Barigona; Cmaral, Llanos; Caño Caricería; Río Negro, Villcio; 

Oriente de Bogotá; Q. Gramalote Villcia. Holotype: CAS 34711 

[ex IU 15011]. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta 

River basin. 


Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared 

both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available 

evidence which publication should have priority. 

Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986: 287, fig. 125, pl. 31 

(fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea 

drainage system, drying pool c. 100 m from the left margin 

of the Río Pachitea and c. 1 km upstream from Tournavista. 




and Aguaytía River basins. 


Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986: 304, pl. 33 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ucayali drainage system, 

Quebrada Carahuayte at first bend downstream of km 20 on 

road Jenaro Herrera-Colonia Angamos. Holotype: NRM 17572. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte, 

Mazán and lower Napo River basins. 


Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987 

Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987b: 196, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Bolivie, dép. Santa Cruz. Rio Aguas Calientes à Aguas Calientes, 

à 25 km à l’est de Roboré, sur le rail. (Bassin du Paraguay.). 



Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Aguas 

Calientes River basin (Paraguay River drainage). 


Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986: 294, pl. 32 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento San Martín, Río Huallaga drainage 

system, Moyobamba, Puerto Juan Antonio, Río Mayo. Holotype: 

MHNG 2205.27. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mayo 

River basin (Huallaga River drainage). 


Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986: 301, pl. 33 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ampiyacu system, 

quebrada tributary to Río Yaguasyacu, just below the village Esperanza. 




Ampiyacu River basin and at Codajás (Brazil). 


Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986: 273, pl. 29 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, R. Ucayali drainage system, 

R. Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km south 

of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17583. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Chinipo 

River basin (upper Ucayali River drainage). 


Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872) 

Acara syspilus Cope, 1872: 255, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type locality: 

Ambyiacu River [Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP 

21430-21433 (4). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Pacaya 

River basin (Ucayali River drainage) to the lower Yavarí 

River. 


Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986 

Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986: 266, pl. 28 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Tambopata 

drainage system, Quebrada San Roque at Km 11 on Puerto Maldonado-Cuzco 

road. Holotype: NRM 17580. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tambopata 

River basin (Madre de Dios River drainage). 


Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara vittatus Heckel, 1840: 346. Type locality: Sümpfen um 

Cujabá, der Hauptstadt in der Provinz Matagrosso. Holotype: 

NMW 33879. 

Aequidens paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 534. 

Type locality: Asuncion. Holotype: CAS 34716 [ex IU 10066]. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay 

River drainage, and in the middle Paraná River basin. 


Common names: Acará-pirambocaia (Brazil) 

Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905) 

Acara zamorensis Regan, 1905b: 339. Type locality: Rio Zamora. 

Holotype: BMNH 1898.12.31.35. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Zamora 

River basin. 


CAQUETAIA 

Caquetaia Fowler, 1945: 133. Type species: Caquetaia amploris 

Fowler, 1945. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. 

Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1879) 

Petenia Kraussii Steindachner, 1879b: 28, pl. 2. Type locality: 

grossen, seeartig ausgebreiteten Cienega, welche der Magdalenen-Strom 

mit einem seiner östlich gelegenen Hauptarme kurz 

vor seiner Mündung in das Meer bildet. Syntypes: NMW 

75391(4), NMW 24552(1), NMW 24553 (1), NMW 24545- 

24551 (8), NMW 24544 (1), NMW uncat. 


Distribution: South America: Atrato, Cauca, and Magdalena River 

basins; Lake Maracaibo basin. Introduced in the Orinoco River 

drainage in Venezuela. 

Countries: Colombia, Venezuela (introduced) 

Common names: Mojarra (Venezuela), Mojarra, Mojarra amarilla 

(Colombia) 

Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944) 

Petenia myersi Schultz, 1944: 410, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Dedo, 

tributary of the Río Orteguaza, near Florencia (Amazon system, 

Colombia). Holotype: USNM 120533. 

Caquetaia amploris Fowler, 1945: 133, fig. 47. Type locality: 

Morelia, Rio Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 

71722. 

619



Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Putumayo 

and Napo River basins. 

Countries: Colombia, Ecuador 

Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875) 

Acara (Petenia) spectabilis Steindachner, 1875: 96, pl. 4. Type 

locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa und Obidos. Syntypes: 

76430 (2). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the 

Amazon River in Brazil from the Madeira and Uatumã River 

drainages to Gurupá, also in the Araguari River in Amapá, Brazil; 

in the Branco River drainage in Brazil and Guyana. 


Caquetaia umbrifera (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) 

Cichlasoma umbriferum Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 88. Type 

locality: Rio Cupe, Cituro, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7598. 


Distribution: South America: Atrato and Magdalena River drainages 

in Colombia, Tuíra and Chucunaque River drainages in Panama. 

Countries: Colombia, Panama 

CHAETOBRANCHOPSIS 

Chaetobranchopsis Steindachner, 1875: 133. Type species: Chaetobranchus 

orbicularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. 

Gender: feminine. Originally as Chaetobranchus (Chaetobranchopsis). 

Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward, 

1907 

Chaetobranchopsis australe Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann, 

McAtee & Ward, 1907: 144, pl. 44 (fig. 1). Type locality: Bahia 

Negra [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 66954 [ex IU 10157]. 



River in Brazil and Paraguay, and the Paraná River close to the 

mouth of the Paraguay River in Argentina; probably in the Amazon 

River basin in Bolivia and Brazil. 

Countries: Argentina, Bolivia (?), Brazil, Paraguay 

Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875) 

Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875: 133, pl. 8 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Para, Santarem, Gurupa, Rio 

Xingu bei Porto do Moz, Rio negro und R. Hyavary. Syntypes: 

NMW 32942-32948 (7), 32956-32960 (5), 32961-32964 (4), 

58202 (2), 74045 (1). 

Chaetobranchopsis bitaeniatus Ahl, 1936a: 139. Type locality: 

Amazonas. Syntypes: ZMB 32381 (2). 



Amazon River from the mouth of the Negro River to Marajó Island, 

and in Amapá, Brazil. 


Common names: Acará cascudo (Brazil), Acará tucuma (Brazil) 

CHAETOBRANCHUS 

Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840: 401. Type species: Chaetobranchus 

flavescens Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation 

by Eigenmann. Gender: masculine. 

Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840 

Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840: 402. Type locality: 

Fluss Guaporè und die in der Nähe seiner Ufer gelegenen 

Moräste, auch am Ausflusse des Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 

16172 (1), 16428 (1), 32922 (1), 32931 (1), 32932 (1), 32933 (1), 

58856 (1), 76431 (1); SMF 5410 [ex NMW] (1). 

Chaetobranchus bruneus Heckel, 1840: 405, pl. 29 (fig. 17-20). 

Type locality: Rio-negro, unweit von seiner Mündung. Holotype: 

NMW 32941. 

Centrarchus cyanopterus Jardine, 1843: 165, pl. 16. Type locality: 

Essequibo. 

Chromys ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Sarayacu (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9487. 

Chaetobranchus robustus Günther, 1862: 310. Type locality: 

Guiana. Holotype: BMNH 1961.12.18: 1. 

Geophagus badiipinnis Cope, 1872: 251, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: 

ANSP 9038. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and 

Brazil; Orinoco River basin in Venezuela (Rio Apure); rivers of 

Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Amapá State. Widespread. 

Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela 

Common names: Acará prata (Brazil), Bujurqui vaso (Peru), 

Camarapaca (Guyana), Kamara paru (Suriname), Koemapari 

(Suriname), Krobié jonn (French Guiana), Kunapari (Suriname), 

Owroe wefi (Suriname), Paya (French Guiana), River patwa 

(Guyana) 

Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875 

Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875: 130, pl. 7. 

Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Obidos, Cudajas, Teffé; Rio 

Iça; Lago Hyanuary und Saraca bei Silva. Syntypes: NMW 

10722 (1), 32966(1), 32967-32968 (2), 32969 (1), 32970 (1), 

32971-32973 (3), 32974 (1), 79737 (1), RMNH 15478 (1). 



Amazon-Solimões River from Tabatinga to Óbidos. 


CICHLA 

Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 336. Type species: Cichla ocellaris 

Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation 

by Eigenmann & Bray (1894, p. 611). Gender: feminine. 

Acharnes Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type species: Acharnes 

speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by monotypy. Gender: 

masculine. 

Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971 

Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971: 473, fig. 7-9, 10a, 11b. 

Type locality: río Casiquiare, Territorio Federal Amazonas. 

Holotype: MBUCV V-6489. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, tributaries of 

the Orinoco River, and the Casiquiare River in Venezuela. 


Common names: Pavón (Venezuela) 

Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831 

Cychla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 100, pl. 63. Type locality: 

mari Brasiliae. Syntype or possible holotype: MHNN 2188 

(1). 

Cychla nigro-maculata Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843: 147, pl. 7. 

Type locality: [Negro and Padauiri Rivers]. No types known. 

Cycla toucounarai Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

le lac des Perles de la province de Goyaz; le Tocantins; 

l’Amazone. Syntypes: MNHN A.9490 (2). 

Cichla bilineatus Nakashima, 1941: 73, fig. [3]. Type locality: los 

lagos y rios de Sudamérica tropical [cercanías del Puerto de Iquitos]. 

No types known. 


620


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia 

and Brazil; Oyapock River basin. 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, 


in Kullander (1986: 51), with diagnosis, description, distribution 

and illustrations. 

Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Toukounaré (French 

Guiana), Tucunare (Peru), Tucunaré-açu (Brazil), Tucunari 

(Peru) 

Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 

Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 340, pl. 66. Type locality: 

India orientali. Holotype: ZMB 2839. 

Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type locality: 

Küste; Mündung des Essequibo. 


Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Marowijne 

drainage in Suriname and French Guiana to the Essequibo drainage 

in Guyana. 

Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname 

Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Lukanani (Guyana), 

Pavón (Venezuela), Toukounaré (French Guiana), Tucunaré açu 

(Brazil) 

Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821 

Cichla orinocensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 

167, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: les rives de l’Orénoque et du 

Guainia ou Rio Negro. No types preserved. 

Cichla argus Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 

169. Type locality: [Not stated]. Holotype: MNHN A.1042. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of 

the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon River 

basin, in the Negro River basin. 


Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan 

material in Machado-Allison (1971), as C. ocellaris. 

Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 

Cichla temensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 

169. Type locality: Temi. No types known. 

Cichla atabapensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821: 

168. Type locality: l’Orénoque; Rio Atabapo. No types known. 

Cichla tucunare Heckel, 1840: 409. Type locality: Rio-branco. 

Types in NMW, not found. 

Cychla flavo-maculata Jardine, 1843: 145, pl. 6. Type locality: Rio 

Negro and Padauiri. No types known. 

Cychla trifasciata Jardine, 1843: 151, pl. 9. Type locality: Rio 

Negro; Padauiri. No types known. 

Cichla unitaeniatus Magalhães, 1931: 225. Type locality: Rio 

Negro e do Purus. No types preserved. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in the Negro 

and Uatumã River drainages; Orinoco River basin in tributaries 

of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia. 


Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan 

material in Machado-Allison (1971). 

Common names: Pavón (Venezuela), Tucunaré (Brazil) 

CICHLASOMA 

Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839: 230. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus 

Linnaeus, 1758. Under the plenary power of the International 

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2000: 131). Gender: 

neuter. As Cichlaurus on p. 173; Swain (1882: 284) acts as first 

reviser selecting Cichlasoma (see Bailey 1957: 303). Originally 

as Plesiops (Cichlasoma). 

Cichlaurus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus 

Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: 

masculine. Without species but clear from text that this was another 

name for Cichlasoma Swainson (1839: 230); Swain (1882: 

284), acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma. 

Cichlosoma Regan, 1905a: 61. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus 

Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: 

neuter. 

‘Cichlasoma’ aguadae Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus aguadae Hubbs, 1936: 270, pl. 14 (fig. 

7). Type locality: Aguada at Tuxpeña, interior Campeche, about 

90 km. south, and 40 km. east of Champoton. Holotype: UMMZ 

64477. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Tuxpeña, Mexico. 

Countries: Mexico 

Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is 

still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as 

an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of 

heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus 

Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ alborum Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus alborum Hubbs, 1936: 268, pl. 13 (fig. 

3). Type locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, Tobasco, Mexico. 

Holotype: USNM 50501. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta 

River, Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ amarum Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus amarum Hubbs, 1936: 272, fig. 1. Type 

locality: A salt or brackish water lagoon on Mujeres Island, off 

the east coast of Yucatan, near the tip of the peninsula. Holotype: 

USNM 50504. 


Distribution: North America: Caribbean coast, Isla Mujeres, off 

the eastern coast of Yucatán Peninsula. 






Cichlasoma. 

Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983a: 115, pl. 5 (fig. 2). 

Type locality: Peru, depto Loreto, R. Ampiyacu system, little 

upstreams of Pebas, Sacarita del Tuyé, right bank tributary of the 

R. Ampiyacu, floating meadow near mouth. Holotype: NRM 

39271. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Ucayali, 

Huallaga, Amazon and Yavarí River drainages in Peru, along 

the mainstream Amazon-Solimões River in Colombia and Brazil 

to the mouth; also in French Guyana and Amapá State. 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru 

Common names: Acará (Brazil), Bujurqui (Peru), Prapra (French 

Guiana) 

Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983a: 252, pl. 14 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Brasil, est. Mato Grosso, R. Araguaia system, 

621


small igarapé tributary to Igarapé Sangadina, tributary to the R. 

das Mortes, 1 km from Xavantina. Holotype: BMNH 1980.1.9.1. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins 

and upper Xingu River basins. 


‘Cichlasoma’ atromaculatum Regan, 1912 

Cichlosoma (Parapetenia) atromaculatum Regan, 1912: 507. Type 

locality: Tado, Rio San Juan, Choco, S.W. Colombia. Syntypes: 

BMNH 1910.7.11.83-88 (4 of 6). 


Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River 

basins. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ beani (Jordan, 1889) 

Heros beani Jordan, 1889: 332. Type locality: Rio Presidio, Mazatlan. 

Syntypes: USNM 37145 (5), 37165 (2). 


Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Mojarra verde (Mexico) 

Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758: 285. Type locality: M. 

Mediterraneo [erroneous, probably from Surinam]. Holotype: 

NRM 7. 

Acara gronovii Heckel, 1840: 361. Type locality: Flüsse in Surinam. 

Syntypes: NMW 33651-52 (2). 

Sparus filamentosus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 60. Type locality: 

Surinami. No types known. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Caroni 

River in Venezuela; Guianas, from the Essequibo River to the 

Sinnamary River; Amazon River basin, in the upper Branco 

River basin. 

Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela 


with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations. 

Common names: Acará (Brazil), Common patwa (Guyana), Congo 

patwa (Guyana), Krobia (Suriname), Owroe fisi (Suriname), Prapra 

(French Guiana) 

‘Cichlasoma’ bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902) 

Neetroplus bocourti Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 85. Type locality: 

Lac d’Isabal (Guatémala). Holotype: MNHN 1894-241. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and 

Belize. 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala 





Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Chisel-tooth cichlid (Belize) 

Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983a: 165, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Bolivia, depto Santa Cruz, R. Guaporé system, R. Uruguaito, 

tributary of the R. Quizer, 13 km S San Xavier. Holotype: 

IRSNB 677. 



de Dios drainage in Peru, and the Mamoré and Guaporé River 

basins. 


‘Cichlasoma’ cienagae Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus cienagae Hubbs, 1936: 271, pl. 12 

(fig.4). Type locality: Slightly brackish pool, 3 km. south of Progreso. 

Holotype: UMMZ 102135. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Progreso, Yucatán, 

Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ conchitae Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus conchitae Hubbs, 1936: 274, pl. 12 (fig. 

3). Type locality: Conchita Cenote, Merida. Holotype: UMMZ 

102109. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Conchita Cenote, 

Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara dimerus Heckel, 1840: 351. Type locality: Cujabà-Fluss. 


Acara marginatus Heckel, 1840: 350. Type locality: der Nähe von 

Cujabà. Holotype: NMW 33673. 

?Heros centralis Holmberg, 1891: 183. Type locality: República 

Argentina, Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Type lost. 



River drainage in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, and the Paraná 

River drainage of Argentina. 

Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay 

Common names: Acará (Brazil) 

Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a:193), 


‘Cichlasoma’ ericymba Hubbs, 1938 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus ericymba Hubbs, 1938: 284, pl. 2 (fig. 

1). Type locality: San Bulha Cenote (or Cave) at Merida, Yucatan. 



Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, San Bulha cenote, 

Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

622


Common names: Mojarra de Bulha (Mexico) 

‘Cichlasoma’ facetum (Jenyns, 1842) 

Chromis facetus Jenyns, 1842: 104. Type locality: Maldonado, Rio 

Plata. Types in Cambridge University Museum. 

Heros autochthon Günther, 1862: 299. Type locality: Brazil. Syntypes: 

(4) ?BMNH uncat. (1). 

Heros jenynsii Steindachner, 1869: 149. Type locality: Montevideo. 

Syntypes: NMW 17324-27 (4), 58722 (1). 

Heros acaroides Hensel, 1870: 54. Type locality: Bei Porto Alegre 

in stagnirenden Gewässern. Syntypes: ZMB 7455 (2). 


Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of Uruguay and 

Rio Grande do Sul State; Paraná River basin, lower part of 

Paraná River in Argentina. 

Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile (introduced), Uruguay 





Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Castañeta (Argentina), Chanchita (Argentina), 

Chanchito (Argentina), Palometa (Argentina), Palometa Negra 

(Argentina), Peine (Argentina) 

‘Cichlasoma’ festae (Boulenger, 1899) 

Heros festae Boulenger, 1899: 6. Type locality: Rio Guayas, 

Guayaquil. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.12.31.36 (1), MZUT 1504 

(1). 


Distribution: South America: Pacific drainages from Esmeraldas 

River in Ecuador to Tumbes River in Peru. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ geddesi (Regan, 1905) 

Herichthys geddesi Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Southern 

Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1880.4.7.40-45 (6). 

Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL 

Distribution: North America: Southern Mexico. 


Remarks and references: The validity of this taxon needs further 

research. The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. 

It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae 

Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids 

traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922 

Cichlasoma ornatum gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922: 205, pl. 31 (fig. 

4). Type locality: Cordova, Rio Dagua. 

Holotype: FMNH 58614 [ex CM 7639]. 


Distribution: South America: Dagua and San Juan Rivers on the 

Pacific slope of Colombia. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980 

Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980: 2, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Río Grande de Chiapa, about 1 km above bridge between 

Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, lat.16°44’N, long. 

93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: 

UMMZ 204200. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the 

Grijalva River basin from the Grande de Chiapa River drainage 

in Mexico to Lagartero River in Guatemala. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) 

Heros istlanus Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 144, fig. 21. Type locality: 

Rio Ixtla at Puente de Ixtla, Río Balsa basin, Morelos, Mexico. 

Holotype: SU 6150. 

Heros mento Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 88. Type locality: Rio 

Négro (Mexique sud). Syntypes: MNHN 94-283-286 (3), 

UMMZ 203326. 

Cichlasoma (Parapetenia) leonhard-schultzei Ahl, 1935: 109. 

Type locality: Tlapa, Guerreiro, Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (not 

found). 

Cichlasoma istlana fusca de Buen, 1946: 121. Type locality: Río 

Huámito en La Huacana. Syntypes: not located. 


Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico. 


Remarks and references: Taylor & Miller (1980: 7) suggested that 

the type series of Heros mento may not have been from the Usumacinta 

River, and that it may be a synonym of Cichlasoma istlanum. 

The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It 

belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae 

Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids 

traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Mojarra (Mexico), Mojarra criolla (Mexico) 

‘Cichlasoma’ mayorum Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus mayorum Hubbs, 1936: 277, pl. 13 (fig. 

1). Type locality: Xtolok Cenote, Chichen Itza. Holotype: 

UMMZ 92098. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xtolok Cenote, 

Chichen Itza, Yucatán, Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ microlepis Dahl, 1960 

Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl, 1960: 480, fig. on p. 481. Type 

locality: Pavarandó, Baudó. Holotype: ICNMHN 95. 


Distribution: South America: Baudó River basin, Pacific slope of 

Colombia. 






Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Mojarra rosada (Colombia) 

‘Cichlasoma’ octofasciatum (Regan, 1903) 

Heros octofasciatus Regan, 1903a: 417, pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type local- 

623


ity: Mexique. Holotype: MHNG 665.55 (1 of 9, 50 mm TL). 

Cichlasoma hedricki Meek, 1904: 208, fig. 66. Type locality: 

Obispo, Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4673. 

Cichlosoma biocellatum Regan, 1909b: 234. Type locality: 

Mañaos, Rio Negro [obviously incorrect]. Holotype: BMNH 

1908.12.5.30. 


Distribution: North and Cental America: Atlantic slope from Papaloapán 

River (southern Mexico) to Ulua River (Honduras). 






Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Jack dempsey (Belize), Riquiraqui (Mexico) 

Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983a: 177, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Brasil, est. Ceará, R. Curu system, Pentecoste, reservoir. 



Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast rivers of Ceará, Pernambuco, 

Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba States. 


Common names: Acará (Brazil), Acará comum (Brazil) 

Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983a: 106, pl. 4 (fig. 2-3), 5 

(fig. 1). Type locality: Colombia, depto Meta, R. Meta system, 

Laguna Mozambique, at shoreline on N side of lake. Holotype: 

ANSP 127364. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in left bank 

tributaries of the Orinoco River from the Meta River in Colombia 

to about Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela. 


Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela) 

‘Cichlasoma’ ornatum Regan, 1905 

Cichlosoma ornatum Regan, 1905a: 330. Type locality: Rio Durango. 

Syntypes: (3) BMNH. 


Distribution: South America: Patia River basin in Colombia, Durango 

and St. Javier Rivers in Ecuador, all draining to the Pacific 

Ocean. 

Countries: Colombia, Ecuador 





Cichlasoma. 

Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983a: 241, pl. 13 fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brasil, Est. Mato Grosso do Sul, R. Paraná superior system, 

mun. Tres Lagoas, varzea on the left bank of the R. Sucuriú, 

at Fazenda Santa Luzia, near Urubupungá dam. Holotype: 

MZUSP 13927. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, upper Paraná 

River drainage above Guaíra. 


‘Cichlasoma’ pearsei (Hubbs, 1936) 

Herichthys pearsei Hubbs, 1936: 279, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

Río Champoton, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km.) east of Champoton. 



Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of southeastern 

Mexico and northern Guatemala. 






Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Zacatera (Mexico) 

Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870) 

Acara portalegrensis Hensel, 1870: 52. Type locality: bei Porto 

Alegre in stagnirenden Gewässern. Lectotype: ZMB 25107, designated 

by Kullander (1983a: 211). 


Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos basin and Tramandaí 

River basin in Rio Grande do Sul State. 




Common names: Cará (Brazil) 

Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983 

Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983a: 221, pl. 12 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Paraguay, depto Alto Paraná, R. Alto Paraná system, 

Puerto Palma. Holotype: MHNG 2131.94. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Acaray River, 

Paraguay. 

Countries: Paraguay 

Remarks and references: Specimens identified by Kullander 

(1983a) from Uruguay, do not belong to this species. 

‘Cichlasoma’ ramsdeni Fowler, 1938 

Cichlasoma ramsdeni Fowler, 1938: 145. Type locality: Arroyo 

Hondo, Jamaica, Yateras, Guantánamo, Cuba. Holotype: ANSP 

68454. 


Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Cuba Island. 

Countries: Cuba 





Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Joturo (Cuba) 

‘Cichlasoma’ salvini (Günther, 1862) 

Heros salvini Günther, 1862: 294. Type locality: River de Santa 

Isabel; Lake Peten. Syntypes: (at least 5) BMNH 1864.1.26.67- 

69 (3), 1864.1.26.70-73 (4?). 

Heros triagramma Steindachner, 1864: 70, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Central-Amerika. Holotype: NMW 76584. 

Cichlasoma tenue Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Achotal, Vera 

Cruz, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3781. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, from 

southern Mexico to Guatemala and Belize. 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico 





Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Mango pinto (Mexico), Peine (Mexico), Yellowbelly 

cichlid (Belize) 

Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983 

624


Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983a: 227, pl. 12 (fig. 

2). Type locality: Brasil, Est. Bahia, R. São Francisco system, 

Lagoa Viana. Holotype: NMW 32714. 


Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, also 

Parnaíba and Capivara River basins. 


‘Cichlasoma’ stenozonum Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus stenozonum Hubbs, 1936: 263. Type 

locality: Central Amerika. Type based on description of Heros 

urophthalmus, Steindachner 1864: 66, p. 5 fig. 3. 


Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern 

Mexico. 

Countries: Mexico? 





Cichlasoma. 

Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831) 

Chromis taenia Bennett, 1831: 112. Type locality: apud Trinidad. 

Holotype: BMNH 1852.9.13.123 [ex Zool. Soc.]. 


Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island, and adjacent northeastern 

Venezuela. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander (1983a: 90) 

with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. 

Common names: Brown coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Large 

coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago) 

‘Cichlasoma’ tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 

1995 

Cichlasoma tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 1995: 194, fig. 

1. Type locality: Argentina, arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del 

Urugua-í, at ‘Alto Paraná’ company fields. Holotype: MLP 9059. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, known only from 

the Arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del Urugua-í, Misiones Province. 

Countries: Argentina 





Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ trimaculatum (Günther, 1867) 

Heros trimaculatus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Chiapas 

and Huamuchal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.256 (?1). 

Cichlasoma mojarra Meek, 1904: 217, fig. 71. Type locality: San 

Geronimo, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4719 [not 4718]. 

Cichlasoma centrale Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Caballo 

Blanco, Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5510. 

Cichlasoma gordon-smithi Fowler, 1936: 529, fig. 44. Type locality: 

Small lake at Moco, 3050 feet elevation at foot of volcano of 

Atitlan. Holotype: ANSP 64153. 

Cichlasoma cajali Alvarez & Gutierrez, 1953: 232, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Laguna de Coyuca, próxima al Puerto de Acapulco, Gro. 

Holotype: Originally in personal collection of J. Alvarez, 

searched in IPN, not found. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope rivers of 

the Pacific slope from Mexico to El Salvador. 

Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico 

Remarks and references: Heros trimaculatus is described in more 

detail in Günther (1868: 461, pl. 76). The generic allocation of 

this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is 

maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a 

revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin 

genus Cichlasoma. 

‘Cichlasoma’ troschelii (Steindachner, 1867) 

Heros Troschelii Steindachner, 1867a: 64. Type locality: Mexico. 

Syntypes: (2) not found at NMW. 


Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern 

Mexico. 


Remarks and references: Species also appeared in more detail in 

Steindachner (1867b: 528, pl. 4). The generic allocation of this 

species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is 

maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a 

revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin 

genus Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Guapote (El Salvador), Mojarra (El Salvador) 

‘Cichlasoma’ ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002) 

Vieja ufermanni Allgayer, 2002a: 14, fig. p. 17. Type locality: 

Guatemala, Rio Pucté, bassin du Rio de La Pasión, sur la route 

de Florès à Sayache. Holotype: MNHN 2002-1090. 



Usumacinta River basin. 


‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus (Günther, 1862) 

Heros urophthalmus Günther, 1862: 291. Type locality: Peten. 

Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1864.1.26.74-77. 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus trispilum Hubbs, 1935: 18, pl. 4 (fig. 2). 

Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, tributary of Río Usumacinta, 

at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. 



Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic drainages from 

Mexico to Nicaragua. 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua 





Cichlasoma. 

Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Mayan cichlid (Belize) 

‘Cichlasoma’ zebra Hubbs, 1936 

Cichlasoma urophthalmus zebra Hubbs, 1936: 275, pl. 13 (fig.2). 

Type locality: Xlaka Cenote, about 13 km. north of Merida. 



Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xlaka Cenote, Merida, 

Yucatán, Mexico. 






Cichlasoma. 

Species inquirenda 

Chromys oblonga Castelnau, 1855: 14. Type locality: le Tocantins 

(Province de Goyaz). Holotype: MNHN A.9485. [Species similar 

to Cichlasoma facetum, not found since in the Tocantins River 

drainage]. 

625


CLEITHRACARA 

Cleithracara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 173. Type species: Acara 

maronii Steindachner, 1882. Type by original designation. Gender: 

feminine. 

Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881) 

Acara Maronii Steindachner, 1881a: 141, pl. 2 (fig. 4). Type locality: 

Maroni-Fluss in Guiana. Holotype: NMW 33683. 


Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island (impersistent); Orinoco 

River basin (delta), Guianan rivers from Barima River 

(Guyana) to Ouanary River (French Guyana). 

Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Venezuela 

Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander & Nijssen 

(1989: 175) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, 

and illustration. 

CRENICARA 

Crenicara Steindachner, 1875: 99. Type species: Crenicara elegans 

Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter. 

Crenacara Regan, 1905c: 152. Type species: Crenicara elegans 

Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name (unjustified 

emendation of Crenicara). Gender: feminine. 

Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990 

Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990: 163, figs. 1- 

3. Type locality: Brazil, state of Rondônia, Rio Mamoré drainage, 

Igarapé do 13 on road Palheta-Guajará-Mirim. Holotype: 

MZUSP 40290. 



and Mamoré (near Guajará-Mirim) drainages. 


Crenicara punctulatum (Günther, 1863) 

Acara punctulata Günther, 1863: 441. Type locality: Essequibo. 

Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.26. 

Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875: 99, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa, Cudajas und Curupira. 

Syntypes: (several) NMW 33026 (1), 33031-35 (?), 76428 (3), 

33027-33028 (?), 33029-30 (2). 

Aequidens madeirae Fowler, 1913: 576, fig. 25. Type locality: 

Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira River, approximately 

two miles distant in Lat. S. 8°45’, W. Long., 63°54’, Brazil. 


Aequidens hercules Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 394, pl. 22 

(fig. 7). Type locality: creek, Rio Morona. Holotype: CAS 66926 

[ex IU 17736]. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Ecuador 

Peru, Colombia and Brazil, in tributaries of the rivers Ucayali, 

Marañón, Solimões and Amazon from about the Pachitea River 

on the Ucayali River to about Gurupá; upper Mamoré River in 

Bolivia, and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Essequibo 

River drainage in Guyana; Amapá Grande River in Amapá State. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru 


in Kullander (1986: 140), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, 

distribution, and illustrations. Compared with C. latruncularium 

in Kullander & Staeck (1990). 

CRENICICHLA 

Crenicichla Heckel, 1840: 416. Type species: Crenicichla macrophthalma 

Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann 

& Bray 1894: 620). Gender: feminine. 

Batrachops Heckel, 1840: 432. Type species: Batrachops reticulatus 

Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann & 

Bray 1894: 620). Gender: masculine. 

Boggiania Perugia, 1897: 148. Type species: Boggiania ocellata 

Perugia, 1897. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. 

Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862 

Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862: 307. Type locality: River 

Cupai (800 miles from the sea) [Brazil, Cupari River]. Holotype: 

BMNH 1853.3.19.46. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós 

and Aripuanã River basins. 


Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840: 421. Type locality: Rio- 

Guaporé. Types in NMW, not found. 

Crenicichla funebris Heckel, 1840: 424. Type locality: Matogrosso 

am Rio-Guaporé. Syntypes: NMW 16406, 16451. 



River basin. 


Remarks and references: Ploeg 1991: 64 acted as first reviser in 

placing C. funebris in the synonymy of C. adspersa. 

Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904 

Crenicichla saxatilis var. albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904: 374. Type 

locality: Guyane française (originally also Surinam, Guyane anglaise). 

Lectotype: MNHN 1898-59, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 

224). 


Distribution: South America: From the Approuague River in 

French Guiana to the Demerara River in Guyana. 

Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname 

Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French 

Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana), 

Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana) 

Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912 

Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912: 516, pl. 68 (fig. 3). Type locality: 

Gluck island. Holotype: FMNH 53777. 

Crenicichla pterogramma Fowler, 1914: 281, fig. 20. Type locality: 

Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP 39349. 

Crenicichla cardiostigma Ploeg, 1991: 26, fig. 18. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Roraima, Rio Negro system, Rio Branco, Igarapé 

Traíra Montante, at Cachoeira Peudas. Holotype: INPA 2916. 



River basin; Essequibo River basin. 


Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872 

Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872: 252, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

the Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP 

9074-76 (3). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali, 

Huallaga, Putumayo, Napo and Amazon River basins. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 117) 


Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792) 

Perca brasiliensis Bloch, 1792: 84, pl. 110 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

Flüssen Brasiliens. No types known. 

Sparus Nhoquunda La Cepède, 1802: 156. Type locality: [Flüssen 

Brasiliens]. No types known. Substitute name for Perca brasil- 

626


iensis Bloch 1792. 


Distribution: South America: Northeastern Brazil, states of Ceará, 

Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Pernambuco. 


Remarks and references: Species included in Crenicichla menezesi 

by Ploeg (1991: 46); additional research needed to clarify its diagnosis. 

Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982 

Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982c: 642, fig. 7. Type locality: 

Brasil, Estado de São Paulo, mun. Promissão, R. Tietê system, 

km 143 on BR-153, above road in small brook. Holotype: 

MZUSP 16004. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná 

River drainage upstream from Guaíra. 


Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911 

Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911: 369. Type locality: 

Tocantins bei Cametá. Lectotype: NMW 32816, designated by 

Ploeg (1986b: 63). 

Crenicichla astroblepa Ploeg, 1986b: 58, pl. 3 (upper & middle). 

Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage, 

after closing of the stowage. Holotype: INPA 856. 



River basin. 


Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987 

Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987: 883, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Arroyo de la Invernada, Picada de la Negra Muerta, Dpto. 

Artigas, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC P94. 


Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries 

of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin. 

Countries: Argentina (?), Brazil, Uruguay 

Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & Kullander 

(1992: 107), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution 


Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905 

Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42 (3). 

Type locality: Marajó (Brésil). Holotype: MNHN 1902-95. 

Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905c: 166. Type locality: [Marajó 

(Brésil)]. Holotype: MNHN 1902-95. Type by being a replacement 

name. Replacement name for Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata 

Pellegrin, preoccupied in Crenicichla by Cychla fasciata 

Jardine, 1843. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, Peru, 

and Ecuador, from the Napo River to Marajó Island. 

Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru 

Common names: Añashua (Peru) 


in Kullander (1986: 94). 

Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986 

Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986b: 63, pl. 4 (upper). Type 

locality: rapids downstream of Jatobal. Holotype: INPA 855. 



Tocantins River basin. 


Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987 

Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987: 77, pl. 1 (second & middle). 

Type locality: Surinam, left bank tributary to Linker Coppename 

River. Holotype: ZMA 107841. 


Distribution: South America: Coppename and Saramacca River 

basins. 


Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870 

Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870: 569. Type locality: Upper 

Marañon, near Pebas. Holotype: ANSP 9078. 



western Brazil. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 89) 


Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986 

Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986b: 65, pl. 4 (middle & lower). 

Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage, 

after closing the stowage. Holotype: INPA 854. 





Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858 

Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858: 386. Type locality: [western portion 

of the Island of Trinidad]. Holotype: USNM 1111. 


Distribution: South America: Trinidad Islands and northeastern 

Venezuela. 


Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992 

Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 137, fig. 29. Type 

locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, arroio Passo do Alto, 

near Mineral, município of São Nicolau. Holotype: MCP 14328. 


Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in the 

tributaries of the middle Uruguay River (Comandaí, Ijuí, and 

Piratinim Rivers). 


Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903 

Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Vénézuéla. 

Holotype: MNHN 1898-47. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa 

River basin. 


Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974 

Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974: 554, fig. 1. Type 

locality: río Paraná frente a Jupìá, Mato Grosso. Holotype: 

MZUSP 4022b. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper 

Paraná River basin. 


Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989 

Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989: 163, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilìen, 

Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, Cachoeira Porteira. Holotype: 

IRSNB 768. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas 

River close to Cachoeira Porteira. 

627



Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990 

Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990a: 214, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Rio Aripuanã drainage, headwater 

stream tributary to the Rio Cinta Larga where crossed by the road 

BR-174, 41 km from Juína. Holotype: MZUSP 40292. 

Crenicichla guentheri Ploeg, 1991: 33, fig. 30. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã, 

Igarapé do Aeropuerto, Humboldt. Holotype: INPA 2884. 



Aripuanã River in the Madeira River drainage. 


Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991: 35, fig. 33. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé 

Jaramacuru, tributary to Rio Cuminá. Holotype: MZUSP 40135. 



Trombetas River basin. 


Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992 

Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 125, fig. 23. Type 

locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, município Campos Novos, 

rio Canoas at Passo do Canoas, (road SC-458), on the road 

Tupitinga-Celso Ramos. Holotype: MCP 12906. 



of the upper Uruguay River. 


Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911 

Crenicichla iguassüensis Haseman, 1911: 352, pl. 61. Type locality: 

Porto União da Victoria, Rio Iguassú. Holotype: FMNH 

54159. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Iguaçu 

River basin. 


Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991: 37, fig. 35. Type locality: Brazil, 

State of Amazonas, Rio Amazonas system, Ilha do Careiro. 

Holotype: INPA 1427. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, reported from a 

large area of the Amazon River basin in Brazil. 


Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991: 39, fig. 37. Type locality: 


3 km from Cachoeira de Dardanelos Humboldt (59°27’W, 

10°10’S). Holotype: INPA 2883. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã 

River basin. 


Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911 

Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911: 351, pl. 60. Type locality: 

Jaguara, Rio Grande of the Paraná, Minas. Holotype: FMNH 

54157. 





Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986 

Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986b: 67, pl. 5 (upper). Type locality: 

Itupiranga. Holotype: INPA 857. 



Tocantins basin. 


Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840: 425. Type locality: Rio- 

Guaporè. Holotype: NMW 16431. 

Cychla fasciata Jardine, 1843: 141, pl. 4. Type locality: No locality 

given [probably Guyana]. No types known. Primary homonym 

of Cychla fasciata Swainson, 1839 = Badis badis Hamilton, 

1822. 

Crenicichla obtusirostris Günther, 1862: 305. Type locality: River 

Capin. Holotype: BMNH 1849.11.8.57. 

Crenicichla johanna carsevennensis Pellegrin, 1905: 168. Type 

locality: Entre les rivières Carsevenne et Cachipour (contesté 

franco-brésilien). Holotype: MNHN 1899-113. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, widespread in 

Peru, Brazil and Bolivia; in the Orinoco basin in Colombia and 

Venezuela; Essequibo drainage in Guyana; Oyapock and Approuague 

drainages in French Guiana; Amapá State. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, 

Peru, Venezuela 


in Kullander (1986: 98) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, 

distribution, and illustrations. Ploeg (1991: 68) claimed that 

C. johanna is based on more than one specimen, and designated 

the only specimen found at NMW as lectotype (NMW 16431). 



Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana) 

Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968 

Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968: 171, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Rio Paraná, no Salto de Urubupungá, entre os Estados 

de Mato Grosso e São Paulo. Holotype: MZUSP 4363. 





Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992 

Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 128, fig. 25. Type 

locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Marombas at 

bridge Irineu Bornhausen. Holotype: MCP 14326. 


Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin, in tributaries of 

the upper Uruguay River. 


Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831) 

Cychla labrina Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 99, pl. 62 (fig. 1, as Cichla 

labrina). Type locality: mare Brasiliae. Lectotype: MHNN 599, 

designated by Ploeg (1986b: 69). 





Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855) 

Cycla lacustris Castelnau, 1855: 19, pl. 8 (fig. 3). Type locality: 

Dique, ou étang près de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A9501 (2). 

Crenicichla dorsocellata Haseman, 1911: 355, pl. 63. Type local- 

628


ity: Campos, R. Parahyba. Holotype: FMNH 54155. 

Crenicichla biocellata Ihering, 1914: 333. Type locality: Rio 

Doce, Est. do Espirito Santo. Holotype: MZUSP 1167. 


Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of southeastern 

and eastern Brazil. 


Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840: 419. Type locality: Rionegro, 

bei Marabitanas. Holotype: NMW 59417. 

Crenicichla ornata Regan, 1905c: 167, pl. 15 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

Rio Negro. Lectotype: BMNH 1893.4.24.6, designated by 

Ploeg (1991: 71). 



River basin. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Ploeg (1991: 70). Ploeg 

places the type locality in Venezuela, Orinoco River system, although 

all known evidence suggests that it is the Negro River. 

The correct catalog number for the lectotype is BMNH 

1893.4.24.6 (not 1893.2.24.6 as stated in Ploeg, 1970: 70, fig. 

81) and the correct number for the paralectotypes is BMNH 

1893.4.24: 7-8 (not 1893.4.34: 7-8, as stated in Ploeg,1970: 72). 

Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840: 429, pl. 30 (fig. 13). Type 

locality: Rio-Guaporè. Lectotype: NMW 33101, designated by 

Ploeg (1991: 42). 

Crenicichla edithae Ploeg, 1991: 29, fig. 24. Type locality: Paraguay, 

Río Paraguai system, Arroyo Itabu-Guazu. Holotype: 

MHNG 2028.45. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, widespread in 

the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay and the 

lower Paraná (below Guaíra) in Paraguay and Argentina, and 

also along the coast of Rio Grande do Sul State. Also found in 

the middle and lower Uruguay River in Brazil and Uruguay. 

Amazon River basin in the Guaporé River drainage in Brazil and 

Bolivia. 

Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay 

Remarks and references: Species monograph in Kullander (1982c); 

description of material from Uruguay River in Lucena & Kullander 

(1992: 101). 

Common names: Guensa-verde (Brazil) 

Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870 

Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Perú, R. Ucayali 

drainage: Loreto, Quebrada Abrahancillo, left bank tributary 

of R. Aucayacu, 4 km S. Supay Cocha [originally tributaries of 

the Upper Marañon, in Equador]. Neotype: NRM 25662, designated 




western Brazil. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander (1986: 112), 


Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840: 422. Type locality: Rio-negro. 


Cychla ? rutilans Jardine, 1843: 142, pl. 5. Type locality: Rio 

Branco. No types known. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco, 

Negro, and Uatumã Rivers in Brazil; Essequibo River and 

Branco River in Guyana; Corantijn River in Suriname. 

Countries: Brazil, Guyana, Suriname 

Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840: 427, pl. 30 (fig. 9). 

Type locality: Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33082 (1) and NMW 

77820 (1) 

Crenicichla santaremensis Haseman, 1911: 354, pl. 62 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: lagoon along the margin of the Amazon, three 

miles above Santarém. Holotype: FMNH 54153. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro, 

Uatumã, Tapajós, Xingu, and Trombetas River basins. 


Common names: Jacundá (Brazil) 

Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904 

Crenicichla brasiliensis marmorata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42 

(4). Type locality: [No locality]. Holotype: MNHN A.9496. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern 

tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil, from the Madeira 

River to Tocantins River. 


Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991: 45, fig. 47. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Maranhão, Caieira. Holotype: NMW 33292. 


Distribution: South America: Rivers of the state of Maranhão 

State. 


Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992 

Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 116, fig. 12. 

Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí, 

on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14321. 



of the middle an upper Uruguay River. 


Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992 

Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 113, fig. 9. 

Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí, 

on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14324. 



of the upper and middle Uruguay River basin. 


Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914 

Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914: 335. Type locality: Theophilo 

Ottoni, rìo Todos os Santos, affl. do Mucury, Est. de Minas 

Geraes. Lectotype: MZUSP 2526, designated by Britski (1969: 

210). 


Distribution: South America: Mucuri River basin in eastern coast 

of Brazil. 


Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903 

Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903: 124 [5]. Type locality: 

Guyane française. Lectotype: MNHN 9542, designated by Ploeg 

(1986c: 230). 


Distribution: South America: Maroni and Mana River basins of 

Suriname and French Guiana. 

Countries: French Guiana, Suriname 

629




Poson madanm (French Guiana) 

Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987 

Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987: 81, pl. 1 (fourth & lower). 

Type locality: Surinam, right bank tributary to Nickerie River, 12 

km W.S.W. of Stondansie Fall. Holotype: ZMA 107843. 


Distribution: South America: Nickerie and Corantijn River basins. 


Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891) 

Acharnes niederleinii Holmberg, 1891: 181. Type locality: Rio 

Pequiri, en Misiones, y en otros inmediatos. Holotype: Museo de 

la Escuela Normal de Profesoras de la Capital, lost. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of 

the upper Paraná River in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. 


Remarks and references: Brief review with illustration in Kullander 

(1981b: 684). 

Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913 

Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: the 

Amazon at Manaos. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.4.15.4, designated 

by Ploeg (1989: 166). 





Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991: 48, fig. 53. Type locality: 


Igarapé do Porto. Holotype: INPA 2885. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã 

River basin. 


Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991 

Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991a: 356, fig. 4. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Cachoeira do Espelho. 



Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu 

River at Cachoeira do Espelho and Altamira, Brazil. 


Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991 

Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991a: 353, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, município de São 

Felix do Xingu, Rio Fresco, Aldeia Gorotire. Holotype: MZUSP 

35997. 



River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius and Goritire. 


Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992 

Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 140, fig. 32. Type 

locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, rio Jacutinga, on the road 

BR 283 Seara-Concórdia. Holotype: MCP 13016. 


Distribution: South America: Upper Uruguay River basin. 


Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872 

Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872: 252. Type locality: Ambyiacu 

River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9050, designated 


Crenicichla proteus argynnis Cope, 1872: 253. Type locality: 

Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP 

9059 (1), 14375 (1). 

Batrachops nemopterus Fowler, 1940: 283, fig. 64. Type locality: 

Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68684. 

Crenicichla nijsseni Ploeg, 1991: 47, fig. 41. Type locality: Brazil, 

State of Acre, Río Japurá system, Río Branco, Açude Carlos 

Simão. Holotype: MZUSP 40163. 



and Putumayo drainages in Ecuador, in the Ucayali-Amazon 

drainage from Chicosa to Pebas in Peru, and upper Purus basin. 




Synonymy of Crenicichla nijsseni based on unpublished 

observation (Kullander, MS). 

Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870 

Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870: 57. Type locality: aus dem 

Guahyba bei Porto Alegre [originally also: Bächen des Urwaldes.. 

Waldbächen von der deutschen Colonie Sta. Cruz in Rio 

Grande do Sul]. Lectotype: ZMB 7459, designated by Lucena & 

Azevedo (1989: 90). 

Crenicichla polysticta Hensel, 1870: 58. Type locality: Rio Cadea 

des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Syntypes: ZMB 7461(1), 

uncat. (3) not found). 


Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim 

basins in Rio Grande do Sul State and Uruguay. 

Countries: Brazil, Uruguay 

Remarks and references: Species revised by Lucena & Azevedo 

(1989). 

Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991: 52, fig. 57. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé at km 10 

of BR 163 at level of bridge. Holotype: INPA 3078. 



River drainage above Cachoeira Porteira. 


Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989 

Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989: 164, fig. 2. Type locality: Brasilien, 

Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, linksseitiger Zufluss bei Cachoeira 

Porteira. Holotype: IRSNB 766. 



River at Cachoeira Porteira. 


Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840) 

Batrachops reticulatus Heckel, 1840: 433, pl. 30 (fig. 17). Type 

locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 35783. 

Crenicichla elegans Steindachner, 1881b: 15. Type locality: Hoch- 

Peru. Syntypes: NMW 32835 (2). 

Batrachops punctulatus Regan, 1905c: 156, pl. 14 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: R. Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.24. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Colombia, 

Peru, and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana. 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru 

Common names: Añashua (Peru), Jacundá (Brazil), Peixe sabão 

(Brazil) 

Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997 

630


Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997b: 280, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Córrego do Gato. 



Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, upper Xingu 

River drainage (Suiá-Missu River). 


Common names: Rubanana (Brazil) 

Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991: 53, fig. 59. Type locality: Brazil, 

State of Rondônia, Rio Madeira system, Río Machado, Jiparaná: 

Río Urupa. Holotype: INPA 2889. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Machado 

River of Rondônia State. 


Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 278. Type locality: Surinam. 

Lectotype: NRM 5583, designated by Ploeg (1986a: 49). 

Sparus biocellatus Walbaum, 1792: 298. Type locality: Surinam. 

Holotype: Based on Gronovius (1763, Sparus rufescens; 1754, 

Sparus rostro plagiplateo); represented by BMNH 1853.11.2.24. 

Sparus Pavo La Cepède, 1802: 49, 151. Type locality: [Suriname]. 

Unnecessary replacement name for Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus. 

Scarus pavoninus Gray, 1854: 63. Type locality: Surinami. Holotype: 

BMNH 1853.11.2.24. 


Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast drainages of Suriname, 

French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad Island. 

Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Venezuela 

Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Booto (Suriname), 

Marann (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri 

(French Guiana), Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame 


Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907) 

Batrachops scottii Eigenmann, 1907: 455, pl. 23 (fig. 8). Type 

locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: in Princeton University, apparently 

lost. 

Crenicichla (Batrachops) multidens Steindachner, 1915: 347. 

Type locality: La Plata. Holotype: NMW, not found. 

Labrus amarus Larrañaga, 1923: 383. Type locality: Uruguay. No 

types known. 

Crenicichla lacustris semifasciata Devincenzi, 1939: 34, fig. 11 

(no. 3). Type locality: Rio Uruguay (Paysandú). No types known. 


Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, middle and 

lower parts, in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. 

Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay 

Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & Kullander 

(1992: 131), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution 


Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986 

Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986: 83, pl. 4-6 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Peru, departamento Pasco, Río Pachitea drainage system, 

in Río Yamushimas, tributary to Rio Palcazú, near San 

Pedro de Longin. Holotype: USNM 229057. 



Ucayali River drainage, upper Huallaga River drainage (Tingo 

María) in Peru, and the Napo and Putumayo River drainages in 

Ecuador. 


Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892 

Crenicichla saxatilis var. semicincta Steindachner, 1892: 376 [20]. 

Type locality: Bolivia, Provinz Yuracares, im oberen Chaparé bei 

Puerto de San Mateo. Syntypes: NMW 33482-84 (3). 

Crenicichla clancularia Ploeg, 1991: 27, fig. 20. Type locality: 

Bolivia, State of Mato Grosso[sic], Río Mamore system, Sta. 

Cruz, Buenavista. Holotype: BMNH 1927.10.4.49. 



de Dios River drainage in Peru, and in the Mamoré River basin. 




distribution, and illustrations. The synonymy of C. clancularia 

is based on unpublished observations (Kullander, MS). 

Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840) 

Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel, 1840: 436. Type locality: Flusse 

Paraguay bei Caiçara. Types in NMW, not found. 

Acharnes chacoensis Holmberg, 1891: 182. Type locality: Formosa. 

No types known. 

Boggiania ocellata Perugia, 1897: 148. Type locality: Puerto 14 de 

Mayo, dipartamento di Bahia Negra, nel Chaco boreale. Holotype: 

MSNG 33700. 

Crenicichla simoni Haseman, 1911: 345, pl. 59. Type locality: Rio 

Paraguay at São Luiz de Caceres. Holotype: FMNH 54097. 



River in Paraguay and Brazil, and the Paraná drainage in Argentina. 


Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987 

Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987: 90, pl. 2 (upper). Type locality: 

Corantijn River system, Sipaliwini River near Sipaliwini airstrip. 

Holotype: RMNH 30561. 


Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini River, upper Corantijn 

basin. 


Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991: 108, fig. 141. Type locality: Brazil, 

State of Pará, Río Tocantins system, Capuaraná. Holotype: 

INPA 2851. 



River basin. 


Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862 

Crenicichla johanna strigata Günther, 1862: 306. Type locality: 

River Capin; River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Lectotype: 

BMNH 1849.11.8.79-82 (1 of 4), designated by Ploeg (1991: 

78). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern 

tributries of the Amazon River basin. 


Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991: 58, fig. 68. Type locality: Colombia, 

Río Orinoco system, Río Meta, along road Villavicencio- 

Puerto López, Puerto Gaintán. Holotype: RMNH 31622. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Llanos of 

Venezuela and Colombia. 


Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 

631


1992 

Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992: 121, figs. 

19-20. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, município 

Santo Angelo, rio Piratinim, Fazenda dos Hinz, Coímbra. 

Holotype: MCP 10876. 



of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin. 


Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926 

Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926: 97. Type locality: Oyapock 

River at “Sant” Cafesoca, French Guiana. Lectotype: BMNH 

1926.3.2.860, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 228). 


Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French 

Guiana and Brazil. 

Countries: French Guiana 

Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marann (French 


Poson madanm (French Guiana) 

Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991 

Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991: 3, fig. 2. Type 

locality: Brésil, Est. Pará, Rio Trombetas, au niveau de 

l’embouchure de l’Igarapé Caxipacoré. Holotype: INPA 1800. 



River near Cachoeira Porteira. 


Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990 

Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990c: 86, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Tapajós, rocky pool at São Luiz upstream 

of Itaituba. Holotype: MZUSP 40289. 



Tapajós River at São Luiz. 


Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903 

Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903: 124. Type locality: La Mana 

(Guyane française); Essequibo (Guyane anglaise). Syntypes: 

MNHN 4050, 2993. 


Distribution: South America: Essequibo and Mana River basins. 

Countries: French Guiana, Guyana 

Remarks and references: The type series of Crencichla vaillanti is 

a composite, and the species must be treated as valid until a lectotype 

is designated. 

Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991 

Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991: 94, fig. 119. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Roraima, Río Negro, Río Branco, Río Uraricoera, 

Ilha de Maracá. Holotype: INPA 2909. 



Branco River basin. 


Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840 

Crenicichla vittata, Heckel 1840: 417. Type locality: Flusse Cuyaba; 

Flusse Paraguay. Lectotype: NMW 77815, designated by 

Ploeg (1991: 81). Status as syntype is, however, not supported by 

collection data. NMW 77770 probable holotype. 



River in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the Paraná River drainage in 

Argentina; also in the middle Uruguay River drainage in Brazil. 

Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay 

Remarks and references: Brief review by Lucena & Kullander 

(1992: 105), based on material from Uruguay River. 

Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905 

Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905c: 163, pl. 14 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.93. 

Crenicichla nanus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: British 

Guiana. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.10.31.125-126 (2). 


Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin. 


Species inquirendae 

Cycla conibos Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type locality: l’ 

Ucayale. No types known. 

Cycla multifasciata Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: l’ Ucayale. No types known. 

DICROSSUS 

Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type species: Dicrossus 

maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958) 

Crenicara filamentosa Ladiges, 1958: 204, fig. p. 204. Type locality: 

möglicherweise vom Amazonas. Lectotype: ZMH 343, designated 

by (Wilkens 1977: 160); also by Kullander (1978: 268). 



River drainage; Orinoco River basin from the Inírida River in 

Colombia to Maripa in Venezuela. 


Remarks and references: Species monograph in Kullander (1978); 

also described by Ladiges (1959). 

Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875 

Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type locality: Lago 

maximo und José Assu sowie in Nebenarmen des Amazonenstromes 

bei Tocantins, im Rio Hyauary und im Rio Tajapuru. 

Syntypes: NMW 77916 (3). 

Crenicara praetoriusi Weise in Praetorius, 1935: 179, fig. 4. Type 

locality: [No locality]. 

Crenicara praetoriusi Ahl, 1936b: 265. Type locality: Igarapè- 

Irurà-Mapiry. Syntypes: (3) ZMB 32383-84 (2). 



River drainage, Maués River, and near Parintins. 


GEOPHAGUS 

Geophagus Heckel, 1840: 383. Type species: Geophagus altifrons 


Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine. 

Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840 

Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840: 385, pl. 29 (fig. 21-25). Type 

locality: Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 17007-08 (2). 



the Amazon River. 


Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991 

Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991b: 130, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte, 

rocky pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32906. 


632



River from Cachoeira von Martius to Belo Monte, and in the Curuá 

River basin. 


Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 

1989 

Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 48, fig. 

26. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Nickerie R. system, 

rocky pool just above Blanche Marie Vallen. Holotype: RMNH 

30974. 


Distribution: South America: Corantijn and Nickerie River drainages 

in Suriname; probably ranges westward to the Essequibo 

River basin. 


Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 

Chromis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 286. Type locality: 

baie de Rìo de Janeiro. Holotype: MNHN A.9503. 

Chromys unimaculata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 7 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: eaux douces des environs de Rio-de-Janeiro. Holotype: 

MNHN A.9506. 

Acara gymnopoma Günther, 1862: 278. Type locality: [None 

stated]. Holotype: BMNH 1842.8.18.8. 

Geophagus brasiliensis Kner, 1865: 266, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Rio Janeiro. Syntypes: NMW 23044-45 (2). 

Acara minuta Hensel, 1870: 53. Type locality: Kleinen Tümpeln 

bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: (5) ZMB 7453. 


Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of eastern and 

southern Brazil and Uruguay. 


Common names: Acará-topete (Brazil) 

Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 

Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 41, figs. 23- 

25. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Brokopondo, Suriname R. 

system, Brokopondomeer along N shore at Afobaka. Holotype: 

ZMA 119530. 


Distribution: South America: Suriname River basin. 


Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903 

Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Riv. 

Camopi (Guyane française). Lectotype: MNHN 1901-456. 


Distribution: South America: Oyapock and Approuague River 

basins. 


Common names: Prapra soléy (French Guiana), Prapra-roche 

(French Guiana), Prapra-saut (French Guiana) 

Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876 

Geophagus (Satanoperca) crassilabris Steindachner, 1876: 65, pl. 

7. Type locality: einem Bache des Isthmus von Panama, wahrscheinlich 

in der Nähe von Candelaria. Holotype: NMW 58794. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific and Atlantic slopes of central 

and eastern Panama. 


Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn, 

1992 

Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn in Kullander, 

Royero & Taphorn, 1992: 366, fig. 7. Type locality: Venezuela, 

Bolivar State, Río Caroní drainage, middle Río Claro in Vuelta 

El Susto, ca 5 km downstream from Quebrada Mojacasabe 

(7°40’40”N, 63°08’05”W). Holotype: MCNG 25480. 



Caura and lower Caroní River basins. 


Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976 

Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976: 88, fig. 21. Type locality: rivière 

Ouaqui à Saut Bali (Affluent du Tampok, basin du Maroni), 

Guyane française. Holotype: IRSNB 525. 


Distribution: South America: Marowijne River basin. 


Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra so (French 

Guiana) 

Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911 

Geophagus brasiliensis iporangensis Haseman, 1911: 364, pl. 71. 

Type locality: Iporanga ... a mountain stream of the Rio Ribeira 

da Iguapé. Holotype: FMNH 54202 [ex CM 2792a]. 


Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguape River basin. 


Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911 

Geophagus brasiliensis itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911: 365, pl. 72. 

Type locality: Queimadas, Rio Itapicurú. Holotype: FMNH 

54365 [ex CM 2793a]. 

Distribution: South America: Itapicuru River, on the coast of 

Bahia State. 


Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840 

Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840: 388. Type locality: einer 

grossen Lache Juquià genannt, bei Mattogrosso am Fluss 

Guaporè. Syntypes: NMW 16246 (1), 90309 (1), 92453 (1); SMF 

3125 [ex NMW in 1844] (1). 



River basin. 


Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855) 

Chromys unipunctata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: rio Paraguassu, dans la province de Bahia. Syntypes: 

MNHN A.9505 (3). 

Chromys obscura Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 6 (fig. 3). Type locality: 

rio Paraguassu, province de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A.9511 (2). 


Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River, on the coast of 

Bahia State. 


Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912 

Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: Tado, Río 

San Juan, Chocó, S.W. Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 

1910.4.11.89. 


Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River 

basins. 


Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855) 

Chromys proxima Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 7 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

un lac près de l’Ucayale, dans la mission de Sarayacu, au Pérou. 

Syntypes: MNHN A.9510 (1), B.3001 [ex MNHN A.9510] (1). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali 

River drainage of Peru, and along the Solimões-Amazon River to 

633


the Trombetas River. 



with bibliography, description, diagnosis, distribution, and illustration. 

Common names: Acará roi roi (Brazil), Acará tinga (Brazil) 

Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 

1910 

Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand in Eigenmann, 

1910: 478. Type locality: Magdalena basin. Holotype: NMW 

23289-90 (larger specimen) [from Cauca River, Colombia]. 

Geophagus hondae Regan, 1912: 506. Type locality: Honda, 

Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.51. 

Geophagus magdalena Brind, 1943: 42. Type locality: Lake at El 

Banco, Columbia. Syntypes: USNM 120207 (1), 120299 (1). 

Also spelt G. Magdalenae in same paper. 


Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Cauca, and Sinú River 

basins in Colombia, Limón River (Lake Maracaibo drainage) in 

Venezuela. 


Remarks and references: Gosse & Kullander (1981) clarified the 

nomenclature of the species. 

Common names: Mojarra (Colombia), Mula (Colombia) 

Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) 

Sparus surinamensis Bloch, 1791: 112, pl. 277 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Surinam. Holotype: ZMB 2825. 

Sparus trimaculatus Shaw in Shaw & Nodder, 1809: pl. 867. Type 

locality: American Seas. 


Distribution: South America: Saramacca and Suriname Rivers in 

Suriname; Marowijne River in Suriname and French Guiana. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Kullander & Nijssen 

(1986: 31), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, 


Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra soléy 


Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero, 1992 

Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero in Kullander, Royero 

& Taphorn, 1992: 360, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Territorio 

Federal Amazonas, Río Orinoco, Raudales de Ature, eastern 

shore (5°36’N, 67°37’W). Holotype: MBUCV-V 21744. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the lower 

Caura River and along the middle and upper Orinoco River basin. 


GUIANACARA 

Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 90. Type species: 

Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by 

original designation. Gender: feminine. 

Oelemaria Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 92. Type species: Guianacara 

oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original 

designation. Gender: feminine. Originally as Guianacara (Oelemaria). 

Guianacara (Guianacara) geayi (Pellegrin, 1902) 

Acara geayi Pellegrin, 1902: 417. Type locality: Rivière Camopi 

(Guyane française). 


Distribution: South America: Approuague River in French Guiana, 

Oyapock River drainage in French Guiana and Brazil. 



Guianacara (Oelemaria) oelemariensis Kullander & 

Nijssen, 1989 

Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 126, fig. 

70. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R. 

drainage, small right bank tributary to the upper Oelemari R. 



Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage, in the 

Oelemari River in Suriname. 


Guianacara (Guianacara) owroewefi Kullander & 

Nijssen, 1989 

Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 97, fig. 43. 

Type locality: Guyane française, R. Maroni system, R. Marouini 

below first rapids. Holotype: IRSNB 749. 


Distribution: South America: Marowijne, Suriname, Saramacca, 

and Coppename River basins in Suriname, and Marowijne River 

basin in French Guiana. 


Common names: Crobia (Suriname), Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe 

wefi (Suriname), Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouru wefee (Suriname), 

Owroe wefi (Suriname), Owroe wiffi (Suriname), Prapra (French 

Guiana) 

Guianacara (Guianacara) sphenozona Kullander & 

Nijssen, 1989 

Guianacara sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 120, fig. 66. 

Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Corantijn R. drainage, 

Sipaliwini. Holotype: RMNH 31047. 


Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini and middle Corantijn 

River drainages, Suriname; probably the Essequibo River basin. 


Common names: Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouruwefee (Suriname) 

GYMNOGEOPHAGUS 

Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type species: 

Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Type by 

monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907) 

Geophagus australe Eigenmann, 1907: 454, p. 23 (fig. 7). Type 

locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: Princeton University (whereabouts 

unknown). 


Distribution: South America: Lower Paraná River basin, in Argentina. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba 

(1988). 

Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891) 

Geophagus balzanii Perugia, 1891: 623. Type locality: Villa Maria 

(Matto Grosso), Rio Paraguay a 15°. Holotype: MSNG 7683. 

Geophagus duodecimspinosus Boulenger, 1895: 524. Type locality: 

Paraguay. Holotype: BMNH 1895.5.17.12. 

Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type 

locality: Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: MZUSP 2549. 



drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, the Paraná drainage in Argentina; 

the lower Uruguay drainage in Uruguay and Brazil. 

Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay 


634


(1988). 

Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 

2000 

Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2001: 55, 

fig. 1. Type locality: Arroyo Urugua-í y ruta provincial 19 frente 

a la pasarela en parque provincial Islas Malvinas [Misiones, Argentina]. 

Holotype MLP. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná 

River drainage in Argentina, known only from the Arroyo Urugua-í. 


Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870) 

Geophagus pygmaeus Hensel, 1870: 68. Type locality: Rio Guahyba 

bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: ZMB 7469 (2). 

Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel, 1870: 61. Type locality: Gebirgsbachen 

des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Lectotype: ZMB 

7465. 

Geophagus camurus Cope, 1894: 104, pl. 9 (fig. 17). Type locality: 

Jacuhy river. Syntypes: (7) ANSP 21749-50 (2), 21885-88 

(4). 



drainages in Brazil and Uruguay. 



(1988). Type locality of Geophagus camurus restricted to Laguna 

dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989). 

Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) 

Geophagus bucephalus Hensel, 1870: 63. Type locality: Rio 

Cadea und seinen Zuflussen. Lectotype: ZMB 31373 [ex ZMB 

7466], designated by Reis & Malabarba (1988: 280). 

Geophagus labiatus Hensel, 1870: 64. Type locality: Rio Santa 

Maria des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: ZMB 

7467. 

Geophagus scymnophilus Hensel, 1870: 65. Type locality: [None 

stated]. Lectotype: ZMB 22293, designated by Reis & Malabarba 

(1988: 280). 



drainages in Brazil. 



(1988). Type locality of Geophagus scymnophilus restricted to 

Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989). 

Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988 

Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 282, fig. 24. 

Type locality: Lagoa da Cerquinha at Pinhal, Tramandai, RS, 

Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28462. 


Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages in northern Rio 

Grande do Sul State. 


Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 

1988 

Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 273, fig 

19. Type locality: Headwaters of Rio Negro at road at BR-153, 

(Uruguay River system), Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: 

MZUSP 28461. 


Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay 

and Brazil, and smaller drainages in nearby Argentina. 

Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay 

Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870) 

Geophagus rhabdotus Hensel, 1870: 60. Type locality: Cadea. 

Lectotype: ZMB 7461. 

Geophagus brachyurus Cope, 1894: 105, pl. 9 (fig. 18). Type 

locality: Jacuhy River. Syntypes: ANSP 21751 (1), 21880-83 (4). 


Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay, 

and the Laguna dos Patos basin. 



(1988). Type locality of Geophagus brachyurus restricted to Laguna 

dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989). 

Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & 

Pavanelli, 1992 

Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992: 

267, fig. 2. Type locality: Río Iguazú reservoir at Juan E. 

O’Leary, Rio Paraná drainage, Province of Alto Paraná, Paraguay 

(approximately 55°30’S 25°20’W). Holotype: MHNG 

2518.19. 


Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of 

the Paraná River between the Monday River and Guaíra, Paraguay 

and Brazil. 

Countries: Brazil, Paraguay 

HERICHTHYS 

Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type species: Herichthys 

cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. Gender: 

masculine. 

Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) 

Acara bartoni Bean, 1892: 286, pl. 44 (fig. 3). Type locality: 

Hauzteca Potosina, a region situated north of the State of Guanajuato, 

in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 

43765, designated by Jordan & Evermann (1900, pl. 232, p. 

3281). 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to the upper 

Verde River and the Laguna de la Media Luna systems of the 

Panuco River basin, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. 


Common names: Mojarra caracolera (Mexico) 

Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) 

Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 146, fig. 22. Type 

locality: Laguna del Carpinte, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. 


Heros teporatus Fowler, 1903: 321. Type locality: Victoria, Victoria 

Río, trib. of the Río Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. 


Cichlosoma laurae Regan, 1908c: 223. Type locality: Tampico. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1908.7.6.20-21 (2). 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Panuco River drainage, 

and Soto La Marina River. 


Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983). 

The status of Heros teporatus needs further analysis. 

Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854 

Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type locality: 

Brownsville, Texas (freshwater). Syntypes: ANSP 9097 (1); 

MCZ 15415 [ex USNM 852]; UMMZ 92113 (1); USNM 851 (?), 

852 (now 4). 

Heros pavonaceus Garman, 1881: 93. Type locality: Spring near 

Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. Syntypes: MCZ 24877 (5), 

UMMZ 95837 (1). 

635


Parapetenia cyanostigma Hernández-Rolón, 1990: 4, fig. p. 7. 

Type locality: Playa Bruja, Tequesquitengo [Mexico]. Holotype: 

MNHN 1990-465. 


Distribution: North America: Originally restricted to the lower Rio 

Grande drainage in Texas, USA and south to northeastern Mexico. 

Introduced on Edwards Plateau of central Texas and central 

peninsular Florida, USA, and Verde River basin (La Media Luna 

region), Mexico 

Countries: Mexico, USA 

Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983). 

Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840) 

Heros Montezuma Heckel, 1840: 383. Type locality: Mexico. 


Heros Deppii Heckel, 1840: 382. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype: 

NMW, lost. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Nautla and 

Misantla River basins. 


Remarks and references: Implied identification of material in ZMB 

collected with the holotype, suggests that H. deppii is valid, according 

to Stawikowski & Werner (1998: 333). The status of 

Heros montezuma is uncertain, pending examination of the holotype. 

Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903) 

Heros (Cichlasoma) labridens Pellegrin, 1903: 122. Type locality: 

Huasteca Potosina (Mexique). [=Verde River drainage near Rioverde, 

San Luís Potosí]. Syntypes: MNHN 1889-19-20. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Panuco River 

basin. 


Remarks and references: See Miller (1956: 15) for information on 

type locality. 

Common names: Mojarra (Mexico) 

Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983) 

Cichlasoma minckleyi Kornfield & Taylor, 1983: 254, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Posos de la Becerra, 15.7 km by road SSW of Cuatro 

Ciénegas de Carranza, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 

209434. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to Cuatro 

Ciénegas. 


Common names: Mojarra caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas (Mexico) 

Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983) 

Cichlasoma pantostictum Taylor & Miller, 1983: 15, fig. 5. Type 

locality: Laguna de Chairel at the mouth of the Río Tamesí, 

Tampico, lat. 22°15’N., long. 96°04’W., elevation ca. 2 m near 

Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. 



Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico, in 

the Panuco River drainage from the Sabinas River to the coastal 

Laguna Tamiahua. 



Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) 

Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 143, fig. 20. 

Type locality: Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. 



Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico, 

endemic to the Tamasopo, Gallinas, and Ojo Frio Rivers in the 

Panuco River basin. 



Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993 

Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993: 66, fig. p. 67. Type 

locality: Type locality: “Las Cascadas” (99°23’47” W. Long., 

21°56’47” N. Lat.) in the Río Tamasopo. Holotype: UMMZ 

221577. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Tamasopo 

River of Panuco River basin. 


HEROINA 

Heroina Kullander, 1996b: 151. Type species: Heroina isonycterina 


feminine. 

Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996 

Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996b: 153, fig. 3. Type locality: 

Ecuador, Provincia Napo, Río Napo drainage, upper Río Tiputini 

upstream of bridge on road to Coca (0°44.5’S 76°53’W). Holotype: 

FMNH 105181. 



(Ecuador), Caquetá (Colombia), and Tigre, Corrientes, and 

Pastaza (Peru) River basins. 

Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru 

HEROS 

Heros Heckel, 1840: 362. Type species: Heros severus Heckel, 

1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan & Gilbert 1883: 

608. Gender: masculine. 

Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 

Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840: 372. Type locality: Rio-negro. 


Chromys appendiculata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 7 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: l’Ucayali, (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9483. 

Chromys fasciata Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

l’Araguay. No types known. 

Uarus centrarchoides Cope, 1872: 253, pl. 11 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 

9049. 

Cichlasoma severum perpunctatum Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 18, 

pl. 16. Type locality: Manáos. Holotype: MNRJ 1263. 



the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers in Peru, and Solimões-Amazon 

River in Brazil. 


Remarks and references: Redescription, as Heros appendiculatus, 

in Kullander (1986: 219), based on Peruvian material, with bibliography, 

diagnosis, description, distribution and illustration. 

Oldest available name now applied. Status of the included nominal 

species needs further analysis. 

Common names: Acará-peba (Brazil), Acará-preto (Brazil), Bujurqui 

acha vieja (Peru) 

Heros notatus Jardine, 1843 

Centrarchus notatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 160, pl. 13. 

Type locality: [Locality not stated]. No types known. 



River basin. 


636


Heros severus Heckel, 1840 

Heros severus Heckel, 1840: 362. Type locality: bei Marabitanas 

im Rio-negro. Syntypes: ?NMW 17354 (1), ?17638 (1), ?17656 

(1). 



Orinoco River drainage in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon 

River basin, in the upper Negro River basin. 


Heros spurius Heckel, 1840 

Heros spurius Heckel, 1840: 368. Type locality: Rio Guaporè ... 

Sümpfen. Syntypes: ?NMW 17656 (1), 17939 (1). 

Heros coryphaeus Heckel, 1840: 364. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé 

... Morästen um Matogrosso. Holotype: NMW 17358. 

Heros modestus Heckel, 1840: 366. Type locality: Rio Guaporé. 

Syntypes: NMW 17354 (1), ?92454 (1). 



River drainage, Brazil and Bolivia. 


HEROTILAPIA 

Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904: 247. Type species: Heros multispinosus 

Günther, 1869. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. 

Herotilapia multispinosa (Günther, 1867) 

Heros multispinosus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of 

Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.34. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Patuca 

River (Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope, 

from the Guasaule River (Nicaragua) to the Tempisque and Bebedero 

Rivers (Costa Rica). 


Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther 

(1868: 453, pl. 74, fig. 2). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 351), 

with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. 

Common names: Cholesca (Costa Rica), Mojarrita (Costa Rica), 

Zarzapala (Costa Rica) 

HOPLARCHUS 

Hoplarchus Kaup, 1860: 128. Type species: Hoplarchus pentacanthus 

Kaup, 1860. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: masculine. 

Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840) 

Heros psittacus Heckel, 1840: 369. Type locality: Rio-negro, 

nördlich von Marabitanas am Fusse des Berges Cocui. Syntypes: 

?NMW 17641-42 (1, 1). 

Centrarchus cychla Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 157, pl. 11. 

Type locality: Rio Negro. No types known. 

Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860: 129, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: ? Südamerika. Holotype in ZSM, lost. 



Preto da Eva, Urubu, and Jamari Rivers in Brazil; Orinoco River 

basin, in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River basin. 


HYPSELECARA 

Hypselecara Kullander, 1986: 232. Type species: Heros temporalis 

Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. 

Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840) 

Heros coryphaenoides Heckel, 1840: 373, pl. 29 (fig. 9-12). Type 

locality: Rio-negro ... bei Maribitana. Holotype: NMW 17376. 

Heros niger Heckel, 1840: 375. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: 

NMW 17358. 

Centrarchus niger Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 159, pl. 12. Type 

locality: Rio Negro. No types known. 

Cichlasoma arnoldi Ahl, 1936a: 138. Type locality: Amazonas. 


Chuco axelrodi Fernández-Yépez, 1972: 15, fig. 16. Type locality: 

Aguaro River, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 206097. 



Trombetas, Tapajós, Maués, and Uatumã Rivers; Orinoco River 

basin in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River, and in the Aguaro 

River basin. 


Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862) 

Heros temporalis Günther, 1862: 286. Type locality: No locality. 

Holotype: BMNH 1855.12.26.638 [ex Zool. Soc.]. 

Acara (Heros) crassa Steindachner, 1875: 88, pl. 5. Type locality: 

Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Tonantins, Cudajas, Coary, Villa 

bella und Obidos, im See Hyanuary und Saraca, so wie im Rio 

Hyutay. Syntypes: (several) NMW 17373-17374 (2) Codajás, 

33617 (1) Silves, 33618 (1) Villa Bella. 

Heros goeldii Boulenger, 1897: 298. Type locality: Upper Cunani 

River, French Guiana, south of the Oyapok River. Syntypes: 

BMNH 1897.7.17.9 (1), NMB 2488 (1). 

Cichlasoma Hellabrunni Ladiges, 1942: 199, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Gefangenschaftsnachzucht Hellabrunn (originally: entweder die 

Umgebung von Rockstone am Essequibo in Britisch-Guiana oder 

aber die Umgebung von Leticia. Lectotype: ZMH H70, designated 

by Ladiges et al. (1958: 164). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali 

and Amazon River drainages in Peru, the Amazon River drainage 

in Colombia, the Solimões-Amazon River in Brazil, east to Cametá, 

also rivers of Amapá State and the Oyapock River basin in 

Brazil. 


Common names: Acará açai (Brazil), Bufurque (Peru), Bujurqui 

(Peru) 

HYPSOPHRYS 

Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Hypsophrys unimaculatus 

Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. 

Copora Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Heros nicaraguensis 

Günther, 1864. Type species by original designation. 

Gender: feminine. 

Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864) 

Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake 

Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, not found. 

Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of 

Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1867.9.23.37. 

Heros balteatus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 184. Type locality: 

Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.27.3 [ex USNM] (1). 

Cichlasoma spilotum Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria, 



Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the San Juan 

drainage, including Lake Nicaragua, in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 

to the Matina River drainage in Costa Rica. 


Remarks and references: Species monograph by López (1974), 

well illustrated. Kullander & Hartel (1997) discussed the nomenclature 

of Hypsophrys unimaculatus. Reviewed by Bussing 

(1998: 354), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and 

figures. 

637


Common names: Moga amarilla (Costa Rica) 

KROBIA 

Krobia Kullander & Nijssen, 1989: 148. Type species: Acara 

guianensis Regan, 1905. Type by original designation. Gender: 

feminine. 

Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905) 

Acara guianensis Regan, 1905b: 340. Type locality: Guiana. Holotype: 

BMNH 1851.5.2.8 [ex ZMB]. 


Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages, from the 

Demerara River in Guyana, eastward to the Cottica River in Suriname. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Nijssen 



Common names: Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe wefi (Suriname), 

Ouwe wefi (Suriname) 

Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943) 

Aequidens itanyi Puyo, 1943: 146, fig. 4. Type locality: Suriname, 

Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R. system, kreek on left bank of 

Marowijne R., W Manbari Val, 6 km N Stoelmanseiland (originally: 

crique du haut Itany). Neotype: ZMA 119531, designated 

by Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 166). 


Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage in Suriname 

and French Guiana. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed by Kullander & Nijssen 




LAETACARA 

Laetacara Kullander, 1986: 321. Type species: Acara flavilabris 

Cope, 1870. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. 

Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923) 

Acara curviceps Ahl, 1923: 44, fig. 5. Type locality: Amazonenstrom. 



Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in lower portions 

of tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil. 


Laetacara dorsigera (Heckel, 1840) 

Acara dorsiger Heckel, 1840: 348. Type locality: Sümpfe in der 

Nähe des Paraguay-Flusses bei Villa Maria. Holotype: NMW 

33669. 



River drainage; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage 

in Brazil and Paraguay, middle Paraná River drainage in Argentina. 

Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay 

Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870) 

Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Near Pebas, 

Ecuador [currently Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 9156. 

Acara freniferus Cope, 1872: 255. Type locality: the Ambyiacu 

[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9157. 



and Putumayo river drainages in Ecuador, in the Huallaga, Ucayali, 

Amazon, Putumayo and Yavarí River basins in Peru, and in 

the upper Solimöes and Juruá River basins in Brazil. 




Common names: Bujurqui (Peru) 

Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875) 

Acara thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 68, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

Im Amazonenstrom und dessen Ausständen bei Cudajas, in den 

See Hyanuary bei Manaos und im Lago Maximo bei Alemquer. 

Syntypes: (many) NMW 33723 (3), 33726-38 (13), 33739-45 

(15), 33746 (?), 33752 (1). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tigre, 

Ucayali, Yavarí and Amazon River basins in Peru, and along the 

Solimões, Amazon (to lower Trombetas River), and lower Negro 

River basins. 


MAZARUNIA 

Mazarunia Kullander, 1990b: 4. Type species: Mazarunia mazarunii 


feminine. 

Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990 

Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990b: 5, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Guyana: Upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang. Holotype: 

MHNG 1553.96. 


Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, in the 

upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang. 


MESONAUTA 

Mesonauta Günther, 1862: 300. Type species: Heros insignis 

Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855) 

Chromys acora Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

lacs de l’Araguay. No types known. 



and Xingu River basins. 


Remarks and references: Redescription by Kullander & Silfvergrip 



Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991 

Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991: 429, fig. 21. 

Type locality: Colombia, Departamento Vichada, Rio Vichada 

drainage, laguna no. 1 on Finca Boca de Guarrojo at the mouth of 

the Rio Guarrojo. Holotype: ICN-MNH 1686. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta and 

Vichada River basins. 


Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840) 

Heros festivus Heckel, 1840: 376. Type locality: Fluss Guaporè 

und dessen nahe gelegenen Moräste. No types known. 



River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay; Amazon River basin, in 

the Guaporé (Brazil and Bolivia), Madre de Dios (Peru), Mamoré 

(Bolivia), Jamari and Tapajós (Brazil) River drainages. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru 

638





Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998 

Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998: 5, fig. 2. Type locality: 

Rockstone, Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype: ZMB 32779. 



River drainage, Brazil; Essequibo River drainage in Guyana. 


Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840) 

Heros insignis Heckel, 1840: 379. Type locality: waldlache bei 

Marabitanas am Rio-negro. Lectotype: NMW 24415, designated 

by Kullander & Silfvergrip (1991: 420). 



Negro River drainage in Brazil; Orinoco River basin, along the 

Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela. 





Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991 

Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991: 430, fig. 22. 

Type locality: Peru, Departamento Loreto, Rio Napo, Cayapoza, 

small laguna on left bank island. Holotype: NRM 20001. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru and 

Colombia, in tributaries of the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers, from 

Yarina Cocha to Mocagua Island near Leticia. 

Countries: Colombia, Peru 

Common names: Bufurqui (Peru), Bujurqui (Peru) 

MIKROGEOPHAGUS 

Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen in Schiötz & Christensen, 

1968: 370. Type species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & 

Harry, 1948. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977: 253. Type species: Apistogramma 

ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by original designation. 


Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911) 

Crenicara altispinosa Haseman, 1911: 344, pl. 58. Type locality: 

Along a sand-bank in the Río Mamoré, below the mouth of the 

Río Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54090. 



River drainage in Brazil and Bolivia, and in the Mamoré River 

drainage in Bolivia. 


Remarks and references: Species reviewed by Kullander (1981c). 

Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948) 

Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948a: 77. Type locality: 

evidently from one of the tributaries of the Rio Apuré or Rio 

Meta in the states of Guárico, Portuguésa, or Apuré. Syntypes: 

CAS-SU 14845(2), 14846(1), 14847(1). 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the llanos of 

Venezuela and Colombia. 


Remarks and references: Species monographed by Kullander 

(1980c); also described by Myers & Harry (1948b). 

NANDOPSIS 

Nandopsis Gill, 1862: 238. Type species: Chromis tetracanthus 

Poey [=Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes, 1831]. Type by 

monotypy. Gender: feminine. 

Parapetenia Regan, 1905a: 324. Type species: Acara adspersa 

Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated 

by Eigenmann (1910: 476). Gender: feminine. 

Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935) 

Cichlasoma haitiensis Tee-Van, 1935: 294, fig. 270. Type locality: 

Étang Saumâtre, near Maneville, Cul-de-Sac Plain, Haiti, West 

Indies. Holotype: USNM 170907 [ex NYZS 7302]. 


Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island. 

Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti 

Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831) 

Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 

1831: 460. Type locality: Havane [=Habana, Cuba]. No types 

known; based on a drawing. 

Chromis fusco-maculatus Guichenot, 1853: 78, pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Cuba. Holotype: MNHN A.9482. 

Acara adspersa Günther, 1862: 282. Type locality: Barbadoes. 


Heros tetracanthus cinctus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 16. Type 

locality: Paso Real. Holotype: CAS 78971 [ex IU 9671]. 

Heros tetracanthus latus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 15. Type 

locality: San Juan. Holotype: CAS 78972 [ex IU 9669]. 

Heros tetracanthus griseus Eigenmann, 1903: 233, fig. 14. Type 

locality: San Antonio. Holotype: CAS 78974 [ex IU 9670]. 

Heros tetracanthus torralbasi Eigenmann, 1903: 230, fig. 11. 

Type locality: Calabazar. Holotype: CAS 78975 [ex IU 9672] (1 

of 2). 

Heros nigricans Eigenmann, 1903: 235, fig. 17. Type locality: 

Pinar del Rio. Holotype: CAS 78973 [ex IU 9668]. 


Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island. 

Countries: Cuba 

Remarks and references: Hubbs (1920) presented a nomenclatural 

revision establishing the present synonymy. 

Nandopsis vombergi (Ladiges, 1938) 

Cichlosoma Vombergi Ladiges, 1938: 18, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Unterlauf des Rio Yague del Sur. Holotype: ZMH H401. 


Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola, in the Yaqui 

River basin. 

Countries: Dominican Republic 

NANNACARA 

Nannacara Regan, 1905b: 344. Type species: Nannacara anomala 

Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. 

Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 

1993 

Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993: 359, fig. 

1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Amazonas, Igarapé do Cumaru, 

a tributary of Paraná Atauí, in the middle Rio Negro. Holotype: 

MZUSP 44685. 





Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905 

Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905b: 344. Type locality: R. Essequibo 

[Guyana]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.21.27-28 (2). 


639


Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Aruka River 

in Guyana east to the lower Marowijne River in Suriname. 


Remarks and references: Redescribed in Kullander & Nijssen 

(1989: 199), based on Surinamese material, with bibliography, 

diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations. 

Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983 

Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983: 13. Type locality: 

“Carière Chambaut” localité A. [French Guiana]. Holotype: 

MNHN 1983-523. 


Distribution: South America: Approuague River basin. 

Countries: French Guiana 

Common names: Ti prapra (French Guiana) 

Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912 

Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912: 488, pl. 66 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Erukin [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53799 [ex 

CM 2304]. 


Distribution: South America: Potaro River and nearby in the Essequibo 

River basin. 


Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912 

Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: the Amazon at 

Manaos. Holotype: BMNH 1912.2.2.15. 


Distribution: South America: Near Belém, Pará State. 


NEETROPLUS 

Neetroplus Günther, 1867: 603. Type species: Neetroplus nematopus 

Günther, 1867. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867 

Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867: 603. Type locality: Lake 

Managua [Nicaragua]. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.35. 

Neetroplus nicaraguensis Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186. 

Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: (3). 

Neetroplus fluviatilis Meek, 1912: 74. Type locality: Costa Rica 

River near Guapilis, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7685 [not 

7585]. 



western Costa Rica, in the San Juan River drainage, including 

Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua. 


Remarks and references: Neetroplus nematopus described in more 

detail in Günther (1868: 470, pl. 74 (fig. 4)). Reviewed by Bussing 


and figures. 

Common names: Moga (Costa Rica) 

PARACHROMIS 

Parachromis Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Parachromis 

gulosus [=Heros managuensis Günther, 1867]. Agassiz, 1859. 

Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864) 

Heros dovii Günther, 1864c: 154. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.195-196 (2). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Aguan 

River (Honduras) to the Moín River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope 

from the Yeguare River (Honduras) to the Bebedero River (Costa 

Rica). 




Common names: Guapote (Costa Rica), Guapote blanco (Honduras), 

Lagunero (Nicaragua) 

Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840) 

Heros Friedrichsthalii Heckel, 1840: 381. Type locality: Central- 

Amerika. Holotype: NMW 35322. 

Cichlosoma multifasciatum Regan, 1905a: 335. Type locality: 

Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.65-66 (2). 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in Mexico 

(Usumacinta River), Belize, Honduras and Guatemala. 


Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Guapote (Belize), Molula 

(Mexico), Mus mus (Belize), Yellowjacket cichlid (Belize) 

Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989) 

Cichlasoma loisellei Bussing, 1989: 153, fig. 1. Type locality: Río 

San Miguel, a tributary of Río Matina on road to Puerto Limón, 

Limón (elevation 12 m), Limón Province, Costa Rica. Holotype: 

LACM 44405-1 [ex UCR 1126-8]. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River 

(Honduras) to the Cricamola River (Panama); Pacific slope, in 

the Tamarindo River (Nicaragua). 

Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama 



Common names: Guapote amarillo (Guatemala) 

Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867) 

Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake 

Nicaragua. Lectotype: MCZ 16086, designated by Kullander & 

Hartel (1997: 196). 

Heros managuensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of 

Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.32. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River 

(Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica). 

Countries: Costa Rica, Cuba (introduced), El Salvador (introduced), 

Guatemala (introduced), Honduras, Mexico (introduced), 

Nicaragua, Panama (introduced) 

Remarks and references: Reviewed by Kullander & Hartel (1997), 

with redescription and photo, and lectotype designation of P. 

gulosus. Heros managuensis described in more detail in (Günther 

1868: 463, pl. 77 (fig. 3)). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 367), 

with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures. 

Common names: Guapote barcino (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), 

Guapote tigre (Costa Rica), Pinta (Mexico) 

Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867) 

Heros motaguensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Río Motagua. 

Syntypes: (5) BMNH 1865.4.29.68-70 (3 or 4), 

1865.6.10.12 (1). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and 

Honduras in the Motagua River basin; Pacific slope from Naranjo 

River (Guatemala) to Choluteca River (Honduras). 

Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras 

Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther 

(1868: 462, pl. 77 (fig. 2)). 

Common names: False yellowjacket cichlid (Belize), Guapote (El 

Salvador), Moro (El Salvador), Pando (El Salvador) 

PARANEETROPLUS 

Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905a 436. Type species: Paraneetroplus 

640


bulleri Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905 

Paraneetroplus Bulleri Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Rio de 

Sarabia, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1890.10.10.94. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos 

River drainage. 


Common names: Corrientero (Mexico) 

Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864) 

Heros gibbiceps Steindachner, 1864: 66, pl. 5 (fig. 1-2). Type 

locality: Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes: 

NMW 17360-61 (2), 17367 (1), 58799 (1). 

Cichlasoma teapae Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902: 156, fig. 6. 

Type locality: Rio Teapa at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Holotype: 

USNM 50005. 

Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer, 1988: 13, fig. p. 15. Type locality: 

près du pont, sur le Rio Tulija traversé par la route Palenqué- 

Ococingo, Chiapas, Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1987-1474. 



River basin. 


Common names: Corrientero verde (Mexico), Roquera (Mexico) 

Paraneetroplus nebuliferus (Günther, 1860) 

Chromis nebulifera Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Fresh 

waters of Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.17.31-33 (3). 

Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek, 1902: 119, pl. 30. Type locality: 

Rio Tehuacan, Venta Salada, Pueblo, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 

3712. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán 

River basin. 


Common names: Chonga (Mexico), Playero (Mexico) 

PETENIA 

Petenia Günther, 1862: 301. Type species: Petenia splendida 

Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. 

Petenia splendida Günther, 1862 

Petenia splendida Günther, 1862: 301. Type locality: Lake Peten. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.103-105 (3). 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Grijalva 

River to Usumacinta River (Mexico), Usumacinta River 

(Guatemala), and Belize. 


Common names: Bay snook (Belize), Blanco (Belize), Tenguajagua 

(Mexico), Tenguayaca (Mexico) 

PTEROPHYLLUM 

Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840: 334. Type species: Platax scalaris 

Cuvier, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter. 

Plataxoïdes Castelnau, 1855: 21. Type species: Plataxoides dumerilii 

Castelnau, 1855. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903 

Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903: 125. Type locality: Atabapo 

(Orénoque). Syntypes: BMNH 1904.6.28.2-3 [ex MNHN] (2 

spms.); MHNLR P.261 (1); MNHN 1887-571 to 574 (4), 1887- 

579 and 580 (14 spms.) 



Negro River drainage; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the 

upper Orinoco River (Inírida and Atabapo Rivers) to Puerto Ayacucho. 


Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963) 

Plataxoides leopoldi Gosse, 1963: 4, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality: 

Furo du village de Cuia (rive gauche du Solimôes à environ 90 

km en amont de Manacapuru). Holotype: IRSNB 459. 



Solimões-Amazon River between about Manacapuru and Santarém; 

Rupununi River in the Essequibo River drainage in Guyana. 


Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823) 

Zeus scalaris Schultze in Lichtenstein, 1823: 114. Type locality: 

Or. Brazil. Types: No types located with certainty, ZMB 1347 

possibly part of type series; ZMB 2833 selected as lectotype by 

Paepke & Schindler (2002: 181). 

Platax scalaris Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831: 237. Type 

locality: None stated. Holotype: ZMB 1347. 

Plataxoïdes dumerilii Castelnau, 1855: 21, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Para. Holotype: MNHN A.254. 

Pterophyllum eimekei Ahl, 1928: 31, fig. p. 31. Type locality: 

Mündung des Rio Negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes: 

ZMB uncatalogued (4) and MNHN 29-12 (1). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru, Colombia, 

and Brazil, along the Ucayali, Solimões and Amazon 

rivers; rivers of Amapá State, Oyapock River in French Guiana; 

Essequibo River in Guyana. 

Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname 

(introduced) 



distribution, and illustrations. Paepke & Schindler (2002) 

discuss the authorship and putative types of Z. scalaris Schultze. 

Common names: Acará bandeira (Brazil), Cara bandeira (Brazil), 

Pez angel (Peru), Poson lavwèl (French Guiana) 

RETROCULUS 

Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type species: Retroculus 

boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Type by monotypy. 


Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855) 

Chromys lapidifera Castelnau, 1855: 16, pl. 12 (fig.1). Type locality: 

Rio das Mortes, Xaventina Island Matto Brosso Brazil 

(originally: la grande cascade de l’Araguay (Caxoeira grande)). 

Holotype: MNHN A.8321 (dry, lost). Name spelled lapidifera in 

text (pp. viii and 16) and index (p. 108); lapidifer in figure caption 

and list of figures (p. xi). Neotype BMNH 1970.10.28:58, 

designated by (Gosse 1971: 5). 

Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type locality: 

Brazil. Holotype: USNM 152111. 



and Capim River basins. 


Remarks and references: Redescription in Gosse (1971) with 

bibliography, diagnosis, description, and illustration. 

Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971 

Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971: 11, p. 5. Type locality: 

Guyane française dans le fleuve Oyapock à Saut-Alikoto (en 

amont du village de Camopi). Holotype: IRSNB 515. 


641


Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in Brazil 

and French Guiana, Araguari River drainage in Brazil. 



Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971 

Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971: 7, pl. 4. Type locality: Brésil 

dans le Rio Xingu aux Cachoeira von Martius (à la limite Nord 

de l’Etat du Mato Grosso). Holotype: IRSNB 512. 



and Tapajós River basins. 


SATANOPERCA 

Satanoperca Günther, 1862: 312. Type species: Geophagus daemon 

Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan & 

Evermann (1898, p. 1542). Gender: feminine. 

Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840) 

Geophagus acuticeps Heckel, 1840: 394. Type locality: Barra do 

Rio-negro [=Manaus]. Holotype: NMW 23429. 



River, lower Negro River, and along the Solimões-Amazon River 

in Brazil between Tonantins and the lower Trombetas River. 


Common names: Acará bicudo (Brazil), Acará papa terra (Brazil) 

Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840) 

Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840: 389, pl. 29 (fig. 26-29). Type 

locality: Rio-Negro. Holotype: NMW 23123. 



Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin, in 

Colombia and Venezuela. 


Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) 

Geophagus jurupari Heckel, 1840: 392. Type locality: an der 

Mündung des Rio-negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes: 

NMW 23580-81 (2). 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Peru, 

Ecuador and Colombia to the mouth of Amazon River in Brazil, 

in Amapá State and eastern French Guiana, also in the Bolivian 

Amazon drainage except Guaporé River. 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, 

Peru 

Remarks and references: Redescription, based on Peruvian material, 


distribution and illustration. 

Common names: Acará-chibante (Brazil), Cara bicudo (Brazil), 

Prapra djab (French Guiana), Prapra roch (French Guiana), Prapra 

so (French Guiana) 

Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849) 

Geophagus leucostictus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 625. Type 

locality: See Amucu; Sümpfen der Savanne. Holotype: ZMB 

2331. 

Satanoperca macrolepis Günther, 1862: 314. Type locality: Demerara, 

British Guiana. Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1962.1.8.1 (1). 


Distribution: South America: Essequibo River in Guyana and 

Nickerie River in Suriname. 


Remarks and references: Redescription based on Surinamese 

material in Kullander & Nijssen (1989: 66), with bibliography, 

diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustration. 

Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988 

Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988: 344, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage, Urumari, 

praia (0°03’S, 63°30’W). Holotype: MZUSP 33003. 



Solimões-Amazon River from the Japurá River to the Trombetas 

River, also Negro River from the Curicuriari River to the mouth, 

and in the Branco River basin. 


Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950) 

Geophagus mapiritensis Fernández-Yépez, 1950: 117, fig. p. 117. 

Type locality: Río Mapirito al Sur de Maturín, Estado Monagas, 

Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 153 [ex AFY 49422]. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, along the lower 

Orinoco River and in rivers north of the lower Orinoco River. 


Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840) 

Geophagus pappaterra Heckel, 1840: 396. Type locality: Rio- 

Guapore. Syntypes: 23684-23685 (2). 



River in Brazil and Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay 

River drainage in Brazil and northern Paraguay (to the Aquidabán 

River). 

Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay 

SYMPHYSODON 

Symphysodon Heckel, 1840: 332. Type species: Symphysodon 

discus Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 

Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 250. Type 

locality: Teffé (Brésil); Santarém (Bresil). Syntypes: MNHN 

1902-130 (1) Santarém, 1902-134 (1) and 1902-135 (1) Teffé. 

Symphysodon discus tarzoo Lyons, 1959: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: 

Leticia, Columbia. No types known. 

Symphysodon aequifasciata axelrodi Schultz, 1960: 14, fig. (p. 9). 

Type locality: Belem, Brazil, Amazon River. Holotype: USNM 

179831. 

Symphysodon aequifasciata haraldi Schultz, 1960: 11, fig. (p. 8). 

Type locality: Benjamin Constant, Brazil in the Amazon. Holotype: 

USNM 179829. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in tributaries 

along the Solimões-Amazon River from the Putumayo River in 

Colombia and Peru to the Tocantins River basin. 


Remarks and references: Popular review in Kullander (1996a). 

Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 

Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840: 333, pl. 30 (fig. 21). Type 

locality: bei Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaus], im Flusse selbst. 


Symphysodon discus willischwartzi Burgess, 1981: 37, fig. p. 37. 

Type locality: Rio Abacaxis (a tributary of the Rio Madeira), 

Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 15375. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, near 

the mouth of the Negro River, in the lower Abacaxis River, and 

in the lower Trombetas River. 


Remarks and references: Popular review in Kullander (1996a). 

Common names: Acará-moreré (Brazil) 

642


TAENIACARA 

Taeniacara Myers, 1935: 11. Type species: Taeniacara candidi 

Myers, 1935. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine. 

Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935 

Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935: 11. Type locality: in the Amazon 

(middle). Holotype: USNM 93579. 

Apistogramma weisei Ahl, 1936b: 268. Type locality: Santarem. 




Negro River, and along the Amazon River to the Tapajós River. 


TAHUANTINSUYOA 

Tahuantinsuyoa Kullander, 1986: 308. Type species: Tahuantinsuyoa 

macantzatza Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation. 


Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991 

Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991c: 4, fig. 2. Type locality: 

Perú, departamento Huánuco, pools of unnamed creek close to 

lower Río Llullapichis, 1.8 km east of Panguana station 

(9°37’90”S, 74°55’90”W), 260 masl. Holotype: ROM 58275. 



River basin in Peru. 


Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986 

Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986: 309, pl. 34 (fig. 1). 

Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Rio Aguaytía drainage 

system, Río Huacamayo. Holotype: MZUSP 16212. 


Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aguaytía 

River basin in Peru. 


TELEOCICHLA 

Teleocichla Kullander, 1988: 196. Type species: Teleocichla 

centrarchus Kullander, 1988. Type by original designation. Gender: 

feminine. 

Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002 

Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002: 374, fig. 1. 

Type locality: Brazil: Pará: rio Xingu: Furo do Zé Pinheiro 

(3°27’26”S 51°55’03”W). Holotype: INPA 14934. 



River drainage around Altamira. 


Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988 

Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988: 198, fig. 2. Type locality: 

Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. État 

du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 649. 



River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius. 


Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988 

Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988: 204, fig. 6. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará: R. Tocantins, Tucurui, jusante de represa, 

poços. Holotype: INPA 802. 





Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988 

Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988: 205, fig. 7. Type 

locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. 

État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 647. 





Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988 

Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988: 207, figs. 1, 8. Type 

locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. 

État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 646. 





Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988 

Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988: 203, fig. 5. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajos, São Luis, acima de Itaituba, 

pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 36951. 



River at São Luis. 


Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988 

Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988: 201, fig. 4. Type locality: 

Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajós, São Luis, acima de Itaituba, 

pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 33065. 



River at São Luis. 


THERAPS 

Theraps Günther, 1862: 284. Type species: Theraps irregularis 

Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987 

Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987: 499, fig. p. 499. 

Type locality: einem kleinen Zufluss zum Rio Mizol Há bei 

Francesco Madero westlich der Strasse von Palenque nach 

Ocosingo, etwa 30 Kilometer südlich von Palenque. Holotype: 

ZFMK 15501. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, upper Tulija River in 

the Usumacinta River drainage. 


Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862 

Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862: 284. Type locality: Guatemala. 


Theraps belone Allgayer, 1989: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: “La 

Culebra” sur le Rio Chocolja, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype: 

MNHN 1989-581. 


Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico 

and Guatemala (Usumacinta, Sarstun, and Dulce River basins). 


Theraps lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864) 

Heros lentiginosus Steindachner, 1864: 62, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Mejico. Syntypes: NMW 17381-82 (2). 

Theraps rheophilus Seegers & Staeck, 1985: 500, fig. p. 500-504. 

Type locality: etwa sechs Kilometer südlich von Palenque im Rio 

643


Nututun unter der Brücke der Strasse nach Ocosingo in Chiapas, 

Mexico. Holotype: ZFMK 13928. 



Grijalva and Usumacinta River drainages in Mexico and Guatemala. 


Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996 

Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996: 180, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Belleaire 

at CA 13 bridge (near Entelina), 8 km south of the Río Jutiapa 

crossing, in the Río Papaloteca drainage, Departmento de 

Atlantida; 15° 41’ 30” W. Lat., 86° 30’ N. Long. Holotype: 

UMMZ 231103. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloteca 

River basin. 

Countries: Honduras 

THORICHTHYS 

Thorichthys Meek, 1904: 222. Type species: Thorichthys ellioti 

Meek, 1904. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine. 

Thorichthys affinis (Günther, 1862) 

Heros affinis Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes: 

BMNH 1864.1.26.83-86 (4). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the upper Usumacinta 

River basin in Guatemala, and Belize. 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala 

Thorichthys aureus (Günther, 1862) 

Heros aureus Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Guatemala. 



Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Golden Creek 

(Belize) to Motagua River basin (Honduras). 

Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras 

Common names: Golden firemouth cichlid (Belize) 

Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904) 

Heros (Heros) callolepis Regan, 1904: 258. Type locality: Santo 

Domingo de Guzman, Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 

1890.10.10.112-113 (2). 



River drainage, Mexico. 


Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904 

Heros maculipinnis Steindachner, 1864: 69, pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Mejico im Xamapa-Flusse. Syntypes: NMW 17368- 

17370 (3). 

Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904: 223, fig. 72. Type locality: Motzorongo, 

Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4627 [not 4727]. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán 

River basin. 


Remarks and references: Identity of Heros maculipinnis and T. 

ellioti requires further analysis; whereas T. maculipinnis has priority, 

T. ellioti may be in prevailing usage. 

Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864) 

Heros Helleri Steindachner, 1864: 64, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes: NMW 

17344-17349 (6). 

Cichlasoma champotonis Hubbs, 1936: 257, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Río Champoton, Janateya, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km) 

east of the mouth, Yucatán, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102203. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Coatzacoalcos 

River to the Usumacinta River drainage. 


Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918 

Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918: 119. Type locality: Near 

Progreso, Yucutan, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 79243. 

Cichlasoma hyorhynchum Hubbs, 1935: 15, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type 

locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, 

at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. 




Usumacinta River drainage, the Belize River drainage, and near 

Progreso, in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. 

Countries: Belize, Colombia (introduced), Guatemala, Mexico 

Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Firemouth cichlid (Belize), 

Panya gial (Belize), Rojita (Mexico) 

Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962) 

Cichlasoma pasionis Rivas, 1962: 148, fig. 1. Type locality: Río 

de la Pasión, of the Río Usumacinta system, at Sayaxche, Department 

of El Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: USNM 203156 [ex 

UMIM 4872]. 



Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico and Guatemala. 


Common name: Mojarra amarilla (Mexico) 

Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984) 

Cichlasoma socolofi Miller & Taylor, 1984: 933, fig. 1. Type 

locality: Río Misalá (tributary ro R. Tulija of R. Grijalva basin) 

below bridge at Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (17°23 N lat., 92°01’W 

long.), on highway from Palenque to Agua Azul, 19.6 km S of 

the “Maya Head” turnoff to Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: 

UMMZ 210819. 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River 

basin. 


TOMOCICHLA 

Tomocichla Regan, 1908a: 463. Type species: Tomocichla underwoodi 

Regan, 1908. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. 

Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002 

Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002b: 32, fig. p. 33. Type locality: 

Panama, Boca-del-Toro, Rio Guarumo. Holotype MNHN 2002- 

1093). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, Laguna de Chiriqui 

basin in the Guarumo River. 


Tomocichla sieboldii (Kner, 1863) 

Heros sieboldii Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama an der 

Südseeseite. Syntypes: (11) NMW 22012 (1). 

Herichthys underwoodi Regan, 1906a: 30, pl. 3 (fig. 5). Type 

locality: Costa Rica. Holotype: BMNH 1907.6.28.48. 

Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Buenos 

Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6478. 

Cichlasoma frontale Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Turrubales, 


Theraps terrabae Jordan & Evermann, 1927: 507. Type locality: 

[Buenos Aires de Terraba.] Holotype: FMNH 6478. Replacement 

for Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, preoccupied in Cichlasoma by 

644


Labrus punctatus Bloch. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Esparza (Costa 

Rica) to Río Sta María (Panama). 


Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as 

Cichlasoma sieboldii. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 372), as 

Theraps sieboldii, with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, 

and figures. Molecular analysis suggests that T. sieboldii is not 

closely related to T. tuba (Martin & Bermingham, 1998), but the 

species is maintained in Tomocichla pending a more general revision 

of heroin cichlids. 


Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912) 

Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908a: 463. Type locality: Rio 

Iroquois [Costa Rica]. Syntypes: (13) BMNH 1909.3.13.99-108 

(10), UMMZ 167297 [ex BMNH] (1). 

Cichlasoma tuba Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria, Costa 

Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7681 (missing). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Escondido 

River (Nicaragua) to the Cricamola River (Panama). 

Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama 

Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as 

Cichlasoma tuba. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 376, as Theraps 

underwoodi), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and 

figures. 

UARU 

Uaru Heckel, 1840: 330. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides 

Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine. 

Uarus Cope, 1872: 254. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides 

Heckel, 1840. Gender: masculine. Unjustified emendation of 

spelling of Uaru Heckel. 

Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840 

Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840: 331, pl. 29 (fig. 13-16). 

Type locality: Rio-negro oberhalb Airao. Holotype: NMW 

24808. 

Pomotis ? fasciatus Jardine, 1843: 169, p. 17. Type locality: Rios 

Padauri and Negro. No types known. 

Uaru obscurum Günther, 1862: 302. Type locality: River Cupai 

[=Cupari River, Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.39. 

Acara (Heros) imperialis Steindachner, 1879a: 161. Type locality: 

Ausstände des Amazonenstromes zunächst der Mündung des Rio 

Negro. Syntypes: (several) NMW 79185-86 (7). 



Amazon-Solimões River drainage from the Japurá River to the 

Tapajós River, and in the middle and lower Negro River basin. 


Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989 

Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989: 21, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Seitenarm des Río Atabapo, fünt Kilometer oberhalb dessen 

Mündung in den Rio Orinoco. Holotype: ZFMK 15757. 


Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Atabapo 

River basin. 


Common names: Run Runá (Venezuela) 

VIEJA 

Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Vieja panamensis 

Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Type by original designation. Gender: 

feminine. 

Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Cichlasoma 

milleri Meek, 1907. Type species by original designation. Gender: 

neuter. 

Paratheraps Werner & Stawikowski, 1989: 10. Type species: 

Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987. Type species 

by original designation. Gender: masculine. 

Vieja argentea (Allgayer, 1991) 

Cichlasoma (Theraps) argentea Allgayer, 1991: 3. Type locality: 

Rio San Roman à l’embouchure avec le Rio Salinas, Chiapas, 

Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1991-6831. 



River basin. 


Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner, 1864) 

Heros bifasciatus Steindachner, 1864: 60, pl. 2. Type locality: 

Mejico. Holotype: NMW 74138. 



Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins, Mexico and Guatemala. 


Common names: Colorada (Mexico) 

Vieja breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987) 

Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987: 20, fig. p. 

20. Type locality: Presa von Angostura, unterhalb der Staumauer, 

in Chiapas/Südmexiko. Holotype: ZFMK 15524. 

Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL, 


basin. 


Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860) 

Chromis fenestrata Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Rio de la 

Lana (Mexico). Syntypes: BMNH 1857 [or 1887].7.31.13-14 (2). 

Heros parma Günther, 1862: 285. Type locality: Mexico, Guatemala. 

Syntypes: BMNH (7). 

Cichlosoma sexfasciatum Regan, 1905a: 230. Type locality: 

Guapote, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1894.12.19.2. 

Cichlosoma gadovii Regan, 1905a: 232. Type locality: Motozorongo. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1906.6.1.402-403 (2). 


Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Papaloapán 

River to the Chachalacas River basin. 


Remarks and references: Regan (1905a) removed 4 syntypes of 

Heros parma to become syntypes of his Cichlosoma maculicauda; 

remaining 3 syntypes were referred to the synonymy of 

Vieja fenestrata; no lectotype has been selected. 

Common names: Mojarra negra (Mexico), Testa colorada (Mexico) 

Vieja godmanni (Günther, 1862) 

Heros godmanni Günther, 1862: 296. Type locality: River of 

Cahabon [=Cajabon River, Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH 

1864.1.26 [or 2].49-50 (2). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Polochic 

River basin. 


Vieja guttulata (Günther, 1864) 

Heros guttulatus Günther, 1864c: 152. Type locality: Pacific coast 

of Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.348 (1), MSNG 

13009 [ex BMNH] (1, poor condition, not found in 1995). 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Guatemala. 


645


Vieja hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980) 

Cichlasoma hartwegi Taylor & Miller, 1980: 8, fig. 2. Type locality: 

Río Grande de Chiapa, between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa 

de Corzo, lat. 16°44’N, long. 93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m, 

Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 207701. 



basin. 


Vieja heterospila (Hubbs, 1936) 

Cichlasoma heterospilum Hubbs, 1936: 255, pl. 10, (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, in southern Mexico. 




Candelaria and Usumacinta Rivers, Mexico and Guatemala. 


Common names: Colorado (Mexico), Pozolera (Mexico) 

Vieja intermedia (Günther, 1862) 

Heros intermedius Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: Guatemala. 

Syntypes: (orig. at least 3) BMNH 1864.1.26.87-91. 

Heros angulifer Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: River de Santa 

Isabel, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.60-61 (2). 

Acara rectangularis Steindachner, 1864: 57, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type 

locality: Mejico. Holotype: NMW 33346. 



Grijalva and Usumacinta drainages in Mexico, Guatemala and 

Belize. 


Remarks and references: Pellegrin (1904), as first reviser, gave 

priority to Heros intermedius over H. angulifer. 

Common names: Northern checkmark cichlid (Belize) 

Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905) 

Cichlosoma maculicauda Regan, 1905a: 227. Type locality: Lake 

Yzabal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.56-69 (4). 

Cichlasoma globosum Miller, 1907: 114, fig. 4. Type locality: 

brackish water, Puerto Barrios. Holotype: CAS [ex IU 11382] 

not present in 1995. 

Cichlasoma nigritum Meek, 1907b: 128. Type locality: Lago 

Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5979. 

Cichlasoma mañana Miller, 1907: 115, fig. 5. Type locality: 

Tenedores River, Tenedores. Holotype: CAS 78970 [ex IU 

11385]. 

Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [5], fig. 9. Type locality: 

Panama. Holotype: MCZ 33281. 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Usumacinta 

River drainage in Guatemala to the Chagres River in 

Panama. 

Countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, 

Panama 



Common names: Blackbelt cichlid (Belize), Boca colorada (Honduras), 

Machaca (Honduras), Palometa (Nicaragua), Pis pis 

(Costa Rica), Vieja (Costa Rica) 

Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862) 

Heros melanurus Günther, 1862: 288. Type locality: Lake Peten. 

Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.78-82 (5). 

Heros melanopogon Steindachner, 1864: 72, pl. 1 (fig. 3). Type 

locality: Central-Amerika. Syntypes: NMW 17351 (1), 17353 

(1). 


Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the De la Pasión 

River and Lake Petén basins. 


Vieja microphthalmus (Günther, 1862) 

Heros microphthalmus Günther, 1862: 295. Type locality: Río 

Motagua, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.275 (1), 

1865.6.10.8-9 (2); ZMB 6839 (1). 

Heros oblongus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Rio Motagua. 

Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2). 

Cichlasoma Güntheri Pellegrin, 1904: 215. Type locality: As for 

Heros oblongus Günther, 1867. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 

1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2). Replacement name for 

Heros oblongus Günther 1869 [= H. oblongus Günther, 1867], 

secondarily preoccupied in Heros by Chromys oblonga Castelnau 

1855. 

Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907a: 142. Type locality: El Rancho, 

Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5529. 

Cichlasoma caeruleogula Fowler, 1936: 525, fig. 43. Type locality: 

Tributary of Rio Motagua about 20 miles west of El Rancho. 



Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Motagua 

River basin in Guatemala and Honduras. 

Countries: Guatemala, Honduras 

Vieja regani (Miller, 1974) 

Cichlasoma regani Miller, 1974: 466, fig. 1. Type locality: Río 

Almoloya where crossed by the Trans-Isthmian Highway about 

33 km north of southern terminus of that road, at 95°01” long., 

16°45’N lat., Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 184756. 



River basin. 


Common names: Mojarra pinto (Mexico) 

Vieja synspila (Hubbs, 1935) 

Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935: 13, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type locality: 

Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El 

Paso de Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: 

UMMZ 95518. 

Cichlaurus hicklingi Fowler, 1956: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Central 

Farm, Baking Pot, Belize River, British Honduras. Holotype: 

ANSP 73891. 



Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. 


Common names: Redhead cichlid (Belize) 

Vieja tuyrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) 

Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 89. Type locality: 

Rio Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7599. 


Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra and 

Bayano River basins). 


Common names: Mojarra (Panama) 

Vieja zonata (Meek, 1905) 

Cichlasoma zonatum Meek, 1905: 245. Type locality: Niltepec, 

Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 3776. 


Distribution: North America: Pacific slope, Tehuantepec River 

basin. 


Remarks and references: Listed as a synonym of Vieja guttulata 

(as Cichlasoma guttulatum) by Miller (1966). The validity of V. 

zonata rests uncertain. 

646


Common names: Mojarra prieta (Mexico) 

GENUS INQUIRENDUM 

Baiodon Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species by monotypy: Baiodon 

fasciatus Agassiz, 1859. 

SPECIES INQUIRENDAE 

Perca bimaculata Bloch, 1792: 82, pl. 310, fig. 1. Type locality: 

Flüssen von Brasilien [rivers of Brazil]. Types: No types known, 

based on ‘Acara brasiliensibus’ in Marcgravius (1648) 

Sparus acara La Cepède, 1802: 156. Substitute name for Perca 

bimaculata Bloch 

Acara margarita Heckel, 1840: 338. Substitute name for Perca 

bimaculata Bloch 

Pomotis ? bono Jardine, 1843: 171 [pl. 18; apparently not published]. 

Type locality: all the rivers of Guiana, and in pools and 

marshes. Types: No types known. 

Baiodon fasciatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. 

Types lost. Kullander & Hartel (1997) examined Agassiz’ 

description and searched in vain for type material. The name is 

available but the species cannot be identified on the basis of the 

description. 

Hoplarchus planifrons Kaup, 1860: 131. Type locality: [unknown]. 

Holotype: ZSM, probably lost. 

References 

Agassiz, L. 1859. [Remarks on new fishes from Lake Nicaragua.]. 

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 6 (1856- 

1859): 407-408. 

Ahl, E. 1923. Eine neue Cichlidenart aus dem Amazonenstrom, In: 

Ichthyologische Mitteilungen, V. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen 

Museum in Berlin, 11: 44-45. 

Ahl, E. 1928. Übersicht über die Fische der südamerikanischen 

Cichliden-Gattung Pterophyllum. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 76: 

251-255. 

Ahl, E. 1931. Neue Süsswasserfische aus dem Stromgebiet des 

Amazonenstromes. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender 

Freunde zu Berlin, 1931: 206-211. 

Ahl, E. 1935. Ueber eine Fischsammlung aus Mexiko. Sitzungsberichte 

der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 

1935: 107-112. 

Ahl, E. 1936a. Beschreibung dreier neuer Fische der Familie Cichlidae 

aus Südamerika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender 

Freunde zu Berlin, 1936: 138-142. 

Ahl, E. 1936b. Ueber eine kleine Sammlung von Süsswasserfischen 

aus dem Gebiet des Amazonas. Mitteilungen aus dem 

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Family Cichlidae (Cichlids) - Sven Kullander

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