Lepomis gibbosus - NOBANIS

NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet 

Lepomis gibbosus 

Authors of this fact sheet: Mirosław Przybylski, Grzegorz Zięba, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate 

Zoology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-237 Łódź, Poland; +48426354433, 

E-mail:(M. Przybylski) mprzybyl@biol.uni.lodz.pl; (G. Zięba) fringill@biol.uni.lodz.pl 

Bibliographical reference – how to cite this fact sheet: 

Przybylski, M., Zięba G. (2011): NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Lepomis gibbosus. – From: 

Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species – NOBANIS www.nobanis.org, Date of 

access x/x/201x. 

Species description 

Scientific names: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus,1758) - Perciformes, Centrarchidae. 

Synonyms: Perca gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758; Pomotis vulgaris Cuvier, 1829; Pomotis auritius 

Günther, 1859; Eupomotis aureus Boulenger, 1895; Lepomus gibbosus Cox, 1896; Eupomotis 

gibbosus Jordan et Evermann, 1896. 

Common names: pumpkinseed, common sunfish, Sun bass(GB), slunečnice pestrá (CZ), 

Gemeiner Sonnenbarsch, Sonnenfisch, Kürbiskernbarsch (DE), solaborre (DK), harilik 

päikeseahven (EE), aurinkoahven (FI), Solabbor (NO), bass słoneczny (PL), Solechnaya ryba 

(RU), solabborre (SE). 

Fig. 1. Lepomis gibbosus from England, photo by G. H. Coop.

Fig. 2. Lepomis gibbosus, photo by S. Stakėnas. 

Species identification 

L. gibbosus has a high and laterally compressed body resembling perch. The maximum size is 

up to 40 cm of total length (Tl) in its native area (Page and Burr 1991), but is smaller in 

European water bodies (Copp et al. 2004). The mouth is small in a top position with patches 

of sharp hooked teeth on the jaws. There are pads of teeth on the lower pharynx. The long 

dorsal fin consists of two parts (broadly joined and appear as one). The anterior part is smaller 

than the posterior and has 9-12 spines; posterior part is higher and has 10-14 soft rays. There 

are 3 spines in the anal fin followed by 8-11 soft rays. Pelvic fins are located thoracically and 

pectoral fins have only one anterior spine. It has 28-30 vertebrae and 7-8 long pyloric caecae. 

The lateral line is complete, bent dorsally in the middle part of the body. It has ctenoid scales, 

and there are 35-47 ctenoid scales along the lateral line. The colouration is variable with the 

upper head and back being greenish blue or olive. On the sides, there are some isolated spots 

formed by some vertical bands. The belly is yellow and the gill covers opalescent blue to 

green with conspicuous black spot edged with red. The coloration intensifies at spawning time 

in both sexes (Scott and Grossman 1973, Maitland and Campbell 1992). Its karyotype is 

2n=48 (Roberts 1964). As the fish morphology is strongly affected by pray type, feeding 

mode and habitat type, the moderate variation in body shape, length of fins, pharyngeal jaw 

bones size and gill rakers shape (Brinsmead and Fox 2002, Gillespie and Fox 2003, Vila- 

Gispert et al. 2007) are common. 

Native range 

L. gibbosus is native to the temperate Eastern North America from New Brunswick (Canada) 

to the subtropical Florida peninsula (USA) (Scott and Grossman 1973). 

Alien distribution 

History of introduction and geographical spread 

In Europe the species is introduced to many regions and river systems (Welcomme 1988, 

Copp and Fox 2007). Today it is found in West and Central Europe (de Groot 1985, 

Welcomme 1988) as well as in the Iberian Peninsula (Sostoa et al. 1987) and the Black Sea 

region (Economidis et al. 1981). In 1877 the first specimens of L. gibbosus were introduced 

from Canada to France (Arnold 1990). 

In Germany, L. gibbosus was introduced in 1885 (or 1881 according to FAO (1997)) by Max 

von dem Borne, who was a pioneer of importing fish and crayfish for aquaculture (Kowarik 

2003, Copp et al. 2005). 

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In the Czech Republic it was recorded in 1929 in the Třeboňsko region (Baruš and Olivia 

1995) In Poland L. gibbosus is noted only in the Oder River system (Rembiszewski and Rolik 

1975, Witkowski 1979, Witkowski et al. 2004). Today a sustainable population is established 

in the lower Oder, in a site influenced by warm water from a nearby electric power station 

(Hesse and Przybyszewski 1985). In Denmark the species was first reported in 2002, and the 

first confirmed self-reproducing population identified in 2006 (Jensen 2002). In Norway the 

species was reported in 2005 (Sterud and Jørgensen 2006). In Austria, the year of introduction 

of L. gibbosus is not known. The first documented voucher specimens are from 1952 

(Mikschi 2005). 

The purposes and histories of such introductions to other European countries are somewhat 

unclear. It seems that aquarists played a prominent role in the spread of L. gibbosus 

throughout Europe (Tandon 1976). The main purpose for the deliberate introduction of L. 

gibbosus into English waters was as an ornamental fish (Copp et al. 2002). 

Pathways of introduction 

The species was introduced to Europe mainly by aquarists. As an ornamental fish, L. gibbosus 

was introduced and stocked in garden ponds as well as in aquaria and released to different 

water bodies. Some authors also assume that L. gibbosus could be introduced unintentionally 

with imports of carp fry used in stocking (Tandon 1976. L. gibbosus has been intentionally 

(but illegally) introduced to lakes in Denmark with Onchorhynchus mykiss under the 

presumption that they would free the Rainbow trout from the fish louse (Argulus sp.) (Jan K. 

Jensen, pers. comm.). 

Alien status in region 

L. gibbosus is a one of 40 alien fish species recorded in Polish waters (www.iop.krakow.pl). 

This fish was not introduced intentionally and today occurs only in a few locations in the 

lower Oder River area. The abundant self-sustained population occurs only in the Oder R. 

nearby Szczecin, where water is heated by an electric plant (Terlecki 2000). 

In Denmark two populations are known to have been naturalised, which both are selfreproducing 

(Jensen 2002, Jensen et al. 2007). It is likely that there are more populations, but 

it is not documented. It is still unknown if the species will spread in Danish waters and 

develop the invasive behaviour reported from other countries (Møller et al. 2008). 

L. gibbosus has the reputation that it can control Argulus foliaceus which is why it has been 

released. 

L. gibbosus is widely distributed throughout German inland waters. It has established 

permanent populations in many ponds, lakes and rivers. This species is especially found in 

higher abundances in the backwaters of the upper Rhine River as well as often in park ponds 

of large towns (Arnold 1990, Freyhoff 2003). 

The northernmost reproducing population is reported from Norway (Sterud and Jørgensen 

2006). 

The species is not known from Finland, Sweden, Greenland, Faroe Islands (see also table 1). 

3

Country 

Austria 

Belgium 

Czech republic 

Denmark 

Estonia 

European part of Russia 

Finland 

Faroe Islands 

Germany 

Greenland 

Iceland 

Ireland 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Poland 

Slovakia 

Sweden 

Not 

found 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Not 

established 

Rare Local Common Very 

common 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Not 

known 

Table 1. The frequency and establishment of Lepomis gibbosus, please refer also to the 

information provided for this species at www.nobanis.org/search.asp. Legend for this table: 

Not found –The species is not found in the country; Not established - The species has not 

formed self-reproducing populations (but is found as a casual or incidental species); Rare - 

Few sites where it is found in the country; Local - Locally abundant, many individuals in 

some areas of the country; Common - Many sites in the country; Very common - Many sites 

and many individuals; Not known – No information was available. 

Ecology 

Habitat description 

In both its native and introduced area, L. gibbosus inhabits the shallow water in lakes and 

slow running rivers with soft bottoms and submerged vegetation. It can be found in ponds, 

where it is kept as an ornamental fish, and in side arms of large rivers or backwaters (Scott 

and Grossman 1973, Maitland and Campbell 1992). 

Reproduction and life cycle 

L. gibbosus is a multispawning fish with male parental care (Balon 1957). According to the 

style of reproduction the nest guarding sunfish is classified as a polyphil - group B.2.6 in 

Balon (1975) classification. Spawning begins when water temperature is high (i.e. close to 

20 o C), in Poland usually in June. However in different areas spawning can start in May and 

extend until the end of July (e.g. in Slovakia) (Baruš and Oliva 1995, Zięba et. al 2010). 

Territorial males defend a small territory and build a nest, a small depression (3-5 cm deep 

and up to 40 cm across) in the vicinity of weeds. The size of the nest is approximately twice 

that of a male. The courtship displayed by the couple is restricted to a sequence of twisting 

and repeated spawning actions in the nest occasionally interrupted by others males. One male 

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can spawn consecutively with several females. After spawning, the male guards the nest while 

fanning eggs and guarding fry until the yolk sac absorption (Balon 1957). 

In the entire area of its distribution, L. gibbosus exhibits a remarkable variation in its life 

history traits. Usually L. gibbosus matures at age 1-2. The female’s absolute fecundity varies 

between 600-5000 eggs, but it changes with fish size and type of environment (Crivelli and 

Mestre 1988, Fox and Crivelli 2001, Copp et al. 2002). Eggs are yellow with a large amount 

of yolk and 1 mm in diameter (range 0.8-1.3 mm). This species can live up to 10 years (native 

range), but in Europe the maximum life span is 8 years (Copp et al. 2004). There are no 

published studies of L. gibbosus reproduction in Polish waters (Terlecki 2000). 

The variation in growth, summarised by Copp et al. (2004), Copp and Fox (2007) and 

updated for northwestern Europe populations by Cucherousset et al. 2009, shows distinct 

differences between North American and European populations. In Europe, the mean body 

size and adult growth rates are smaller than in North America. Also the average asymptotic 

length is higher for American populations than European ones. 

In general L. gibbosus is an omnivorous fish, feeding mainly on worms, crustacean and 

insects but consuming also small fishes and fish eggs as well as other vertebrates (FishBase). 

Godinho et al. (1997) and Zapata and Granado-Lorencio (1993) found that L. gibbosus feed 

mainly the most abundant prey types but juveniles and adults commonly use different food 

resources (ontogenetic diet shift). 

Dispersal and spread 

The rate of expansion of L. gibbosus in Polish waters is very low probably due to the high 

temperature required by the species. Today this species occurs only in a few sites in the lower 

River Oder drainage and it is absent in some sites where it was noted previously (Terlecki 

2000). 

Impact 

Affected habitats and indigenous organisms 

Although there is a lack of information on the impact of L. gibbosus on the habitat and native 

fish species (Witkowski 1989, 1996, 2002), L. gibbosus may have adverse ecological impacts 

in the area of its introduction (FishBase), such as competition with other species. For 

example, in Mediterranean reservoirs and a Danish lake L. gibbosus has been observed to 

reduce the abundance of larger forms of zooplankton, which may lead to an increase of 

eutrophication effects (Brabrand and Saltveit 1989, Jan K. Jensen, pers. comm.). The high diet 

overlap found between native (gudgeon, roach) and non-native (e.g. pumpkinseed) fish in 

ponds in the De Maten (Belgium) nature reserve (Declerck et al. 2002) may also indicate high 

potential for interspecific exploitative competition. Furthermore, the species has been found to 

be heavily infected (intensity < 100) with non-native monogenean parasites (Sterud and 

Jørgensen 2006). The identity of these is not yet fully resolved, and the possible impact on 

native fish communities is thus not clear. 

Genetic effects 

No genetic defects have been reported, but L. gibbosus will hybridise with most other 

Lepomis, especially with L. cyanellus, which is also introduced in some European countries. 

The result is usually fast-growing, sterile male hybrids (Moyle 1976 cited in Fuller et al. 

1999). 

5

Human health effects 

No human health effects have been reported. 

Economic and societal effects (positive/negative) 

Due to its low abundance and narrow distribution L. gibbosus has not been observed to 

produce significant effects. 

Management approaches 

Prevention methods 

Introduction of alien fish into open waters is prohibited in most European countries (Copp et 

al. 2005). Due to the fact that L. gibbosus is spread mainly by aquarists and owing to its 

temperature preferences L. gibbosus populations could easily be kept under control. However, 

increasing water temperatures may favour L. gibbosus and change the situation in the future 

(Zięba et al. 2010). In favourable habitats (i.e. heated water), L. gibbosus may become very 

abundant and perhaps impossible to eliminate. It seems that the main preventive method 

should be shifting interest of aquarists to keep native fish in garden ponds instead of 

ornamental species such as L. gibbosus. Additionally, it is important to inform that it is 

forbidden to release aquarium fish into open waters. 

Eradication, control and monitoring efforts 

In general, no eradication project should begin unless a specific assessment study has shown 

its technical and financial feasibility. The main constraint is the lack of species-specific 

eradication techniques to be applied to fish (Scalera and Zaghi 2004). In Germany, for 

example, there is no coordinated monitoring programme to document the spreading and 

impacts of L. gibbosus. Thus, it is still a challenge to act on this alien species. Therefore, 

existing management initiatives and instruments as well as the implementation of new and 

relevant projects, must be carefully applied (Nehring and Klingenstein 2005). 

Information and awareness 

There are no reports of information or awareness campaigns regarding the species. 

Knowledge and research 

Further, detailed studies on the biology and especially the effect of the species on the native 

biota are necessary. 

Recommendation or comments from experts and local communities: 

None 

References and other resources: 

Contact persons 

Wolfgang Rabitsch (AT), Umweltbundesamt, Naturschutz, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien, 

Austria, Phone: +43- (0) 1-313 04/3340, E-mail: wolfgang.rabitsch@umweltbundesamt.at 

Hugo.Verreycken (BE), E-mail: Hugo.Verreycken@inbo.be 

6

Radek Šanda (CZ), Department of Zoology, National museum, Václavské náměstí 68, 115 79 

Praha 1, CZECH REPUBLIC, E-mail: radek_sanda@nm.cz 

Stefan Nehring (DE), AeT umweltplanung, Bismarckstraße 19, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany 

Phone: +49 261 1330398; E-mail: nehring@aet-umweltplanung.de 

Jan Kjærgaard Jensen (DK), Danish Ministry of the Environment, Forest and Nature 

Agency,DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark, E-mail: jkj@sns.dk 

Lauri Urho (FI), Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (RKTL), Viikinkaari 4, P.O. 

Box 2 FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 20 575 11, E-mail: lauri.urho@rktl.fi 

Colette O'Flynn (IE), National Biodiversity Data Centre, WIT West campus, Carriganore, 

Waterford, Ireland, Phone: +353 (0) 51306240, E-mail: coflynn@biodiversityireland.ie 

Gudni Gudbergsson (IS), Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Keldnaholti, 112 Reykjavik, 

Iceland. Tel: +354 5806300. Fax: +354 5806301, E-mail: HYPERLINK 

"mailto:gudni.gudbergsson@veidimal.is" gudni.gudbergsson@veidimal.is 

Saulius Stakėnas (LT), Institute of Ecology of Vilnius University, Lithuania, E-mail: 

saulius.stakenas@gmail.com 

Yury Dgebuadze (RU), Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of 

Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia, e-mail: dgebuadze@sevin.ru 

Susanna Pakkasmaa (SE), Swedish National Board of Fisheries Institute of Freshwater 

Research Stångholmsvägen, SE-178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden, Tel: 08-699 06 34. E-mail: 

Susanna.Pakkasmaa@fiskeriverket.se 

Vladimír Kováč (SK), Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Mlynská dolina, Slovakia, 

Phone: +421 (02) 60296 422, E-mail: kovac@fns.uniba.sk 

Gordon H. Copp (UK), Cefas, Salmon & Freshwater Team, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, 

Suffolk, NR33 0HT, United Kingdom, Phone: 01502 527751, E-mail: 

gordon.copp@cefas.co.uk 

Links 

www.fishbase.org 

Aquatic alien species in German inland and coastal waters - database 

www.iop.krakow.pl 

Alien species in Poland – database of the Institute of Nature Conservation 

Polish Academy of Sciences [in English] last access 14/05/2010 

References 

Arnold A. 1990. Eingebürgerte Fischarten. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Band 602: 144 pp. 

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počas embryonalnej periody. Vĕst. Čs. spol. zool., 23: 1-22. 

Balon E. K. 1975. Reproductive guids of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fish Res. Can., 32:821-864. 

Baruš V. and Oliva O. 1995. Fauna of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Volume 28/2. Fishes - Osteichthyes. 

Academia, Praha. (in Czech with English summary). 

Brabrand Å. and Saltveit S.J. 1989. Ecological aspects of the fish fauna in three Portuguese reservoirs. Arch. 

Hydrobiol. 114: 575-589. 

7

Brinsmead J. and Fox M.G. 2002. Morphological variation between lake-and streamdwelling rock bass and 

pumpkinseed populations. J. Fish Biol. 61: 1619-1638. 

Copp G.H., Fox M.G. 2007. Growth and life history traits of introduced pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in 

Europe, and the relevance to its potential invasiveness. in: Gherardi F. (ed.) Biological invaders in inland 

waters: Profiles, distributions, and threats. British Crown, 289-306. 

Copp G.H., Fox M.G. and Kováč V. 2002. Growth, morphology and life history traits of a coolwater European 

population of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus. Archiv Hydrobiol., 155: 585-614. 

Copp G. H., Fox M. G., Przybylski M., Godhinho F. N. and Vila-Gispert A. 2004. Life-time growth pattern of 

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Zool., 56: 237-254. 

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M., Russell I. C., Stakenas S., Šumer S., Vila-Gispert A. and Wiesner C. 2005. To be, or not to be, a nonnative 

freshwater fish? J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21: 242–262. 

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Camargue, a Mediterranean wetland. Arch. Hydrobiol. 111: 449-466. 

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Declerck S., Louette G., De Bie T. and De Meester L. 2002. Pattrens of diet overlap between populations of 

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waters (Macedonia, Greece). Cybium, 5: 89-95. 

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Freyhof J. 2003. Immigration and potential impacts of invasive freshwater fishes in Germany. Berichte des IGB 

17: 51-58. 

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States. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 27: 613 pp. 

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forms of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus). J. Fish Biol. 62:1099-1115. 

Godinho F.N., Ferreira M.T. and Cortes R.V. 1997. The environmental basis of diet variation in pumpkinseed 

sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, and largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, along an Iberian river basin. 

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English summary, - - Flora og fauna 113(2): 25-29 

Kowarik I. 2003. Biologische Invasionen - Neophyten und Neozoen in Mitteleuropa. - Ulmer: Stuttgart, 380 pp. 

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Newsletter 31: 13-16. 

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Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p 

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8

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gibbosus L.) en la Peninsula Iberica. Donana. Acta Vertebrata 14: 121-123. 

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associated parasites introduced to Norway. Aquatic invasions 1(4):278-280. 

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Centrarchidae). Vĕst. Čs. spol. zool., 40: 307-311. 

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Lepomis gibbosus introduced into Iberian lakes ans reservoirs; adaptations to habitat and diet? J. Fish Biol. 

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Origin, species composition and present degree of threat to fish fauna in the Vistula and Oder river systems. 

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Zapata S.C. and Granado-Lorencio C. 1993: Age, growth and feeding of the exotic species Lepomis gibbosus in 

a Spanish cooling reservoir. Arch. Hydrobiol., 90 (Suppl.): 561-573. 

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Date of creation/modification of this fact sheet: 09-05-2007 / 07-02-2011 

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