Family Cichlidae (Cichlids) - Sven Kullander
Family Cichlidae (Cichlids) - Sven Kullander
Family Cichlidae (Cichlids) - Sven Kullander
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
<strong>Family</strong> <strong>Cichlidae</strong><br />
(<strong>Cichlids</strong>)<br />
<strong>Sven</strong> O. <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate<br />
families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1998).<br />
The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the<br />
Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (three species, also in<br />
brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (four valid species, some<br />
in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (111 valid species), and South America (291 valid species)<br />
(<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1998, updated).<br />
<strong>Cichlids</strong> are known by family or genus-level local names, commonly with an adjective to distinguish well-marked species.<br />
Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra<br />
(Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana).<br />
Cichla species are known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil, Peru), the latter name expressed as<br />
lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali (Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the Guianas. Crenicichla species<br />
are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi<br />
(Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay).<br />
<strong>Cichlids</strong> are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies.<br />
1. The loss of a major structural association between parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the musculous<br />
insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular<br />
(Stiassny, 1981)<br />
2. The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981)<br />
3. The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981)<br />
4. The presence of characteristically shaped and distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981)<br />
5. The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct parts (Liem & Greenwood, 1981)<br />
6. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982)<br />
7. The stomach has a left hand exit to the anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler, 1982)<br />
8. The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the<br />
crista inferior by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985)<br />
9. The presence of short paired hypapophyses on the third and/or fourth vertebral centra (<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1998).<br />
Cichlid diversity has been explained both by their advanced brood care and by the versatile design of the pharyngeal jaw<br />
complex used for food mastication. The unpaired lower pharyngeal toothplate and the opposed upper pharyngeal tooth<br />
plates are contained in a muscular sling characterizing labroid fishes. There is considerable variation in the shape of the<br />
toothplates and associated dentition, reflecting diet specializations. The oral jaws are generally highly movable and protrusible,<br />
and tooth shape varies greatly, although most Neotropical cichlids have simple, subconical, unicuspid teeth, whereas<br />
African cichlids commonly have laterally bicuspid or tricuspid oral teeth.<br />
Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal<br />
fin, 2-12 (usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on each side of the head. The lateral line is<br />
usually divided into one anterior upper portion ending below the end of the dorsal-fin base, and a posterior lower portion<br />
running along the middle of the caudal peduncle.<br />
Among Neotropical taxa, lengths range from about 25-30 mm adult size in Apistogramma and Taeniacara, to about 1 meter<br />
in Cichla temensis. Most taxa are in the interval 10-20 cm, however.<br />
Most Neotropical cichlids occupy lentic habitats within rivers and streams; but there is also a number of moderately to<br />
strongly adapted rheophilic species. The latter include many Crenicichla species and the genera Teleocichla and Retroculus,<br />
which are distributed mainly in the Brazilian and Guianan highlands.<br />
The majority of the Neotropical cichlids feed on a variety of invertebrates and some plant matter, and specializations<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
among those species remain little investigated. Cichla, large Crenicichla species, Petenia, Parachromis, Caquetaia, Astronotus,<br />
and Acaronia, feed on fishes and large invertebrates. Chaetobranchopsis, Chaetobranchus and Satanoperca acuticeps<br />
are plankton feeders.<br />
Most Neotropical <strong>Cichlidae</strong> are moderately to strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. Eggs are typically deposited on<br />
a substrate and both parents guard offspring over several weeks, even for some time after the young are free-swimming.<br />
Smaller species, particularly in the genus Apistogramma, may be strongly sexually dimorphic. Sexes differ in color and the<br />
female is smaller than the male and assumes all or most of the care for the eggs and young. Oral incubation, or mouthbrooding,<br />
has been recorded for many Geophagus, Gymnogeophagus, and Satanoperca species, but also for one species of<br />
Aequidens and one species of Heros. Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded on a substrate<br />
prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs or newly hatched larvae. A few mouthbrooding species practice<br />
exclusive maternal brood care, with a minimum delay between egg-laying and oral incubation (Gymnogeophagus balzanii,<br />
NE Colombian Geophagus species).<br />
Geographical ranges are commonly limited to a single river or even one or a few streams, reflecting both ecological constraints<br />
and drainage basin histories. A few Neotropical cichlids are recorded from brackish water conditions. The northernmost<br />
species are Herichthys cyanoguttatus from the lower Grande River drainage in Texas, USA, on the Atlantic coast,<br />
and ‘Cichlasoma’ beani, which reaches north to the Yaquí River on the Pacific coast of Mexico. In South America cichlids<br />
are recorded from virtually all river drainages, but rarely occupy elevations over 500 m ASL, and generally remain below<br />
200 m ASL. <strong>Cichlids</strong> are absent from the Marañón River above the Pongo de Manseriche and from the Ucayali River<br />
drainage upstream of Atalaya (the mouth of the Urubamba River [Vilcanota River] and Tombo River [Apurimac River]).<br />
There are four permanent cichlid species occurring on the island of Trinidad, but no cichlids are found on any other islands<br />
close to the Venezuelan coast. Most Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil have 1-3 species of cichlids. The southern limit of the<br />
family in South America is not well documented, but may be in the lower Negro River in Argentina, which river marks the<br />
northern limit of Patagonia. On the Pacific slope, cichlids are found in a succession of permanent rivers south to the Jequetepeque<br />
River or perhaps even to slightly south of Lima, Peru.<br />
Because of the varied behavior and often attractive colors and moderate size, cichlids are commonly kept as ornamental<br />
fish. Practically all genera and more than half of the species have been kept in aquaria at some time. The traditionally most<br />
important aquarium species are Pterophyllum and Symphysodon species, the former often representing the aquarium hobby<br />
in logotypes.<br />
Sportfishing is concentrated on the Cichla species for which there is a strong North American and Brazilian market including<br />
sport fishing safaris and Tucunaré fishing contests predominantly in Brazil (Kelber, 1999).<br />
All the larger species are used as food fish, within a traditional artisanal and subsistence fishery, and all local markets in the<br />
lowland Amazon and Orinoco drainages offer Cichla, Astronotus, and other available species of sizes over 10 cm (Ferreira<br />
et al., 1998, for a market survey at Santarém). Astronotus species, and to some extent Cichla species are subject to aquaculture<br />
in Brazil.<br />
The family <strong>Cichlidae</strong> was first monographed by Heckel (1840), based on the Natterer collection from Brazil (illustrations in<br />
Riedl-Dorn, 2000). Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana,<br />
Brazil and Venezuela (<strong>Kullander</strong> & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). Steindachner (1875) worked on the Thayer<br />
expedition collection of Amazonian cichlids, but did not add much beyond the work of Heckel. Günther (1868, based on<br />
several shorter papers) described and illustrated a large part of the Central American cichlid fauna, followed by Regan<br />
(1906-1908).<br />
Pellegrin (1904) revised the family with diagnoses of all genera and species known to him. Much of Pellegrin’s efforts with<br />
the Neotropical taxa were improved upon by Regan’s series of generic revisions in the next two years (Regan, 1905-1906),<br />
which remained the platform for all Neotropical cichlid systematics until the 1980s. The first modern phylogenetic revision<br />
of the Neotropical cichlids was presented by Cichocki (1976), and most recently <strong>Kullander</strong> (1998) and Farias et al. (1999)<br />
have provided phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology and molecular data respectively. A formal classification<br />
down to tribe is provided by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1998).<br />
Scientific general reviews of the family are provided by Keenleyside (1991) and Barlow (2000). There is no scientific<br />
monograph covering all Neotropical cichlid species, but numerous aquarium books of variable quality, of which Stawikowski<br />
& Werner (1998) may be consulted for the most updated compilation of cichlasomatine cichlids.<br />
Country monographs of cichlids are available for Peru (<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986) and Surinam (<strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989). Bussing<br />
(1998: 293-384) summarizes data on 24 Costa Rican cichlid species; Keith et al. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for<br />
38 cichlid species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield & Thomerson (1997: 184-206) cover 19 species<br />
from Belize<br />
Recent generic revisions cover Crenicichla (Ploeg, 1991; many errors and inconsistencies), Gymnogeophagus (Reis &<br />
Malabarba, 1988), Apistogramma (<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a, somewhat outdated), Cichlasoma (<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a), Teleocichla<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988), Retroculus (Gosse, 1971), Geophagus s. lato (Gosse, 1976, somewhat outdated), Biotoecus (<strong>Kullander</strong>,<br />
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1989a), and Mesonauta (<strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip, 1991).<br />
The checklist herein recognizes 406 valid Neotropical cichlid species out of 635 nominal taxa. <strong>Kullander</strong> (1998) estimated<br />
that there are about ten undescribed North-Central American cichlid taxa and about 160 undescribed South American taxa.<br />
Numerous problems of species discrimination remain. Some of the most enigmatic cases include ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus,<br />
of which Hubbs (1936) described numerous subspecies. Some of these taxa are certainly distinct species, but the<br />
status of highly localized subspecies from the Yucatán peninsula, which are based on one or very few specimens, remains a<br />
subject for revision. All these taxa are herein treated as valid for want of any better option.<br />
Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa,<br />
which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1983a). Most of these are now recognized in<br />
well-diagnosed genera (<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986, 1996b, <strong>Kullander</strong> & Hartel, 1997), but several are kept with the generic denomination<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ which is judged better than to include them in genera to which they certainly do not belong.<br />
On the whole it is not satisfactory to have one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a scientific name, illustrating a<br />
real problem with the more formalized procedure of naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against doubtful<br />
species. The current estimate of 450 South American taxa is based on species already represented in museum collections;<br />
it can be assumed that new collections will bring in many more new taxa.<br />
ACARICHTHYS<br />
Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912: 500. Type species: Acara heckelii<br />
Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
masculine.<br />
Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849)<br />
Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1849: 624.<br />
Type locality: Sümpfen der Savanne. No types known. Originally<br />
spelled as Acara Heckelii<br />
Geophagus Thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 108 [48], pl. 3 (fig. 2, 2a-<br />
2b). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Villa bella, Obidos,<br />
Cudajas, Tonantins, Jatuarana, Ueranduba, Serpa, Rio Tapajos,<br />
R. Trombetas, R. negro, R. Xingu, see Hyanuary, José Assù,<br />
Saraca, Alexo und Lago maximo etc. Syntypes: (many) NMW<br />
74135 (1), 9249-9254 (5), NMW 17046-17048 (3), NMW<br />
17050-17051 (2), NMW 17052-17054 (3), NMW 17055-17057<br />
(3), NMW 17058-17060 (2), NMW 17061-17064 (3), NMW<br />
17066 (1), NMW 17067-17070 (4), NMW 17101-17102 (1),<br />
NMW 17103-17110 (several), NMW 17119-17125 (several),<br />
NMW 23819-23821 (3), NMW 24012 (1), NMW 24094-24095<br />
(2), 24096 (7), NMW 24105-24106 (2), NMW 24107-24108 (2),<br />
NMW 24109-24110 (2), NMW 24111-24114 (3), NMW 24115-<br />
24116 (2), NMW 24133-24138 (6), ZSM 27335 (1).<br />
Acara subocularis Cope, 1878: 696. Type locality: [Peruvian<br />
Amazon]. Holotype: ANSP 21233 (missing).<br />
Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Along mainstream Amazon River in<br />
Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, including lower parts of the Putumayo,<br />
Trombetas, Negro, and Xingu Rivers; lower Tocantins<br />
River, and Capim River; Branco River (Amazon basin) in Brazil<br />
and Guyana, and the Essequibo River in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 134).<br />
ACARONIA<br />
Acara (Acaropsis) Steindachner, 1875: 80. Type species: Acara<br />
nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied<br />
by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida.<br />
Acaronia Myers, 1940: 170. Type species: Acara nassa Heckel,<br />
1840. Type by being a replacement name. Gender: feminine. Replacement<br />
for Acaropsis Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by<br />
Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1859 in Arachnida.<br />
Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara nassa Heckel, 1840: 353. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 10538-40 (3), NMW 16185 (1), NMW uncat.<br />
(1).<br />
Acara unicolor Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 30 (fig. 25). Type locality:<br />
Barra do Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33347-33348 (2).<br />
Acara cognatus Heckel, 1840: 356. Type locality: Barra do Rionegro.<br />
Holotype: NMW 33619.<br />
Centrarchus ? rostratus Jardine, 1843: 163, pl. 15. Type locality:<br />
Rio Negro. No types known.<br />
Apistogramma ambloplitoides Fowler, 1940: 281, fig. 63. Type<br />
locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP<br />
68681.<br />
Maximum length: 15.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazonas lowlands in Peru, Brazil,<br />
and Colombia, Bolivian Amazon basin, middle and lower Negro<br />
River, Branco River, also Amapá State, the Oyapock drainage in<br />
French Guiana, and the Essequibo drainage in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,<br />
Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 79), distinguishing characters and synonymy<br />
discussed in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1989b).<br />
Common names: Krobié (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana)<br />
Acaronia vultuosa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1989<br />
Acaronia vultuosa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1989b: 447, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Venezuela, Terr. Federal Amazonas, Departamento Ature, small<br />
drying backwater pool off road from El Burro to Puerto Ayacucho,<br />
approximately 05°47’N, 67°29’W. Holotype: MBUCV-<br />
V 17714.<br />
Maximum length: 12.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin in Colombia<br />
and Venezuela, including the Casiquiare, Inírida, Caura, Vichada<br />
Rivers; upper Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela (San Carlos,<br />
Ererê River and Tamaquaré Island).<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
AEQUIDENS<br />
Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 616. Type species: Acara<br />
tetramerus Heckel, 1840. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
masculine. Originally Astronotus (Aequidens).<br />
Aequidens biseriatus (Regan, 1913)<br />
Cichlosoma (Aequidens) biseriatum Regan, 1913b: 471. Type<br />
locality: Rio Condoto. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.10.1.80-88 (7 of<br />
8).<br />
Maximum length: 8 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River<br />
basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956: 437, fig. 94. Type locality:<br />
Río Abácapa on the west side of Chimantá-tepui; 1,300 feet altitude.<br />
Holotype: FMNH 45702.<br />
Maximum length: 10.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Caroní River basin in Orinoco River<br />
drainage.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Aequidens coeruleopunctatus (Kner & Steindachner,<br />
1863)<br />
Acara coeruleopunctata Kner & Steindachner in Kner, 1863: 222,<br />
fig. 3. Type locality: Rio Chagres im Staate Panama, Nordseite.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 33635-33636 (2), 22168 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 14.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama, and<br />
Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 310), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara diadema Heckel, 1840: 344. Type locality: einem Ygarapé<br />
oder Waldbache bei Marabitanos. Syntypes: NMW 33791 (1),<br />
33797 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 11.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Negro River; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Orinoco<br />
River in Colombia and Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Aequidens diadema reported from Peru<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 348) is a different species.<br />
Aequidens epae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1995<br />
Aequidens epae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1995: 158, fig. 10. Type locality: Brazil,<br />
State of Pará, Río Tapajós drainage, igarapé in Barreirinha.<br />
Holotype: MZUSP 21979.<br />
Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tapajós River drainage near Jacareacanga and São Luis.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens gerciliae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1995<br />
Aequidens gerciliae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1995: 150, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Núcleo Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeroporto,<br />
above the cachoeira (approximately 10°10’S 59°25’W).<br />
Holotype: INPA 974.<br />
Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, known only<br />
from the upper Aripuanã River, near Cachoeira de Dardanelos<br />
and in a headwater stream on the Juína-Vilhena road.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)<br />
Nannacara hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 14, pl. 7 (top figs.).<br />
Type locality: rio Branco, affluente do Araguaya, e n’uma lagoa<br />
do Coxipo da Ponte, em Mato Grosso. Holotype: MNRJ 1245.<br />
Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Araguaia<br />
River drainage.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens latifrons (Steindachner, 1878)<br />
Acara latifrons Steindachner, 1878: 89. Type locality: Cienaga,<br />
Río Magdalena, Colombia; Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW.<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Atrato, Sinú, and San<br />
Juan River basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Common names: Azulejo (Colombia), Casasola (Colombia), Mojarra<br />
azul (Colombia)<br />
Aequidens mauesanus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1997<br />
Aequidens mauesanus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1997a: 378, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, rio Maués drainage, município do<br />
Maués, igarapé do rio Maraú. Holotype: MZUSP 7306.<br />
Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Maués<br />
and Arapiuns Rivers.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922<br />
Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922a: 241, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Barrigón.; Eigenmann, 1922b: 198. Type locality: Barrigona<br />
Río Meta. Holotype: CAS 66884 [ex IU 13967].<br />
Maximum length: 12.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta<br />
River.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared<br />
both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available<br />
evidence which publication should have priority.<br />
Aequidens michaeli <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1995<br />
Aequidens michaeli <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1995: 163, fig. 14. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte, rocky<br />
pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32674.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Xingu River at Altamira and Belo Monte.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara pallidus Heckel, 1840: 347. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype:<br />
NMW 33678.<br />
Centrarchus ? vittatus Jardine, 1843: 161, pl. 14. Type locality:<br />
[not stated]. Types not known.<br />
Aequidens duopunctata Haseman, 1911: 338, pl. 56. Type locality:<br />
Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54033 [ex CM 2573]. Apparently the<br />
number 2574 in the caption to pl. 56 should have been 2573.<br />
Maximum length: 14.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle<br />
and lower Negro River, Uatumã, Preto da Eva, and Puraquequara<br />
Rivers.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira<br />
(1991).<br />
Aequidens paloemeuensis <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989<br />
Aequidens paloemeuensis <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 141, fig. 77.<br />
Type locality: Suriname, Dist. Marowijne, R. Marowijne system,<br />
small brook tributary to the right bank of R. Paloemeu, on road<br />
between Trombaka Noord and Trombaka Zuid. Holotype:<br />
IRSNB 755.<br />
Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Known only from the Paloemeu<br />
River, Marowijne River drainage.<br />
Countries: Suriname<br />
Aequidens patricki <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1984<br />
Aequidens patricki <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1984b: 2, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Pérou, depto. Ucayali, prov. Coronel Portillo, bassin du R.<br />
Aguaytia, petit ruisseau drainant un marais desséché, affluent du<br />
R. Aguaytia, le long de la route de Pucallpa à Tingo Maria, 15<br />
km à l’Ouest du village d’Aguaytia (9°02’S, 75°31’W). Holotype:<br />
MHNG 2163.93.<br />
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Aguaytía and Pachitea Rivers.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 347).<br />
Aequidens plagiozonatus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1984<br />
Aequidens plagiozonatus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1984a: 155, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, R. Paraguay system ...<br />
Mun. Itiquira, internal lakes of the Piquiri-Itiquira system,<br />
Fazenda Santo Antonio do Paraíso. Holotype: MZUSP 28232.<br />
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (upper Guaporé<br />
River drainage), and Paraná River basin (upper Paraguay River<br />
drainage).<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912<br />
Aequidens potaroënsis Eigenmann, 1912: 490, pl. 66 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Amatuk. Holotype: FMNH 53892 [ex CM 2407].<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin.<br />
Countries: Guyana<br />
Aequidens pulcher (Gill, 1858)<br />
Cychlasoma pulchrum Gill, 1858: 382. Type locality: [western<br />
portion of Trinidad]. Syntypes: USNM 1110 (orig. 1, now 2).<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central and South America: Trinidad, W.I., and<br />
adjacent Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela<br />
Common names: Blue coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Cocoroba<br />
(Venezuela)<br />
Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)<br />
Chromis rivulata Günther, 1860b: 418. Type locality: Andes of<br />
Western Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.153 (1).<br />
Acara aequinoctialis Regan, 1905b: 337. Type locality: W. Ecuador.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.15.13-16 (4).<br />
Aequidens azurifer Fowler, 1911: 515, fig. 7. Type locality: Affluent<br />
of the Chimbo River, near Bucay, Province of Guayas, Ecuador.<br />
Holotype: ANSP 39118.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Pacific slope from Ecuador (Esmeraldas<br />
River) to Peru (Tumbes River).<br />
Countries: Ecuador, Peru<br />
Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)<br />
Acaropsis rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 11, pl. 4 (fig.1). Type<br />
locality: Rio do Sangue, acima do Salto Bello. Holotype: MNRJ<br />
1616.<br />
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Tapajós River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens sapayensis (Regan, 1903)<br />
Acara sapayensis Regan, 1903b: 628. Type locality: Rio Sapayo,<br />
N.W. Ecuador. Holotype: BMNH 1902.7.29.56.<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Pacific slope, in the Cayapas River<br />
drainage in northwestern Ecuador.<br />
Countries: Ecuador<br />
Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840: 341, pl. 29 (fig. 1-4). Type locality:<br />
Rio-branco. Syntypes: NMW 33757-58 (2).<br />
Chromys uniocellata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: rio Ucayale, mission de Sarayacu. Syntypes: MNHN<br />
A.9481 (2). Spelled uniocellatus in list of figures.<br />
Aequidens stollei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 13, pl. 5 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Rio Jamary. Lectotype: MNRJ 1592A, designated by<br />
Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397) [but perhaps specimen not isolated].<br />
Acaronia trimaculata Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 389, pl.<br />
22 (fig. 8). Type locality: Iquitos. Holotype: CAS 67009 [ex IU<br />
17794].<br />
Maximum length: 16.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Widely distributed in the Amazon<br />
River basin in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil and Bolivia, also<br />
in the Tocantins and Parnaíba Rivers, French Guiana, Suriname,<br />
Guyana, and in the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela and Colombia.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,<br />
Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela<br />
Common names: Acará-cuaima (Brazil), Acará-pixuna (Brazil),<br />
Kokko (Suriname), Manja koko (Suriname), Prapra (French<br />
Guiana)<br />
Aequidens tubicen <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira, 1991<br />
Aequidens tubicen <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira, 1991: 427, fig. 4. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, Estado do Pará, Reserva Biológica de Trombetas,<br />
igarapé at km 4 on the road to Perimetral Norte. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 15887.<br />
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to the<br />
Trombetas River close to Cachoeira Porteira.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara viridis Heckel, 1840: 343. Type locality: in den durch das<br />
Anschwellen der Flüsse gebildeten Waldlachen ..., ... in einer<br />
derselben bei der Stadt Matogrosso liegenden und Juquià ...<br />
genannten. Syntypes: NMW 16247 (1), 33833 (1), ?91433 (1);<br />
SMF 2925 [ex NMW in 1844] (1).<br />
Aequidens awani Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 55. Type locality: São<br />
Antonio de Guaporé, Rio Guaporé, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH<br />
54036 [ex CM 2576].<br />
Aequidens guaporensis Haseman, 1911: 335, pl. 54. Type locality:<br />
São Antonio de Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54035 [ex CM<br />
2575].<br />
Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
AMPHILOPHUS<br />
Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Amphilophus<br />
froebelii Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Astatheros Pellegrin, 1904: 203. Type species: Heros (Cichlasoma)<br />
heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902. Type by monotypy.<br />
Gender: masculine.<br />
Erythrichthus Meek, 1907b: 118. Type species: Heros citrinellus<br />
Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.<br />
Originally Cichlasoma (Erythrichthus).<br />
Curraichthys Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [3]. Type species: Heros<br />
lobochilus Günther, 1868. Type species by original designation.<br />
Gender: masculine.<br />
Amphilophus alfari (Meek, 1907)<br />
Cichlasoma alfari Meek, 1907a: 148. Type locality: Turrialba,<br />
Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6032.<br />
Cichlosoma lethrinus Regan, 1908a: 462. Type locality: Rio Iroquois.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1909.3.13.92-97 (5 of 6) and<br />
1909.3.13.98 (1, skeleton).<br />
Cichlasoma bouchellei Fowler, 1923: 29. Type locality: Tunky<br />
Bin River above Eden, Nicaragua. Holotype: ANSP 51222.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras<br />
(Patuca River) to Costa Rica; Atlantic slope of Costa Rica.<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Villa and Miller, 1975 identified C.<br />
bouchellei as a junior synonym of A. alfari. Reviewed by Bussing<br />
(1998: 318), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,<br />
and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002<br />
Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 8, fig. 4. Type<br />
locality: Agua caliente, Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86°<br />
19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3448.1).<br />
Maximum length: 15.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic<br />
to Lake Xiloá.<br />
Countries: Nicaragua<br />
Amphilophus altifrons (Kner, 1863)<br />
Heros altifrons Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama. Syntype:<br />
NMW 21204 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 13 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Térraba<br />
River) to Panama (Chiriqui River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Also appeared as new in Kner & Steindachner<br />
(1864: 11, pl. 2, fig. 1) from Colombia and Panama. Reviewed<br />
by Bussing (1998: 322), with key, diagnosis, geographical<br />
distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997<br />
Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997: 2, fig. p. 2. Type locality:<br />
Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles<br />
on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica. Holotype:<br />
AMNH 59077.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica<br />
(Sixaola River drainage) to Panama (Guarumo River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 325), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Amphilophus calobrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)<br />
Cichlasoma calobrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality:<br />
Rio Calobre, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7600.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra,<br />
Chucunaque and Bayano River basins).<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864)<br />
Heros citrinellus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.201-203 (3).<br />
Heros basilaris Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 182. Type locality:<br />
Lake Nicaragua. Types not located, but may be present in the<br />
Bransford collection deposited in the USNM.<br />
Cichlasoma granadense Meek, 1907b: 121. Type locality: Lago<br />
Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5951.<br />
Maximum length: 24.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and<br />
Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage, including Lakes Nicaragua,<br />
Managua, Masaya, and Apoyo).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Cichlasoma granadense was synonymised<br />
with A. citrinellus by Villa (1976: 381). Systematics<br />
and biology covered by Barlow & Munsey (1976). Reviewed by<br />
Bussing (1998: 312), with key, diagnosis, geographical<br />
distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Costa<br />
Rica, Nicaragua)<br />
Amphilophus diquis (Bussing, 1974)<br />
Cichlasoma diquis Bussing, 1974: 37, fig. 2. Type locality: Costa<br />
Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S<br />
of Palmar Sur at IH. Holotype: LACM 33911-1.<br />
Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of SE Costa Rica.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica<br />
Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli,<br />
1950)<br />
Cichlasoma hogaboomorum Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 27, pl. 2<br />
(fig. 1). Type locality: Río Choluteca, 5 kilometers below Choluteca,<br />
elevation 50 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 144664.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Honduras, in the<br />
Choluteca River basin.<br />
Countries: Honduras<br />
Common names: Guapotillo (Honduras)<br />
Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864)<br />
Amphilophus froebelii Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake<br />
Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, missing.<br />
Heros labiatus Günther, 1864a: 27, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
Lake of Managua, Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.9.23.7-8<br />
(2) or 1863.12.15.74-76 (3).<br />
Heros erythraeus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.33. Described in more<br />
detail in Günther (1868: 457, pl. 75, fig. 2).<br />
Heros lobochilus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Managua. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.7.20.36 (2). Described in more<br />
detail in Günther 1868: 457, pl. 75 (fig. 1).<br />
Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek, 1907b: 123. Type locality: Lago<br />
Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5971.<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, in<br />
Lakes Nicaragua and Managua.<br />
Countries: Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Systematics and biology covered by<br />
Barlow & Munsey (1976). <strong>Kullander</strong> & Hartel (1997: 199) examined<br />
Agassiz’ description of Amphilophus froebelii and<br />
searched in vain for type material. Villa (1976: 381) added Cichlasoma<br />
dorsatum to the synonymy of A. labiatus. The name<br />
froebelii has never been used as a senior synonym of A. labiatus<br />
subsequent to its description. Original description copied in Günther<br />
(1864b: 231).<br />
Common names: Mojarra picuda (Nicaragua)<br />
Amphilophus longimanus (Günther, 1867)<br />
Heros longimanus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.204.<br />
Cichlasoma popenoei Carr & Giovannoli, 1950: 31, pl. 2 (fig. 2).<br />
Type locality: Río Yeguare, about 1 kilometer below bridge on<br />
road between Tegucigalpa and Danlí, Department of Morazan,<br />
Honduras; elevation 735 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 147178.<br />
Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Honduras<br />
(Aguan River) to Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Prinzapolka, San<br />
Juan River drainage including Lake Nicaragua), Pacific slope<br />
from Guatemala to Costa Rica (Nahualate River to Bebedero<br />
River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 329), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Carataca (Honduras), Carate (Nicaragua),<br />
Machaca (Honduras), Pecho rojo (Nicaragua), Viejito (Guatemala)<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966)<br />
Cichlasoma lyonsi Gosse, 1966: 16, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa<br />
Rica (prov. Puntarenas), affluent du Rio Coto, Plantation United<br />
Fruit Company, Golfito. Holotype: IRSNB 464.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Coto<br />
River) and Panama (Dupí River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 316), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Amphilophus macracanthus (Günther, 1864)<br />
Heros macracanthus Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Chiapas<br />
and Huamuchal. Syntypes: (about 12) BMNH 1864.1.26.197-200<br />
(4), 1864.1.26.252-254 (3) Chiapas, 1864.1.26.368 (1) Huamuchal,<br />
1864.1.26.255 (1, skeleton).<br />
Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 86<br />
[2]. Type locality: Isthme de Tehuantepec (Mexique). Syntypes:<br />
MNHN A.9528 (3).<br />
Cichlasoma evermanni Meek, 1904: 214, fig. 70. Type locality:<br />
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4727 [not 4227].<br />
Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925: 275, fig. 20. Type locality:<br />
Lake Guija, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87301. Secondarily<br />
preoccupied by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918, replaced<br />
by Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934.<br />
Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand, 1934: 192. Type locality: [Lake<br />
Guija, El Salvador.] Holotype: USNM 87301. Replacement name<br />
for Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand, 1925, preoccupied in Cichlasoma<br />
by Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope from<br />
southern Mexico to El Salvador.<br />
Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros margaritifer Günther, 1862: 287. Type locality: Lake Peten,<br />
Guatemala. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.62.<br />
Maximum length: 12.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala (Lake<br />
Petén).<br />
Countries: Guatemala<br />
Remarks and references: Type locality doubtful, species not reported<br />
with certainty since original description.<br />
Amphilophus nourissati (Allgayer, 1989)<br />
Theraps nourissati Allgayer, 1989: 12, fig. p. 13. Type locality:<br />
petite rivière à 1 km avant le village “La Pera” sur la route de<br />
Palenque vers Ojo de Agua, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype:<br />
MNHN 1989-583.<br />
Maximum length: 22 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico<br />
and Guatemala (Usumacinta River basin).<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common names: Panza negra (Mexico)<br />
Amphilophus rhytisma (López S.,1983)<br />
Cichlasoma rhytisma López S., 1983: 133, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Costa Rica, Limón Province, Río Cocolis, a tributary of Río<br />
Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles on road between Bratsí and Shiroles.<br />
Holotype: LACM 42998-1.<br />
Maximum length: 13.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica<br />
(Sixaola River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 332), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Amphilophus robertsoni (Regan, 1905)<br />
Cichlosoma robertsoni Regan, 1905a: 239. Type locality: Stann<br />
Creek, British Honduras [=Belize]. Holotype: BMNH<br />
1890.9.8.11.<br />
Cichlasoma acutum Miller, 1907: 117, fig. 6. Type locality: Río<br />
Tenedores, Tenedores. Holotype: IU 11186.<br />
Maximum length: 19 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope from<br />
Mexico (Coatzacoalcos River) to Honduras.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico<br />
Common names: False firemouth cichlid (Belize), Klanki (Honduras),<br />
Machaca (Honduras), Mojarra (Honduras), Tepemechine<br />
(Mexico)<br />
Amphilophus rostratus (Gill, 1877)<br />
Heros rostratus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 181. Type locality:<br />
Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: USNM 16872(9).<br />
Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and<br />
Costa Rica (San Juan River drainage including Lakes Managua,<br />
Nicaragua and Masaya, to Matinaon River).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 334), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Carate (Nicaragua), Masamiche (Costa Rica,<br />
Nicaragua)<br />
Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002<br />
Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 12, fig. 11. Type<br />
locality: Agua caliente Lake Xiloá (N 12° 13,848’ W 86°<br />
19,387’). Holotype: PSU 3386.1.<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic<br />
to Lake Xiloá.<br />
Countries: Nicaragua<br />
Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002<br />
Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002: 9, fig. 7. Type<br />
locality: Southeastern shore of Lake Xiloá (N 12° 12,793’ W 86°<br />
19,028’). Holotype PSU 3381.1<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic<br />
to Lake Xiloá.<br />
Countries: Nicaragua<br />
Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976)<br />
Cichlasoma zaliosum Barlow in Barlow & Munsey, 1976: 363, fig.<br />
5. Type locality: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Holotype: CAS 29104.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, endemic<br />
to Lake Apoyo.<br />
Countries: Nicaragua<br />
Common names: Mojarra flecha (Nicaragua)<br />
APISTOGRAMMA<br />
Heterogramma Regan, 1906b: 60. Type species: Mesops taeniatus<br />
Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann<br />
(1910: 478). Gender: feminine. Preoccupied by Heterogramma<br />
Guenée, 1854.<br />
Apistogramma Regan, 1913c: 282. Type species: Mesops taeniatus<br />
Günther, 1862. Type by being a replacement name. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Pintoichthys Fowler, 1954: 316. Type species: Biotodoma trifasciatus<br />
Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Type by original designation.<br />
Gender: masculine.<br />
Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875)<br />
Geophagus (Mesops) agassizii Steindachner, 1875: 111, pl. 8 (fig.<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
2). Type locality: Syntypes from Curupira..., Cudajas..., Rio<br />
Puty..., Lago Maximo...See Manacapuru; lectotype from Manacapuru<br />
(Amazonas State, Brazil; 3°16’S 60°37’N). Lectotype:<br />
NMW 23484, designated by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 89).<br />
Apistogramma parva Ahl, 1931: 210. Type locality: Rio Capim.<br />
Holotype: ZMB 23410.<br />
Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along Amazon-<br />
Solimões River from Peru through Brazil to Capim River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 89),<br />
with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation;<br />
brief redescription of Peruvian material in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986:<br />
189). Holotype of A. parva briefly redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1980a: 145). Synonym status of A. parva is still tentative.<br />
Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998<br />
Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998: 46, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: some 2.5 km upstream of the village of Arua in a small<br />
right-bank affluent of the Rio Arua, a tributary of the Rio Arapiuns,<br />
Para State, Brazil (approx. 2°39’27”S, 55°43’24”W). Holotype:<br />
MZUSP uncat.<br />
Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Arapiuns<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Original description repeated in German<br />
in Römer (1998: 266-283) but with additional photos.<br />
Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997<br />
Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997: 9, 2 figs. Type locality:<br />
Peru (Loreto). Imported...from Iquitos. Holotype: SMF 28212.<br />
Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Nanay<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936<br />
Apistogramma pertense var. bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936: 56. Type<br />
locality: Rio Madeira (Brésil) [apparently incorrect: <strong>Kullander</strong>,<br />
1980a: 97], emended to: Colombia (Amazonas), environments of<br />
Leticia. Lectotype: MNHN 1935-34, designated by <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1980a).<br />
Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken, 1961: 136, fig. p. 137. Type<br />
locality: Wasserläufen bei Letitia in Peru. Holotype: lost.<br />
Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken, 1962: 138, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brasilien, oberer Rio Solimões, Igarapé Preto. Holotype:<br />
SMF 5526.<br />
Apistogramma kleei Meinken, 1964: 293, fig. p. 295. Type locality:<br />
unbekannt [unknown]. Holotype: USNM 199593.<br />
Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, restricted to<br />
Peruvian and adjacent Brazilian black-water river systems (collected<br />
in the lower Nanay, Mazán and Tigre in Peru, near Leticia<br />
in Colombia, and in Igarapé Preto and Lago Tefé in Brazil).<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 97),<br />
with bibliography, description, distribution, lectotype designation;<br />
brief redescription of Peruvian material by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986:<br />
191).<br />
Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906)<br />
Heterogramma borellii Regan, 1906b: 63. Type locality: Carandasiñho,<br />
Matto Grosso. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.4.14.12-15 (3;<br />
one lost).<br />
Heterogramma ritense Haseman, 1911: 362, pl. 70. Type locality:<br />
Santa Rita, Rio Santa Rita of the Paraguay basin. Holotype:<br />
FMNH 54187 [ex CM 2765a].<br />
Heterogramma rondoni Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 16, pl. 11. Type<br />
locality: Caceres, na Caiçara (Campina). Lectotype: MNRJ<br />
1247A, designated by Miranda Ribeiro (1953: 397).<br />
Apistogramma aequipinnis Ahl, 1938: 246. Type locality: vermutlich<br />
Argentinien. Holotype: ZMB 23409.<br />
Apistogramma reitzigi Mitsch, 1938: 181. Type locality: Wahrscheinlich<br />
mittleres Südamerika. No type specimens.<br />
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin and along the<br />
lower Paraná River in Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Remarks and references: Apistogramma reitzigi was named twice<br />
(Mitsch, 1938, Ahl, 1938) with the same name. The earlier description<br />
by Mitsch (1938) clearly makes the name available.<br />
Although attributed in that paper to E. Ahl, there is no indication<br />
that Ahl would have been involved in writing the paper and Ahl<br />
cannot be author. Brief review, with key and distribution map, in<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong> (1983b: 311).<br />
Apistogramma brevis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma brevis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a 107, fig. 13. Type locality:<br />
Petit igarapé du Lago Penera, rive droite du Uaupés, État<br />
d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°01’N 67°21’W.). Holotype: IRSNB 570.<br />
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951<br />
Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951: 1, fig. p. 3. Type<br />
locality: near Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana [incorrect, restricted and<br />
emended by <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: R. Amazonas basin between 69°<br />
and 71° W]. Holotype: ZMA 100033.<br />
Maximum length: 5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the Ucayali, Amazon and Solimões Rivers from the Pachitea<br />
River to Tabatinga.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a 86).<br />
Brief review with bibliography, diagnostic characters, and distribution<br />
map in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 181).<br />
Apistogramma caetei <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma caetei <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 76. Type locality: Igarapé<br />
in Bragança (Estado do Pará, Brazil; 1°45’S 46°47’W). Holotype:<br />
FMNH 54164 [ex CM 2732].<br />
Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Apeú and Caeté Rivers in the Bragança<br />
region, Pará State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906)<br />
Heterogramma commbrae Regan, 1906b: 64. Type locality: Carandasiñho,<br />
Matto Grosso; Colonia Risso. Lectotype: BMNH<br />
1900.4.14.16, designated by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1982a: 36).<br />
Heterogramma corumbae Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann,<br />
McAtee & Ward, 1907: 146, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: Corumba.<br />
Holotype: CAS 33719 [ex IU 10166].<br />
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin, middle Paraná<br />
River basin in Argentina, and Uruguay River basin.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Remarks and references: Species monographed by <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1982a).<br />
Apistogramma cruzi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Apistogramma cruzi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 159, pl. 16, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Peru, departamento Loreto, Río Napo drainage system,<br />
lower course of a quebrada right bank tributary to the Río Mazán<br />
nearly 2 hours upstream from Puerto Alegre on the mouth of the<br />
612
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Río Mazán, Peru. Holotype: NRM 16664.<br />
Maximum length: 5.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo<br />
River drainage of Peru and Ecuador, and the Putumayo and<br />
Caquetá River drainages of Colombia.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru<br />
Apistogramma diplotaenia <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1987<br />
Apistogramma diplotaenia <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1987a: 259, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, R. Negro drainage system, downstream<br />
of the R. Daraã. Holotype: MZUSP 28213.<br />
Maximum length: 2.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle<br />
Negro River from San Carlos to Arirará River.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela<br />
Apistogramma elizabethae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma elizabethae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 103, fig. 12. Type<br />
locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite du Uaupés à Trovao<br />
(environ 20 km en amont de l’embouchure de Uaupés), État<br />
d’Amazonas. Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 596.<br />
Maximum length: 4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma eunotus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1981<br />
Apistogramma eunotus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1981a: 184, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Peru, Depto. Loreto, R. Ucayali system, near Pucallpa, on<br />
road to Aguaytia, “Dunkelwasser bei ‘Campo Verde’”. Holotype:<br />
ZFMK 10772.<br />
Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries to<br />
the Ucayali and Amazonas Rivers, and in the Yavarí River in<br />
Peru, and the Japurá River in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971<br />
Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971: 35, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Amazonas-Gebiet, Rio Curuçamba bei Obidos. Holotype: SMF<br />
10617.<br />
Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the region of<br />
the lower Trombetas River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 72).<br />
Apistogramma gephyra <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma gephyra <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 131, fig. 17. Type locality:<br />
Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans<br />
l’Archipel das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S<br />
60°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 581.<br />
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969<br />
Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969: 91, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brasilien, wahrscheinlich Gebiet des Rio Negro. Holotype: SMF<br />
9441.<br />
Apistogramma roraimae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 138, fig 19. Type<br />
locality: Igarapé Uazinho à environ 20 km de Boa Vista sur la<br />
route Boa Vista-Caracarai, Territoire du Rio Branco, Brésil.<br />
(2°49’N 60°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 565.<br />
Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco<br />
and middle Negro River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 115)<br />
with diagnosis, bibliography, description and distribution; synonymy<br />
of A. roraimae herein is based on <strong>Kullander</strong> (unpublished).<br />
Apistogramma gossei <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1982<br />
Apistogramma gossei <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1982d: 65, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brasil, terr. Amapá, R. Oyapock system, Martinique. Holotype:<br />
MNHN 1981-231.<br />
Maximum length: 4.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French<br />
Guiana and Brazil; Approuague River drainage in French<br />
Guiana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana<br />
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)<br />
Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., <strong>Kullander</strong> & Lasso<br />
A., 1989<br />
Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., <strong>Kullander</strong> & Lasso A., 1989:<br />
132, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Estado Anzoátegui, Río<br />
Morichal Largo, close to village San Miguel (63°22’W 8°38’N).<br />
Holotype: MHNLS 3587.<br />
Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Morichal Largo River in northeastern<br />
Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Apistogramma hippolytae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1982<br />
Apistogramma hippolytae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1982b: 182, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brasil, est. Amazonas, Rio Solimoes System, igarapé<br />
des Lago Manacapuru. Holotype: MZUSP 6657.<br />
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, middle Negro<br />
River drainage (near mouths of Urubaxi and Daraã Rivers), and<br />
Lake Manacapuru.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965<br />
Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965a: 258, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Zuflüsse der Sümpfe am Unterlauf des Rio Portuguesa westlich<br />
der Orte Sta. Rosa und Camaguan, an der Autostraße von<br />
Calabozo am Südende der seenartigen Erweiterung ‘Embalse del<br />
Guárico’ des Rio Guárico nach San Fernando am Mittellauf des<br />
Rio Apuré, im Staat Guárico, Venezuela. Holotype: SMF 7891.<br />
Maximum length: 6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa,<br />
Aracua, and lower Caura River drainages, and along the<br />
mainstream of the lower Orinoco River to Barrancas.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Brief redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1979:<br />
75).<br />
Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela)<br />
Apistogramma hongsloi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979<br />
Apistogramma hongsloi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979b: 74, fig. 5. Type locality:<br />
Finca Boca de Guarrojo (small laguna closest to the houses<br />
of the finca), R. Guarrojo, Vichada, Colombia (4°07’N<br />
70°45’W). Holotype: NRM 11234.<br />
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Vichada<br />
River drainage and the middle Meta River drainage in Colombia,<br />
and along the middle Orinoco River basin.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Common names: Viejita (Colombia)<br />
Apistogramma inconspicua <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Apistogramma inconspicua <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983b: 307, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Bolivia, depto. Santa Cruz, R. Paraguay system [sic!],<br />
small pool of the R. Candelaria, above bridge on road Carmen-<br />
613
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Santa Rosa (16°00’S 61°40’W). Holotype: IRSNB 637.<br />
Maximum length: 3.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River drainage in Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the upper Paraguay<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
Apistogramma iniridae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979<br />
Apistogramma iniridae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979b: 76, fig. 7. Type locality:<br />
Pueblo Bretania (Yuri Bajo), Caño (Río) Bocón, depto. Guainía,<br />
Colombia (3°39’N 68°05’W). Holotype: NRM 11224.<br />
Maximum length: 3.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Inírida<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Apistogramma juruensis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Apistogramma juruensis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 177, pl. 19 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Brazil, estado Acre, Rio Juruá drainage system,<br />
municipio do Cruzeiro do Sul, riachos near Igarapé Formoso.<br />
Holotype: ZUEC 1374.<br />
Maximum length: 2.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the uppper<br />
Juruá River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985<br />
Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985: 151, fig. 5. Type locality:<br />
Bolivia, northwest of the town Santa Cruz, Lagunen entlang der<br />
Strasse zwischen den Orten Portachuelo und Bella Vista, 76 km<br />
nordwestlich von Santa Cruz, Wasseransammlungen entlang der<br />
Strasse und kleiner flacher Wasserlauf der die Strasse kreuzt und<br />
Lagune an der Strasse ca. 2 km östlich vor dem Ort Japacani am<br />
Rio Japacani”, sta. B1 und B2, about 68°25’W--16°20’S and<br />
68°50’W--16°15’S. Holotype: ZFMK 13323.<br />
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré<br />
and Beni River basins.<br />
Countries: Bolivia<br />
Apistogramma luelingi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1976<br />
Apistogramma luelingi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1976: 259, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Kleine Quebrada unterhalb Todos Santos (Bolivien) [incorrect:<br />
corrected to Quebrada mit Altwasser unterhalb San Francisco<br />
seitlich des Rio Chiripiri by <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 177]. Holotype:<br />
ZFMK (I) 66/2283.<br />
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre<br />
de Dios and Mamoré River basins.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Peru<br />
Apistogramma macmasteri <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979<br />
Apistogramma macmasteri <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979b: 70, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Finca La Ponderosa (on the road to Restrepo), Villavicencio,<br />
depto Meta, Colombia. Stream... at the foot of the<br />
Cordillera (4°15’N 73°35’W). Holotype: NRM 11240.<br />
Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper<br />
Meta River drainage (Guaytiquía River, Metica River).<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Apistogramma meinkeni <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma meinkeni <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 118, fig. 15. Type<br />
locality: Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20<br />
km en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État<br />
d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W). Holotype: IRSNB 567.<br />
Maximum length: 3.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994<br />
Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994: 1, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Small igarapé (forest stream) near airfield of Barcelos do Rio<br />
Negro, Dept. Amazonas, Brazil (aprox. 63.04’W/0.01’S), sometimes<br />
called “Rio Salgádo” by local people. Holotype: ZFMK<br />
17458.<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: The species name is a misspelling for<br />
mendesi, after Francisco Mendes, but cannot be corrected (International<br />
Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition, article<br />
32.5).<br />
Apistogramma moae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma moae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 61, fig. 9. Type locality:<br />
Igarapé São Salvador, affluent rive gauche du Rio Moa, Cruzeiro-do-Sul.<br />
État de Acre. Brésil. (7°38’S 72°36’W). Holotype:<br />
IRSNB 586.<br />
Maximum length: 5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Juruá River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Brief redescription with illustration in<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 169).<br />
Apistogramma nijsseni <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979<br />
Apistogramma nijsseni <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979a: 938, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Perú (Loreto), R. Ucayali system, Jenaro Herrera, R. Copal,<br />
“marigots des Tupacs”. Holotype: MHNG 1595.82.<br />
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte<br />
River drainage, a tributary to the Ucayali River.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991<br />
Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991: 140, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Peru, Dept. Loreto, in die Quebrada Nuevo Horizonte mündender<br />
Urwaldbach im Einzugsgebiet des Rio Tahuayo (etwa 73°05’W,<br />
4°05’S). Holotype: ZMB 32002.<br />
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tahuayo<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912)<br />
Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann, 1912: 506, pl. 68 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Erukin, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53801 [ex CM<br />
2306].<br />
Maximum length: 4.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, including<br />
the Potaro and Rupununi rivers, Corantijn and Cuyuni River basins.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela<br />
Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997<br />
Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997: 12, 4 figs. Type locality:<br />
Per (Loreto), Rio Ucayali drainage... Small forest brooks east of<br />
Jenaro Herrera at kilometer markers 26 and 27 on the road to the<br />
Brazilian border. Holotype: ZFMK 18610.<br />
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Peru, not precisely<br />
known.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Apistogramma paucisquamis <strong>Kullander</strong> & Staeck,<br />
1988<br />
614
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Apistogramma paucisquamis <strong>Kullander</strong> & Staeck, 1988: 190, fig.<br />
1. Type locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage...<br />
Arquipélago das Anavilhanas, small shallow bay on the<br />
right bank of Rio Negro. Holotype: MZUSP 36952.<br />
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle<br />
and lower Negro River from Daraã River to Anavilhanas Archipelago.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma payaminonis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Apistogramma payaminonis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 184, fig. 64, pl. 20<br />
(fig. 2). Type locality: Ecuador, provincia del Napo, Río Napo<br />
drainage system, Río Payamino drainage, Quebrada Ahuano, just<br />
above Ahuanopaccha (a 42 m vertical waterfall); in headwaters<br />
of the Río Tutapishcu, few km southwest of San José de<br />
Payamino (a village at confluence of Rio Tutapishcu and Rio<br />
Payamino (approx. 0°31.2’S, 77°20.7’W). Holotype: FMNH<br />
96564.<br />
Maximum length: 4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the<br />
Payamino River basin in Napo River drainage.<br />
Countries: Ecuador<br />
Apistogramma personata <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma personata <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 111, fig. 14. Type<br />
locality: Rio Uaupés á Assai, État d’Amazonas, Brésil (0°02’N<br />
67°27’W). Holotype: IRSNB 575.<br />
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Uaupés<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911)<br />
Heterogramma taeniatum pertense Haseman, 1911: 359, pl. 66.<br />
Type locality: Manaos. Holotype: FMNH 54171 [ex CM 2741].<br />
Maximum length: 3.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Negro River and from Manacapuru to Monte Alegre along the<br />
Amazon-Solimões River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 126),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution.<br />
Apistogramma piauiensis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma piauiensis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 79, fig. 11. Type<br />
locality: Brazil: Piauí, Lagoa Seca, about 1 km from camp on Rio<br />
Parnaíba at Barra do Longa (near Buriti dos Lopes). (3°08’S<br />
41°54’W.). Holotype: MCZ 46831.<br />
Maximum length: 2.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909)<br />
Heterogramma pleurotaenia Regan, 1909a: 270. Type locality: La<br />
Plata. Holotype: BMNH 1909.2.25.61.<br />
Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Possibly Argentina, only holotype<br />
known.<br />
Countries: Argentina (?)<br />
Apistogramma pulchra <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma pulchra <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 135, fig. 18. Type locality:<br />
Rio Preto, affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Candeias à 25<br />
km de Porto-Velho, Territoire du Rondonia, Brésil. (8°46’S<br />
63°45’W). Holotype: IRSNB 584.<br />
Maximum length: 3.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma regani <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma regani <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 65, fig. 10. Type locality:<br />
Igarapé affluent de la rive gauche du Rio Negro, dans l’Archipel<br />
das Anavilhanas, État d’Amazonas, Brésil. (3°00’S 60°45’W).<br />
Holotype: IRSNB 577.<br />
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma resticulosa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma resticulosa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980b: 158, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brasil, Estado do Amazonas, R. Madeira drainage system,<br />
Igarapé Xicanga, about 5 km W of Humaitá (07°31’S<br />
63°04’W). Holotype: ZMA 116177.<br />
Maximum length: 2.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madeira<br />
River drainage near Huamitá.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata,<br />
2002.<br />
Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002: 16, fig.<br />
3. Type locality: Bolivien, Departamento Pando, Rio Manuripi,<br />
nahe der Ortshaft Puerto Cardenas (11°20’083” S,<br />
67°44’576”W). Holotype: MTD F 26477.<br />
Maximum length: 4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Manuripi River basin, Pando Department.<br />
Countries: Bolivia<br />
Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914<br />
Apistogramma ortmanni rupununi Fowler, 1914: 277, fig 19. Type<br />
locality: Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP<br />
39347.<br />
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco<br />
River; Rupununi River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana<br />
Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985<br />
Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985: 146, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Bolivia, south of the town Trinidad, “Lagunen beiderseits der<br />
Strasse von Trinidad ca. 10 km südlich in Richtung El Colegio<br />
und Loreto”, sta. B11, about 64°51’W--14°57’S. Holotype:<br />
ZFMK 13400.<br />
Maximum length: 2.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mamoré<br />
and Guaporé River basins.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908)<br />
Heterogramma steindachneri Regan, 1908b: 370, fig. on p. 371.<br />
Type locality: Georgetown, Demerara. Syntypes: BMNH<br />
1909.4.30: 31-32 (2).<br />
Apistogramma ornatipinnis Ahl, 1936a: 141. Type locality: Britisch-Guiana.<br />
Holotype: ZMB 21147.<br />
Apistogramma wickleri Meinken, 1960b: 655, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Anzunehmen ist, daß die Tiere aus den Guayana-Ländern eingeführt<br />
wurden. Holotype: ZMH H5682.<br />
Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo, Demerara and Mahaica<br />
River drainages, and from the Marowijne River to the Corantijn<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription, based in Surinamese<br />
material, in <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen (1989: 74), with bibliography,<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
diagnosis, description, distribution.<br />
Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862)<br />
Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862: 312. Type locality: River Cupai<br />
(800 miles from the sea). Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.71.<br />
Maximum length: 4.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tapajós River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription of the holotype in <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1980a: 142).<br />
Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy,<br />
1903)<br />
Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 536. Type<br />
locality: Arroyo Chagalalina [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 33721.<br />
Heterogramma trifasciatum maciliense Haseman, 1911: 360, pl.<br />
62 (fig. 2). Type locality: São Antonio de Guaporé. Syntypes:<br />
CAS 33722 (1), FMNH 54177 (2), one missing. Spelled macielense<br />
on p. 360.<br />
Apistogramma trifasciatum haraldschultzi Meinken, 1960a: 291,<br />
fig. 1. Type locality: Oberer Guaporé, auch Itenes genannt, im<br />
Norden des Staates Matto Grosso. Holotype: ZMH H1209.<br />
Originally as harald schultzi as a subspecies of trifasciatum; here<br />
regarded as one name to be combined.<br />
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
drainage in Brazil; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River<br />
drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the middle Paraná River<br />
drainage in Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Apistogramma uaupesi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980<br />
Apistogramma uaupesi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1980a: 122, fig. 16. Type locality:<br />
Igarapé affluent de la rive droite des Uaupés (environ 20 km<br />
en amont de l’embouchure des Uaupés), Trovao, État<br />
d’Amazonas, Brésil. (0°02’N 67°26’W.) Holotype: IRSNB 594.<br />
Maximum length: 2.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio<br />
Uaupés and nearby Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Apistogramma urteagai <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Apistogramma urteagai <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 163, pl. 17 fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Peru, departamento Madre de Dios, Río Madre de Dios<br />
drainage system, Lago Túpac Amaru, near Puerto Maldonado.<br />
Holotype: NRM 16659.<br />
Maximum length: 4.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Rio<br />
Madre de Dios basin.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Apistogramma viejita <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979<br />
Apistogramma viejita <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1979b: 73, fig. 3. Type locality:<br />
Caño, affluent of Rio Yucao, depto Meta, Colombia. About 500<br />
m westwards along the road Puerto Gaitán-Puerto López from a<br />
laguna midway between Rio Yucao and Rio Manacacías, 300 m<br />
from the road (4°20’N 72°09’W). Holotype: NRM 11231.<br />
Maximum length: 3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper<br />
Rio Meta basin.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Common names: Viejita (Colombia)<br />
Species inquirenda<br />
Geophagus amoenus Cope, 1872: 250. Type locality: River Ambyiacu<br />
[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP (not found).<br />
Species not recognized since original description, usually interpreted<br />
as an Apistogramma species. See <strong>Kullander</strong> (1980a: 142)<br />
for review.<br />
APISTOGRAMMOIDES<br />
Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965b: 48. Type species: Apistogrammoides<br />
pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965. Type by original designation.<br />
Gender: masculine.<br />
Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965<br />
Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965b: 48, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Bach kurz außerhalb der Vorstadt von Pucallpa, Peru,<br />
der in den Ucayali mündet. Holotype: SMF 7565.<br />
Maximum length: 2.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Pucallpa<br />
on the Ucayali River in Peru, to Santa Sofía Island in the Amazon<br />
River in Colombia.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 194), with diagnosis,<br />
bibliography, and redescription, distribution map, and illustrations.<br />
ARCHOCENTRUS<br />
Archocentrus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186. Type species:<br />
Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877. Type by<br />
monotypy. Gender: masculine. First described as subgenus of<br />
Heros (Archocentrus).<br />
Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001: 14. Type species: Heros spilurus<br />
Günther, 1862. Type species by original designation. Gender:<br />
masculine.<br />
Archocentrus altoflavus (Allgayer, 2001)<br />
Cryptoheros altoflavus Allgayer, 2001: 16, fig. p. 16. Type locality:<br />
Panama, Province de Bocas del Toro, Rio Carñaveral (Rio<br />
Caña). Holotype: MNHN 2001/1163.<br />
Maximum length: 9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Cañaveral<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877)<br />
Heros centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 185. Type<br />
locality: Lake Nicaragua. Holotype: USNM 16878.<br />
Maximum length: 11 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, in tributaries of<br />
Fonseca Gulf in Honduras and Nicaragua; Atlantic slope in the<br />
San Juan River basin, including Lakes Managua, Nicaragua, Jiloá<br />
and Apoyo.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 336), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), Mojarra rayada (Nicaragua),<br />
Mojarrita (Nicaragua), Viejita (Nicaragua)<br />
Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997<br />
Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle, 1997: 3, fig. p. 3. Type locality:<br />
Río Cocolis, a tributary of the Río Sixaola, 3.5 km SE of Shiroles,<br />
on the Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limon Province, Costa Rica.<br />
Holotype: AMNH 59079.<br />
Maximum length: 8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in Costa Rica and<br />
Panama, from Estrella River to Guarumo River.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 340), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994<br />
Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer, 1994: 9. Type locality: Panama,<br />
Province de Bocas del Toro, District de Chiriqui Grande,<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
rio Guarumo. 82°13’ Ouest; 9°55’ à 9°52’ Nord. Holotype:<br />
MNHN 1993-260.<br />
Maximum length: 6.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Guarumo<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Archocentrus nigrofasciatus (Günther, 1867)<br />
Heros nigrofasciatus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lakes of<br />
Amatitlan and Atitlan. Syntypes: BMNH<br />
1865.4.19.76-77 (2) and .78 (1, skeleton); ZMB 6882 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Guatemala to<br />
Costa Rica (Tárcoles River); Atlantic slope from Aguan River<br />
(Honduras) to Guarumo River (Panama).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,<br />
Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Heros nigrofasciatus described in more<br />
detail in Günther (1868: 452, pl. 74, fig. 3). Reviewed by Bussing<br />
(1998: 342), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,<br />
and figures.<br />
Common names: Achiba (El Salvador), Burra (Costa Rica), Burro<br />
(El Salvador), Carate (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), Chamarra (El Salvador),<br />
Chincoyo (El Salvador), Conga (El Salvador), Congo<br />
(Costa Rica, Honduras), Mojarra (El Salvador), Punto naranja<br />
(Costa Rica), Punto rojo (Nicaragua), Serica (Guatemala)<br />
Archocentrus panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand,<br />
1913)<br />
Neetroplus panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 90. Type locality:<br />
Rio Mandingo, Bas Obispo, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype:<br />
FMNH 7601.<br />
Maximum length: 13 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Panama (Canal<br />
Zone, including Chagres River).<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Common names: Chogorro (Panama), Peje motete (Panama)<br />
Archocentrus sajica (Bussing, 1974)<br />
Cichlasoma sajica Bussing, 1974: 30, fig. 1. Type locality: Costa<br />
Rica, Puntarenas Province, tributary (20 m) of Río Sierpe 2 km S<br />
of Palmar Sur at Interamerican Highway (IH). Holotype: LACM<br />
33902-1.<br />
Maximum length: 9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 346), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica), T-Bar Cichlid (USA)<br />
Archocentrus septemfasciatus (Regan, 1908)<br />
Cichlosoma septemfasciatum Regan, 1908a: 461. Type locality:<br />
Rio Iroquois. Syntypes: (14) BMNH 1909.3.13.82-90 (9),<br />
1909.3.13.91 (1, skeleton).<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, from<br />
the San Juan River drainage to the Banano River.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 348), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Archocentrus spilurus (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros spilurus Günther, 1862: 289. Type locality: Guatemala.<br />
Syntypes: (at least 2) BMNH 1864.1.26.52-55 (4?).<br />
Cichlasoma cutteri Fowler, 1932: 380, fig. p. 381. Type locality:<br />
Lancetilla, Honduras. Holotype: ANSP 53930.<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Belize to Nicaragua.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua<br />
Common names: Blue-eye cichlid (Belize), Congo (Nicaragua)<br />
Archocentrus spinosissimus (Vaillant & Pellegrin,<br />
1902)<br />
Heros (Cichlasoma) spinosissimus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 87<br />
[3]. Type locality: Rio Polochic (Guatémala). Syntypes: MNHN<br />
A.352 (4).<br />
Cichlasoma spinosissimum var. immaculata Pellegrin, 1904: 225.<br />
Type locality: Rio Polochic [Guatemala]. Syntypes: MNHN 9846<br />
(2).<br />
Maximum length: 11 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Lake Izabal<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Guatemala<br />
ASTRONOTUS<br />
Astronotus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus<br />
Agassiz, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Acara Heckel, 1840: 338. Type species: Acara crassipinnis<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann &<br />
Bray (1894: 616). Gender: masculine.<br />
Hygrogonus Günther, 1862: 303. Type species: Lobotes ocellatus<br />
Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara crassipinnis Heckel, 1840: 357, pl. 29 (fig. 5). Type locality:<br />
..Rio-Paraguay... in Buchten... bei Villa Maria und<br />
Caiçara...Rio-Guaporè bei Matogrosso, im Rio-negro und im<br />
Rio-branco. Syntypes: (at least 5) NMW 58776 (1); NMW 24261<br />
(1), 92455 (1); SMF 2926 [ex NMW in 1844] (1).<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Bolivian<br />
Amazon and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Paraná River<br />
basin in the Paraguay drainage in Paraguay and Brazil.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru<br />
Common names: Apaiari (Brazil)<br />
Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)<br />
Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 129, pl. 66.<br />
Type locality: Oceano Atlantico. Types in ZSM, lost.<br />
Cychla rubro-ocellata Jardine, 1843: 153, pl. 10. Type locality:<br />
Rio Negro and tributaries. No types known.<br />
Acara compressus Cope, 1872: 256. Type locality: the Ambyiacu<br />
[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9180.<br />
Acara hyposticta Cope, 1878: 697. Type locality: [Amazonian<br />
Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 21286.<br />
Astronotus ocellatus zebra Pellegrin, 1904: 183. Type locality:<br />
Santarem. Holotype: MNHN 1902-46.<br />
Astronotus orbiculatus Haseman, 1911: 331, pl. 53. Type locality:<br />
Santarem. Holotype: FMNH 53992 [ex CM 2515].<br />
Maximum length: 21 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia,<br />
Brazil; French Guiana<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire (introduced), French<br />
Guiana, Peru, Puerto Rico (introduced)<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 61), with diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations. The species is reported from the Orinoco River<br />
drainage and numerous localities in the Amazon River basin, but<br />
apparently several species are confused under the name, and<br />
names in the synonymy may represent valid species.<br />
Common names: Acará-açu (Brazil), Acarahuazú (Peru), Apaiari<br />
(Brazil), Carahuazú (Peru), Corró-baiano (Brazil), Corró-chinês<br />
(Brazil), Crombier (French Guiana), Dorminhoco (Brazil), Krobié<br />
rouj (French Guiana), Paya (French Guiana)<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
BIOTODOMA<br />
Mesops Günther, 1862: 311. Type species: Geophagus cupido<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann &<br />
Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine. Preoccupied by Mesops<br />
Audinet-Serville 1831 in Orthoptera; replaced by Biotoma Eigenmann<br />
& Kennedy 1903.<br />
Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species:<br />
Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement<br />
name. Gender: neuter. Replacement for Mesops Günther 1862,<br />
preoccupied by Mesops Audinet-Serville 1831.<br />
Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Geophagus Cupido Heckel, 1840: 399. Type locality: Rionegro...Rio-Guaporè<br />
und dessen Morästen in der Umgegend von<br />
Matogrosso. Syntypes: NMW 23094 (1), 23122 (1), 23414 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Bolivia<br />
and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription of Peruvian material in<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 239), with diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations. <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986) considered that the widespread<br />
B. cupido of authors may consist of several similar species.<br />
Common names: Bujurqui (Peru)<br />
Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963)<br />
Geophagus wavrini Gosse, 1963: 2, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
Haut Orénoque, entre San Fernando de Atabapo et le Casiquiare.<br />
Holotype: IRSNB 457.<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle<br />
and upper Negro River drainage in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco<br />
River basin in Colombia and Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela<br />
BIOTOECUS<br />
Saraca Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type species: Saraca opercularis<br />
Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine. Preoccupied<br />
by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera, replaced by<br />
Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903.<br />
Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 533. Type species:<br />
Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement<br />
name. Gender: masculine. Replacement for Saraca<br />
Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by Saraca Walker 1865 in Lepidoptera.<br />
Biotoecus dicentrarchus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1989<br />
Biotoecus dicentrarchus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1989: 227, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Colombia, Comisaría Vichada, Caño Alisal, tributary to Rio<br />
Bita a few km S Puerto Carreño. Holotype: ICNMHN 1400.<br />
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, from the Inírida<br />
River (Colombia) to Maripa (Venezuela).<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Common names: Rebeca (Venezuela)<br />
Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875)<br />
Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875: 125. Type locality: See<br />
Saraca und Ausstände des Amazonenstromes bei Villa bella.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 38419 (1), 77814 (8).<br />
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco<br />
River, the middle and lower Negro River, Urubu River, Lake<br />
Saracá, Parintins, Lake Carauaçu, lower Trombetas River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Discussed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1989), with<br />
distribution map.<br />
BUJURQUINA<br />
Bujurquina <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 244. Type species: Bujurquina moriorum<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Bujurquina apoparuana <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina apoparuana <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 280, pl. 29 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system,<br />
3.4 km from Pucallpa on road to Lima, first bridge over<br />
stream. Holotype: FMNH 84269 (1 of 14).<br />
Maximum length: 7.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Ucayali<br />
River tributaries between Pucallpa and Shahuaya.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina cordemadi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina cordemadi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 261, pl. 28 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Madre de Dios<br />
drainage system, quebrada 8 km from airport road on sideroad to<br />
Lago Túpac Amaru. Holotype: NRM 17581.<br />
Maximum length: 6.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre<br />
de Dios drainage at Puerto Maldonado.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina eurhinus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina eurhinus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 269, pl. 28 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento de Cuzco, R. Madre de Dios drainage<br />
system, R. Hospital at 71°27’W, 12°53’S. Holotype: ANSP<br />
158173.<br />
Maximum length: 8.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre<br />
de Dios drainage in Peru (Pilcopata, upper Madre de Dios, Manú,<br />
Colorado, Marcapata Rivers).<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina hophrys <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina hophrys <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 283, pl. 30 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea drainage<br />
system, 2-3 km downstream of Tournavista, right bank quebrada<br />
near its mouth into the Río Pachitea. Holotype: NRM 17585.<br />
Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea<br />
and Aguaytía River basins.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina huallagae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina huallagae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 290, pl. 31 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Peru, departamento Huánuco, Río Huallaga drainage<br />
system, vicinity of Tingo María, c. 1/4 mi above Río Huallaga.<br />
Holotype: ANSP 158171.<br />
Maximum length: 8.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Huallaga<br />
River basin at Tarapoto and Tingo María.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina labiosa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina labiosa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 277, pl. 29 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Río Ucayali drainage system,<br />
Río Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km<br />
south of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17589.<br />
Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Ucayali River basin (near Chinipo River).<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922)<br />
Aequidens mariae Eigenmann, 1922a: 240, pl. 30 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Barrigón; Eigenmann, 1922b: 197: Type locality:<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Barigona; Cmaral, Llanos; Caño Caricería; Río Negro, Villcio;<br />
Oriente de Bogotá; Q. Gramalote Villcia. Holotype: CAS 34711<br />
[ex IU 15011].<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Remarks and references: Eigenmann (1922a) and (1922b) appeared<br />
both in October 1922 and it cannot be decided with available<br />
evidence which publication should have priority.<br />
Bujurquina megalospilus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina megalospilus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 287, fig. 125, pl. 31<br />
(fig. 1). Type locality: Perú, departamento Huánuco, Río Pachitea<br />
drainage system, drying pool c. 100 m from the left margin<br />
of the Río Pachitea and c. 1 km upstream from Tournavista.<br />
Holotype: NRM 17591.<br />
Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea<br />
and Aguaytía River basins.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina moriorum <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina moriorum <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 304, pl. 33 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ucayali drainage system,<br />
Quebrada Carahuayte at first bend downstream of km 20 on<br />
road Jenaro Herrera-Colonia Angamos. Holotype: NRM 17572.<br />
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Carahuayte,<br />
Mazán and lower Napo River basins.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina oenolaemus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1987<br />
Bujurquina oenolaemus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1987b: 196, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Bolivie, dép. Santa Cruz. Rio Aguas Calientes à Aguas Calientes,<br />
à 25 km à l’est de Roboré, sur le rail. (Bassin du Paraguay.).<br />
Holotype: IRSNB 666.<br />
Maximum length: 6.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Aguas<br />
Calientes River basin (Paraguay River drainage).<br />
Countries: Bolivia<br />
Bujurquina ortegai <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina ortegai <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 294, pl. 32 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento San Martín, Río Huallaga drainage<br />
system, Moyobamba, Puerto Juan Antonio, Río Mayo. Holotype:<br />
MHNG 2205.27.<br />
Maximum length: 11 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Mayo<br />
River basin (Huallaga River drainage).<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina peregrinabunda <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina peregrinabunda <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 301, pl. 33 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Perú, departamento Loreto, Río Ampiyacu system,<br />
quebrada tributary to Río Yaguasyacu, just below the village Esperanza.<br />
Holotype: NRM 17596.<br />
Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Ampiyacu River basin and at Codajás (Brazil).<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
Bujurquina robusta <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina robusta <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 273, pl. 29 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, R. Ucayali drainage system,<br />
R. Chinipo drainage within farm Bella Vista c. 10 km south<br />
of Chicosa. Holotype: NRM 17583.<br />
Maximum length: 8.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Chinipo<br />
River basin (upper Ucayali River drainage).<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872)<br />
Acara syspilus Cope, 1872: 255, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type locality:<br />
Ambyiacu River [Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP<br />
21430-21433 (4).<br />
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Pacaya<br />
River basin (Ucayali River drainage) to the lower Yavarí<br />
River.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina tambopatae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Bujurquina tambopatae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 266, pl. 28 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Perú, departamento de Madre de Dios, R. Tambopata<br />
drainage system, Quebrada San Roque at Km 11 on Puerto Maldonado-Cuzco<br />
road. Holotype: NRM 17580.<br />
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tambopata<br />
River basin (Madre de Dios River drainage).<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara vittatus Heckel, 1840: 346. Type locality: Sümpfen um<br />
Cujabá, der Hauptstadt in der Provinz Matagrosso. Holotype:<br />
NMW 33879.<br />
Aequidens paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 534.<br />
Type locality: Asuncion. Holotype: CAS 34716 [ex IU 10066].<br />
Maximum length: 7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River drainage, and in the middle Paraná River basin.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Common names: Acará-pirambocaia (Brazil)<br />
Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905)<br />
Acara zamorensis Regan, 1905b: 339. Type locality: Rio Zamora.<br />
Holotype: BMNH 1898.12.31.35.<br />
Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Zamora<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Ecuador<br />
CAQUETAIA<br />
Caquetaia Fowler, 1945: 133. Type species: Caquetaia amploris<br />
Fowler, 1945. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.<br />
Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1879)<br />
Petenia Kraussii Steindachner, 1879b: 28, pl. 2. Type locality:<br />
grossen, seeartig ausgebreiteten Cienega, welche der Magdalenen-Strom<br />
mit einem seiner östlich gelegenen Hauptarme kurz<br />
vor seiner Mündung in das Meer bildet. Syntypes: NMW<br />
75391(4), NMW 24552(1), NMW 24553 (1), NMW 24545-<br />
24551 (8), NMW 24544 (1), NMW uncat.<br />
Maximum length: 26 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atrato, Cauca, and Magdalena River<br />
basins; Lake Maracaibo basin. Introduced in the Orinoco River<br />
drainage in Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela (introduced)<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Venezuela), Mojarra, Mojarra amarilla<br />
(Colombia)<br />
Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944)<br />
Petenia myersi Schultz, 1944: 410, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Dedo,<br />
tributary of the Río Orteguaza, near Florencia (Amazon system,<br />
Colombia). Holotype: USNM 120533.<br />
Caquetaia amploris Fowler, 1945: 133, fig. 47. Type locality:<br />
Morelia, Rio Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP<br />
71722.<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Maximum length: 19 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Putumayo<br />
and Napo River basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador<br />
Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875)<br />
Acara (Petenia) spectabilis Steindachner, 1875: 96, pl. 4. Type<br />
locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa und Obidos. Syntypes:<br />
76430 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the<br />
Amazon River in Brazil from the Madeira and Uatumã River<br />
drainages to Gurupá, also in the Araguari River in Amapá, Brazil;<br />
in the Branco River drainage in Brazil and Guyana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana<br />
Caquetaia umbrifera (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)<br />
Cichlasoma umbriferum Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 88. Type<br />
locality: Rio Cupe, Cituro, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7598.<br />
Maximum length: 47.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atrato and Magdalena River drainages<br />
in Colombia, Tuíra and Chucunaque River drainages in Panama.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Panama<br />
CHAETOBRANCHOPSIS<br />
Chaetobranchopsis Steindachner, 1875: 133. Type species: Chaetobranchus<br />
orbicularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy.<br />
Gender: feminine. Originally as Chaetobranchus (Chaetobranchopsis).<br />
Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward,<br />
1907<br />
Chaetobranchopsis australe Eigenmann & Ward in Eigenmann,<br />
McAtee & Ward, 1907: 144, pl. 44 (fig. 1). Type locality: Bahia<br />
Negra [Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 66954 [ex IU 10157].<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River in Brazil and Paraguay, and the Paraná River close to the<br />
mouth of the Paraguay River in Argentina; probably in the Amazon<br />
River basin in Bolivia and Brazil.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia (?), Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875)<br />
Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875: 133, pl. 8 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Para, Santarem, Gurupa, Rio<br />
Xingu bei Porto do Moz, Rio negro und R. Hyavary. Syntypes:<br />
NMW 32942-32948 (7), 32956-32960 (5), 32961-32964 (4),<br />
58202 (2), 74045 (1).<br />
Chaetobranchopsis bitaeniatus Ahl, 1936a: 139. Type locality:<br />
Amazonas. Syntypes: ZMB 32381 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the<br />
Amazon River from the mouth of the Negro River to Marajó Island,<br />
and in Amapá, Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Common names: Acará cascudo (Brazil), Acará tucuma (Brazil)<br />
CHAETOBRANCHUS<br />
Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840: 401. Type species: Chaetobranchus<br />
flavescens Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation<br />
by Eigenmann. Gender: masculine.<br />
Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840<br />
Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840: 402. Type locality:<br />
Fluss Guaporè und die in der Nähe seiner Ufer gelegenen<br />
Moräste, auch am Ausflusse des Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW<br />
16172 (1), 16428 (1), 32922 (1), 32931 (1), 32932 (1), 32933 (1),<br />
58856 (1), 76431 (1); SMF 5410 [ex NMW] (1).<br />
Chaetobranchus bruneus Heckel, 1840: 405, pl. 29 (fig. 17-20).<br />
Type locality: Rio-negro, unweit von seiner Mündung. Holotype:<br />
NMW 32941.<br />
Centrarchus cyanopterus Jardine, 1843: 165, pl. 16. Type locality:<br />
Essequibo.<br />
Chromys ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 6 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Sarayacu (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9487.<br />
Chaetobranchus robustus Günther, 1862: 310. Type locality:<br />
Guiana. Holotype: BMNH 1961.12.18: 1.<br />
Geophagus badiipinnis Cope, 1872: 251, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype:<br />
ANSP 9038.<br />
Maximum length: 21 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and<br />
Brazil; Orinoco River basin in Venezuela (Rio Apure); rivers of<br />
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Amapá State. Widespread.<br />
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela<br />
Common names: Acará prata (Brazil), Bujurqui vaso (Peru),<br />
Camarapaca (Guyana), Kamara paru (Suriname), Koemapari<br />
(Suriname), Krobié jonn (French Guiana), Kunapari (Suriname),<br />
Owroe wefi (Suriname), Paya (French Guiana), River patwa<br />
(Guyana)<br />
Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875<br />
Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875: 130, pl. 7.<br />
Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Obidos, Cudajas, Teffé; Rio<br />
Iça; Lago Hyanuary und Saraca bei Silva. Syntypes: NMW<br />
10722 (1), 32966(1), 32967-32968 (2), 32969 (1), 32970 (1),<br />
32971-32973 (3), 32974 (1), 79737 (1), RMNH 15478 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 23 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the<br />
Amazon-Solimões River from Tabatinga to Óbidos.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
CICHLA<br />
Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 336. Type species: Cichla ocellaris<br />
Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation<br />
by Eigenmann & Bray (1894, p. 611). Gender: feminine.<br />
Acharnes Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type species: Acharnes<br />
speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by monotypy. Gender:<br />
masculine.<br />
Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971<br />
Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971: 473, fig. 7-9, 10a, 11b.<br />
Type locality: río Casiquiare, Territorio Federal Amazonas.<br />
Holotype: MBUCV V-6489.<br />
Maximum length: 37.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, tributaries of<br />
the Orinoco River, and the Casiquiare River in Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Common names: Pavón (Venezuela)<br />
Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831<br />
Cychla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 100, pl. 63. Type locality:<br />
mari Brasiliae. Syntype or possible holotype: MHNN 2188<br />
(1).<br />
Cychla nigro-maculata Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843: 147, pl. 7.<br />
Type locality: [Negro and Padauiri Rivers]. No types known.<br />
Cycla toucounarai Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
le lac des Perles de la province de Goyaz; le Tocantins;<br />
l’Amazone. Syntypes: MNHN A.9490 (2).<br />
Cichla bilineatus Nakashima, 1941: 73, fig. [3]. Type locality: los<br />
lagos y rios de Sudamérica tropical [cercanías del Puerto de Iquitos].<br />
No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 33 cm SL<br />
620
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia<br />
and Brazil; Oyapock River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru,<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 51), with diagnosis, description, distribution<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Toukounaré (French<br />
Guiana), Tucunare (Peru), Tucunaré-açu (Brazil), Tucunari<br />
(Peru)<br />
Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801<br />
Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 340, pl. 66. Type locality:<br />
India orientali. Holotype: ZMB 2839.<br />
Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 622. Type locality:<br />
Küste; Mündung des Essequibo.<br />
Maximum length: 41 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Marowijne<br />
drainage in Suriname and French Guiana to the Essequibo drainage<br />
in Guyana.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname<br />
Common names: Kounanni (French Guiana), Lukanani (Guyana),<br />
Pavón (Venezuela), Toukounaré (French Guiana), Tucunaré açu<br />
(Brazil)<br />
Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821<br />
Cichla orinocensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:<br />
167, pl. 45 (fig. 3). Type locality: les rives de l’Orénoque et du<br />
Guainia ou Rio Negro. No types preserved.<br />
Cichla argus Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:<br />
169. Type locality: [Not stated]. Holotype: MNHN A.1042.<br />
Maximum length: 61.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon River<br />
basin, in the Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan<br />
material in Machado-Allison (1971), as C. ocellaris.<br />
Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821<br />
Cichla temensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:<br />
169. Type locality: Temi. No types known.<br />
Cichla atabapensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:<br />
168. Type locality: l’Orénoque; Rio Atabapo. No types known.<br />
Cichla tucunare Heckel, 1840: 409. Type locality: Rio-branco.<br />
Types in NMW, not found.<br />
Cychla flavo-maculata Jardine, 1843: 145, pl. 6. Type locality: Rio<br />
Negro and Padauiri. No types known.<br />
Cychla trifasciata Jardine, 1843: 151, pl. 9. Type locality: Rio<br />
Negro; Padauiri. No types known.<br />
Cichla unitaeniatus Magalhães, 1931: 225. Type locality: Rio<br />
Negro e do Purus. No types preserved.<br />
Maximum length: 75 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in the Negro<br />
and Uatumã River drainages; Orinoco River basin in tributaries<br />
of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Venezuelan<br />
material in Machado-Allison (1971).<br />
Common names: Pavón (Venezuela), Tucunaré (Brazil)<br />
CICHLASOMA<br />
Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839: 230. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus<br />
Linnaeus, 1758. Under the plenary power of the International<br />
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2000: 131). Gender:<br />
neuter. As Cichlaurus on p. 173; Swain (1882: 284) acts as first<br />
reviser selecting Cichlasoma (see Bailey 1957: 303). Originally<br />
as Plesiops (Cichlasoma).<br />
Cichlaurus Swainson, 1839: 173. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus<br />
Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender:<br />
masculine. Without species but clear from text that this was another<br />
name for Cichlasoma Swainson (1839: 230); Swain (1882:<br />
284), acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma.<br />
Cichlosoma Regan, 1905a: 61. Type species: Labrus bimaculatus<br />
Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Gender:<br />
neuter.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ aguadae Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus aguadae Hubbs, 1936: 270, pl. 14 (fig.<br />
7). Type locality: Aguada at Tuxpeña, interior Campeche, about<br />
90 km. south, and 40 km. east of Champoton. Holotype: UMMZ<br />
64477.<br />
Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Tuxpeña, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ alborum Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus alborum Hubbs, 1936: 268, pl. 13 (fig.<br />
3). Type locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, Tobasco, Mexico.<br />
Holotype: USNM 50501.<br />
Maximum length: 18.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta<br />
River, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ amarum Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus amarum Hubbs, 1936: 272, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: A salt or brackish water lagoon on Mujeres Island, off<br />
the east coast of Yucatan, near the tip of the peninsula. Holotype:<br />
USNM 50504.<br />
Maximum length: 15.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Caribbean coast, Isla Mujeres, off<br />
the eastern coast of Yucatán Peninsula.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Cichlasoma amazonarum <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma amazonarum <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 115, pl. 5 (fig. 2).<br />
Type locality: Peru, depto Loreto, R. Ampiyacu system, little<br />
upstreams of Pebas, Sacarita del Tuyé, right bank tributary of the<br />
R. Ampiyacu, floating meadow near mouth. Holotype: NRM<br />
39271.<br />
Maximum length: 11.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from the Ucayali,<br />
Huallaga, Amazon and Yavarí River drainages in Peru, along<br />
the mainstream Amazon-Solimões River in Colombia and Brazil<br />
to the mouth; also in French Guyana and Amapá State.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru<br />
Common names: Acará (Brazil), Bujurqui (Peru), Prapra (French<br />
Guiana)<br />
Cichlasoma araguaiense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma araguaiense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 252, pl. 14 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Brasil, est. Mato Grosso, R. Araguaia system,<br />
621
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
small igarapé tributary to Igarapé Sangadina, tributary to the R.<br />
das Mortes, 1 km from Xavantina. Holotype: BMNH 1980.1.9.1.<br />
Maximum length: 9.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins<br />
and upper Xingu River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ atromaculatum Regan, 1912<br />
Cichlosoma (Parapetenia) atromaculatum Regan, 1912: 507. Type<br />
locality: Tado, Rio San Juan, Choco, S.W. Colombia. Syntypes:<br />
BMNH 1910.7.11.83-88 (4 of 6).<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River<br />
basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ beani (Jordan, 1889)<br />
Heros beani Jordan, 1889: 332. Type locality: Rio Presidio, Mazatlan.<br />
Syntypes: USNM 37145 (5), 37165 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Mojarra verde (Mexico)<br />
Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758: 285. Type locality: M.<br />
Mediterraneo [erroneous, probably from Surinam]. Holotype:<br />
NRM 7.<br />
Acara gronovii Heckel, 1840: 361. Type locality: Flüsse in Surinam.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 33651-52 (2).<br />
Sparus filamentosus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 60. Type locality:<br />
Surinami. No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Caroni<br />
River in Venezuela; Guianas, from the Essequibo River to the<br />
Sinnamary River; Amazon River basin, in the upper Branco<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1983a: 65),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Acará (Brazil), Common patwa (Guyana), Congo<br />
patwa (Guyana), Krobia (Suriname), Owroe fisi (Suriname), Prapra<br />
(French Guiana)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902)<br />
Neetroplus bocourti Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 85. Type locality:<br />
Lac d’Isabal (Guatémala). Holotype: MNHN 1894-241.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and<br />
Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Chisel-tooth cichlid (Belize)<br />
Cichlasoma boliviense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma boliviense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 165, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Bolivia, depto Santa Cruz, R. Guaporé system, R. Uruguaito,<br />
tributary of the R. Quizer, 13 km S San Xavier. Holotype:<br />
IRSNB 677.<br />
Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre<br />
de Dios drainage in Peru, and the Mamoré and Guaporé River<br />
basins.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Peru<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ cienagae Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus cienagae Hubbs, 1936: 271, pl. 12<br />
(fig.4). Type locality: Slightly brackish pool, 3 km. south of Progreso.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 102135.<br />
Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Progreso, Yucatán,<br />
Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ conchitae Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus conchitae Hubbs, 1936: 274, pl. 12 (fig.<br />
3). Type locality: Conchita Cenote, Merida. Holotype: UMMZ<br />
102109.<br />
Maximum length: 6.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Conchita Cenote,<br />
Merida, Yucatán, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara dimerus Heckel, 1840: 351. Type locality: Cujabà-Fluss.<br />
Holotype: NMW 33620.<br />
Acara marginatus Heckel, 1840: 350. Type locality: der Nähe von<br />
Cujabà. Holotype: NMW 33673.<br />
?Heros centralis Holmberg, 1891: 183. Type locality: República<br />
Argentina, Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Type lost.<br />
Maximum length: 11.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River drainage in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, and the Paraná<br />
River drainage of Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Common names: Acará (Brazil)<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1983a:193),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ ericymba Hubbs, 1938<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus ericymba Hubbs, 1938: 284, pl. 2 (fig.<br />
1). Type locality: San Bulha Cenote (or Cave) at Merida, Yucatan.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 116091.<br />
Maximum length: 12.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, San Bulha cenote,<br />
Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Common names: Mojarra de Bulha (Mexico)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ facetum (Jenyns, 1842)<br />
Chromis facetus Jenyns, 1842: 104. Type locality: Maldonado, Rio<br />
Plata. Types in Cambridge University Museum.<br />
Heros autochthon Günther, 1862: 299. Type locality: Brazil. Syntypes:<br />
(4) ?BMNH uncat. (1).<br />
Heros jenynsii Steindachner, 1869: 149. Type locality: Montevideo.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 17324-27 (4), 58722 (1).<br />
Heros acaroides Hensel, 1870: 54. Type locality: Bei Porto Alegre<br />
in stagnirenden Gewässern. Syntypes: ZMB 7455 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 18 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of Uruguay and<br />
Rio Grande do Sul State; Paraná River basin, lower part of<br />
Paraná River in Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile (introduced), Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Castañeta (Argentina), Chanchita (Argentina),<br />
Chanchito (Argentina), Palometa (Argentina), Palometa Negra<br />
(Argentina), Peine (Argentina)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ festae (Boulenger, 1899)<br />
Heros festae Boulenger, 1899: 6. Type locality: Rio Guayas,<br />
Guayaquil. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.12.31.36 (1), MZUT 1504<br />
(1).<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Pacific drainages from Esmeraldas<br />
River in Ecuador to Tumbes River in Peru.<br />
Countries: Ecuador, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ geddesi (Regan, 1905)<br />
Herichthys geddesi Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Southern<br />
Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1880.4.7.40-45 (6).<br />
Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Southern Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The validity of this taxon needs further<br />
research. The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain.<br />
It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae<br />
Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids<br />
traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922<br />
Cichlasoma ornatum gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922: 205, pl. 31 (fig.<br />
4). Type locality: Cordova, Rio Dagua.<br />
Holotype: FMNH 58614 [ex CM 7639].<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Dagua and San Juan Rivers on the<br />
Pacific slope of Colombia.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980<br />
Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980: 2, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Río Grande de Chiapa, about 1 km above bridge between<br />
Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, lat.16°44’N, long.<br />
93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype:<br />
UMMZ 204200.<br />
Maximum length: 20.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Grijalva River basin from the Grande de Chiapa River drainage<br />
in Mexico to Lagartero River in Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)<br />
Heros istlanus Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 144, fig. 21. Type locality:<br />
Rio Ixtla at Puente de Ixtla, Río Balsa basin, Morelos, Mexico.<br />
Holotype: SU 6150.<br />
Heros mento Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902: 88. Type locality: Rio<br />
Négro (Mexique sud). Syntypes: MNHN 94-283-286 (3),<br />
UMMZ 203326.<br />
Cichlasoma (Parapetenia) leonhard-schultzei Ahl, 1935: 109.<br />
Type locality: Tlapa, Guerreiro, Mexico. Holotype: ZMB (not<br />
found).<br />
Cichlasoma istlana fusca de Buen, 1946: 121. Type locality: Río<br />
Huámito en La Huacana. Syntypes: not located.<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Pacific slope of Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Taylor & Miller (1980: 7) suggested that<br />
the type series of Heros mento may not have been from the Usumacinta<br />
River, and that it may be a synonym of Cichlasoma istlanum.<br />
The generic allocation of this species is still uncertain. It<br />
belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as an Incertae<br />
Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of heroin cichlids<br />
traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico), Mojarra criolla (Mexico)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ mayorum Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus mayorum Hubbs, 1936: 277, pl. 13 (fig.<br />
1). Type locality: Xtolok Cenote, Chichen Itza. Holotype:<br />
UMMZ 92098.<br />
Maximum length: 9.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xtolok Cenote,<br />
Chichen Itza, Yucatán, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ microlepis Dahl, 1960<br />
Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl, 1960: 480, fig. on p. 481. Type<br />
locality: Pavarandó, Baudó. Holotype: ICNMHN 95.<br />
Maximum length: 18.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Baudó River basin, Pacific slope of<br />
Colombia.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Mojarra rosada (Colombia)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ octofasciatum (Regan, 1903)<br />
Heros octofasciatus Regan, 1903a: 417, pl. 13 (fig. 1). Type local-<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
ity: Mexique. Holotype: MHNG 665.55 (1 of 9, 50 mm TL).<br />
Cichlasoma hedricki Meek, 1904: 208, fig. 66. Type locality:<br />
Obispo, Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4673.<br />
Cichlosoma biocellatum Regan, 1909b: 234. Type locality:<br />
Mañaos, Rio Negro [obviously incorrect]. Holotype: BMNH<br />
1908.12.5.30.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North and Cental America: Atlantic slope from Papaloapán<br />
River (southern Mexico) to Ulua River (Honduras).<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Jack dempsey (Belize), Riquiraqui (Mexico)<br />
Cichlasoma orientale <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma orientale <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 177, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Brasil, est. Ceará, R. Curu system, Pentecoste, reservoir.<br />
Holotype: USNM 258642.<br />
Maximum length: 13.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast rivers of Ceará, Pernambuco,<br />
Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba States.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Common names: Acará (Brazil), Acará comum (Brazil)<br />
Cichlasoma orinocense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma orinocense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 106, pl. 4 (fig. 2-3), 5<br />
(fig. 1). Type locality: Colombia, depto Meta, R. Meta system,<br />
Laguna Mozambique, at shoreline on N side of lake. Holotype:<br />
ANSP 127364.<br />
Maximum length: 10.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in left bank<br />
tributaries of the Orinoco River from the Meta River in Colombia<br />
to about Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Common names: Mochoroca (Venezuela)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ ornatum Regan, 1905<br />
Cichlosoma ornatum Regan, 1905a: 330. Type locality: Rio Durango.<br />
Syntypes: (3) BMNH.<br />
Maximum length: 26 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Patia River basin in Colombia, Durango<br />
and St. Javier Rivers in Ecuador, all draining to the Pacific<br />
Ocean.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Cichlasoma paranaense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma paranaense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 241, pl. 13 fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brasil, Est. Mato Grosso do Sul, R. Paraná superior system,<br />
mun. Tres Lagoas, varzea on the left bank of the R. Sucuriú,<br />
at Fazenda Santa Luzia, near Urubupungá dam. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 13927.<br />
Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, upper Paraná<br />
River drainage above Guaíra.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ pearsei (Hubbs, 1936)<br />
Herichthys pearsei Hubbs, 1936: 279, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
Río Champoton, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km.) east of Champoton.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 102212.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of southeastern<br />
Mexico and northern Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Zacatera (Mexico)<br />
Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870)<br />
Acara portalegrensis Hensel, 1870: 52. Type locality: bei Porto<br />
Alegre in stagnirenden Gewässern. Lectotype: ZMB 25107, designated<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1983a: 211).<br />
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos basin and Tramandaí<br />
River basin in Rio Grande do Sul State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1983a: 209),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Cará (Brazil)<br />
Cichlasoma pusillum <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
Cichlasoma pusillum <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 221, pl. 12 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Paraguay, depto Alto Paraná, R. Alto Paraná system,<br />
Puerto Palma. Holotype: MHNG 2131.94.<br />
Maximum length: 6.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Acaray River,<br />
Paraguay.<br />
Countries: Paraguay<br />
Remarks and references: Specimens identified by <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1983a) from Uruguay, do not belong to this species.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ ramsdeni Fowler, 1938<br />
Cichlasoma ramsdeni Fowler, 1938: 145. Type locality: Arroyo<br />
Hondo, Jamaica, Yateras, Guantánamo, Cuba. Holotype: ANSP<br />
68454.<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Cuba Island.<br />
Countries: Cuba<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Joturo (Cuba)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ salvini (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros salvini Günther, 1862: 294. Type locality: River de Santa<br />
Isabel; Lake Peten. Syntypes: (at least 5) BMNH 1864.1.26.67-<br />
69 (3), 1864.1.26.70-73 (4?).<br />
Heros triagramma Steindachner, 1864: 70, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Central-Amerika. Holotype: NMW 76584.<br />
Cichlasoma tenue Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Achotal, Vera<br />
Cruz, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 3781.<br />
Maximum length: 22 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, from<br />
southern Mexico to Guatemala and Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Mango pinto (Mexico), Peine (Mexico), Yellowbelly<br />
cichlid (Belize)<br />
Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1983a: 227, pl. 12 (fig.<br />
2). Type locality: Brasil, Est. Bahia, R. São Francisco system,<br />
Lagoa Viana. Holotype: NMW 32714.<br />
Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, also<br />
Parnaíba and Capivara River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ stenozonum Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus stenozonum Hubbs, 1936: 263. Type<br />
locality: Central Amerika. Type based on description of Heros<br />
urophthalmus, Steindachner 1864: 66, p. 5 fig. 3.<br />
Maximum length: 11 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern<br />
Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico?<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831)<br />
Chromis taenia Bennett, 1831: 112. Type locality: apud Trinidad.<br />
Holotype: BMNH 1852.9.13.123 [ex Zool. Soc.].<br />
Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island, and adjacent northeastern<br />
Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1983a: 90)<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Brown coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago), Large<br />
coscarob (Trinidad and Tobago)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani,<br />
1995<br />
Cichlasoma tembe Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 1995: 194, fig.<br />
1. Type locality: Argentina, arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del<br />
Urugua-í, at ‘Alto Paraná’ company fields. Holotype: MLP 9059.<br />
Maximum length: 13.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, known only from<br />
the Arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del Urugua-í, Misiones Province.<br />
Countries: Argentina<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ trimaculatum (Günther, 1867)<br />
Heros trimaculatus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Chiapas<br />
and Huamuchal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.256 (?1).<br />
Cichlasoma mojarra Meek, 1904: 217, fig. 71. Type locality: San<br />
Geronimo, Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 4719 [not 4718].<br />
Cichlasoma centrale Meek, 1906: 94. Type locality: Caballo<br />
Blanco, Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5510.<br />
Cichlasoma gordon-smithi Fowler, 1936: 529, fig. 44. Type locality:<br />
Small lake at Moco, 3050 feet elevation at foot of volcano of<br />
Atitlan. Holotype: ANSP 64153.<br />
Cichlasoma cajali Alvarez & Gutierrez, 1953: 232, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Laguna de Coyuca, próxima al Puerto de Acapulco, Gro.<br />
Holotype: Originally in personal collection of J. Alvarez,<br />
searched in IPN, not found.<br />
Maximum length: 36.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Pacific slope rivers of<br />
the Pacific slope from Mexico to El Salvador.<br />
Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Heros trimaculatus is described in more<br />
detail in Günther (1868: 461, pl. 76). The generic allocation of<br />
this species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is<br />
maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a<br />
revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin<br />
genus Cichlasoma.<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ troschelii (Steindachner, 1867)<br />
Heros Troschelii Steindachner, 1867a: 64. Type locality: Mexico.<br />
Syntypes: (2) not found at NMW.<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Probably Atlantic slope of southern<br />
Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Species also appeared in more detail in<br />
Steindachner (1867b: 528, pl. 4). The generic allocation of this<br />
species is still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is<br />
maintained as an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a<br />
revision of heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin<br />
genus Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Guapote (El Salvador), Mojarra (El Salvador)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002)<br />
Vieja ufermanni Allgayer, 2002a: 14, fig. p. 17. Type locality:<br />
Guatemala, Rio Pucté, bassin du Rio de La Pasión, sur la route<br />
de Florès à Sayache. Holotype: MNHN 2002-1090.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Usumacinta River basin.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros urophthalmus Günther, 1862: 291. Type locality: Peten.<br />
Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1864.1.26.74-77.<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus trispilum Hubbs, 1935: 18, pl. 4 (fig. 2).<br />
Type locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, tributary of Río Usumacinta,<br />
at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 95520.<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic drainages from<br />
Mexico to Nicaragua.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Mayan cichlid (Belize)<br />
‘Cichlasoma’ zebra Hubbs, 1936<br />
Cichlasoma urophthalmus zebra Hubbs, 1936: 275, pl. 13 (fig.2).<br />
Type locality: Xlaka Cenote, about 13 km. north of Merida.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 102123.<br />
Maximum length: 10.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Xlaka Cenote, Merida,<br />
Yucatán, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: The generic allocation of this species is<br />
still uncertain. It belongs to the tribe Heroini, but is maintained as<br />
an Incertae Sedis species of Cichlasoma pending a revision of<br />
heroin cichlids traditionally assigned to the cichlasomatin genus<br />
Cichlasoma.<br />
Species inquirenda<br />
Chromys oblonga Castelnau, 1855: 14. Type locality: le Tocantins<br />
(Province de Goyaz). Holotype: MNHN A.9485. [Species similar<br />
to Cichlasoma facetum, not found since in the Tocantins River<br />
drainage].<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
CLEITHRACARA<br />
Cleithracara <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 173. Type species: Acara<br />
maronii Steindachner, 1882. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881)<br />
Acara Maronii Steindachner, 1881a: 141, pl. 2 (fig. 4). Type locality:<br />
Maroni-Fluss in Guiana. Holotype: NMW 33683.<br />
Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island (impersistent); Orinoco<br />
River basin (delta), Guianan rivers from Barima River<br />
(Guyana) to Ouanary River (French Guyana).<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,<br />
Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen<br />
(1989: 175) with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustration.<br />
CRENICARA<br />
Crenicara Steindachner, 1875: 99. Type species: Crenicara elegans<br />
Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter.<br />
Crenacara Regan, 1905c: 152. Type species: Crenicara elegans<br />
Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name (unjustified<br />
emendation of Crenicara). Gender: feminine.<br />
Crenicara latruncularium <strong>Kullander</strong> & Staeck, 1990<br />
Crenicara latruncularium <strong>Kullander</strong> & Staeck, 1990: 163, figs. 1-<br />
3. Type locality: Brazil, state of Rondônia, Rio Mamoré drainage,<br />
Igarapé do 13 on road Palheta-Guajará-Mirim. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 40290.<br />
Maximum length: 8.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
and Mamoré (near Guajará-Mirim) drainages.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
Crenicara punctulatum (Günther, 1863)<br />
Acara punctulata Günther, 1863: 441. Type locality: Essequibo.<br />
Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.26.<br />
Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875: 99, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Amazonenstrome bei Gurupa, Cudajas und Curupira.<br />
Syntypes: (several) NMW 33026 (1), 33031-35 (?), 76428 (3),<br />
33027-33028 (?), 33029-30 (2).<br />
Aequidens madeirae Fowler, 1913: 576, fig. 25. Type locality:<br />
Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira River, approximately<br />
two miles distant in Lat. S. 8°45’, W. Long., 63°54’, Brazil.<br />
Holotype: ANSP 39315.<br />
Aequidens hercules Allen in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 394, pl. 22<br />
(fig. 7). Type locality: creek, Rio Morona. Holotype: CAS 66926<br />
[ex IU 17736].<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Ecuador<br />
Peru, Colombia and Brazil, in tributaries of the rivers Ucayali,<br />
Marañón, Solimões and Amazon from about the Pachitea River<br />
on the Ucayali River to about Gurupá; upper Mamoré River in<br />
Bolivia, and Madre de Dios River drainage in Peru; Essequibo<br />
River drainage in Guyana; Amapá Grande River in Amapá State.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 140), with bibliography, diagnosis, description,<br />
distribution, and illustrations. Compared with C. latruncularium<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> & Staeck (1990).<br />
CRENICICHLA<br />
Crenicichla Heckel, 1840: 416. Type species: Crenicichla macrophthalma<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann<br />
& Bray 1894: 620). Gender: feminine.<br />
Batrachops Heckel, 1840: 432. Type species: Batrachops reticulatus<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation (Eigenmann &<br />
Bray 1894: 620). Gender: masculine.<br />
Boggiania Perugia, 1897: 148. Type species: Boggiania ocellata<br />
Perugia, 1897. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.<br />
Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862<br />
Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862: 307. Type locality: River<br />
Cupai (800 miles from the sea) [Brazil, Cupari River]. Holotype:<br />
BMNH 1853.3.19.46.<br />
Maximum length: 23 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós<br />
and Aripuanã River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840: 421. Type locality: Rio-<br />
Guaporé. Types in NMW, not found.<br />
Crenicichla funebris Heckel, 1840: 424. Type locality: Matogrosso<br />
am Rio-Guaporé. Syntypes: NMW 16406, 16451.<br />
Maximum length: 29 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Ploeg 1991: 64 acted as first reviser in<br />
placing C. funebris in the synonymy of C. adspersa.<br />
Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904<br />
Crenicichla saxatilis var. albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904: 374. Type<br />
locality: Guyane française (originally also Surinam, Guyane anglaise).<br />
Lectotype: MNHN 1898-59, designated by Ploeg (1986c:<br />
224).<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: From the Approuague River in<br />
French Guiana to the Demerara River in Guyana.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname<br />
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French<br />
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),<br />
Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana)<br />
Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912<br />
Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912: 516, pl. 68 (fig. 3). Type locality:<br />
Gluck island. Holotype: FMNH 53777.<br />
Crenicichla pterogramma Fowler, 1914: 281, fig. 20. Type locality:<br />
Rupununi River, British Guiana. Holotype: ANSP 39349.<br />
Crenicichla cardiostigma Ploeg, 1991: 26, fig. 18. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Roraima, Rio Negro system, Rio Branco, Igarapé<br />
Traíra Montante, at Cachoeira Peudas. Holotype: INPA 2916.<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco<br />
River basin; Essequibo River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana<br />
Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872<br />
Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872: 252, pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
the Ambyiacu [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP<br />
9074-76 (3).<br />
Maximum length: 22.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali,<br />
Huallaga, Putumayo, Napo and Amazon River basins.<br />
Countries: Ecuador, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 117)<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792)<br />
Perca brasiliensis Bloch, 1792: 84, pl. 110 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
Flüssen Brasiliens. No types known.<br />
Sparus Nhoquunda La Cepède, 1802: 156. Type locality: [Flüssen<br />
Brasiliens]. No types known. Substitute name for Perca brasil-<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
iensis Bloch 1792.<br />
Maximum length: 7.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Northeastern Brazil, states of Ceará,<br />
Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Pernambuco.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Species included in Crenicichla menezesi<br />
by Ploeg (1991: 46); additional research needed to clarify its diagnosis.<br />
Crenicichla britskii <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1982<br />
Crenicichla britskii <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1982c: 642, fig. 7. Type locality:<br />
Brasil, Estado de São Paulo, mun. Promissão, R. Tietê system,<br />
km 143 on BR-153, above road in small brook. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 16004.<br />
Maximum length: 11.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná<br />
River drainage upstream from Guaíra.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911<br />
Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911: 369. Type locality:<br />
Tocantins bei Cametá. Lectotype: NMW 32816, designated by<br />
Ploeg (1986b: 63).<br />
Crenicichla astroblepa Ploeg, 1986b: 58, pl. 3 (upper & middle).<br />
Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage,<br />
after closing of the stowage. Holotype: INPA 856.<br />
Maximum length: 18.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987<br />
Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987: 883, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Arroyo de la Invernada, Picada de la Negra Muerta, Dpto.<br />
Artigas, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC P94.<br />
Maximum length: 18.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries<br />
of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin.<br />
Countries: Argentina (?), Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1992: 107), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905<br />
Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42 (3).<br />
Type locality: Marajó (Brésil). Holotype: MNHN 1902-95.<br />
Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905c: 166. Type locality: [Marajó<br />
(Brésil)]. Holotype: MNHN 1902-95. Type by being a replacement<br />
name. Replacement name for Crenicichla brasiliensis fasciata<br />
Pellegrin, preoccupied in Crenicichla by Cychla fasciata<br />
Jardine, 1843.<br />
Maximum length: 19.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, Peru,<br />
and Ecuador, from the Napo River to Marajó Island.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru<br />
Common names: Añashua (Peru)<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 94).<br />
Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986<br />
Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986b: 63, pl. 4 (upper). Type<br />
locality: rapids downstream of Jatobal. Holotype: INPA 855.<br />
Maximum length: 5.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tocantins River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987<br />
Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987: 77, pl. 1 (second & middle).<br />
Type locality: Surinam, left bank tributary to Linker Coppename<br />
River. Holotype: ZMA 107841.<br />
Maximum length: 17.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Coppename and Saramacca River<br />
basins.<br />
Countries: Suriname<br />
Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870<br />
Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870: 569. Type locality: Upper<br />
Marañon, near Pebas. Holotype: ANSP 9078.<br />
Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and<br />
western Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 89)<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986<br />
Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986b: 65, pl. 4 (middle & lower).<br />
Type locality: Tucurui, residual pools downstream of stowage,<br />
after closing the stowage. Holotype: INPA 854.<br />
Maximum length: 9.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tocantins River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858<br />
Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858: 386. Type locality: [western portion<br />
of the Island of Trinidad]. Holotype: USNM 1111.<br />
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Trinidad Islands and northeastern<br />
Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela<br />
Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992<br />
Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 137, fig. 29. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, arroio Passo do Alto,<br />
near Mineral, município of São Nicolau. Holotype: MCP 14328.<br />
Maximum length: 12.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in the<br />
tributaries of the middle Uruguay River (Comandaí, Ijuí, and<br />
Piratinim Rivers).<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903<br />
Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Vénézuéla.<br />
Holotype: MNHN 1898-47.<br />
Maximum length: 13 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Portuguesa<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974<br />
Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974: 554, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: río Paraná frente a Jupìá, Mato Grosso. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 4022b.<br />
Maximum length: 9.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper<br />
Paraná River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989<br />
Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989: 163, fig. 1. Type locality: Brasilìen,<br />
Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, Cachoeira Porteira. Holotype:<br />
IRSNB 768.<br />
Maximum length: 5.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas<br />
River close to Cachoeira Porteira.<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla hemera <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990<br />
Crenicichla hemera <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990a: 214, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Rio Aripuanã drainage, headwater<br />
stream tributary to the Rio Cinta Larga where crossed by the road<br />
BR-174, 41 km from Juína. Holotype: MZUSP 40292.<br />
Crenicichla guentheri Ploeg, 1991: 33, fig. 30. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã,<br />
Igarapé do Aeropuerto, Humboldt. Holotype: INPA 2884.<br />
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Aripuanã River in the Madeira River drainage.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991: 35, fig. 33. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé<br />
Jaramacuru, tributary to Rio Cuminá. Holotype: MZUSP 40135.<br />
Maximum length: 10.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Trombetas River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla igara Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992<br />
Crenicichla igara Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 125, fig. 23. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, município Campos Novos,<br />
rio Canoas at Passo do Canoas, (road SC-458), on the road<br />
Tupitinga-Celso Ramos. Holotype: MCP 12906.<br />
Maximum length: 22.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries<br />
of the upper Uruguay River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911<br />
Crenicichla iguassüensis Haseman, 1911: 352, pl. 61. Type locality:<br />
Porto União da Victoria, Rio Iguassú. Holotype: FMNH<br />
54159.<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Iguaçu<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991: 37, fig. 35. Type locality: Brazil,<br />
State of Amazonas, Rio Amazonas system, Ilha do Careiro.<br />
Holotype: INPA 1427.<br />
Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, reported from a<br />
large area of the Amazon River basin in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991: 39, fig. 37. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã,<br />
3 km from Cachoeira de Dardanelos Humboldt (59°27’W,<br />
10°10’S). Holotype: INPA 2883.<br />
Maximum length: 9.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911<br />
Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911: 351, pl. 60. Type locality:<br />
Jaguara, Rio Grande of the Paraná, Minas. Holotype: FMNH<br />
54157.<br />
Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper<br />
Paraná River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986<br />
Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986b: 67, pl. 5 (upper). Type locality:<br />
Itupiranga. Holotype: INPA 857.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tocantins basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840: 425. Type locality: Rio-<br />
Guaporè. Holotype: NMW 16431.<br />
Cychla fasciata Jardine, 1843: 141, pl. 4. Type locality: No locality<br />
given [probably Guyana]. No types known. Primary homonym<br />
of Cychla fasciata Swainson, 1839 = Badis badis Hamilton,<br />
1822.<br />
Crenicichla obtusirostris Günther, 1862: 305. Type locality: River<br />
Capin. Holotype: BMNH 1849.11.8.57.<br />
Crenicichla johanna carsevennensis Pellegrin, 1905: 168. Type<br />
locality: Entre les rivières Carsevenne et Cachipour (contesté<br />
franco-brésilien). Holotype: MNHN 1899-113.<br />
Maximum length: 28.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, widespread in<br />
Peru, Brazil and Bolivia; in the Orinoco basin in Colombia and<br />
Venezuela; Essequibo drainage in Guyana; Oyapock and Approuague<br />
drainages in French Guiana; Amapá State.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,<br />
Peru, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 98) with bibliography, diagnosis, description,<br />
distribution, and illustrations. Ploeg (1991: 68) claimed that<br />
C. johanna is based on more than one specimen, and designated<br />
the only specimen found at NMW as lectotype (NMW 16431).<br />
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French<br />
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),<br />
Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame (French Guiana)<br />
Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968<br />
Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968: 171, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Rio Paraná, no Salto de Urubupungá, entre os Estados<br />
de Mato Grosso e São Paulo. Holotype: MZUSP 4363.<br />
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the upper<br />
Paraná River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992<br />
Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 128, fig. 25. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Marombas at<br />
bridge Irineu Bornhausen. Holotype: MCP 14326.<br />
Maximum length: 17.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the upper Uruguay River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831)<br />
Cychla labrina Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 99, pl. 62 (fig. 1, as Cichla<br />
labrina). Type locality: mare Brasiliae. Lectotype: MHNN 599,<br />
designated by Ploeg (1986b: 69).<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tocantins River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855)<br />
Cycla lacustris Castelnau, 1855: 19, pl. 8 (fig. 3). Type locality:<br />
Dique, ou étang près de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A9501 (2).<br />
Crenicichla dorsocellata Haseman, 1911: 355, pl. 63. Type local-<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
ity: Campos, R. Parahyba. Holotype: FMNH 54155.<br />
Crenicichla biocellata Ihering, 1914: 333. Type locality: Rio<br />
Doce, Est. do Espirito Santo. Holotype: MZUSP 1167.<br />
Maximum length: 29 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of southeastern<br />
and eastern Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840: 419. Type locality: Rionegro,<br />
bei Marabitanas. Holotype: NMW 59417.<br />
Crenicichla ornata Regan, 1905c: 167, pl. 15 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
Rio Negro. Lectotype: BMNH 1893.4.24.6, designated by<br />
Ploeg (1991: 71).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Ploeg (1991: 70). Ploeg<br />
places the type locality in Venezuela, Orinoco River system, although<br />
all known evidence suggests that it is the Negro River.<br />
The correct catalog number for the lectotype is BMNH<br />
1893.4.24.6 (not 1893.2.24.6 as stated in Ploeg, 1970: 70, fig.<br />
81) and the correct number for the paralectotypes is BMNH<br />
1893.4.24: 7-8 (not 1893.4.34: 7-8, as stated in Ploeg,1970: 72).<br />
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840: 429, pl. 30 (fig. 13). Type<br />
locality: Rio-Guaporè. Lectotype: NMW 33101, designated by<br />
Ploeg (1991: 42).<br />
Crenicichla edithae Ploeg, 1991: 29, fig. 24. Type locality: Paraguay,<br />
Río Paraguai system, Arroyo Itabu-Guazu. Holotype:<br />
MHNG 2028.45.<br />
Maximum length: 18 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, widespread in<br />
the Paraguay River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay and the<br />
lower Paraná (below Guaíra) in Paraguay and Argentina, and<br />
also along the coast of Rio Grande do Sul State. Also found in<br />
the middle and lower Uruguay River in Brazil and Uruguay.<br />
Amazon River basin in the Guaporé River drainage in Brazil and<br />
Bolivia.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Species monograph in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1982c);<br />
description of material from Uruguay River in Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1992: 101).<br />
Common names: Guensa-verde (Brazil)<br />
Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870<br />
Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Perú, R. Ucayali<br />
drainage: Loreto, Quebrada Abrahancillo, left bank tributary<br />
of R. Aucayacu, 4 km S. Supay Cocha [originally tributaries of<br />
the Upper Marañon, in Equador]. Neotype: NRM 25662, designated<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 116).<br />
Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru and<br />
western Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 112),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840: 422. Type locality: Rio-negro.<br />
Holotype: NMW 61148.<br />
Cychla ? rutilans Jardine, 1843: 142, pl. 5. Type locality: Rio<br />
Branco. No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco,<br />
Negro, and Uatumã Rivers in Brazil; Essequibo River and<br />
Branco River in Guyana; Corantijn River in Suriname.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana, Suriname<br />
Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840: 427, pl. 30 (fig. 9).<br />
Type locality: Rio-negro. Syntypes: NMW 33082 (1) and NMW<br />
77820 (1)<br />
Crenicichla santaremensis Haseman, 1911: 354, pl. 62 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: lagoon along the margin of the Amazon, three<br />
miles above Santarém. Holotype: FMNH 54153.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro,<br />
Uatumã, Tapajós, Xingu, and Trombetas River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Common names: Jacundá (Brazil)<br />
Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904<br />
Crenicichla brasiliensis marmorata Pellegrin, 1904: 383, fig. 42<br />
(4). Type locality: [No locality]. Holotype: MNHN A.9496.<br />
Maximum length: 28 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern<br />
tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil, from the Madeira<br />
River to Tocantins River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991: 45, fig. 47. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Maranhão, Caieira. Holotype: NMW 33292.<br />
Maximum length: 14.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Rivers of the state of Maranhão<br />
State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla minuano Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992<br />
Crenicichla minuano Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 116, fig. 12.<br />
Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí,<br />
on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14321.<br />
Maximum length: 17.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries<br />
of the middle an upper Uruguay River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992<br />
Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 113, fig. 9.<br />
Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, rio Comandaí,<br />
on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena. Holotype: MCP 14324.<br />
Maximum length: 20.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries<br />
of the upper and middle Uruguay River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914<br />
Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914: 335. Type locality: Theophilo<br />
Ottoni, rìo Todos os Santos, affl. do Mucury, Est. de Minas<br />
Geraes. Lectotype: MZUSP 2526, designated by Britski (1969:<br />
210).<br />
Maximum length: 11.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Mucuri River basin in eastern coast<br />
of Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903<br />
Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903: 124 [5]. Type locality:<br />
Guyane française. Lectotype: MNHN 9542, designated by Ploeg<br />
(1986c: 230).<br />
Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Maroni and Mana River basins of<br />
Suriname and French Guiana.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marane (French<br />
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),<br />
Poson madanm (French Guiana)<br />
Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987<br />
Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987: 81, pl. 1 (fourth & lower).<br />
Type locality: Surinam, right bank tributary to Nickerie River, 12<br />
km W.S.W. of Stondansie Fall. Holotype: ZMA 107843.<br />
Maximum length: 19.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Nickerie and Corantijn River basins.<br />
Countries: Suriname<br />
Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891)<br />
Acharnes niederleinii Holmberg, 1891: 181. Type locality: Rio<br />
Pequiri, en Misiones, y en otros inmediatos. Holotype: Museo de<br />
la Escuela Normal de Profesoras de la Capital, lost.<br />
Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the upper Paraná River in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Remarks and references: Brief review with illustration in <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1981b: 684).<br />
Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913<br />
Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: the<br />
Amazon at Manaos. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.4.15.4, designated<br />
by Ploeg (1989: 166).<br />
Maximum length: 7.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991: 48, fig. 53. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, Madeira River system, Rio Aripuanã,<br />
Igarapé do Porto. Holotype: INPA 2885.<br />
Maximum length: 15.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aripuanã<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla percna <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991<br />
Crenicichla percna <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991a: 356, fig. 4. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Cachoeira do Espelho.<br />
Holotype: MZUSP 36880.<br />
Maximum length: 22 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River at Cachoeira do Espelho and Altamira, Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla phaiospilus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991<br />
Crenicichla phaiospilus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991a: 353, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, município de São<br />
Felix do Xingu, Rio Fresco, Aldeia Gorotire. Holotype: MZUSP<br />
35997.<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius and Goritire.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla prenda Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992<br />
Crenicichla prenda Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 140, fig. 32. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, rio Jacutinga, on the road<br />
BR 283 Seara-Concórdia. Holotype: MCP 13016.<br />
Maximum length: 8.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Upper Uruguay River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872<br />
Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872: 252. Type locality: Ambyiacu<br />
River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9050, designated<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 110).<br />
Crenicichla proteus argynnis Cope, 1872: 253. Type locality:<br />
Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Syntypes: ANSP<br />
9059 (1), 14375 (1).<br />
Batrachops nemopterus Fowler, 1940: 283, fig. 64. Type locality:<br />
Ucayali River basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68684.<br />
Crenicichla nijsseni Ploeg, 1991: 47, fig. 41. Type locality: Brazil,<br />
State of Acre, Río Japurá system, Río Branco, Açude Carlos<br />
Simão. Holotype: MZUSP 40163.<br />
Maximum length: 15.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo<br />
and Putumayo drainages in Ecuador, in the Ucayali-Amazon<br />
drainage from Chicosa to Pebas in Peru, and upper Purus basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 107),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Synonymy of Crenicichla nijsseni based on unpublished<br />
observation (<strong>Kullander</strong>, MS).<br />
Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870<br />
Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870: 57. Type locality: aus dem<br />
Guahyba bei Porto Alegre [originally also: Bächen des Urwaldes..<br />
Waldbächen von der deutschen Colonie Sta. Cruz in Rio<br />
Grande do Sul]. Lectotype: ZMB 7459, designated by Lucena &<br />
Azevedo (1989: 90).<br />
Crenicichla polysticta Hensel, 1870: 58. Type locality: Rio Cadea<br />
des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Syntypes: ZMB 7461(1),<br />
uncat. (3) not found).<br />
Maximum length: 22.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim<br />
basins in Rio Grande do Sul State and Uruguay.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Species revised by Lucena & Azevedo<br />
(1989).<br />
Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991: 52, fig. 57. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Trombetas River system, Igarapé at km 10<br />
of BR 163 at level of bridge. Holotype: INPA 3078.<br />
Maximum length: 17.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas<br />
River drainage above Cachoeira Porteira.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989<br />
Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989: 164, fig. 2. Type locality: Brasilien,<br />
Staat Pará, Trombetas-System, linksseitiger Zufluss bei Cachoeira<br />
Porteira. Holotype: IRSNB 766.<br />
Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas<br />
River at Cachoeira Porteira.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Batrachops reticulatus Heckel, 1840: 433, pl. 30 (fig. 17). Type<br />
locality: Rio-negro. Holotype: NMW 35783.<br />
Crenicichla elegans Steindachner, 1881b: 15. Type locality: Hoch-<br />
Peru. Syntypes: NMW 32835 (2).<br />
Batrachops punctulatus Regan, 1905c: 156, pl. 14 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: R. Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.24.<br />
Maximum length: 21.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Colombia,<br />
Peru, and Brazil; Essequibo River in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru<br />
Common names: Añashua (Peru), Jacundá (Brazil), Peixe sabão<br />
(Brazil)<br />
Crenicichla rosemariae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1997<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Crenicichla rosemariae <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1997b: 280, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Córrego do Gato.<br />
Holotype: MZUSP 40300.<br />
Maximum length: 24.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, upper Xingu<br />
River drainage (Suiá-Missu River).<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Common names: Rubanana (Brazil)<br />
Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991: 53, fig. 59. Type locality: Brazil,<br />
State of Rondônia, Rio Madeira system, Río Machado, Jiparaná:<br />
Río Urupa. Holotype: INPA 2889.<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Machado<br />
River of Rondônia State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 278. Type locality: Surinam.<br />
Lectotype: NRM 5583, designated by Ploeg (1986a: 49).<br />
Sparus biocellatus Walbaum, 1792: 298. Type locality: Surinam.<br />
Holotype: Based on Gronovius (1763, Sparus rufescens; 1754,<br />
Sparus rostro plagiplateo); represented by BMNH 1853.11.2.24.<br />
Sparus Pavo La Cepède, 1802: 49, 151. Type locality: [Suriname].<br />
Unnecessary replacement name for Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus.<br />
Scarus pavoninus Gray, 1854: 63. Type locality: Surinami. Holotype:<br />
BMNH 1853.11.2.24.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atlantic coast drainages of Suriname,<br />
French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad Island.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,<br />
Venezuela<br />
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Booto (Suriname),<br />
Marann (French Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri<br />
(French Guiana), Ngoumote (French Guiana), Poisson-madame<br />
(French Guiana)<br />
Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907)<br />
Batrachops scottii Eigenmann, 1907: 455, pl. 23 (fig. 8). Type<br />
locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: in Princeton University, apparently<br />
lost.<br />
Crenicichla (Batrachops) multidens Steindachner, 1915: 347.<br />
Type locality: La Plata. Holotype: NMW, not found.<br />
Labrus amarus Larrañaga, 1923: 383. Type locality: Uruguay. No<br />
types known.<br />
Crenicichla lacustris semifasciata Devincenzi, 1939: 34, fig. 11<br />
(no. 3). Type locality: Rio Uruguay (Paysandú). No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 16.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, middle and<br />
lower parts, in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1992: 131), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Crenicichla sedentaria <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Crenicichla sedentaria <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 83, pl. 4-6 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Peru, departamento Pasco, Río Pachitea drainage system,<br />
in Río Yamushimas, tributary to Rio Palcazú, near San<br />
Pedro de Longin. Holotype: USNM 229057.<br />
Maximum length: 22.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Ucayali River drainage, upper Huallaga River drainage (Tingo<br />
María) in Peru, and the Napo and Putumayo River drainages in<br />
Ecuador.<br />
Countries: Ecuador, Peru<br />
Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892<br />
Crenicichla saxatilis var. semicincta Steindachner, 1892: 376 [20].<br />
Type locality: Bolivia, Provinz Yuracares, im oberen Chaparé bei<br />
Puerto de San Mateo. Syntypes: NMW 33482-84 (3).<br />
Crenicichla clancularia Ploeg, 1991: 27, fig. 20. Type locality:<br />
Bolivia, State of Mato Grosso[sic], Río Mamore system, Sta.<br />
Cruz, Buenavista. Holotype: BMNH 1927.10.4.49.<br />
Maximum length: 17.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Madre<br />
de Dios River drainage in Peru, and in the Mamoré River basin.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 101), with bibliography, diagnosis, description,<br />
distribution, and illustrations. The synonymy of C. clancularia<br />
is based on unpublished observations (<strong>Kullander</strong>, MS).<br />
Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel, 1840: 436. Type locality: Flusse<br />
Paraguay bei Caiçara. Types in NMW, not found.<br />
Acharnes chacoensis Holmberg, 1891: 182. Type locality: Formosa.<br />
No types known.<br />
Boggiania ocellata Perugia, 1897: 148. Type locality: Puerto 14 de<br />
Mayo, dipartamento di Bahia Negra, nel Chaco boreale. Holotype:<br />
MSNG 33700.<br />
Crenicichla simoni Haseman, 1911: 345, pl. 59. Type locality: Rio<br />
Paraguay at São Luiz de Caceres. Holotype: FMNH 54097.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River in Paraguay and Brazil, and the Paraná drainage in Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987<br />
Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987: 90, pl. 2 (upper). Type locality:<br />
Corantijn River system, Sipaliwini River near Sipaliwini airstrip.<br />
Holotype: RMNH 30561.<br />
Maximum length: 17.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini River, upper Corantijn<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Suriname<br />
Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991: 108, fig. 141. Type locality: Brazil,<br />
State of Pará, Río Tocantins system, Capuaraná. Holotype:<br />
INPA 2851.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862<br />
Crenicichla johanna strigata Günther, 1862: 306. Type locality:<br />
River Capin; River Cupai (800 miles from the sea). Lectotype:<br />
BMNH 1849.11.8.79-82 (1 of 4), designated by Ploeg (1991:<br />
78).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in southern<br />
tributries of the Amazon River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana<br />
Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991: 58, fig. 68. Type locality: Colombia,<br />
Río Orinoco system, Río Meta, along road Villavicencio-<br />
Puerto López, Puerto Gaintán. Holotype: RMNH 31622.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Llanos of<br />
Venezuela and Colombia.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>,<br />
631
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
1992<br />
Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1992: 121, figs.<br />
19-20. Type locality: Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, município<br />
Santo Angelo, rio Piratinim, Fazenda dos Hinz, Coímbra.<br />
Holotype: MCP 10876.<br />
Maximum length: 15.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries<br />
of the middle and upper Uruguay River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926<br />
Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926: 97. Type locality: Oyapock<br />
River at “Sant” Cafesoca, French Guiana. Lectotype: BMNH<br />
1926.3.2.860, designated by Ploeg (1986c: 228).<br />
Maximum length: 24.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in French<br />
Guiana and Brazil.<br />
Countries: French Guiana<br />
Common names: Angoumot (French Guiana), Marann (French<br />
Guiana), Matalé (French Guiana), Mataouri (French Guiana),<br />
Poson madanm (French Guiana)<br />
Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991<br />
Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991: 3, fig. 2. Type<br />
locality: Brésil, Est. Pará, Rio Trombetas, au niveau de<br />
l’embouchure de l’Igarapé Caxipacoré. Holotype: INPA 1800.<br />
Maximum length: 28 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Trombetas<br />
River near Cachoeira Porteira.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla urosema <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990<br />
Crenicichla urosema <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990c: 86, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Tapajós, rocky pool at São Luiz upstream<br />
of Itaituba. Holotype: MZUSP 40289.<br />
Maximum length: 6.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tapajós River at São Luiz.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903<br />
Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903: 124. Type locality: La Mana<br />
(Guyane française); Essequibo (Guyane anglaise). Syntypes:<br />
MNHN 4050, 2993.<br />
Maximum length: 12.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo and Mana River basins.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Guyana<br />
Remarks and references: The type series of Crencichla vaillanti is<br />
a composite, and the species must be treated as valid until a lectotype<br />
is designated.<br />
Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991<br />
Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991: 94, fig. 119. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Roraima, Río Negro, Río Branco, Río Uraricoera,<br />
Ilha de Maracá. Holotype: INPA 2909.<br />
Maximum length: 6.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Branco River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840<br />
Crenicichla vittata, Heckel 1840: 417. Type locality: Flusse Cuyaba;<br />
Flusse Paraguay. Lectotype: NMW 77815, designated by<br />
Ploeg (1991: 81). Status as syntype is, however, not supported by<br />
collection data. NMW 77770 probable holotype.<br />
Maximum length: 26 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River in Brazil and Paraguay, and in the Paraná River drainage in<br />
Argentina; also in the middle Uruguay River drainage in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Brief review by Lucena & <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1992: 105), based on material from Uruguay River.<br />
Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905<br />
Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905c: 163, pl. 14 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Essequibo. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.93.<br />
Crenicichla nanus Regan, 1913a: 502. Type locality: British<br />
Guiana. Syntypes: BMNH 1911.10.31.125-126 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 8.5 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin.<br />
Countries: Guyana<br />
Species inquirendae<br />
Cycla conibos Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type locality: l’<br />
Ucayale. No types known.<br />
Cycla multifasciata Castelnau, 1855: 18, pl. 10 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: l’ Ucayale. No types known.<br />
DICROSSUS<br />
Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type species: Dicrossus<br />
maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958)<br />
Crenicara filamentosa Ladiges, 1958: 204, fig. p. 204. Type locality:<br />
möglicherweise vom Amazonas. Lectotype: ZMH 343, designated<br />
by (Wilkens 1977: 160); also by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1978: 268).<br />
Maximum length: 3.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro<br />
River drainage; Orinoco River basin from the Inírida River in<br />
Colombia to Maripa in Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Species monograph in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1978);<br />
also described by Ladiges (1959).<br />
Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875<br />
Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875: 102. Type locality: Lago<br />
maximo und José Assu sowie in Nebenarmen des Amazonenstromes<br />
bei Tocantins, im Rio Hyauary und im Rio Tajapuru.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 77916 (3).<br />
Crenicara praetoriusi Weise in Praetorius, 1935: 179, fig. 4. Type<br />
locality: [No locality].<br />
Crenicara praetoriusi Ahl, 1936b: 265. Type locality: Igarapè-<br />
Irurà-Mapiry. Syntypes: (3) ZMB 32383-84 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós<br />
River drainage, Maués River, and near Parintins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
GEOPHAGUS<br />
Geophagus Heckel, 1840: 383. Type species: Geophagus altifrons<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann &<br />
Bray (1894: 621). Gender: masculine.<br />
Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840<br />
Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840: 385, pl. 29 (fig. 21-25). Type<br />
locality: Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 17007-08 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the Amazon River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Geophagus argyrostictus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991<br />
Geophagus argyrostictus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991b: 130, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Xingu drainage, Belo Monte,<br />
rocky pool near cachoeira. Holotype: MZUSP 32906.<br />
Maximum length: 18 cm SL<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River from Cachoeira von Martius to Belo Monte, and in the Curuá<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Geophagus brachybranchus <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen,<br />
1989<br />
Geophagus brachybranchus <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 48, fig.<br />
26. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Nickerie R. system,<br />
rocky pool just above Blanche Marie Vallen. Holotype: RMNH<br />
30974.<br />
Maximum length: 13.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Corantijn and Nickerie River drainages<br />
in Suriname; probably ranges westward to the Essequibo<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname<br />
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)<br />
Chromis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 286. Type locality:<br />
baie de Rìo de Janeiro. Holotype: MNHN A.9503.<br />
Chromys unimaculata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 7 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: eaux douces des environs de Rio-de-Janeiro. Holotype:<br />
MNHN A.9506.<br />
Acara gymnopoma Günther, 1862: 278. Type locality: [None<br />
stated]. Holotype: BMNH 1842.8.18.8.<br />
Geophagus brasiliensis Kner, 1865: 266, pl. 10 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Rio Janeiro. Syntypes: NMW 23044-45 (2).<br />
Acara minuta Hensel, 1870: 53. Type locality: Kleinen Tümpeln<br />
bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: (5) ZMB 7453.<br />
Maximum length: 28 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages of eastern and<br />
southern Brazil and Uruguay.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Common names: Acará-topete (Brazil)<br />
Geophagus brokopondo <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989<br />
Geophagus brokopondo <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 41, figs. 23-<br />
25. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Brokopondo, Suriname R.<br />
system, Brokopondomeer along N shore at Afobaka. Holotype:<br />
ZMA 119530.<br />
Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Suriname River basin.<br />
Countries: Suriname<br />
Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903<br />
Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903: 123. Type locality: Riv.<br />
Camopi (Guyane française). Lectotype: MNHN 1901-456.<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Oyapock and Approuague River<br />
basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana<br />
Common names: Prapra soléy (French Guiana), Prapra-roche<br />
(French Guiana), Prapra-saut (French Guiana)<br />
Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876<br />
Geophagus (Satanoperca) crassilabris Steindachner, 1876: 65, pl.<br />
7. Type locality: einem Bache des Isthmus von Panama, wahrscheinlich<br />
in der Nähe von Candelaria. Holotype: NMW 58794.<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific and Atlantic slopes of central<br />
and eastern Panama.<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Geophagus grammepareius <strong>Kullander</strong> & Taphorn,<br />
1992<br />
Geophagus grammepareius <strong>Kullander</strong> & Taphorn in <strong>Kullander</strong>,<br />
Royero & Taphorn, 1992: 366, fig. 7. Type locality: Venezuela,<br />
Bolivar State, Río Caroní drainage, middle Río Claro in Vuelta<br />
El Susto, ca 5 km downstream from Quebrada Mojacasabe<br />
(7°40’40”N, 63°08’05”W). Holotype: MCNG 25480.<br />
Maximum length: 10.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper<br />
Caura and lower Caroní River basins.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976<br />
Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976: 88, fig. 21. Type locality: rivière<br />
Ouaqui à Saut Bali (Affluent du Tampok, basin du Maroni),<br />
Guyane française. Holotype: IRSNB 525.<br />
Maximum length: 18.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Marowijne River basin.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname<br />
Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra so (French<br />
Guiana)<br />
Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911<br />
Geophagus brasiliensis iporangensis Haseman, 1911: 364, pl. 71.<br />
Type locality: Iporanga ... a mountain stream of the Rio Ribeira<br />
da Iguapé. Holotype: FMNH 54202 [ex CM 2792a].<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguape River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911<br />
Geophagus brasiliensis itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911: 365, pl. 72.<br />
Type locality: Queimadas, Rio Itapicurú. Holotype: FMNH<br />
54365 [ex CM 2793a].<br />
Distribution: South America: Itapicuru River, on the coast of<br />
Bahia State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840<br />
Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840: 388. Type locality: einer<br />
grossen Lache Juquià genannt, bei Mattogrosso am Fluss<br />
Guaporè. Syntypes: NMW 16246 (1), 90309 (1), 92453 (1); SMF<br />
3125 [ex NMW in 1844] (1).<br />
Maximum length: 17.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855)<br />
Chromys unipunctata Castelnau, 1855: 13, pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: rio Paraguassu, dans la province de Bahia. Syntypes:<br />
MNHN A.9505 (3).<br />
Chromys obscura Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 6 (fig. 3). Type locality:<br />
rio Paraguassu, province de Bahia. Syntypes: MNHN A.9511 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River, on the coast of<br />
Bahia State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912<br />
Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: Tado, Río<br />
San Juan, Chocó, S.W. Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH<br />
1910.4.11.89.<br />
Maximum length: 15.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River<br />
basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855)<br />
Chromys proxima Castelnau, 1855: 14, pl. 7 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
un lac près de l’Ucayale, dans la mission de Sarayacu, au Pérou.<br />
Syntypes: MNHN A.9510 (1), B.3001 [ex MNHN A.9510] (1).<br />
Maximum length: 22.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali<br />
River drainage of Peru, and along the Solimões-Amazon River to<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
the Trombetas River.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 122),<br />
with bibliography, description, diagnosis, distribution, and illustration.<br />
Common names: Acará roi roi (Brazil), Acará tinga (Brazil)<br />
Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand,<br />
1910<br />
Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand in Eigenmann,<br />
1910: 478. Type locality: Magdalena basin. Holotype: NMW<br />
23289-90 (larger specimen) [from Cauca River, Colombia].<br />
Geophagus hondae Regan, 1912: 506. Type locality: Honda,<br />
Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.51.<br />
Geophagus magdalena Brind, 1943: 42. Type locality: Lake at El<br />
Banco, Columbia. Syntypes: USNM 120207 (1), 120299 (1).<br />
Also spelt G. Magdalenae in same paper.<br />
Maximum length: 19.8 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Cauca, and Sinú River<br />
basins in Colombia, Limón River (Lake Maracaibo drainage) in<br />
Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Gosse & <strong>Kullander</strong> (1981) clarified the<br />
nomenclature of the species.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Colombia), Mula (Colombia)<br />
Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791)<br />
Sparus surinamensis Bloch, 1791: 112, pl. 277 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Surinam. Holotype: ZMB 2825.<br />
Sparus trimaculatus Shaw in Shaw & Nodder, 1809: pl. 867. Type<br />
locality: American Seas.<br />
Maximum length: 14.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Saramacca and Suriname Rivers in<br />
Suriname; Marowijne River in Suriname and French Guiana.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen<br />
(1986: 31), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Prapra roche (French Guiana), Prapra soléy<br />
(French Guiana)<br />
Geophagus taeniopareius <strong>Kullander</strong> & Royero, 1992<br />
Geophagus taeniopareius <strong>Kullander</strong> & Royero in <strong>Kullander</strong>, Royero<br />
& Taphorn, 1992: 360, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Territorio<br />
Federal Amazonas, Río Orinoco, Raudales de Ature, eastern<br />
shore (5°36’N, 67°37’W). Holotype: MBUCV-V 21744.<br />
Maximum length: 14.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the lower<br />
Caura River and along the middle and upper Orinoco River basin.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
GUIANACARA<br />
Guianacara <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 90. Type species:<br />
Guianacara owroewefi <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989. Type by<br />
original designation. Gender: feminine.<br />
Oelemaria <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 92. Type species: Guianacara<br />
oelemariensis <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original<br />
designation. Gender: feminine. Originally as Guianacara (Oelemaria).<br />
Guianacara (Guianacara) geayi (Pellegrin, 1902)<br />
Acara geayi Pellegrin, 1902: 417. Type locality: Rivière Camopi<br />
(Guyane française).<br />
Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Approuague River in French Guiana,<br />
Oyapock River drainage in French Guiana and Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana<br />
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)<br />
Guianacara (Oelemaria) oelemariensis <strong>Kullander</strong> &<br />
Nijssen, 1989<br />
Guianacara oelemariensis <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 126, fig.<br />
70. Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R.<br />
drainage, small right bank tributary to the upper Oelemari R.<br />
Holotype: IRSNB 750.<br />
Maximum length: 8.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage, in the<br />
Oelemari River in Suriname.<br />
Countries: Suriname<br />
Guianacara (Guianacara) owroewefi <strong>Kullander</strong> &<br />
Nijssen, 1989<br />
Guianacara owroewefi <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 97, fig. 43.<br />
Type locality: Guyane française, R. Maroni system, R. Marouini<br />
below first rapids. Holotype: IRSNB 749.<br />
Maximum length: 10.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Marowijne, Suriname, Saramacca,<br />
and Coppename River basins in Suriname, and Marowijne River<br />
basin in French Guiana.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname<br />
Common names: Crobia (Suriname), Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe<br />
wefi (Suriname), Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouru wefee (Suriname),<br />
Owroe wefi (Suriname), Owroe wiffi (Suriname), Prapra (French<br />
Guiana)<br />
Guianacara (Guianacara) sphenozona <strong>Kullander</strong> &<br />
Nijssen, 1989<br />
Guianacara sphenozona <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 120, fig. 66.<br />
Type locality: Suriname, Distr. Nickerie, Corantijn R. drainage,<br />
Sipaliwini. Holotype: RMNH 31047.<br />
Maximum length: 8.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Sipaliwini and middle Corantijn<br />
River drainages, Suriname; probably the Essequibo River basin.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname<br />
Common names: Ouru muje (Suriname), Ouruwefee (Suriname)<br />
GYMNOGEOPHAGUS<br />
Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type species:<br />
Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Type by<br />
monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907)<br />
Geophagus australe Eigenmann, 1907: 454, p. 23 (fig. 7). Type<br />
locality: Buenos Aires. Holotype: Princeton University (whereabouts<br />
unknown).<br />
Maximum length: 15.5 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Lower Paraná River basin, in Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba<br />
(1988).<br />
Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891)<br />
Geophagus balzanii Perugia, 1891: 623. Type locality: Villa Maria<br />
(Matto Grosso), Rio Paraguay a 15°. Holotype: MSNG 7683.<br />
Geophagus duodecimspinosus Boulenger, 1895: 524. Type locality:<br />
Paraguay. Holotype: BMNH 1895.5.17.12.<br />
Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918a: 790. Type<br />
locality: Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: MZUSP 2549.<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
drainage in Brazil and Paraguay, the Paraná drainage in Argentina;<br />
the lower Uruguay drainage in Uruguay and Brazil.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba<br />
634
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
(1988).<br />
Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni,<br />
2000<br />
Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2001: 55,<br />
fig. 1. Type locality: Arroyo Urugua-í y ruta provincial 19 frente<br />
a la pasarela en parque provincial Islas Malvinas [Misiones, Argentina].<br />
Holotype MLP.<br />
Maximum length: 11.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraná<br />
River drainage in Argentina, known only from the Arroyo Urugua-í.<br />
Countries: Argentina<br />
Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870)<br />
Geophagus pygmaeus Hensel, 1870: 68. Type locality: Rio Guahyba<br />
bei Porto Alegre. Syntypes: ZMB 7469 (2).<br />
Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel, 1870: 61. Type locality: Gebirgsbachen<br />
des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Lectotype: ZMB<br />
7465.<br />
Geophagus camurus Cope, 1894: 104, pl. 9 (fig. 17). Type locality:<br />
Jacuhy river. Syntypes: (7) ANSP 21749-50 (2), 21885-88<br />
(4).<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim<br />
drainages in Brazil and Uruguay.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba<br />
(1988). Type locality of Geophagus camurus restricted to Laguna<br />
dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989).<br />
Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870)<br />
Geophagus bucephalus Hensel, 1870: 63. Type locality: Rio<br />
Cadea und seinen Zuflussen. Lectotype: ZMB 31373 [ex ZMB<br />
7466], designated by Reis & Malabarba (1988: 280).<br />
Geophagus labiatus Hensel, 1870: 64. Type locality: Rio Santa<br />
Maria des Urwaldes von Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype: ZMB<br />
7467.<br />
Geophagus scymnophilus Hensel, 1870: 65. Type locality: [None<br />
stated]. Lectotype: ZMB 22293, designated by Reis & Malabarba<br />
(1988: 280).<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim<br />
drainages in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba<br />
(1988). Type locality of Geophagus scymnophilus restricted to<br />
Laguna dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989).<br />
Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988<br />
Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 282, fig. 24.<br />
Type locality: Lagoa da Cerquinha at Pinhal, Tramandai, RS,<br />
Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28462.<br />
Maximum length: 14.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Coastal drainages in northern Rio<br />
Grande do Sul State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba,<br />
1988<br />
Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988: 273, fig<br />
19. Type locality: Headwaters of Rio Negro at road at BR-153,<br />
(Uruguay River system), Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 28461.<br />
Maximum length: 8.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay<br />
and Brazil, and smaller drainages in nearby Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870)<br />
Geophagus rhabdotus Hensel, 1870: 60. Type locality: Cadea.<br />
Lectotype: ZMB 7461.<br />
Geophagus brachyurus Cope, 1894: 105, pl. 9 (fig. 18). Type<br />
locality: Jacuhy River. Syntypes: ANSP 21751 (1), 21880-83 (4).<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay,<br />
and the Laguna dos Patos basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Uruguay<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Reis & Malabarba<br />
(1988). Type locality of Geophagus brachyurus restricted to Laguna<br />
dos Patos system by Malabarba (1989).<br />
Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba &<br />
Pavanelli, 1992<br />
Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992:<br />
267, fig. 2. Type locality: Río Iguazú reservoir at Juan E.<br />
O’Leary, Rio Paraná drainage, Province of Alto Paraná, Paraguay<br />
(approximately 55°30’S 25°20’W). Holotype: MHNG<br />
2518.19.<br />
Maximum length: 9.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the Paraná River between the Monday River and Guaíra, Paraguay<br />
and Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Paraguay<br />
HERICHTHYS<br />
Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type species: Herichthys<br />
cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. Gender:<br />
masculine.<br />
Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892)<br />
Acara bartoni Bean, 1892: 286, pl. 44 (fig. 3). Type locality:<br />
Hauzteca Potosina, a region situated north of the State of Guanajuato,<br />
in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Lectotype: USNM<br />
43765, designated by Jordan & Evermann (1900, pl. 232, p.<br />
3281).<br />
Maximum length: 18 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to the upper<br />
Verde River and the Laguna de la Media Luna systems of the<br />
Panuco River basin, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Mojarra caracolera (Mexico)<br />
Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)<br />
Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 146, fig. 22. Type<br />
locality: Laguna del Carpinte, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.<br />
Holotype: SU 6162.<br />
Heros teporatus Fowler, 1903: 321. Type locality: Victoria, Victoria<br />
Río, trib. of the Río Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico.<br />
Holotype: ANSP 24242.<br />
Cichlosoma laurae Regan, 1908c: 223. Type locality: Tampico.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1908.7.6.20-21 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, Panuco River drainage,<br />
and Soto La Marina River.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983).<br />
The status of Heros teporatus needs further analysis.<br />
Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854<br />
Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854: 25. Type locality:<br />
Brownsville, Texas (freshwater). Syntypes: ANSP 9097 (1);<br />
MCZ 15415 [ex USNM 852]; UMMZ 92113 (1); USNM 851 (?),<br />
852 (now 4).<br />
Heros pavonaceus Garman, 1881: 93. Type locality: Spring near<br />
Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. Syntypes: MCZ 24877 (5),<br />
UMMZ 95837 (1).<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Parapetenia cyanostigma Hernández-Rolón, 1990: 4, fig. p. 7.<br />
Type locality: Playa Bruja, Tequesquitengo [Mexico]. Holotype:<br />
MNHN 1990-465.<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Originally restricted to the lower Rio<br />
Grande drainage in Texas, USA and south to northeastern Mexico.<br />
Introduced on Edwards Plateau of central Texas and central<br />
peninsular Florida, USA, and Verde River basin (La Media Luna<br />
region), Mexico<br />
Countries: Mexico, USA<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Taylor & Miller (1983).<br />
Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Heros Montezuma Heckel, 1840: 383. Type locality: Mexico.<br />
Holotype: NMW 17359.<br />
Heros Deppii Heckel, 1840: 382. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype:<br />
NMW, lost.<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Nautla and<br />
Misantla River basins.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Implied identification of material in ZMB<br />
collected with the holotype, suggests that H. deppii is valid, according<br />
to Stawikowski & Werner (1998: 333). The status of<br />
Heros montezuma is uncertain, pending examination of the holotype.<br />
Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)<br />
Heros (Cichlasoma) labridens Pellegrin, 1903: 122. Type locality:<br />
Huasteca Potosina (Mexique). [=Verde River drainage near Rioverde,<br />
San Luís Potosí]. Syntypes: MNHN 1889-19-20.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Panuco River<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: See Miller (1956: 15) for information on<br />
type locality.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico)<br />
Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983)<br />
Cichlasoma minckleyi Kornfield & Taylor, 1983: 254, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Posos de la Becerra, 15.7 km by road SSW of Cuatro<br />
Ciénegas de Carranza, Coahuila, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ<br />
209434.<br />
Maximum length: 17.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, endemic to Cuatro<br />
Ciénegas.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Mojarra caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas (Mexico)<br />
Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983)<br />
Cichlasoma pantostictum Taylor & Miller, 1983: 15, fig. 5. Type<br />
locality: Laguna de Chairel at the mouth of the Río Tamesí,<br />
Tampico, lat. 22°15’N., long. 96°04’W., elevation ca. 2 m near<br />
Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 207699.<br />
Maximum length: 12.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico, in<br />
the Panuco River drainage from the Sabinas River to the coastal<br />
Laguna Tamiahua.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico)<br />
Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)<br />
Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder, 1899: 143, fig. 20.<br />
Type locality: Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.<br />
Holotype: SU 6164.<br />
Maximum length: 40 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico,<br />
endemic to the Tamasopo, Gallinas, and Ojo Frio Rivers in the<br />
Panuco River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Mexico)<br />
Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993<br />
Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993: 66, fig. p. 67. Type<br />
locality: Type locality: “Las Cascadas” (99°23’47” W. Long.,<br />
21°56’47” N. Lat.) in the Río Tamasopo. Holotype: UMMZ<br />
221577.<br />
Maximum length: 18 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Tamasopo<br />
River of Panuco River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
HEROINA<br />
Heroina <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1996b: 151. Type species: Heroina isonycterina<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1996. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Heroina isonycterina <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1996<br />
Heroina isonycterina <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1996b: 153, fig. 3. Type locality:<br />
Ecuador, Provincia Napo, Río Napo drainage, upper Río Tiputini<br />
upstream of bridge on road to Coca (0°44.5’S 76°53’W). Holotype:<br />
FMNH 105181.<br />
Maximum length: 10.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo<br />
(Ecuador), Caquetá (Colombia), and Tigre, Corrientes, and<br />
Pastaza (Peru) River basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru<br />
HEROS<br />
Heros Heckel, 1840: 362. Type species: Heros severus Heckel,<br />
1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan & Gilbert 1883:<br />
608. Gender: masculine.<br />
Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840<br />
Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840: 372. Type locality: Rio-negro.<br />
Holotype: NMW 33341.<br />
Chromys appendiculata Castelnau, 1855: 15, pl. 7 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: l’Ucayali, (Pérou). Holotype: MNHN A.9483.<br />
Chromys fasciata Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
l’Araguay. No types known.<br />
Uarus centrarchoides Cope, 1872: 253, pl. 11 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
Ambyiacu River [=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Holotype: ANSP<br />
9049.<br />
Cichlasoma severum perpunctatum Miranda Ribeiro, 1918b: 18,<br />
pl. 16. Type locality: Manáos. Holotype: MNRJ 1263.<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in tributaries of<br />
the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers in Peru, and Solimões-Amazon<br />
River in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription, as Heros appendiculatus,<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 219), based on Peruvian material, with bibliography,<br />
diagnosis, description, distribution and illustration.<br />
Oldest available name now applied. Status of the included nominal<br />
species needs further analysis.<br />
Common names: Acará-peba (Brazil), Acará-preto (Brazil), Bujurqui<br />
acha vieja (Peru)<br />
Heros notatus Jardine, 1843<br />
Centrarchus notatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 160, pl. 13.<br />
Type locality: [Locality not stated]. No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Heros severus Heckel, 1840<br />
Heros severus Heckel, 1840: 362. Type locality: bei Marabitanas<br />
im Rio-negro. Syntypes: ?NMW 17354 (1), ?17638 (1), ?17656<br />
(1).<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the upper<br />
Orinoco River drainage in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon<br />
River basin, in the upper Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Heros spurius Heckel, 1840<br />
Heros spurius Heckel, 1840: 368. Type locality: Rio Guaporè ...<br />
Sümpfen. Syntypes: ?NMW 17656 (1), 17939 (1).<br />
Heros coryphaeus Heckel, 1840: 364. Type locality: Rio-Guaporé<br />
... Morästen um Matogrosso. Holotype: NMW 17358.<br />
Heros modestus Heckel, 1840: 366. Type locality: Rio Guaporé.<br />
Syntypes: NMW 17354 (1), ?92454 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River drainage, Brazil and Bolivia.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
HEROTILAPIA<br />
Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904: 247. Type species: Heros multispinosus<br />
Günther, 1869. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.<br />
Herotilapia multispinosa (Günther, 1867)<br />
Heros multispinosus Günther, 1867: 601. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.34.<br />
Maximum length: 9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Patuca<br />
River (Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope,<br />
from the Guasaule River (Nicaragua) to the Tempisque and Bebedero<br />
Rivers (Costa Rica).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther<br />
(1868: 453, pl. 74, fig. 2). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 351),<br />
with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Cholesca (Costa Rica), Mojarrita (Costa Rica),<br />
Zarzapala (Costa Rica)<br />
HOPLARCHUS<br />
Hoplarchus Kaup, 1860: 128. Type species: Hoplarchus pentacanthus<br />
Kaup, 1860. Type by subsequent designation. Gender: masculine.<br />
Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Heros psittacus Heckel, 1840: 369. Type locality: Rio-negro,<br />
nördlich von Marabitanas am Fusse des Berges Cocui. Syntypes:<br />
?NMW 17641-42 (1, 1).<br />
Centrarchus cychla Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 157, pl. 11.<br />
Type locality: Rio Negro. No types known.<br />
Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860: 129, pl. 6 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: ? Südamerika. Holotype in ZSM, lost.<br />
Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro,<br />
Preto da Eva, Urubu, and Jamari Rivers in Brazil; Orinoco River<br />
basin, in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela<br />
HYPSELECARA<br />
Hypselecara <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 232. Type species: Heros temporalis<br />
Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.<br />
Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Heros coryphaenoides Heckel, 1840: 373, pl. 29 (fig. 9-12). Type<br />
locality: Rio-negro ... bei Maribitana. Holotype: NMW 17376.<br />
Heros niger Heckel, 1840: 375. Type locality: Rio-negro. Holotype:<br />
NMW 17358.<br />
Centrarchus niger Jardine in Schomburgk, 1843: 159, pl. 12. Type<br />
locality: Rio Negro. No types known.<br />
Cichlasoma arnoldi Ahl, 1936a: 138. Type locality: Amazonas.<br />
Holotype: ZMB 32382.<br />
Chuco axelrodi Fernández-Yépez, 1972: 15, fig. 16. Type locality:<br />
Aguaro River, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 206097.<br />
Maximum length: 16 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro,<br />
Trombetas, Tapajós, Maués, and Uatumã Rivers; Orinoco River<br />
basin in tributaries of the upper Orinoco River, and in the Aguaro<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Venezuela<br />
Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros temporalis Günther, 1862: 286. Type locality: No locality.<br />
Holotype: BMNH 1855.12.26.638 [ex Zool. Soc.].<br />
Acara (Heros) crassa Steindachner, 1875: 88, pl. 5. Type locality:<br />
Amazonenstrom bei Teffé, Tonantins, Cudajas, Coary, Villa<br />
bella und Obidos, im See Hyanuary und Saraca, so wie im Rio<br />
Hyutay. Syntypes: (several) NMW 17373-17374 (2) Codajás,<br />
33617 (1) Silves, 33618 (1) Villa Bella.<br />
Heros goeldii Boulenger, 1897: 298. Type locality: Upper Cunani<br />
River, French Guiana, south of the Oyapok River. Syntypes:<br />
BMNH 1897.7.17.9 (1), NMB 2488 (1).<br />
Cichlasoma Hellabrunni Ladiges, 1942: 199, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Gefangenschaftsnachzucht Hellabrunn (originally: entweder die<br />
Umgebung von Rockstone am Essequibo in Britisch-Guiana oder<br />
aber die Umgebung von Leticia. Lectotype: ZMH H70, designated<br />
by Ladiges et al. (1958: 164).<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Ucayali<br />
and Amazon River drainages in Peru, the Amazon River drainage<br />
in Colombia, the Solimões-Amazon River in Brazil, east to Cametá,<br />
also rivers of Amapá State and the Oyapock River basin in<br />
Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru<br />
Common names: Acará açai (Brazil), Bufurque (Peru), Bujurqui<br />
(Peru)<br />
HYPSOPHRYS<br />
Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Hypsophrys unimaculatus<br />
Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.<br />
Copora Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Heros nicaraguensis<br />
Günther, 1864. Type species by original designation.<br />
Gender: feminine.<br />
Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864)<br />
Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake<br />
Nicaragua. Types in MCZ, not found.<br />
Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864c: 153. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Nicaragua. Holotype: BMNH 1867.9.23.37.<br />
Heros balteatus Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 184. Type locality:<br />
Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.27.3 [ex USNM] (1).<br />
Cichlasoma spilotum Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria,<br />
Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7686.<br />
Maximum length: 16.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the San Juan<br />
drainage, including Lake Nicaragua, in Costa Rica and Nicaragua,<br />
to the Matina River drainage in Costa Rica.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Species monograph by López (1974),<br />
well illustrated. <strong>Kullander</strong> & Hartel (1997) discussed the nomenclature<br />
of Hypsophrys unimaculatus. Reviewed by Bussing<br />
(1998: 354), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and<br />
figures.<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Common names: Moga amarilla (Costa Rica)<br />
KROBIA<br />
Krobia <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: 148. Type species: Acara<br />
guianensis Regan, 1905. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905)<br />
Acara guianensis Regan, 1905b: 340. Type locality: Guiana. Holotype:<br />
BMNH 1851.5.2.8 [ex ZMB].<br />
Maximum length: 12.8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages, from the<br />
Demerara River in Guyana, eastward to the Cottica River in Suriname.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen<br />
(1989: 151), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Krobia (Suriname), Ooroe wefi (Suriname),<br />
Ouwe wefi (Suriname)<br />
Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943)<br />
Aequidens itanyi Puyo, 1943: 146, fig. 4. Type locality: Suriname,<br />
Distr. Marowijne, Marowijne R. system, kreek on left bank of<br />
Marowijne R., W Manbari Val, 6 km N Stoelmanseiland (originally:<br />
crique du haut Itany). Neotype: ZMA 119531, designated<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen (1989: 166).<br />
Maximum length: 12.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Marowijne River drainage in Suriname<br />
and French Guiana.<br />
Countries: French Guiana, Suriname<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen<br />
(1989: 166), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)<br />
LAETACARA<br />
Laetacara <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 321. Type species: Acara flavilabris<br />
Cope, 1870. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.<br />
Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923)<br />
Acara curviceps Ahl, 1923: 44, fig. 5. Type locality: Amazonenstrom.<br />
Holotype: ZMB 31324.<br />
Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in lower portions<br />
of tributaries of the Amazon River in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Laetacara dorsigera (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Acara dorsiger Heckel, 1840: 348. Type locality: Sümpfe in der<br />
Nähe des Paraguay-Flusses bei Villa Maria. Holotype: NMW<br />
33669.<br />
Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River drainage; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay River drainage<br />
in Brazil and Paraguay, middle Paraná River drainage in Argentina.<br />
Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870)<br />
Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870: 570. Type locality: Near Pebas,<br />
Ecuador [currently Peru]. Holotype: ANSP 9156.<br />
Acara freniferus Cope, 1872: 255. Type locality: the Ambyiacu<br />
[=Ampiyacu River, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 9157.<br />
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Napo<br />
and Putumayo river drainages in Ecuador, in the Huallaga, Ucayali,<br />
Amazon, Putumayo and Yavarí River basins in Peru, and in<br />
the upper Solimöes and Juruá River basins in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 328),<br />
with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Common names: Bujurqui (Peru)<br />
Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875)<br />
Acara thayeri Steindachner, 1875: 68, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
Im Amazonenstrom und dessen Ausständen bei Cudajas, in den<br />
See Hyanuary bei Manaos und im Lago Maximo bei Alemquer.<br />
Syntypes: (many) NMW 33723 (3), 33726-38 (13), 33739-45<br />
(15), 33746 (?), 33752 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 6.5 cm TL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tigre,<br />
Ucayali, Yavarí and Amazon River basins in Peru, and along the<br />
Solimões, Amazon (to lower Trombetas River), and lower Negro<br />
River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Peru<br />
MAZARUNIA<br />
Mazarunia <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990b: 4. Type species: Mazarunia mazarunii<br />
<strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Mazarunia mazarunii <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990<br />
Mazarunia mazarunii <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1990b: 5, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Guyana: Upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang. Holotype:<br />
MHNG 1553.96.<br />
Maximum length: 5.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River drainage, in the<br />
upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang.<br />
Countries: Guyana<br />
MESONAUTA<br />
Mesonauta Günther, 1862: 300. Type species: Heros insignis<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855)<br />
Chromys acora Castelnau, 1855: 17, pl. 9 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
lacs de l’Araguay. No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 7.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins<br />
and Xingu River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip<br />
(1991: 424), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Mesonauta egregius <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip, 1991<br />
Mesonauta egregius <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip, 1991: 429, fig. 21.<br />
Type locality: Colombia, Departamento Vichada, Rio Vichada<br />
drainage, laguna no. 1 on Finca Boca de Guarrojo at the mouth of<br />
the Rio Guarrojo. Holotype: ICN-MNH 1686.<br />
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Meta and<br />
Vichada River basins.<br />
Countries: Colombia<br />
Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Heros festivus Heckel, 1840: 376. Type locality: Fluss Guaporè<br />
und dessen nahe gelegenen Moräste. No types known.<br />
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River drainage in Brazil and Paraguay; Amazon River basin, in<br />
the Guaporé (Brazil and Bolivia), Madre de Dios (Peru), Mamoré<br />
(Bolivia), Jamari and Tapajós (Brazil) River drainages.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip<br />
(1991: 420), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998<br />
Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998: 5, fig. 2. Type locality:<br />
Rockstone, Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype: ZMB 32779.<br />
Maximum length: 10 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Negro<br />
River drainage, Brazil; Essequibo River drainage in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana<br />
Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Heros insignis Heckel, 1840: 379. Type locality: waldlache bei<br />
Marabitanas am Rio-negro. Lectotype: NMW 24415, designated<br />
by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip (1991: 420).<br />
Maximum length: 9.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Negro River drainage in Brazil; Orinoco River basin, along the<br />
Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip<br />
(1991: 418), with bibliography, diagnosis, description, distribution,<br />
and illustrations.<br />
Mesonauta mirificus <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip, 1991<br />
Mesonauta mirificus <strong>Kullander</strong> & Silfvergrip, 1991: 430, fig. 22.<br />
Type locality: Peru, Departamento Loreto, Rio Napo, Cayapoza,<br />
small laguna on left bank island. Holotype: NRM 20001.<br />
Maximum length: 9.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Peru and<br />
Colombia, in tributaries of the Ucayali and Amazon Rivers, from<br />
Yarina Cocha to Mocagua Island near Leticia.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Peru<br />
Common names: Bufurqui (Peru), Bujurqui (Peru)<br />
MIKROGEOPHAGUS<br />
Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen in Schiötz & Christensen,<br />
1968: 370. Type species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers &<br />
Harry, 1948. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Papiliochromis <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1977: 253. Type species: Apistogramma<br />
ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by original designation.<br />
Gender: feminine.<br />
Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911)<br />
Crenicara altispinosa Haseman, 1911: 344, pl. 58. Type locality:<br />
Along a sand-bank in the Río Mamoré, below the mouth of the<br />
Río Guaporé. Holotype: FMNH 54090.<br />
Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River drainage in Brazil and Bolivia, and in the Mamoré River<br />
drainage in Bolivia.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Species reviewed by <strong>Kullander</strong> (1981c).<br />
Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948)<br />
Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948a: 77. Type locality:<br />
evidently from one of the tributaries of the Rio Apuré or Rio<br />
Meta in the states of Guárico, Portuguésa, or Apuré. Syntypes:<br />
CAS-SU 14845(2), 14846(1), 14847(1).<br />
Maximum length: 3.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the llanos of<br />
Venezuela and Colombia.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Remarks and references: Species monographed by <strong>Kullander</strong><br />
(1980c); also described by Myers & Harry (1948b).<br />
NANDOPSIS<br />
Nandopsis Gill, 1862: 238. Type species: Chromis tetracanthus<br />
Poey [=Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes, 1831]. Type by<br />
monotypy. Gender: feminine.<br />
Parapetenia Regan, 1905a: 324. Type species: Acara adspersa<br />
Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated<br />
by Eigenmann (1910: 476). Gender: feminine.<br />
Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935)<br />
Cichlasoma haitiensis Tee-Van, 1935: 294, fig. 270. Type locality:<br />
Étang Saumâtre, near Maneville, Cul-de-Sac Plain, Haiti, West<br />
Indies. Holotype: USNM 170907 [ex NYZS 7302].<br />
Maximum length: 21.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Hispaniola Island.<br />
Countries: Dominican Republic, Haiti<br />
Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831)<br />
Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes,<br />
1831: 460. Type locality: Havane [=Habana, Cuba]. No types<br />
known; based on a drawing.<br />
Chromis fusco-maculatus Guichenot, 1853: 78, pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Cuba. Holotype: MNHN A.9482.<br />
Acara adspersa Günther, 1862: 282. Type locality: Barbadoes.<br />
Holotype: BMNH 1961.7.7.1.<br />
Heros tetracanthus cinctus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 16. Type<br />
locality: Paso Real. Holotype: CAS 78971 [ex IU 9671].<br />
Heros tetracanthus latus Eigenmann, 1903: 234, fig. 15. Type<br />
locality: San Juan. Holotype: CAS 78972 [ex IU 9669].<br />
Heros tetracanthus griseus Eigenmann, 1903: 233, fig. 14. Type<br />
locality: San Antonio. Holotype: CAS 78974 [ex IU 9670].<br />
Heros tetracanthus torralbasi Eigenmann, 1903: 230, fig. 11.<br />
Type locality: Calabazar. Holotype: CAS 78975 [ex IU 9672] (1<br />
of 2).<br />
Heros nigricans Eigenmann, 1903: 235, fig. 17. Type locality:<br />
Pinar del Rio. Holotype: CAS 78973 [ex IU 9668].<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Cuba Island.<br />
Countries: Cuba<br />
Remarks and references: Hubbs (1920) presented a nomenclatural<br />
revision establishing the present synonymy.<br />
Nandopsis vombergi (Ladiges, 1938)<br />
Cichlosoma Vombergi Ladiges, 1938: 18, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Unterlauf des Rio Yague del Sur. Holotype: ZMH H401.<br />
Maximum length: 19.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Caribbean Islands: Eastern Hispaniola, in the Yaqui<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Dominican Republic<br />
NANNACARA<br />
Nannacara Regan, 1905b: 344. Type species: Nannacara anomala<br />
Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.<br />
Nannacara adoketa <strong>Kullander</strong> & Prada-Pedreros,<br />
1993<br />
Nannacara adoketa <strong>Kullander</strong> & Prada-Pedreros, 1993: 359, fig.<br />
1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Amazonas, Igarapé do Cumaru,<br />
a tributary of Paraná Atauí, in the middle Rio Negro. Holotype:<br />
MZUSP 44685.<br />
Maximum length: 4.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the middle<br />
Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905<br />
Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905b: 344. Type locality: R. Essequibo<br />
[Guyana]. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.21.27-28 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 5.6 cm SL<br />
639
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Distribution: South America: Guianan rivers from the Aruka River<br />
in Guyana east to the lower Marowijne River in Suriname.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname<br />
Remarks and references: Redescribed in <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen<br />
(1989: 199), based on Surinamese material, with bibliography,<br />
diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustrations.<br />
Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983<br />
Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983: 13. Type locality:<br />
“Carière Chambaut” localité A. [French Guiana]. Holotype:<br />
MNHN 1983-523.<br />
Maximum length: 6.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Approuague River basin.<br />
Countries: French Guiana<br />
Common names: Ti prapra (French Guiana)<br />
Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912<br />
Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912: 488, pl. 66 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Erukin [Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53799 [ex<br />
CM 2304].<br />
Maximum length: 4.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Potaro River and nearby in the Essequibo<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Guyana<br />
Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912<br />
Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912: 505. Type locality: the Amazon at<br />
Manaos. Holotype: BMNH 1912.2.2.15.<br />
Maximum length: 5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Near Belém, Pará State.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
NEETROPLUS<br />
Neetroplus Günther, 1867: 603. Type species: Neetroplus nematopus<br />
Günther, 1867. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867<br />
Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867: 603. Type locality: Lake<br />
Managua [Nicaragua]. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.35.<br />
Neetroplus nicaraguensis Gill in Gill & Bransford, 1877: 186.<br />
Type locality: Lake Nicaragua. Syntypes: (3).<br />
Neetroplus fluviatilis Meek, 1912: 74. Type locality: Costa Rica<br />
River near Guapilis, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7685 [not<br />
7585].<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and<br />
western Costa Rica, in the San Juan River drainage, including<br />
Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua.<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Neetroplus nematopus described in more<br />
detail in Günther (1868: 470, pl. 74 (fig. 4)). Reviewed by Bussing<br />
(1998: 357), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,<br />
and figures.<br />
Common names: Moga (Costa Rica)<br />
PARACHROMIS<br />
Parachromis Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species: Parachromis<br />
gulosus [=Heros managuensis Günther, 1867]. Agassiz, 1859.<br />
Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864)<br />
Heros dovii Günther, 1864c: 154. Type locality: Lake of Nicaragua.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.195-196 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 50 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Aguan<br />
River (Honduras) to the Moín River (Costa Rica); Pacific slope<br />
from the Yeguare River (Honduras) to the Bebedero River (Costa<br />
Rica).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 360), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Guapote (Costa Rica), Guapote blanco (Honduras),<br />
Lagunero (Nicaragua)<br />
Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Heros Friedrichsthalii Heckel, 1840: 381. Type locality: Central-<br />
Amerika. Holotype: NMW 35322.<br />
Cichlosoma multifasciatum Regan, 1905a: 335. Type locality:<br />
Lake Peten. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.65-66 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 28 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in Mexico<br />
(Usumacinta River), Belize, Honduras and Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico<br />
Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Guapote (Belize), Molula<br />
(Mexico), Mus mus (Belize), Yellowjacket cichlid (Belize)<br />
Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989)<br />
Cichlasoma loisellei Bussing, 1989: 153, fig. 1. Type locality: Río<br />
San Miguel, a tributary of Río Matina on road to Puerto Limón,<br />
Limón (elevation 12 m), Limón Province, Costa Rica. Holotype:<br />
LACM 44405-1 [ex UCR 1126-8].<br />
Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River<br />
(Honduras) to the Cricamola River (Panama); Pacific slope, in<br />
the Tamarindo River (Nicaragua).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 364), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Guapote amarillo (Guatemala)<br />
Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)<br />
Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake<br />
Nicaragua. Lectotype: MCZ 16086, designated by <strong>Kullander</strong> &<br />
Hartel (1997: 196).<br />
Heros managuensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Lake of<br />
Managua. Holotype: BMNH 1865.7.20.32.<br />
Maximum length: 22 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from the Ulua River<br />
(Honduras) to the Matina River (Costa Rica).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Cuba (introduced), El Salvador (introduced),<br />
Guatemala (introduced), Honduras, Mexico (introduced),<br />
Nicaragua, Panama (introduced)<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by <strong>Kullander</strong> & Hartel (1997),<br />
with redescription and photo, and lectotype designation of P.<br />
gulosus. Heros managuensis described in more detail in (Günther<br />
1868: 463, pl. 77 (fig. 3)). Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 367),<br />
with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Guapote barcino (Costa Rica, Nicaragua),<br />
Guapote tigre (Costa Rica), Pinta (Mexico)<br />
Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867)<br />
Heros motaguensis Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Río Motagua.<br />
Syntypes: (5) BMNH 1865.4.29.68-70 (3 or 4),<br />
1865.6.10.12 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and<br />
Honduras in the Motagua River basin; Pacific slope from Naranjo<br />
River (Guatemala) to Choluteca River (Honduras).<br />
Countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras<br />
Remarks and references: Described in more detail in Günther<br />
(1868: 462, pl. 77 (fig. 2)).<br />
Common names: False yellowjacket cichlid (Belize), Guapote (El<br />
Salvador), Moro (El Salvador), Pando (El Salvador)<br />
PARANEETROPLUS<br />
Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905a 436. Type species: Paraneetroplus<br />
640
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
bulleri Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905<br />
Paraneetroplus Bulleri Regan, 1905a: 436. Type locality: Rio de<br />
Sarabia, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1890.10.10.94.<br />
Maximum length: 25.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos<br />
River drainage.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Corrientero (Mexico)<br />
Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864)<br />
Heros gibbiceps Steindachner, 1864: 66, pl. 5 (fig. 1-2). Type<br />
locality: Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes:<br />
NMW 17360-61 (2), 17367 (1), 58799 (1).<br />
Cichlasoma teapae Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902: 156, fig. 6.<br />
Type locality: Rio Teapa at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Holotype:<br />
USNM 50005.<br />
Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer, 1988: 13, fig. p. 15. Type locality:<br />
près du pont, sur le Rio Tulija traversé par la route Palenqué-<br />
Ococingo, Chiapas, Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1987-1474.<br />
Maximum length: 23 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Corrientero verde (Mexico), Roquera (Mexico)<br />
Paraneetroplus nebuliferus (Günther, 1860)<br />
Chromis nebulifera Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Fresh<br />
waters of Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.17.31-33 (3).<br />
Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek, 1902: 119, pl. 30. Type locality:<br />
Rio Tehuacan, Venta Salada, Pueblo, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH<br />
3712.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Chonga (Mexico), Playero (Mexico)<br />
PETENIA<br />
Petenia Günther, 1862: 301. Type species: Petenia splendida<br />
Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.<br />
Petenia splendida Günther, 1862<br />
Petenia splendida Günther, 1862: 301. Type locality: Lake Peten.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.103-105 (3).<br />
Maximum length: 50 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Grijalva<br />
River to Usumacinta River (Mexico), Usumacinta River<br />
(Guatemala), and Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common names: Bay snook (Belize), Blanco (Belize), Tenguajagua<br />
(Mexico), Tenguayaca (Mexico)<br />
PTEROPHYLLUM<br />
Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840: 334. Type species: Platax scalaris<br />
Cuvier, 1831. Type by monotypy. Gender: neuter.<br />
Plataxoïdes Castelnau, 1855: 21. Type species: Plataxoides dumerilii<br />
Castelnau, 1855. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903<br />
Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903: 125. Type locality: Atabapo<br />
(Orénoque). Syntypes: BMNH 1904.6.28.2-3 [ex MNHN] (2<br />
spms.); MHNLR P.261 (1); MNHN 1887-571 to 574 (4), 1887-<br />
579 and 580 (14 spms.)<br />
Maximum length: 6.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Negro River drainage; Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the<br />
upper Orinoco River (Inírida and Atabapo Rivers) to Puerto Ayacucho.<br />
Countries: Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963)<br />
Plataxoides leopoldi Gosse, 1963: 4, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Type locality:<br />
Furo du village de Cuia (rive gauche du Solimôes à environ 90<br />
km en amont de Manacapuru). Holotype: IRSNB 459.<br />
Maximum length: 5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the<br />
Solimões-Amazon River between about Manacapuru and Santarém;<br />
Rupununi River in the Essequibo River drainage in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Guyana<br />
Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823)<br />
Zeus scalaris Schultze in Lichtenstein, 1823: 114. Type locality:<br />
Or. Brazil. Types: No types located with certainty, ZMB 1347<br />
possibly part of type series; ZMB 2833 selected as lectotype by<br />
Paepke & Schindler (2002: 181).<br />
Platax scalaris Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831: 237. Type<br />
locality: None stated. Holotype: ZMB 1347.<br />
Plataxoïdes dumerilii Castelnau, 1855: 21, pl. 11 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Para. Holotype: MNHN A.254.<br />
Pterophyllum eimekei Ahl, 1928: 31, fig. p. 31. Type locality:<br />
Mündung des Rio Negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes:<br />
ZMB uncatalogued (4) and MNHN 29-12 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 7.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in Peru, Colombia,<br />
and Brazil, along the Ucayali, Solimões and Amazon<br />
rivers; rivers of Amapá State, Oyapock River in French Guiana;<br />
Essequibo River in Guyana.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname<br />
(introduced)<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Peruvian material<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 210), with bibliography, diagnosis, description,<br />
distribution, and illustrations. Paepke & Schindler (2002)<br />
discuss the authorship and putative types of Z. scalaris Schultze.<br />
Common names: Acará bandeira (Brazil), Cara bandeira (Brazil),<br />
Pez angel (Peru), Poson lavwèl (French Guiana)<br />
RETROCULUS<br />
Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type species: Retroculus<br />
boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Type by monotypy.<br />
Gender: masculine.<br />
Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855)<br />
Chromys lapidifera Castelnau, 1855: 16, pl. 12 (fig.1). Type locality:<br />
Rio das Mortes, Xaventina Island Matto Brosso Brazil<br />
(originally: la grande cascade de l’Araguay (Caxoeira grande)).<br />
Holotype: MNHN A.8321 (dry, lost). Name spelled lapidifera in<br />
text (pp. viii and 16) and index (p. 108); lapidifer in figure caption<br />
and list of figures (p. xi). Neotype BMNH 1970.10.28:58,<br />
designated by (Gosse 1971: 5).<br />
Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894: 614. Type locality:<br />
Brazil. Holotype: USNM 152111.<br />
Maximum length: 20.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tocantins<br />
and Capim River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription in Gosse (1971) with<br />
bibliography, diagnosis, description, and illustration.<br />
Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971<br />
Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971: 11, p. 5. Type locality:<br />
Guyane française dans le fleuve Oyapock à Saut-Alikoto (en<br />
amont du village de Camopi). Holotype: IRSNB 515.<br />
Maximum length: 19 cm SL<br />
641
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Distribution: South America: Oyapock River drainage in Brazil<br />
and French Guiana, Araguari River drainage in Brazil.<br />
Countries: Brazil, French Guiana<br />
Common names: Prapra (French Guiana)<br />
Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971<br />
Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971: 7, pl. 4. Type locality: Brésil<br />
dans le Rio Xingu aux Cachoeira von Martius (à la limite Nord<br />
de l’Etat du Mato Grosso). Holotype: IRSNB 512.<br />
Maximum length: 14.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
and Tapajós River basins.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
SATANOPERCA<br />
Satanoperca Günther, 1862: 312. Type species: Geophagus daemon<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation by Jordan &<br />
Evermann (1898, p. 1542). Gender: feminine.<br />
Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Geophagus acuticeps Heckel, 1840: 394. Type locality: Barra do<br />
Rio-negro [=Manaus]. Holotype: NMW 23429.<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Branco<br />
River, lower Negro River, and along the Solimões-Amazon River<br />
in Brazil between Tonantins and the lower Trombetas River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Common names: Acará bicudo (Brazil), Acará papa terra (Brazil)<br />
Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840: 389, pl. 29 (fig. 26-29). Type<br />
locality: Rio-Negro. Holotype: NMW 23123.<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the upper<br />
Negro River in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin, in<br />
Colombia and Venezuela.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Geophagus jurupari Heckel, 1840: 392. Type locality: an der<br />
Mündung des Rio-negro in den Amazonenstrom. Syntypes:<br />
NMW 23580-81 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 18.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, from Peru,<br />
Ecuador and Colombia to the mouth of Amazon River in Brazil,<br />
in Amapá State and eastern French Guiana, also in the Bolivian<br />
Amazon drainage except Guaporé River.<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,<br />
Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription, based on Peruvian material,<br />
in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1986: 147), with bibliography, diagnosis, description,<br />
distribution and illustration.<br />
Common names: Acará-chibante (Brazil), Cara bicudo (Brazil),<br />
Prapra djab (French Guiana), Prapra roch (French Guiana), Prapra<br />
so (French Guiana)<br />
Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849)<br />
Geophagus leucostictus Müller & Troschel, 1849: 625. Type<br />
locality: See Amucu; Sümpfen der Savanne. Holotype: ZMB<br />
2331.<br />
Satanoperca macrolepis Günther, 1862: 314. Type locality: Demerara,<br />
British Guiana. Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1962.1.8.1 (1).<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Essequibo River in Guyana and<br />
Nickerie River in Suriname.<br />
Countries: Guyana, Suriname<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription based on Surinamese<br />
material in <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen (1989: 66), with bibliography,<br />
diagnosis, description, distribution, and illustration.<br />
Satanoperca lilith <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira, 1988<br />
Satanoperca lilith <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira, 1988: 344, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Brazil, Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage, Urumari,<br />
praia (0°03’S, 63°30’W). Holotype: MZUSP 33003.<br />
Maximum length: 25.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the<br />
Solimões-Amazon River from the Japurá River to the Trombetas<br />
River, also Negro River from the Curicuriari River to the mouth,<br />
and in the Branco River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)<br />
Geophagus mapiritensis Fernández-Yépez, 1950: 117, fig. p. 117.<br />
Type locality: Río Mapirito al Sur de Maturín, Estado Monagas,<br />
Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 153 [ex AFY 49422].<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, along the lower<br />
Orinoco River and in rivers north of the lower Orinoco River.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840)<br />
Geophagus pappaterra Heckel, 1840: 396. Type locality: Rio-<br />
Guapore. Syntypes: 23684-23685 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 17.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Guaporé<br />
River in Brazil and Bolivia; Paraná River basin, in the Paraguay<br />
River drainage in Brazil and northern Paraguay (to the Aquidabán<br />
River).<br />
Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay<br />
SYMPHYSODON<br />
Symphysodon Heckel, 1840: 332. Type species: Symphysodon<br />
discus Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904<br />
Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata Pellegrin, 1904: 250. Type<br />
locality: Teffé (Brésil); Santarém (Bresil). Syntypes: MNHN<br />
1902-130 (1) Santarém, 1902-134 (1) and 1902-135 (1) Teffé.<br />
Symphysodon discus tarzoo Lyons, 1959: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality:<br />
Leticia, Columbia. No types known.<br />
Symphysodon aequifasciata axelrodi Schultz, 1960: 14, fig. (p. 9).<br />
Type locality: Belem, Brazil, Amazon River. Holotype: USNM<br />
179831.<br />
Symphysodon aequifasciata haraldi Schultz, 1960: 11, fig. (p. 8).<br />
Type locality: Benjamin Constant, Brazil in the Amazon. Holotype:<br />
USNM 179829.<br />
Maximum length: 13.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in tributaries<br />
along the Solimões-Amazon River from the Putumayo River in<br />
Colombia and Peru to the Tocantins River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru<br />
Remarks and references: Popular review in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1996a).<br />
Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840<br />
Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840: 333, pl. 30 (fig. 21). Type<br />
locality: bei Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaus], im Flusse selbst.<br />
Holotype: NMW 35612.<br />
Symphysodon discus willischwartzi Burgess, 1981: 37, fig. p. 37.<br />
Type locality: Rio Abacaxis (a tributary of the Rio Madeira),<br />
Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 15375.<br />
Maximum length: 12.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin in Brazil, near<br />
the mouth of the Negro River, in the lower Abacaxis River, and<br />
in the lower Trombetas River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Remarks and references: Popular review in <strong>Kullander</strong> (1996a).<br />
Common names: Acará-moreré (Brazil)<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
TAENIACARA<br />
Taeniacara Myers, 1935: 11. Type species: Taeniacara candidi<br />
Myers, 1935. Type by original designation. Gender: feminine.<br />
Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935<br />
Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935: 11. Type locality: in the Amazon<br />
(middle). Holotype: USNM 93579.<br />
Apistogramma weisei Ahl, 1936b: 268. Type locality: Santarem.<br />
Holotype: ZMB 32385.<br />
Maximum length: 3.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Negro River, and along the Amazon River to the Tapajós River.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
TAHUANTINSUYOA<br />
Tahuantinsuyoa <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 308. Type species: Tahuantinsuyoa<br />
macantzatza <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986. Type by original designation.<br />
Gender: feminine.<br />
Tahuantinsuyoa chipi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991<br />
Tahuantinsuyoa chipi <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1991c: 4, fig. 2. Type locality:<br />
Perú, departamento Huánuco, pools of unnamed creek close to<br />
lower Río Llullapichis, 1.8 km east of Panguana station<br />
(9°37’90”S, 74°55’90”W), 260 masl. Holotype: ROM 58275.<br />
Maximum length: 8.2 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Pachitea<br />
River basin in Peru.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986<br />
Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1986: 309, pl. 34 (fig. 1).<br />
Type locality: Perú, departamento Ucayali, Rio Aguaytía drainage<br />
system, Río Huacamayo. Holotype: MZUSP 16212.<br />
Maximum length: 7.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Aguaytía<br />
River basin in Peru.<br />
Countries: Peru<br />
TELEOCICHLA<br />
Teleocichla <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 196. Type species: Teleocichla<br />
centrarchus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002<br />
Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002: 374, fig. 1.<br />
Type locality: Brazil: Pará: rio Xingu: Furo do Zé Pinheiro<br />
(3°27’26”S 51°55’03”W). Holotype: INPA 14934.<br />
Maximum length: 4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River drainage around Altamira.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Teleocichla centrarchus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988<br />
Teleocichla centrarchus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 198, fig. 2. Type locality:<br />
Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù. État<br />
du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 649.<br />
Maximum length: 6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Teleocichla cinderella <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988<br />
Teleocichla cinderella <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 204, fig. 6. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará: R. Tocantins, Tucurui, jusante de represa,<br />
poços. Holotype: INPA 802.<br />
Maximum length: 5.4 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the lower<br />
Tocantins River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Teleocichla gephyrogramma <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988<br />
Teleocichla gephyrogramma <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 205, fig. 7. Type<br />
locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù.<br />
État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 647.<br />
Maximum length: 4.6 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Teleocichla monogramma <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988<br />
Teleocichla monogramma <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 207, figs. 1, 8. Type<br />
locality: Brésil, Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Haut Xingù.<br />
État du Mato Grosso. Holotype: IRSNB 646.<br />
Maximum length: 6.3 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Xingu<br />
River drainage at Cachoeira von Martius.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Teleocichla prionogenys <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988<br />
Teleocichla prionogenys <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 203, fig. 5. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajos, São Luis, acima de Itaituba,<br />
pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 36951.<br />
Maximum length: 5.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós<br />
River at São Luis.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Teleocichla proselytus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988<br />
Teleocichla proselytus <strong>Kullander</strong>, 1988: 201, fig. 4. Type locality:<br />
Brazil, State of Pará: Rio Tapajós, São Luis, acima de Itaituba,<br />
pedral. Holotype: MZUSP 33065.<br />
Maximum length: 5.7 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, in the Tapajós<br />
River at São Luis.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
THERAPS<br />
Theraps Günther, 1862: 284. Type species: Theraps irregularis<br />
Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987<br />
Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987: 499, fig. p. 499.<br />
Type locality: einem kleinen Zufluss zum Rio Mizol Há bei<br />
Francesco Madero westlich der Strasse von Palenque nach<br />
Ocosingo, etwa 30 Kilometer südlich von Palenque. Holotype:<br />
ZFMK 15501.<br />
Maximum length: 12 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, upper Tulija River in<br />
the Usumacinta River drainage.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862<br />
Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862: 284. Type locality: Guatemala.<br />
Holotype: BMNH 1861.8.12.15.<br />
Theraps belone Allgayer, 1989: 6, fig. p. 7. Type locality: “La<br />
Culebra” sur le Rio Chocolja, Chiapas (Mexique). Holotype:<br />
MNHN 1989-581.<br />
Maximum length: 19 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope of Mexico<br />
and Guatemala (Usumacinta, Sarstun, and Dulce River basins).<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Theraps lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864)<br />
Heros lentiginosus Steindachner, 1864: 62, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Mejico. Syntypes: NMW 17381-82 (2).<br />
Theraps rheophilus Seegers & Staeck, 1985: 500, fig. p. 500-504.<br />
Type locality: etwa sechs Kilometer südlich von Palenque im Rio<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Nututun unter der Brücke der Strasse nach Ocosingo in Chiapas,<br />
Mexico. Holotype: ZFMK 13928.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Grijalva and Usumacinta River drainages in Mexico and Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996<br />
Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996: 180, fig. 1. Type locality: Río Belleaire<br />
at CA 13 bridge (near Entelina), 8 km south of the Río Jutiapa<br />
crossing, in the Río Papaloteca drainage, Departmento de<br />
Atlantida; 15° 41’ 30” W. Lat., 86° 30’ N. Long. Holotype:<br />
UMMZ 231103.<br />
Maximum length: 8 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloteca<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Honduras<br />
THORICHTHYS<br />
Thorichthys Meek, 1904: 222. Type species: Thorichthys ellioti<br />
Meek, 1904. Type by original designation. Gender: masculine.<br />
Thorichthys affinis (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros affinis Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Lake Peten. Syntypes:<br />
BMNH 1864.1.26.83-86 (4).<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the upper Usumacinta<br />
River basin in Guatemala, and Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala<br />
Thorichthys aureus (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros aureus Günther, 1862: 292. Type locality: Guatemala.<br />
Holotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.51.<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope from Golden Creek<br />
(Belize) to Motagua River basin (Honduras).<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras<br />
Common names: Golden firemouth cichlid (Belize)<br />
Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904)<br />
Heros (Heros) callolepis Regan, 1904: 258. Type locality: Santo<br />
Domingo de Guzman, Mexico. Syntypes: BMNH<br />
1890.10.10.112-113 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 14 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos<br />
River drainage, Mexico.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904<br />
Heros maculipinnis Steindachner, 1864: 69, pl. 4 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Mejico im Xamapa-Flusse. Syntypes: NMW 17368-<br />
17370 (3).<br />
Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904: 223, fig. 72. Type locality: Motzorongo,<br />
Vera Cruz. Holotype: FMNH 4627 [not 4727].<br />
Maximum length: 15 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Papaloapán<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Identity of Heros maculipinnis and T.<br />
ellioti requires further analysis; whereas T. maculipinnis has priority,<br />
T. ellioti may be in prevailing usage.<br />
Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864)<br />
Heros Helleri Steindachner, 1864: 64, pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
Mejico, im Teapa-Flusse (Staat Tabasco). Syntypes: NMW<br />
17344-17349 (6).<br />
Cichlasoma champotonis Hubbs, 1936: 257, pl. 11 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Río Champoton, Janateya, Campeche, 7 leagues (34 km)<br />
east of the mouth, Yucatán, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102203.<br />
Maximum length: 14.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Coatzacoalcos<br />
River to the Usumacinta River drainage.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918<br />
Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind, 1918: 119. Type locality: Near<br />
Progreso, Yucutan, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 79243.<br />
Cichlasoma hyorhynchum Hubbs, 1935: 15, pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type<br />
locality: Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta,<br />
at El Paso de los Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala.<br />
Holotype: UMMZ 95519.<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Usumacinta River drainage, the Belize River drainage, and near<br />
Progreso, in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Colombia (introduced), Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common names: Castarrica (Mexico), Firemouth cichlid (Belize),<br />
Panya gial (Belize), Rojita (Mexico)<br />
Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962)<br />
Cichlasoma pasionis Rivas, 1962: 148, fig. 1. Type locality: Río<br />
de la Pasión, of the Río Usumacinta system, at Sayaxche, Department<br />
of El Petén, Guatemala. Holotype: USNM 203156 [ex<br />
UMIM 4872].<br />
Maximum length: 17 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico and Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common name: Mojarra amarilla (Mexico)<br />
Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984)<br />
Cichlasoma socolofi Miller & Taylor, 1984: 933, fig. 1. Type<br />
locality: Río Misalá (tributary ro R. Tulija of R. Grijalva basin)<br />
below bridge at Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (17°23 N lat., 92°01’W<br />
long.), on highway from Palenque to Agua Azul, 19.6 km S of<br />
the “Maya Head” turnoff to Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype:<br />
UMMZ 210819.<br />
Maximum length: 7.9 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
TOMOCICHLA<br />
Tomocichla Regan, 1908a: 463. Type species: Tomocichla underwoodi<br />
Regan, 1908. Type by monotypy. Gender: feminine.<br />
Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002<br />
Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002b: 32, fig. p. 33. Type locality:<br />
Panama, Boca-del-Toro, Rio Guarumo. Holotype MNHN 2002-<br />
1093).<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, Laguna de Chiriqui<br />
basin in the Guarumo River.<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Tomocichla sieboldii (Kner, 1863)<br />
Heros sieboldii Kner, 1863: 223. Type locality: Panama an der<br />
Südseeseite. Syntypes: (11) NMW 22012 (1).<br />
Herichthys underwoodi Regan, 1906a: 30, pl. 3 (fig. 5). Type<br />
locality: Costa Rica. Holotype: BMNH 1907.6.28.48.<br />
Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Buenos<br />
Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6478.<br />
Cichlasoma frontale Meek, 1909: 210. Type locality: Turrubales,<br />
Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 6358.<br />
Theraps terrabae Jordan & Evermann, 1927: 507. Type locality:<br />
[Buenos Aires de Terraba.] Holotype: FMNH 6478. Replacement<br />
for Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, preoccupied in Cichlasoma by<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Labrus punctatus Bloch.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope, from Esparza (Costa<br />
Rica) to Río Sta María (Panama).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as<br />
Cichlasoma sieboldii. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 372), as<br />
Theraps sieboldii, with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution,<br />
and figures. Molecular analysis suggests that T. sieboldii is not<br />
closely related to T. tuba (Martin & Bermingham, 1998), but the<br />
species is maintained in Tomocichla pending a more general revision<br />
of heroin cichlids.<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Costa Rica)<br />
Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912)<br />
Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908a: 463. Type locality: Rio<br />
Iroquois [Costa Rica]. Syntypes: (13) BMNH 1909.3.13.99-108<br />
(10), UMMZ 167297 [ex BMNH] (1).<br />
Cichlasoma tuba Meek, 1912: 73. Type locality: Victoria, Costa<br />
Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7681 (missing).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Escondido<br />
River (Nicaragua) to the Cricamola River (Panama).<br />
Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Redescription by Bussing (1975), as<br />
Cichlasoma tuba. Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 376, as Theraps<br />
underwoodi), with key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and<br />
figures.<br />
UARU<br />
Uaru Heckel, 1840: 330. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides<br />
Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Gender: masculine.<br />
Uarus Cope, 1872: 254. Type species: Uaru amphiacanthoides<br />
Heckel, 1840. Gender: masculine. Unjustified emendation of<br />
spelling of Uaru Heckel.<br />
Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840<br />
Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840: 331, pl. 29 (fig. 13-16).<br />
Type locality: Rio-negro oberhalb Airao. Holotype: NMW<br />
24808.<br />
Pomotis ? fasciatus Jardine, 1843: 169, p. 17. Type locality: Rios<br />
Padauri and Negro. No types known.<br />
Uaru obscurum Günther, 1862: 302. Type locality: River Cupai<br />
[=Cupari River, Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.39.<br />
Acara (Heros) imperialis Steindachner, 1879a: 161. Type locality:<br />
Ausstände des Amazonenstromes zunächst der Mündung des Rio<br />
Negro. Syntypes: (several) NMW 79185-86 (7).<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, along the<br />
Amazon-Solimões River drainage from the Japurá River to the<br />
Tapajós River, and in the middle and lower Negro River basin.<br />
Countries: Brazil<br />
Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989<br />
Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989: 21, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Seitenarm des Río Atabapo, fünt Kilometer oberhalb dessen<br />
Mündung in den Rio Orinoco. Holotype: ZFMK 15757.<br />
Maximum length: 19 cm SL<br />
Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, in the Atabapo<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Venezuela<br />
Common names: Run Runá (Venezuela)<br />
VIEJA<br />
Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Vieja panamensis<br />
Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Type by original designation. Gender:<br />
feminine.<br />
Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [4]. Type species: Cichlasoma<br />
milleri Meek, 1907. Type species by original designation. Gender:<br />
neuter.<br />
Paratheraps Werner & Stawikowski, 1989: 10. Type species:<br />
Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987. Type species<br />
by original designation. Gender: masculine.<br />
Vieja argentea (Allgayer, 1991)<br />
Cichlasoma (Theraps) argentea Allgayer, 1991: 3. Type locality:<br />
Rio San Roman à l’embouchure avec le Rio Salinas, Chiapas,<br />
Mexique. Holotype: MNHN 1991-6831.<br />
Maximum length: 27 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Usumacinta<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner, 1864)<br />
Heros bifasciatus Steindachner, 1864: 60, pl. 2. Type locality:<br />
Mejico. Holotype: NMW 74138.<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins, Mexico and Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common names: Colorada (Mexico)<br />
Vieja breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987)<br />
Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987: 20, fig. p.<br />
20. Type locality: Presa von Angostura, unterhalb der Staumauer,<br />
in Chiapas/Südmexiko. Holotype: ZFMK 15524.<br />
Maximum length: 16.8 cm SL,<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860)<br />
Chromis fenestrata Günther, 1860a: 318. Type locality: Rio de la<br />
Lana (Mexico). Syntypes: BMNH 1857 [or 1887].7.31.13-14 (2).<br />
Heros parma Günther, 1862: 285. Type locality: Mexico, Guatemala.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH (7).<br />
Cichlosoma sexfasciatum Regan, 1905a: 230. Type locality:<br />
Guapote, Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1894.12.19.2.<br />
Cichlosoma gadovii Regan, 1905a: 232. Type locality: Motozorongo.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1906.6.1.402-403 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, from the Papaloapán<br />
River to the Chachalacas River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Regan (1905a) removed 4 syntypes of<br />
Heros parma to become syntypes of his Cichlosoma maculicauda;<br />
remaining 3 syntypes were referred to the synonymy of<br />
Vieja fenestrata; no lectotype has been selected.<br />
Common names: Mojarra negra (Mexico), Testa colorada (Mexico)<br />
Vieja godmanni (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros godmanni Günther, 1862: 296. Type locality: River of<br />
Cahabon [=Cajabon River, Guatemala]. Syntypes: BMNH<br />
1864.1.26 [or 2].49-50 (2).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Polochic<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Guatemala<br />
Vieja guttulata (Günther, 1864)<br />
Heros guttulatus Günther, 1864c: 152. Type locality: Pacific coast<br />
of Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.348 (1), MSNG<br />
13009 [ex BMNH] (1, poor condition, not found in 1995).<br />
Maximum length: 30 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Vieja hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980)<br />
Cichlasoma hartwegi Taylor & Miller, 1980: 8, fig. 2. Type locality:<br />
Río Grande de Chiapa, between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa<br />
de Corzo, lat. 16°44’N, long. 93°02’W, elevation ca. 500 m,<br />
Chiapas, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 207701.<br />
Maximum length: 13.1 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Grijalva River<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Vieja heterospila (Hubbs, 1936)<br />
Cichlasoma heterospilum Hubbs, 1936: 255, pl. 10, (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Rio Usumacinta at Montecristo, in southern Mexico.<br />
Holotype: USNM 52959.<br />
Maximum length: 24 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Candelaria and Usumacinta Rivers, Mexico and Guatemala.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common names: Colorado (Mexico), Pozolera (Mexico)<br />
Vieja intermedia (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros intermedius Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: Guatemala.<br />
Syntypes: (orig. at least 3) BMNH 1864.1.26.87-91.<br />
Heros angulifer Günther, 1862: 298. Type locality: River de Santa<br />
Isabel, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.60-61 (2).<br />
Acara rectangularis Steindachner, 1864: 57, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Type<br />
locality: Mejico. Holotype: NMW 33346.<br />
Maximum length: 20 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Grijalva and Usumacinta drainages in Mexico, Guatemala and<br />
Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Pellegrin (1904), as first reviser, gave<br />
priority to Heros intermedius over H. angulifer.<br />
Common names: Northern checkmark cichlid (Belize)<br />
Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905)<br />
Cichlosoma maculicauda Regan, 1905a: 227. Type locality: Lake<br />
Yzabal. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.56-69 (4).<br />
Cichlasoma globosum Miller, 1907: 114, fig. 4. Type locality:<br />
brackish water, Puerto Barrios. Holotype: CAS [ex IU 11382]<br />
not present in 1995.<br />
Cichlasoma nigritum Meek, 1907b: 128. Type locality: Lago<br />
Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5979.<br />
Cichlasoma mañana Miller, 1907: 115, fig. 5. Type locality:<br />
Tenedores River, Tenedores. Holotype: CAS 78970 [ex IU<br />
11385].<br />
Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez, 1969: [5], fig. 9. Type locality:<br />
Panama. Holotype: MCZ 33281.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, from the Usumacinta<br />
River drainage in Guatemala to the Chagres River in<br />
Panama.<br />
Countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,<br />
Panama<br />
Remarks and references: Reviewed by Bussing (1998: 380), with<br />
key, diagnosis, geographical distribution, and figures.<br />
Common names: Blackbelt cichlid (Belize), Boca colorada (Honduras),<br />
Machaca (Honduras), Palometa (Nicaragua), Pis pis<br />
(Costa Rica), Vieja (Costa Rica)<br />
Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros melanurus Günther, 1862: 288. Type locality: Lake Peten.<br />
Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.78-82 (5).<br />
Heros melanopogon Steindachner, 1864: 72, pl. 1 (fig. 3). Type<br />
locality: Central-Amerika. Syntypes: NMW 17351 (1), 17353<br />
(1).<br />
Maximum length: 19 cm TL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the De la Pasión<br />
River and Lake Petén basins.<br />
Countries: Guatemala<br />
Vieja microphthalmus (Günther, 1862)<br />
Heros microphthalmus Günther, 1862: 295. Type locality: Río<br />
Motagua, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.26.275 (1),<br />
1865.6.10.8-9 (2); ZMB 6839 (1).<br />
Heros oblongus Günther, 1867: 602. Type locality: Rio Motagua.<br />
Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2).<br />
Cichlasoma Güntheri Pellegrin, 1904: 215. Type locality: As for<br />
Heros oblongus Günther, 1867. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH<br />
1865.6.10.11 (1), 1865.4.29.71-72 (2). Replacement name for<br />
Heros oblongus Günther 1869 [= H. oblongus Günther, 1867],<br />
secondarily preoccupied in Heros by Chromys oblonga Castelnau<br />
1855.<br />
Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907a: 142. Type locality: El Rancho,<br />
Guatemala. Holotype: FMNH 5529.<br />
Cichlasoma caeruleogula Fowler, 1936: 525, fig. 43. Type locality:<br />
Tributary of Rio Motagua about 20 miles west of El Rancho.<br />
Holotype: ANSP 64148.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Atlantic slope, in the Motagua<br />
River basin in Guatemala and Honduras.<br />
Countries: Guatemala, Honduras<br />
Vieja regani (Miller, 1974)<br />
Cichlasoma regani Miller, 1974: 466, fig. 1. Type locality: Río<br />
Almoloya where crossed by the Trans-Isthmian Highway about<br />
33 km north of southern terminus of that road, at 95°01” long.,<br />
16°45’N lat., Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 184756.<br />
Maximum length: 23 cm SL<br />
Distribution: North America: Atlantic slope, in the Coatzacoalcos<br />
River basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Common names: Mojarra pinto (Mexico)<br />
Vieja synspila (Hubbs, 1935)<br />
Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935: 13, pl. 3 (fig. 1). Type locality:<br />
Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El<br />
Paso de Caballos, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Holotype:<br />
UMMZ 95518.<br />
Cichlaurus hicklingi Fowler, 1956: 1, fig. 1. Type locality: Central<br />
Farm, Baking Pot, Belize River, British Honduras. Holotype:<br />
ANSP 73891.<br />
Maximum length: 35 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North and Central America: Atlantic slope, in the<br />
Usumacinta River drainage in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.<br />
Countries: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Common names: Redhead cichlid (Belize)<br />
Vieja tuyrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)<br />
Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913: 89. Type locality:<br />
Rio Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7599.<br />
Maximum length: 23.5 cm SL<br />
Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Panama (Tuíra and<br />
Bayano River basins).<br />
Countries: Panama<br />
Common names: Mojarra (Panama)<br />
Vieja zonata (Meek, 1905)<br />
Cichlasoma zonatum Meek, 1905: 245. Type locality: Niltepec,<br />
Oaxaca. Holotype: FMNH 3776.<br />
Maximum length: 25 cm TL<br />
Distribution: North America: Pacific slope, Tehuantepec River<br />
basin.<br />
Countries: Mexico<br />
Remarks and references: Listed as a synonym of Vieja guttulata<br />
(as Cichlasoma guttulatum) by Miller (1966). The validity of V.<br />
zonata rests uncertain.<br />
646
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
Common names: Mojarra prieta (Mexico)<br />
GENUS INQUIRENDUM<br />
Baiodon Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type species by monotypy: Baiodon<br />
fasciatus Agassiz, 1859.<br />
SPECIES INQUIRENDAE<br />
Perca bimaculata Bloch, 1792: 82, pl. 310, fig. 1. Type locality:<br />
Flüssen von Brasilien [rivers of Brazil]. Types: No types known,<br />
based on ‘Acara brasiliensibus’ in Marcgravius (1648)<br />
Sparus acara La Cepède, 1802: 156. Substitute name for Perca<br />
bimaculata Bloch<br />
Acara margarita Heckel, 1840: 338. Substitute name for Perca<br />
bimaculata Bloch<br />
Pomotis ? bono Jardine, 1843: 171 [pl. 18; apparently not published].<br />
Type locality: all the rivers of Guiana, and in pools and<br />
marshes. Types: No types known.<br />
Baiodon fasciatus Agassiz, 1859: 408. Type locality: Lake Nicaragua.<br />
Types lost. <strong>Kullander</strong> & Hartel (1997) examined Agassiz’<br />
description and searched in vain for type material. The name is<br />
available but the species cannot be identified on the basis of the<br />
description.<br />
Hoplarchus planifrons Kaup, 1860: 131. Type locality: [unknown].<br />
Holotype: ZSM, probably lost.<br />
References<br />
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Allgayer, R. 1983. Nannacara aureocephalus, espèce nouvelle de<br />
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Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America<br />
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